Slavic and Magyar
Word List
IS-KI
This page is now mostly in "English" alphabetical order.
istući
to beat (bruise, lick, thrash); pommel, thump; pound; pestle; oštar sharp, cuting, edged, keen; peaked, pointed; biting, severe, harsh /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Slavic
istući
to beat (bruise, lick, thrash); pommel, thump; pound; pestle; ošinut struck, whipped, rapped, whacked; ošinuti to strike, hit, whip, scourge; oštar sharp, cuting, edged, keen; peaked, pointed; biting, severe, harsh /Serbo-Croatianostrý sharp /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
ac'-tra
whip /Avestanaçtara whip /Sanskrit
iş (işáyati; íşyati; iyéşa, īşús; işitá; íşayitum) send; set in swift motion; impel /Sanskrit
Uralic
oc'-te-re
whip /Ugrianostor
whip, scourge /HungarianSumerian
ùs-an,
kušá-si whip [jh]Afro-Asiatic
aas blow with hand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Caucasian
*=Vc.V to drive, urge /North Caucasian [ss]
*=ac.- ( ~ -oc.-) 1 to drive, urge; to swarm (bees) 2 to reach /Andian [ss]
=ac.- 1 /Avar; =ac.- 1 /Chamalal; =ac.- 1 /Tindi [ss]
see also Chamalal =uc.- 'to run away' (*'be driven'). [ss]
*=oc.- B to drive, urge /Tsezian [ss]
=oc.- /Tsezi; =ec.- /Khvarshi; =oc.- /Bezhita; =oc.- /Gunzib [ss]
*?Vc.V to drive, urge; to pour, strew /Lezghian [ss]
q:a=c.- /Budukh [ss]
Dravidian
is- (-t-) to strike /Kond.a [sk]
Basque
usta (B,U) whip, scourge, lash
Clever, intelligent, wise, understand, to hear
izmisliti to invent, devise, contrive, think (out); izum invention, discovery; izumiti to invent, discover, find out /Serbo-Croatian; ? úmysel idea /Slovak
Indo-European
Greek
azô 1. cry a, groan, sigh 2. breathe hard /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Celtic
àis wisdom /Gaelic [mcb]
Germanic
asmeagan imagine /Old English
Tocharian B
ais/aumye (a) `wise one'; (b) `wise' < aik- `know, recognize' [tob]
Slavic
izmisliti to invent, devise, contrive, think (out); izum invention, discovery; izumiti to invent, discover, find out /Serbo-Croatian
? úmysel idea /Slovak
zasopiti se to breathe heavily, pant; gasp for breath, be winded; be out of breath /Serbo-Croatian
Anatolian
haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian (0)
ushi
understanding, mind, intelligence /Avestanhus intellect, mind /Persian [fjs]
[h]oš consciousness, senses /Baluchi [mab]
Iranian (1)
`azmat design, determination, resolution; necessary, obligatory; firm, fixed, stable; a claim, right, due; the decree of God /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
azmaen∂g V-I-II to test, examine /Baluchi [mab]
azman∂kk story, tale (fictional); azman∂kk j∂n∂g to tell a story /Baluchi [mab]
Ázmáinagh to examine. P. /N. Baluchu [mld]
Ázmútá examination /N. Baluchi [mld]
Indo-Aryan
ásu vital spirit; vigorous life /Sanskrit
Uralic
es,
oz intelligence, cleverness /Ugrianoˆš ability, memory, understanding (Northern Khanty); vezˆer reason, understanding (Komi); uus intellectual ability, memory, understanding (Man's'i); vazˆov sensible, wise (Mordvin - derivative) [Chong]
esz-me idea, conception (-me is an old deverbial suffix) /Hungarian
ész mind, consciousness, intelligence /Hungarian
ész-lel to notice, sense /Hungarian
ás-ít to yawn, expel air {-ít is a verbal suffix} /Hungarian
szisz-eg to be hissing (over and over) [fh16] /Hungarian
Sumerian
zi (n.) breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul [jh]
zu, sú: (n.) wisdom, knowledge; (v.) to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. [jh]
uš4 intelligence; gaššu intelligent [jh]
gašam craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom [jh]
(1) Altaic
*uč`e
reason /Altaic [ss]*üč-ün
/TurcTurkic
as
mind, intelligence; us-ta intelligence /TurkicMongol
z^üji
sake, reason /MongolicJapanese
ishiki
consciousness; osu infer; deduce; conclude; judge; evaluate; guess; surmise /Japanese; zu brains; clever, intelligent(2) Altaic/Khakas
ezät= to make yawn, to bore {I:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
ize= to yawn {ezä= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
cf CT esne= [kl]
Caucasian
*?a>msa (~ -@,-y) sky, cloud; soul, breath; god /North Caucasian [ss]
*?as-ar inspiration /Nakh [ss]
asar /Chechen [ss]
*?as:V (~-o-) 1 breath 2 prestige, dignity /Andian [ss]
as: 2 /Avar; as:i 1 /Akhvakh [ss]
*has: sky, cloud, fog /Tsezian [ss]
as /Tsezi; as /Ginukh; as /Khvarshi; as /Inkhokvari; has /Bezhita; has /Gunzib [ss]
as nobility, conscience; a heathen deity /Lak [ss]
*?ams: 1 raincloud 2 cloud /Lezghian [ss]
ams 1 /Tabasaran; ams-ar 2 /Agul; asyj 2 /Rutul; haso 2 /Udi [ss]
*p@sA soul, spirit /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-ps@/ Abkhaz; ps@ Abaza; psa Adyghe; psa Circassian; psa Ubykh [ss]
*=i:ĉ.wE:l to count; to understand /North Caucasian [ss]
*=e:ŝ- 1 to read 2 to learn, study 3 to obey, be obedient /Nakh [ss]
=e: ŝ - 1,2 /Chechen; =e ŝ - 1 /Ingush; =e ŝ - 3 /Batsbi [ss]
*=ic.:Vn- / *=iĉ.:Vn- 1 to understand 2 to count /Andian [ss]
=iĉ.:- 1 /Avar; =iĉ.:Vn- 1 /Andi; =as.V~- 2 /Chamalal; =ic:i~- 2 /Tindi; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Karata; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Botlikh; =ic:Vn- 2 /Godoberi [ss]
=u=ĉ.i-n to understand /Lak [ss]
*=ilĉ.Vn / =uĉ.- to read /Dargwa [ss]
=uĉ.-es /Akusha [ss]
*p-ĉ/:w|@ to count /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
pĉ@-n /Adyghe; bz^@-n /Circassian [ss]
Basque
asma-tu to invent; ezagu-tu to know
Dravidian
âzmâefing to test, to examine; âzmûda tested /Brahui
âzmûdagâr experienced /Brahui
us, u_s, hus, ho_s sound used in sighing when tired (Kannad.a); usu, ussane a deep sigh (Tulu); us interj. expresses tiredness, pain, dejection, etc. (Telugu) [sk]
Etruscan
ase breath, wind, soul; asi inspiration, spirit, wind [az96]
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(1) Indo-European [from various sources]
Reconstruction
*Heus- ear /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Anatolian
haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
Italic
heus! hallo!, ho, there!, hark! /Latin
Classical Greek [lsj1]
hêsu^ch-ia, Ion. -iê, Dor. has-(?), hê,
I. rest, quiet 2. silence, stillness
II. solitude, a sequestered place
hêsu^ch-azô
I. a. keep quiet, be at rest, b. ho -azôn, with or without logos, a fallacy
II. trans., bring to rest b. abs., impose silence 2. leave unspoken
III. Pass. in impers. sense, hêsuchazetai epi tês gês there is quiet
hizô
I. causal, make to sit, seat, place
II. intr., sit, sit down 2. sit still, be quiet 3. metaph., sink
hizanô, (hizô):
I. causal, make to sit
II. intr., sit 2. of soil, settle down, subside
(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction:
? *g(w)heus- `to hear (sound)'
Iranian
*gauŝ- to hear, listen to /Proto Iranian
Avestan: gu:ŝ- `to hear, listen to' ; Middle Persian: (nomin.) MMP gwŝ `ear' ; Parthian: (nomin.) gwŝ `ear' ; Khotanese: (+ *pati-) OKhot. pyu:s.- (pyu:>'-) `to hear' ; Sogdian: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptg|wŝ, BSogd. ptg|'wŝ, CSogd. ptg|wŝ, MSogd. ptg|wŝ `to hear', (nomin.) BSogd. ptg|'ws, CSogd. ptg|ws^'mnty (m.) `hearing' ; Chorasmian: -g|wsy- (+ hrd-, s.v. *har-) `to warn', (+ *apa-) bg|ws- `to be quiet' ; New West Iranian: NP go: ŝi:dan/go:ŝ- `to hear, listen', (nomin.) NP go:ŝ, Bal. go:ŝ, Kurd. (Kurm.) gu(h) (m.), (Sor.) gwe:, Zaz. go:ŝ `ear' ; New East Iranian: (nomin.) Oss. I. qus, D. g^os, Pash. g|waz^., Sh. g|u%g|^, (Bajui) g|u%w, Rosh. g|o:w, Bart. g|u:(w), Sariq. g|e|wl, Yazgh. g|@von `ear', Rosh. g|awo:j^ (f.) `ear, handle of a vessel'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: ghos.- `to sound' (RV+)
Uralic
hes! quiet, listen! {/s/ similar to English /sh/}/Hungarian
Sumerian
ğeštug
(2,3), ğeštu (2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]Hurrian-Urartian
haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]
*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]
x|az^- /Hurrian [ss]
x|as^- /Urartian [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
East
us- silent /Oromo; asaa?`- silent, keep secret /Saho; us silence! /Somali
South
xatl- a xatliit *P silent /Iraqw
Semitic
h%s'y h!s'y silent /Proto Semitic
h%s#?`, ?' sit still, silent /Geez
Altaic/Khakas
is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]
Basque
isi! (C) (int.) be quiet!
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble
Caucasian
*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|ac.- hear /Nakh [ss]
x|aza /Chechen; x|aza /Ingush; x|ac.ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]
*sVs(Vn)- to be quiet, silent /Andian [ss]
sasn- /Avar [ss]
*=urs- (/ =us-) to say, tell /Dargwa [ss]
=ur-es /Akusha; b-urs- /Chiragh [ss]
*?asV 1 to be silent 2 to listen /Lezghian [ss]
k-is- 1 /Lezghi; k:it:-isi- 1 /Agul; q-a=sa- 2 /Rutul [ss]
Etruscan
uśi, uśie
"to hear" > "to understand, obey" [az96]Yuki
k'ic be quiet3; k'ic-a be quiet! [y84]
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? učen learned, erudite, scholarly, scientific, academic; učenje study, learning, reading, teaching, instruction; učenjak scholar, man of learning /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Italic
cătus
-a -um "sharp, cunning, clever" /LatinSlavic
učen
learned, erudite, scholarly, scientific, academic; učenje study, learning, reading, teaching, instruction; učenjak scholar, man of learning /Serbo-CroatianUralic
agy brain /Hungarian
Hungarian agy is thought to derive from a FU source. [see Chong]
? *ajnge brain, cerebrum; skull /PF-U
aivot /Finnish; vuoi'gngâsâk /Lapp; uj /Mordvin
ebee /En'ec', Baylkha; ae /En'ec', Hatanga; d'ia /Nganasan; küw /Šölqup [Chong]
{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
ügy-es clever, smart, intelligent < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian
One expert source thinks Hungarian ügy is of FU origin. [Chong]
[? zil' clever, conscientious, enthusiastic, quick, spirited, zealous, etc. (Izˆma Komi, Lusa Komi, Sysola Komi, Udora Komi, Vichegda Komi)] [Chong]
Another expert says the etymology is uncertain. [Chong]
Hungarian suffix /-es/ forms the adjective in ügyes.
While Hungarian digraph /gy/ sounds like a palatal /d'/
Niger-Congo (?)
haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
Turkic
i∫ matter, affair, work /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
ujō
sentience; an animate thing; a sentient beingChukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*'ajvă
the brain {мозг (головн.)} /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN556]*ajwa # brain (головной мозг) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss:PN40]
ájo, ájwa- /Chukchee; awi, awja- (III) /Koryak; ewa /Alutor [ss]
*jajsu " /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN566]
? 'ajuw'aj мозг (головы) /Sedank dialect; jajsu-jajsu "encephalum cerebrum" /West Itelmen [ss]
jeza horror; shudder, shiver, quake, tremor; užas horror, terror, consternation, panic, fear /Serbo-Croatian; uzhas horror /Russian
Indo-European
Celtic
eus, heuz, horror /Breton [mcb: see Gaelic ++uath]
Italic
asustare to scare; to become frightened; asustar scare /Spanish
susto fright; asustado, asustada frightened /Spanish
Slavic
jeza horror; shudder, shiver, quake, tremor /Serbo-Croatian
užas horror, terror, consternation, panic, fear /Serbo-Croatian
uzhas horror /Russian
Paleo-Balkan
? zum-, zuml- dragon /Thracian [id, cb] {reconstructed word}
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
? azhish [azhi] a snake, a dragon /Avestan
has "too, also, likewise; dread, fear" /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
Uralic
iszony-at
horror; iszam-ós slippery from moisture /HungarianSumerian
su-zìg/zi...ri to scare ('gooseflesh' + 'to put into') [jh]
su...zìg/zi to have/give gooseflesh; to be afraid of (with -da-) ('flesh' + zìg, zi, 'to stand up, rise') [jh]
su-zi terror [jh]
ziz
a crop devouring ?insect (ziz emmer wheat)Altaic
dehset terror /Turkish
osore
fear, horror; ozu-ozu with fear /JapaneseAustro-Asiatic
asasm usum without fear (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
izi (L,LN,Z) horror, izu panic, scare
kabátek coat; kápé cape /Czech; kaput coat; kep cape /Serb-Croat
kabát coat /Slovak
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
skep-aô,= skepô , cover, shelter; skep-as, gen. -aos: to: (skepô):-- covering, shelter; skep-ê, hê,= skepas , covering, shelter, protection II. shelter, protection 2. c. gen., s. pneumatôn shelter from
Italic
capa coat; cabo, capa cape /Spanish; capa coat; cabo cape /Portugese; capotto coat; capo cape /Italian; cap, cape cape /French
Germanic
kappa coat /Swedish; Kap cape /German
English cape (garment) appears to fit, but here is what [ep: page 76] says about its origin :-
Cap, a simple head-covering, derives via Middle English cappe, from Old English caeppe, cap, cape from Late Latin cappa perhaps from caput head (c. AD 180-600). Latin cappa becomes Old Provençal capa whence late Medieval French-French, hence English cape. Cappa has Medieval Latin variant capa "a long cape", whence Middle English hence English cope with derivative sense 'arch' or 'vault' whence 'coping stone'.
Cappa has dimunitive Vulgar (or Low) Latin *cappella "a short cloak", later a reliquary or a sacred vessel, then a chapel whence Old French-Medieval French, hence Middle English chapele, whence Early Modern French-French chapelle and English chapel. Some believe that the 'chapel' sense derives from the fact that 'it served at first to designate the place where they kept the cape (chape) of St. Martin of Tours - a cape venerated by the first kings of France'. But note that Old French chapele more probably derives from Medieval Latin capella a chapel, whence Medieval Latin capellānus a chaplain. Whatever the Vulgar Latin or the Late Latin form may have been, the Medieval Latin word for 'chapel' is capella not cappella.
If we are guessing about the origin of "chapel", see the Dravidian below.
Slavic
kepa type of outer garment /Russian [rh]
According to [rh], the Muscovites knew an outer garment called the kepa. The term is absent from all the dictionaries used in this work except the Dictionary of Old and Middle Russian, which presents 2 examples from the seventeenth century. [rh] thinks this is probably a Turkic word, for the garments adjective is "Bukhara. " Whatever it was, [rh] surmises that it was made of cotton because kepa seems to be related to a Turkish word for cotton.
dlouhý kabát; kabátek coat; kápé cape /Czech; kaput coat; kep cape /Serb-Croat; kabát coat /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
k∂ba (man's) long outer coat, gown /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
khappa- cover /Sanskrit [sk]
chappara a frame thrown over houses to form the roof; cappara a temporary hut (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
Uralic
kappa coat /Finnish
kabát coat; köpenyeg cloak /Hungarian
guba coarsely knotted woven cloak /Hungarian
Sumerian
gu
thread,wool, flax; hub type of weaverSino-Tibetan
*?u>p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Burmese: up "to cover"
Kachin: up3 "to cover"
Lushei: up "to cover up, bottle up", KC *up. [ss]
*gju:>p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "to close, shut"
he 2 /Modern (Beijing) < g|лp /Middle Chinese < g@:p /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: skjob (p. (b)skjabs, f. bskjab, i. skjob(s)) to protect, defend, preserve. [ss]
Kachin: gup2 to cover, as with a hat, g@gup2 a hat. [ss]
Lushei: khu:p to cover up (as head), khup (khu?) to close or shut (as book). [ss]
*Ga:p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese character reading " to cover, conceal; a cover (of a car)"
gai 4 /Modern (Beijing) < ka^\j /Middle Chinese < ka:p-s /Old Chinese [ss]
also read as *ga:p, MC g|a^p 'to thatch, to cover' [ss]
Tibetan: bkab to cover, gab to hide, sgab covering; a~gebs (p. bkab, f. dgab; i. khob) to cover, skjibs everything giving shelter from above, khebs covering, a~kheb (p. khebs) cover.
Kachin: m@gap2 to cover. [ss]
Lushei: hup (hu?) cover, put over. [ss]
Lepcha: kap to cover over, to envelop, to wrap round as garment [ss]
Kiranti: *?k@/p (-s) cover [ss]
Thulung: k@p-thatu [ss]
Kaling: 'kwomna" ('kwo|ptu) cover, wear, thatch [ss]
Limbu: khapma?, -khapt-/-khap- (vt.) 1) tuck someone in, cover someone or something with bedclothes 2) thatch (a roof) [ss]
Altaic
*kápa
bark,skin /Altaic [ss]*kápuk/o
/ bark,skin /Turkic [ss]*guba
shell,husk/Altaic [ss]*gub
shell, husk /Tungus [ss]*k[ā]p`a
to cover /Altaic [ss]*Kāp
/Turc*k`òp`e film, covering /Altaic [ss]
*köpe /Turc
*köge /Mongol
*xup- /Tungus
*kóp /Korean [ss]
Turkic
kbe "coat of mail" /Cuman [pbg]
kepe-neg
fleece coat /TurkicJapanese
kabā
a cover (one wears); kabusaru, kabuseru to coverIt was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
Kappa
( ƒJƒbƒp) is gairaigo i‚ª‚¢‚ç‚¢‚², ŠO—ˆŒê, western loan wordjand is originated from Portugese "capa". It was borrowed in 14~16 century and is written in katakana.( not in hiragana or kanji) . Therefore it is not an Altaic word.See reference [jl]
Austric
api, to cover, to cap. /Rapanui [anon]
Ka api toou hakari Cover yourself. [anon]
kapui(a) to cover /Mäori [ng]
Basque
kapa cloak (B,G,U); coarse woolen cloth (L); gaban (B,G,U) overcoat
Caucasian
*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]
*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]
q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]
barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]
*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]
p.arq. /Akusha [ss]
*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]
q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]
Dravidian
kappu to cover, overspread, cover over (as an arch)(Tamil); kavican-ai wrapper, cover, sheath (Tamil.<Telugu); kappuka, kammuka to cover, overspread (Malayalam); kaviyan wrapper, pillowcase (Malayalam); kavc-to cover with a garment (Kota); kofc- to cover (Toda); kappu to cover, spread, overspread (Kannad.a); kavi to cover, overspread (Kannad.a); kavicu, kavacu, kavucu to put upon (Kannad.a); gavasan.i, gavasan.ike, gavasan.ige a cover, wrapper, case (Kannad.a); gavasan.ige case of a fiddle, etc. (Tulu); gausan.ige a bag, case, cover (Tulu); kappu to cover, overspread, envelope (Telugu); kappud.u a cover or covering (Telugu); gausena, gavisena a cloth case or cover (Telugu); kammu to cover, surround, overspread (Telugu); kapp- to cover, overspread (Parji) [sk]
kapa_yi, kaba_yi, kava_yi a gown reaching to the ankles (Kannad.a); a dress for idols /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) kavva_ < kaba_ (Urdu) long coat, tunic (Tamil Paravar usage)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
cappara, capra a frame thrown over houses to form the roof (Kannad.a,Telugu); cappara a shed (Kannad.a,Malayalam,Telugu); a court-yard (Kannad.a); a thatched or tiled roof (Kannad.a,M.Telugu,Malayalam); a trellis (Kannad.a,Telugu); the canopy of a bedstead (Kannad.a,Telugu,Tamil,Malayalam); cappara-maca a canopied bedstead; nad.a-cappara, nad.e-cappara a litter with a canopy over it (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Yuki
k'ipul' sack1, bag [y84]
kamata (rate of) interest /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
kamata (rate of) interest /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
qimat, qima price, value, worth; estimation; measure or stature (of a man); steadiness, fixedness /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kama_un. to earn, to gain, to work; kama_i_ earnings, gain; work (Punja_bi_ lex.); kama_viti_ collection of the revenue (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
Uralic
kamat interest /Hungarian
Altaic/Turkic
gymmat expensive; gymmatly expensive, valuable /Turkmen [glnp]
gymmatlamak to raise a price, prices /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
kamata the cultivation which the owner carries on with his own stock, but by the labour of another who is paid for his work (Kannad.a,Telugu); ka_mat (Upper India); kamatiga, kammatiga the man employed to cultivate with the farming stock of the owner /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
kama_yis.i collection of the revenue (Kannad.a,Telugu); kama_yis.i the grain realized in an undertaking (Kannad.a,); kama_yis.i-da_ra a toll-collector; a superintendent of customs (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
kamen stone, rock; kameni, kamenit stony, rocky /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
kamen stone, rock; kameni, kamenit stony, rocky /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
*kämä
hard, stiff /F.U.; kim hard /Jukagirkemény
hard, severe, resolute /HungarianSumerian
kan
-kal hard soil; kan 3,5 trouble, worry, afflictionAfro-Asiatic
gmd to become hard, congeal, freeze, contract /Central Semitic [ahd]
jamada to freeze /Arabic [ahd]
Basque
kemen force; kemen-du to strengthen (B,G,L,U)
Muskogean/Eastern
kamassa to be forceful, strong, solid, powerful /Alabama [tm]
Usage: Old word not used much anymore; speakers differ as to whether this may be used of a person or only animals. [tm]
Yuki
k'im dry2, dry up, dry and hard [y84]
'kem` hard2 [y84]
? kap drop (of liquid); bead of sweat; seizure (fit, attack) of apoplexy; kapati to drip, dribble, ooze, leak, run, pour out in drops /Serbo-Croatian; kvapkanie drip /Slovak
Indo-European
Slavic (????)
kap drop (of liquid); bead of sweat; seizure (fit, attack) of apoplexy; kapati to drip, dribble, ooze, leak, run, pour out in drops /Serbo-Croatian
kvapkanie drip /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
sabb pouring out; effusion; being smitten with love; a lover; flowing (water); victuals poured out /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
thipa, thipa_ round mark, a drop (Or.iya_); the_va drop (Pali, Prakrit.); stip ooze, drip (Sanskrit) [sk]
Uralic
*c'Vppe=-
to drip, a drip /FinnUgorcsöpög, csepeg to drip; csepp a drop; a bit /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
dwb V /Aramaic [cal]
011 JLATg,JBA to flow, to drip 012 Syr to have gonorrhea 013 Syr to melt 014 Syr to flow down, to decay 021 Palestinian to wear away 022 Syr to make to flow 023 Syr to disturb 051 Syr to flow down, to decay 031 Palestinian,Syr to make to flow
LS2 144
dwb N dwb) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Palestinian,Syr gonorrheal flow 2 Syr flow of water 3 Syr hemorrhage 4 Syr catarrh 5 Syr headache 6 Syr distilling of wine 7 Syr %ddeb$A)% dripping honey 8 Syr %me$AyA)% menstruation
LS2 144
LS2 v: dawb.A) R dwb
$pk V /Aramaic[cal]
011 Palestinian,JBA to pour out, spill (tr.) 012 JLAGal to spill (intr.) 041 JLATg,JBA to be spilled (of blood) 042 Syr to be poured
LS2 795, J 1617
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #341> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
t'@bb- drip, fall in drops /Bilin
Cushitic, East
tobb ya drip /Saho; d/imbiba drip /Oromo; c#'op- drip /Oromo
Semitic
t'ippaa drop(n) /Hebrew; ant!bt!b drip /Geez
Egyptian
dfdf drip /Old Egyptian; t_tf flow down /Old Egyptian
Chadic
d!igo drop /Hausa
Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #137> [oi4]
Bedawiye, Beja
s#efi is#af live on milk (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic
Cushitic, Agaw
c#ab-, c#a"b- milk /Proto Agaw
tsaf, tsab milk /Awngi
Cushitic, East
c#'ob- drip /Proto East Cushitic
c#'afc#'afii swampy place where too much water has ... /Oromo
Cushitic, South
tyuf- trickle /Proto South Cushitic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #618> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
t'ab (Ro) rain steadily (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
t'@bb- drip, fall in drops /Bilin
Cushitic, East
d!ib- (Proto) rain /Dullay
Cushitic, South
dlub- , tlub- , lub- rain /Proto South Cushitic
lub*- rain /Dahalo
Altaic
habbe grain, seed /Turkish
tsubu a grain; a drop /Japanese
kapija gate, door-way; portal /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
kapija gate, door-way; portal /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
go-pura
'gate-town', gate; kapATa door or door panel /SanskritUralic
kapu
door, gate /HungarianHungarian kapu is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
káva rim, well-curb /Hungarian
Sumerian
ká
gate; ká-bar-ra outer door [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*k(h)a open, opening /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
meaning "door; household" [ss]
hu 4 Modern (Beijing) < g|o\ Middle Chinese < g(h)a:? Old Chinese
ho. Vietnamese
kah to divide, be stretched apart, be spread; tam-khah door, gate. /Burmese; c^in|kha1, nkha1 door, (H) sumkha be wide open. /Kachin; ka to open (as mouth, legs); mouth; KC *ka. /Lushei [ss]
*Qw|yj door, gate /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "gate" [ss]
wei 2 Modern (Beijing) < wyj Middle Chinese < w(h)@j Old Chinese
sgo door, go place, room. /Tibetan [ss]
Altaic
*kabu enclosure /Altaic [ss]
*quwara barrack, camp /Mongolian [ss]
xuaran| /Khalkha [ss]
*kaba- tent (covered with bark) /Tungus [ss]
qawa /Nanai; qau.ra(n) /Orok [ss]
*ko\'a>/r district /Korean [ss]
koyl /Modern Korean; ko\'a>/r /Middle Korean [ss]
see Hungarian kerül-et "district"
*kupai fence to keep away animals /Japanese [ss]
kupe /Old Japanese [ss]
*k`a/p`a barrier /Altaic [ss]
*KAp- 1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close /Turkic [ss]
qapaq, qapqaq 1, qapyg| 2 /Old Turkic; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Turkish; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Azeri; Gapaq 1, Gapy 2 /Turkmen
*kag|a- to hinder, close /Mongolian [ss]
qa'a- /Middle Mongolian; xa:- /Khalkha; xa:- /Dagur; xa:- /Monguor [ss]
*xapki- to block, partition /Tungus [ss]
apki:. /Negidal; x|aqpi.- /Nanai; x|aqpali. /Ulcha; x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe: /Orok [ss]
*ka/(m)pia/ wall /Japanese [ss]
ka/bje/ Old Japanese; ka\be Tokyo [ss]
Caucasian
North Caucasian
*ka>uV: gate, fence /North Caucasian [ss]
*kaw gate /Nakh [ss]
kow /Chechen; kow /Ingush [ss]
*ka?u gate /Andian [ss]
kawu/ /Avar; kawu /Andi; ko: /Akhvakh; kaw /Chamalal; kaw /Karata; k/awu /Godoberi [ss]
*kaw@ fence /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
c^/aw /Adyghe; c^aw, c^ow /Circassian [ss]
South Caucasian
(dial.) kawi 'fence, fortress' (probably an Adygh loanword) /Georgian [ss]
Dravidian
ka_pu
(Telugu, Kannad.a, Tulu) that which serves as a protection; watching, vigilance, preservation, protection; invocation of deities at the commencement of a poem to facilitate its successful completion; sacred ashes, as an amulet; bangle, bracelet, anklet; fence, hedge; surrounding wall, fortification; mound within a fort; door; royal seal; place of special protection; village, as in a pastoral region; guardian deities of the eight points of the compass; objects of enjoyment by a king (Tamil lex.); ka_ppu, ka_val watching, caution, defence, guard, protection, that which serves as a protection, amulet, fence, fortification /Tamil; ci_ppu shutter of a sluice /Tamil [sk]kavun.i gate or fort of a city (Tamil); gavanu gate of a fort (Telugu); gavi a (covered or sheltered) place of resort; a gate (Kanad.a,Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
go_pura, go_hura a town-gate; a pyramidal tower over the gate of a city, over the gate of the encircling wall of a temple etc.; a gate so overbuilt; a gate in general (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
ia doorkeeper [az96] {/x/ = /kh/}
kapusta cabbage /Russian
Indo-European
Slavic
kupus cabbage /Serbo-Croatian
kapusta cabbage /Russian
zele, zelka cabbage /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kabu lettuce /Persian [fjs]
Uralic
kapusta cabbage /Vaddja [fv]
káposzta cabbage /Hungarian
Altaic/Turkic
kapustalïgh ügre "cabbage soup" /Khakas [kl]
Circle; enclosure
karika link (of a chain); ring; ferrule; swivel; annulet, anklet /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
karika link (of a chain); ring; ferrule; swivel; annulet, anklet /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian [mab]
g∂rd∂g V-I- /g∂št/ to walk around, wander /Baluchi
g∂rdi[g] circulating, revolving, changeable /Baluchi
Indo-Aryan [sk]
*ghe_r
make go round, surround (Sanskrit < Dravidian)Uralic
*kere
round things /F.U.kari-ka
ring, circlet [-ka diminutive] /Hungarianalso see Hungarian görbe "crooked,bent etc."
Sumerian
gàr, kàr used for round and high objects /Sumerian [jh]
gúr sphere, circle, hoop; gigir wheels, wagon (from gur+gur)
Niger-Congo (?)
karikaroo (n) toy (wheel, etc) /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
krk V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr,JBA to wrap up 012 JLAGal,Syr to wrap around 013 Syr to surround 014 Syr to put on 015 Syr to travel around 016 JBA to roll up 017 JBA + rypt) to eat a meal 041 Syr to go around 042 Syr to bind 043 Syr to delay 044 Syr to be rolled 045 Syr to be led around 046 Syr to be involved 047 Syr to be carried around 048 JBA to be wrapped up 049 JBA to attach one's self 021 Syr to wrap up 022 JLAGal,Syr to wrap around 023 Syr to lead around 024 Syr to surround 025 JBA to turn around 051 Syr to be carried around 052 Syr to delay 031 Syr to command to go around 032 Syr to lead around 033 Syr to carry around 034 Syr to turn 035 Syr to swing 036 Syr %bazwArA)% to close the hand 037 Syr to curve
LS2 345, J 668
krk#3 N krk) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr circuit 2 Syr woof 3 Syr convolvulus 4 JBA matting 5 JBA roll
LS2 345
LS2 v: krAkA)
*gll to roll /Proto Semitic [ahd]
gạlîlâ circuit, district (from gālal to roll). /Hebrew [ahd]
gll (vb.) /Aramaic [cal]
011 Mand to roll 021 Palestinian to roll 022 Syr to fluctuate 023 Syr to make round 051 JLATg,Syr to be agitated, to boil 052 Syr to be turned in on itself 031 Palestinian,Syr to roll 032 Syr to unfold, to make to turn 081 JLATg to roll 091 Palestinian > glgl
LS2 115
Cognate Set <Diakonoff () , #61> [oi4]
g@l@ll@t round /Berber
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 202a #6> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
egirgir move /Bilin
Cushitic, East
giringir roll /Somali
gur roll /Saho
Semitic
grgr wallow, revolve,roll /Geez
Altaic
*ko\'a>/r district /Korean [ss]
kurai, gurai particle meaning "about, approximately, to the extent of, only";
kuru-kuro round and round; kuruma wheel; carriage, wagon /Japanese
Basque
gurpil (G,U) wheel, tire; korru (B) circle, ring
Caucasian
*gwe:rV circle, round, to roll /North Caucasian [ss]
*gorV-mV (~-u-,-V:-) a wheel for hitching the plough /Nakh [ss]
gurma Chechen [ss]
*gw|irV ( ~ gu-) 1 circle 2 wheel /Andian [ss]
gor 1 /Avar; goro 1 /Akhvakh; guri 2 /Karata [ss]
*gVr- round /Tsezian [ss]
gelmac^.u /Tsezi; gemerdiju /Ginukh; gyrma /Inkhokvari; gerdijo /Bezhita; gerdu /Gunzib [ss]
k:ur u ĉ in to roll /Lak [ss]
*gw|er ( ~ *k:w|-) to roll /Gargwa [ss]
ger -ik.es /Akusha [ss]
Dravidian
*cura
circle /Dravidiankuruku bracelet, armlet (Kalla_. 44,22(Tamil.lex.); kar-an:ku to whirl; n. whirling, gyration /Tamil; kar-akku (kar-akki-) to spin (as yarn)/Tamil; kar-annuka to turn around, whirl /Malayalam; gar-a, gar-agar-a whirlingly, around and around /Kannad.a [sk]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
kohr (qo-h-r) 'round object, pellet, squat thing, short, squat'
kor qor 'pellet, ball, anything pellet-shaped, any large round or ovoid fruit, poultice'
kori 'shape in the hands, shape anything into balls or pellets' (cl.1)
koror 'round, pellet-shaped, ball-shaped, ball, wad, pellet'
Sino-Tibetan
*qw|a:r round /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
sgor, gor, skor, khor, kor round, ãkhor turn round. /Tibetan [ss]
ver to move or go round. /Lushei [ss]
{see Hungarian for- "to turn"}
kar to twist, to curl as hair, as tail, as leaf /Lepcha [ss]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
grâd town, city, place /Serbo-Croatian
grad city /Bulgar; gorod city /Russian
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ghordh-o- hedge, fence /PIE [bd]
*gherdh- yard /PIE [cg2]
Celtic
gàradh, gàrradh a garden, Irish gardhadh, Middle Irish garrda; from the Norse garðr, a yard, Middle English gard, garþ, English yard, garden [mcb]
goirtean a little field of corn, croft, Irish goirtín, gort, garden, corn-field, Old Irish gort, seges, Welsh garth, enclosure, Breton garz (do.): *gorto-; Latin hortus; Greek @Ghórtos, straw-yard; English garden, garth, etc [mcb]
Germanic
gardr `hedge, fence, court' /Old Icelandic [bd]
geard enclosure /Old English
Norse garðr, a yard, Middle English gard, garþ, English yard, garden [mcb]
court /English [ep: p.125]
Area enclosed by buildings, hence all the other senses, derives from Middle English court, curt, cort from the same forms in Old French, cort being the clearest derivatives from Latin cort-, oblique stem if cors a contraction of cohors, oblique-stem cohort- : co- for con-, with + stem and root the same with those of hortus, a garden
gird to encircle especially with a belt; girt (past participle) /English [ep: p.255]
Middle English girden (gerden etc.); Old English gyrdan; akin to Old Frisian gerda, Old Saxon gurdian, Old High German gurtēn, German gürten, Gothic bigairdan, Old Norse gyrtha
According to [ep: p.255], gird is intimately akin to-indeed, probably from Old English gyrdan, stem gyrd-, is Old English gyrdel: c.f. Old Frisian gerdel, Old High German gurtil, Middle High German-German gürtel and Old Norse gyrthill. The Hittite gir, a girdle, suggest that Old Germanic gerd-, gird-, gurd-, perhaps represents a Germanic intensive -d extension of Indo-European *ger-, gir-, gīr-, gur- (c.f. Greek guros), a circle, a ring.
Anatolian
gurta
enclosed place /Hittitekerþþi- a city /Lycian [cb2]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
gyrd {also /gyRd/} (adj.) round /Baluchi [mab]
Albanian
gardh hedge, fence [bd]
Balto-Slavic
gar~das `fold, pen' /Lithuanian [bd]
Slavic
grâd town, city, place /Serbo-Croatian
grad city /Bulgar; gorod city /Russian
Uralic
ker-it
encircle; fence in [-it frequentive suffix] /Hungarianker-t garden, the area enclosing the yard, which includes the garden. [ -t deverbal] /Hungarian
kar-ám
'animal holding pen' [-am deverbal suffix]Sumerian
kára
encircle [jh]Niger-Congo (?)
karitoo (n) fence /Mandinka [pc1]
kooroo (n) fence, disaster, woe, incident (bad) /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
qr wall; qrt city /Phœnician [cgj]
qryh N qryt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim city 2 passim village 3 Syr field 4 Syr possession 5 Syr %qr:y mdynt)% territory of a city
LS2 695
pl: quwr:yA)
LS2 v: qriytA); abs. is qr)! > qry#3
50: emph. qrt)
Altaic/Tungus
horimbi to imprison; to encircle, to confine /Manchu [as]
Sino-Tibetan
*Kw|e>rH enclosure, fence /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
quan 1 /Modern (Beijing) < khwen /Middle Chinese
< khw|ren /Old Chinese [ss]
khoen /Vietnamese [ss]
skjor-ba enclosure, fence /Tibetan [ss]
*kho\r ( ~ x-) fence /Kiranti [ss]
khor barrier /Thulung; khwo|r fence, trap /Kaling [ss]
Caucasian
* ĉ.a"rV ( ~ c./-, ĉ.-, c./-) wall /North Caucasian [ss]
ĉ.ira wall /Lak [ss]
* ĉ.er(a) ( ~ -a"-) 1 eaves 2 wall /Lezghian [ss]
ĉ.ere 1 /Lezghi; ĉ.er 2 /Archi [ss]
ĉ.a"ra" stone for fastening roof edges /Khinalug [ss]
*ky>rt(w)V> enclosure /North Caucasian [ss]
*kart fence, yard /Nakh [ss]
kert /Chechen; kart /Ingush [ss]
*kartV ( ~ -o-) 1. enclosure, pen 2. place for meeting, godek.an /Avaroandian [ss]
kort /Avar; k/arti /Godoberi [ss]
*kVtV 1. village 2. sheep-fold /Abkhazo-Adyghe [ss]
Dravidian
cir-e enclosure, dam /Malayalam; cir-ai dam, bank, tank, boundary /Tamil; cir-a dam, limit, tank, reservoir, enclosure /Malayalam; keR- (-t-) to close, shut (as a door, box etc.), build a wall (as enclosure) /Kond.a; ker- to fence /Kuwi; kir- to confine; to make a fence; to shut as the mouth /Kannad.a; cer-i to narrow, to contract; to fasten, to close; to stuff, press in; to be thronged or crowded /Tamil; cerudu to shove or put in /Malayalam; cer-ukku to enclose /Malayalam (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
holihta fence /Alabama [tm]
Basque
ortu
(B,U) garden, orchard@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
kerget to chase, pursue, hunt /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
qwrq waylay, hunt /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Austro-Asiatic
karka a hunt, employed as a synonym for sendra; sendra a hunt, to hunt, to follow the chase, to search for; disom sendra, gipitic sendra the annual tribal hunt (Santali.lex.) [sk]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
görgö
roller /HungarianSumerian
gi-gir
(solid) wheel (from duplication of "gir gir" )Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
qrqws N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr circle 2 JLAGal,Syr ring
LS2 701
Altaic/Tungus
horgimbi to roll, to rotate, to spin, to make a round /Manchu [as]
hûrgimbi to roll, to rotate /Manchu [as]
Caucasian
*gi:rgwV circle, round /North Caucasian [ss]
*go:g-rV- "round" /Nakh
gorga /Chechen; gerga /Ingush; gogri~ /Batsbi [ss]
*girg(w|)V- round /Andian [ss]
gurgi/na-b /Avar; gurguma /Andi; gi~ga-da /Akhvakh; gergamo- /Karata; girg/amu /Godoberi
and so on .....
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
gyűrű
ring, circlet /Hungarian < kör > gyür-ü [k>g>gy]Hungarian /gy/ like a palatised /d'/
Altaic
*dur'a
ring /Altaic [ss]*jür'-
/Turcjüzü
ring /Turkic [r>z]Niger-Congo (?)
jaaru ring /Wollof [pc2]
jara bracelet /Wollof [pc2]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
ker-es to search, seek; ker-ing to circle /Hungarian
Altaic
*ge>\la to search, hunt /Altaic [ss]
*gele-l/ĉ- # to woo, ask /Turkic [ss]
geleŝ- /Kumyk [ss]
*gele:- to ask, demand, search /Tungus [ss]
gele:- /Evenki; gele:- /Even; gele:- /Negidal; gele:- /Solon; gele- /Nanai; gele- /Ulcha; gele- /Orok; gele- /Oroch; gele- /Udighe [ss]
*ka\r- to hunt for, demand, search; drive /Japanese [ss]
ka\r- (Old Japanese); ka/r-, ka\r- (Tokyo); ka/r- (Kyoto); ka/r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
kari hunting; hunt; chase; kari-tateru to hunt up, chase /Japanese
Sino-Tibetan
*ghw|a:r search /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
gon2 to search out, trace; to inquire. /Kachin [ss]
khor to search, hunt for. /Lushei [ss]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
ker-ül to avoid, shun, go round /Hungarian
Niger-Congo (?)
kaari (v) to avoid, save from, omit, spare /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
h.rti keep away from, avoid /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*k`erV to go round, walk around /Altaic [ss]
*kere-, *kerü- /Mongol
*xerē- /Tungus [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*γala-
to pass by, to pass/avoid (пройти мимо, миновать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN336]γalα-
/Chukchee; γala- /Koryak; γala- /Palan; γala- /Alutor [ss]
Belarus karol ; Russian король ; Polish krol ; Serbo-Coatian kralj ; Cheh kral ; Slovene kralj ' Bulgar kral
Indo-European
Italic/"Romance"
crai king, emperor /Rumanian
Another loan?
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian karalius "king" ; Latvian karalis
Slavic
Belarus karol ; Russian король ; Polish krol ; Serbo-Coatian kralj ; Cheh kral ; Slovene kralj ' Bulgar kral
Apparently the source is German Karl [art:1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
qari`, fem. qari`at, qari`a choice, excellent; a prince, chief, leader; etc. /Persian
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic
qirri` a prince, leader of the people /Persian
qral, qiral (Sclav.) king; a chief /Persian
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Turkish and ultimately from Slavic?
kurir an overseer, superintendent /Persian
Uralic
király king /Hungarian {/ly/ sounds like /y/ in English <yes>}
Officially, Hungarian király is seen as a loan from Slavic.
From German Karl via Slavic, it seems. [art:1]
Kartvelian/Zan [jbcd]
kirali king /Laz
A loan from Turkish or perhaps from Slavic?
Altaic
kral king; head of a country /Turkish
Another loan?
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
qyr#3 N qyr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr leader
LS2 664
LS2 v: qayrA) > qyrys
Dravidian
kirITi king /Tamil [iits3]
kuricil 1. person of dignity, illustrious person; 2. philanthropist, benefactor; 3. lord, chief; kuru brilliancy, lustre, effulgence; etc.; kurumai 01 lustre, brightness 02 dignity, superiority /Tamil [iits3, bur84] [DED1782]
kural king /Gondi [bur84, sk: DEDR 1782]
kor-r-avan- king, headman (Malayalam); king, victor (Tamil); kor-r-avai goddess of war and victory, Durga_ (Tamil); kor-r-i id. (Tamil); kor-r-am victory, success, bravery, power, sovereignty (Tamil)(DEDR 2169) [sk, bur84]
kaša grits; groats; porridge; gruel /Serbo-Croatian
kaša gruel /Slovak
kása porridge; groats /Hungarian
kasan late, behind one's time /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Italic
Latin cessare to loiter [Cassell's]
Slavic
kasan late, behind one's time; kasnije later (on); afterwards, subsequently, hereafter, thereafter; in the future; kasniti be (come) late, be slow in coming; kasno late, behind one's time /Serbo-Croatian; kysen late /Bulgar
Uralic
kási
to race, to compete /Ugriankés-ni to be late; kés-ő late /Hungarian (change in meaning from being fast! el-kés (not fast) > kés)
gyöz-ni
to win /HungarianSumerian
kas4,
kaš4 fluent; quick; speed; to travel fast; etc.Niger-Congo (?)
guddee (va) to be late at night; guddi night /Wollof [pc2]
(1) Altaic
Turkic
chas
fast /Chuvashgyssag urgently; gyssagara haste, hurry /Turkmen [glnp]
gyssagly urgent, hurried; gyssamak to hurry /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
kas quickly /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kyūsō
(-suru) to send (a thing) in haste; kyūsoku rapidity, haste, swiftness(2) Altaic
*ke:/ĉi night, evening /Altaic [ss]
*ge:ĉ(-e) 1 night 2 late in the evening 3 evening /Turkic [ss]
keĉa" 2 /Old Turkic; gez^|e 1 /Turkish; kiĉa" 3 /Tatar; gez^|a" 1 /Azeri; gi:z^|e 1 /Turkmen; kas/ 1 /Chuvash [ss]
*keĉi day before yesterday /Mongolian [ss]
keĉig udur /Dagur [ss]
*ki(n)s@ last night /Japanese [ss]
kjiso /Old Japanese [ss]
Turkic
kas' evening /Chuvash; kesik- stay late /Kyrgyz; kicˆ evening, late /Tatar; geç delayed, late /Turkish; kicˆ- /Uigur; kecˆ evening, late /Uzbek [Chong]
Japanese
chisan late attendance
Etruscan
ceśu
"one who indulges, puts off, delays" [az96]
katran tar /Serbo-Croatian; katran /Bulgar
Indo-European
Albanian
katran tar
Slavic
katran tar /Serbo-Croatian; katran /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
qatran, qitran, qatiran liquid pitch, tar, the juice of the pine; name of a city said to have been founded by Seth, and inhabited by demons /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
katran liquid pitch; katiran pitch /Persian [fjs]
Uralic
kátrány tar /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
(Trn N (Trn) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr cedar oil 2 Syr,JBA pitch
LS2 521, J 1065
LS2 V: (eTrAnA)
(yTr N (yTr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr pitch
LS2 521
LS2 V: (iyTrA)
Altaic/Turkic
katran, katranla tar /Turkish
kefa clothes-brush; tooth-brush; hair-brush; paint-brush /Serbo-Croatian
kefa brush /Slovak
Indo-European/Slavic
kefa clothes-brush; tooth-brush; hair-brush; paint-brush /Serbo-Croatian
kefa brush /Slovak
Uralic
kefe brush /Hungarian
Hungarian kefe is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
kefe /Turkic [Chong]
kesenje grinning, sniggering; kesiti to grin, show one's teeth /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Greek
ka^ch-azô laugh aloud; also in nasalized form kanchazô /Classical Greek [lsj1]
(Prob. onomatopoeic, by dissim. fr. cha cha 'ha! ha!') [lsj1]
Slavic
kesenje grinning, sniggering; kesiti to grin, show one's teeth /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
has laugh /Sanskrit
hása laughter < has /Sanskrit
Uralic
kac-ag to laugh heartily {-ag suffix of repetition} /Hungarian
Onomatopoeic origins perhaps. The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?
{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}
Niger-Congo (?)
kex-kexi (v.) to laugh /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret () , #226> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'asa'- laughing sound (to make) /Oromo
qas- *P laugh /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
qas- laugh /Proto West Rift
Austric
kata laugh /Moriori [mor]
kata laugh; katakata laughter /Mäori [ng]
Dravidian
kicv- (kict-) to make a grimace (of derision etc.) by opening mouth and drawing back lips, open mouth at death (Tamil); kisa, kisi, kisu; kisikisi nagu to grin in laughter, grin (Kannad.a)(DEDR 1510). [sk]
kizay- (-t-) to jeer at, ridicule (Kond.a); kijowi joke; kijowigatti witty; kitzowi ki_nai to jest, jeer, joke; kijovi joke; kijovi ki- to make fun, joke (Kuwi); qese to tease, disturb (Malt.o)(DEDR 1518).
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kakka^bizô, cackle, of partridges
Germanic
cackle /English
gaggle (of geese); giggle /English
{Ultimately echoic}
Uralic
gagy-og to babble, prattle; gág-og to cackle {-og suffix of repetition} /Hungarian
Onomatopoeic origins perhaps.
The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
Sumerian
gagig to lament; to wail [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
keeku to cackle /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
gxk V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr,CPA,Palestinian to laugh 012 Palestinian to bow down 013 Syr to gleam 041 Syr to deride 021 Palestinian to laugh 022 Palestinian,Syr to joke with, to sport with, to play 023 Palestinian,Syr to deride 024 Palestinian to bow down 031 Syr to deride 121 Syr to show oneself cowardly
LS2 113
Altaic/Turkic
gagylda-mak to cackle, croak; gygyr-mak to gab, chatter, whistle, cry out; gygyry∫-mak to shout back and forth; hikirdemek to snicker, giggle; hikirdi giggle, snicker; hykyrdamak to chuckle, giggle; hykyrdy laugh, chuckle, giggle; kikirdemek to giggle /Turkmen [glnp]
käkelemek to cluck; käkilik partridge /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
kekkat.t.am loud laughter; kekkali (-pp-, -tt-) to laugh violently; n. loud laughter (Tamil); kek smile, laughter; ke(k) kisad laughing; koks-/keks' in- to make noise of laughter (Toda); geggili, geggalu derision (Telugu)(DEDR 1933). [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
kakkahka to cackle (as a hen) {prob. /kakkah-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
kakkakkak the sound a chicken makes when cackling /Alabama [tm]
kielbasa "sausage" /Polish
Indo-European/Slavic < Turkic [ahd]
Polish kielbasa "sausage" from East and West Slavic *kǔlbasa from East Turkic kül bassï, grilled cutlet, from Turkic kül bastï where kül, coals, ashes + bastï, pressed (meat) (from basmaq, to press). [ahd]
kobasica /Serbo-Croatian; klobása /Slovak; kolbasa /Russian; kolbasi sausages; cold-cuts /Bulgar
Uralic
kolbász sausage /Hungarian
Hungarian kolbász has its roots ultimately in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread" at least according to [ahd]
See Hungarian basz "to copulate" which is also seen as having its roots in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
See Hungarian boszor-kány "witch, sorceress" which one expert source sees as also having its roots in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
Just gets sillier and sillier.
Altaic/Turkic
East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï where kül, coals, ashes + bastï, pressed (meat) (from basmaq, to press). [ahd]
kolbasa sausage /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] reminds us that Turkmen kolbasa is also found in Russian, but according to [ahd] it is still ultimately from Turkic.
Corrections and additions by
Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 3 June 2008