Slavic and Magyar
Word List
DŽ-GO
This page is now mostly in "English" alphabetical order.
džigerica
liver /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Italic
iěcur
, iěcŏris and iŏcinĕris (n.) the liver; supposed seat of the passions /LatinSlavic
džigerica
liver /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian
jigar liver /Persian [pbg]
jigar the liver; the diaphragm; the heart; middle of anything; sadness, sorrow; pity, compassion, sympathy; expectation; power; measure /Persian [fjs]
Uralic
zsiger guts, viscera; zsiger-el to disembowel /Hungarian
The Hungarian word for "liver" is máj
Sumerian
šag 4, šà (n.), intestines; gut; heart; stomach; abdomen; entrails; content; womb; body; interior, midst, inside; bed of a river; will, volition; mood; meaning, significance; (prep.), in; at [jh]
Altaic/Turkic
jigar liver /Cuman [pbg]
karaciger liver /Turkish
içege intestine /Turkmen [glnp]
îçege entrails, intestines /Khakas; (it'ägä Kacha, Koybal dialects) (< CT *içekü) [kl]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*jiγąji intestine, gut (кишка) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN441]
*jiγji
intestine, gut (кишка) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN513]j?i'?i, PL. ji'γγit /Chukchee; jiγąj, jiwjiw /Koryak; jiγji-wwi (pl.) /Palan; jiwji, jiγ- /Alutor [ss]
*s'iγą
z intestine, gut (кишка) /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN450]šiži
n Pl. /West Itelmen; sąũzit, sužit Pl. /SIT [ss]
egede fiddle; violin; egeduš fiddler; violinist /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
egede fiddle; violin; egeduš fiddler; violinist /Serbo-Croatian (etymology??)
skripka violin /Russian; cigulka (n.) fiddle /Bulgar
Uralic
hegedű
violin; hegedűs violinist /HungarianSumerian
gi-gi-du
reed instrument of some sort
Whistle, whisper; flute, pipe, reed
frula (reed-) pipe; flute /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
frula (reed-) pipe; flute /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
pirilli_ a kind of musical instrument /Prakrit [sk]
Uralic
furulya flute, pipe /Hungarian
pilli flute /Vaddja [fv]
Dravidian
pirur.i flute /Kond.a; piror.i id. /Kui; pi_ru_ri, pi_rud.i, pi_rur.i id. /Kuwi; pe~_o_e_ id., pipe, whistle (Kur.ux) [sk]
pu_ri a wind instrument; pu_rikai trumpet (Tamil) (DEDR 4368) [sk]
Basque (??)
txirula (LN,U) and xirula small Basque end-blown flute
Caucasian (??)
c.ur@la 'neck of zourna (flute)' < Proto Lezghian (Caucasian) *c.:urVl(a) (this noun originally meant 'filter, sieve', as seen from external evidence). [ss]
see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"
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fićukati
to whistle; hiss; pipe; fijukati to whistle, whiz; moan; fućkalica whistle; fućkati to whistle, hiss /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Celtic
fead a whistle, Irish fead, Middle Irish fet-, fetán, a flute, a whistle, Welsh chwythell, a whistle, chwyth, a blast, breath, *wviddo-, *svizdo-, Latin sibilus, English sibilant. [mcb]
fideag a small pipe, reed, flute /Gaelic; fideóg /Irish [mcb]
Slavic
fićukati
to whistle; hiss; pipe /Serbo-CroatianUralic
füttyi, whistle; füty-ül to whistle /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #7> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
fuuc#'- drizzle /Gidole
fuuj- whistle /Konso
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 29 #6> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*fuud/l- whistle /Proto East Cushitic
food/i whistle /Somali
foor- whistle /Boni
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #2.026> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
food/i whistle /Somali
Cushitic, South
*fuutl- whistle /Proto South Cushitic
futl- whistle /Iraqw
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 169b #3> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
food/i whistle /Somali; fiikk'o /Kambata; fiikk'o /Alaba; fiikk'o /Qabena
Semitic
fs!y whistle /Geez
Altaic
Turkic
fýsýldamak, fisildi whisper /Turkish (??)
py∫yrdamak to whisper; py∫yrdy whisper /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
ficakû flute, pipe; ficambi to whistle, to play a flute; fican whistle /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
bugari, bugiriya a large bamboo flute (Ir.); bugiri bamboo flute (Pa_lKu.); buguri id. (A_lKu.); bugi.r flute (Kota); puxury Toda flute (Toda); buguri id. (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4239).[sk]
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šapat whisper; šapnuti to whisper; šaptati to prompt; whisper /Serbo-Croatian; šepkať, šepot whisper /Slovak; shepot whisper /Russian; [epot /Bulgar
Indo-European
Slavic
šapat whisper; šapnuti to whisper; šaptati to prompt; whisper /Serbo-Croatian; šepkať, šepot whisper /Slovak; shepot whisper /Russian; [epot /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
shpeelak whistle; shpun shepherd /Pashto [tr]
Uralic
síp
whistle; shepherd's pipe /HungarianSumerian
sipad, sibad, sipa
shepherd [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*s/V:p whisper, whistle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "whistling of the wind" [ss]
sa 4 Modern (Beijing) < sëp Middle Chinese < s@:p Old Chinese
s/ub, s/ib (p., i. s/ubs) to whisper, s/ab-s/ob whispering /Tibetan
*supi- secret, whisper /Kiranti [ss]
su"pilo| whisper /Thulung; sibi secret, sibila:m secretly /Limbu; supi whispering /Kulung [ss]
*c/ip whisper, chirp /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "whisper"
ji /Modern (Beijing) < cjip /Middle Chinese < c/ip /Old Chinese [ss]
c^ap3 to chirp, as a small bird, (H) c^i-jap, c^i, c^it id. /Kachin [ss]
c^iap to cheep, chirp. /Lushei [ss]
Altaic
*sip`i
a kind of pipe [ss] /AltaicEtruscan
suplu whistler, piper
Mayan Languages
Meaning "to whistle"
t#uubal (v.i.), wibal (v.t.) /Huas; s#u<us#ub /Yuca; s#us#u' /Itza; s#us#ub /Mopa; s#us#ub(ta) /Tzot; s#.uub-a /Teco; s#ubanic /Uspa; 'aj s#ub /Pmam [jd]
Across, a crossing, ford, bridge; road, path, travel
gacati to wade, ford on foot; flounder; gaz a ford, shallow water; depth of water a ship draws; gaziti to ford, wade; to cross by wading /Serbo-Croatian; газя (gazya) to wade /Bulgar
(1) Indo-European
Celtic
ùidh a ford, that part of a stream leaving a lake before breaking into a current; also an isthmus (M`Kinnon), uidh, aoi); from Norse eið, an isthmus, neck of land. Hence Eye or Ui near Stornoway, older Ey, Huy, Eie. [mcb]
Slavic
gacati to wade, ford on foot; flounder; gaz a ford, shallow water; depth of water a ship draws; gaziti to ford, wade; to cross by wading /Serbo-Croatian; газя (gazya) to wade /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
xiid bridge (Eastern Ossetian); xood (Western Ossetian) [Chong]
khadak a bridge /Persian [fjs]
ikhazat making one ford (a river). /Persian [fjs]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*eti above, beyond /PIE [cg2]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
áti across, beyond, past, over /Sanskrit
Uralic
át across, over /Hungarian
gáz-ol to cross shallow water by wading./Hungarian
híd bridge, crossing /Hungarian
Hungarian híd is thought to be of Alanic origin. [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
xuus (v.) to wade /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
gwz V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Palestinian,CPA to go across 031 Palestinian to bring across
LS2 108
gw$#2 N gw$) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr ford, shallow
LS2 110
LS2 v: gaw$A)
g$r V /Aramaic [cal
011 Syr to make a bridge 012 Syr to bridge over 013 Syr %k:E)pe)% to make a heap with stones 041 Syr to be joined by a bridge
LS2 137
g$r N g$r) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr,JBA bridge 2 Syr axle
LS2 137
LS2 v: ge$rA)
xt#2 N xt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr plank (bridge)
LS2 263
LS2 V: xet.A)
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #87> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
kat- , ka-t- cross river /Proto Agaw
Cushitic, South
kaw-' to advance to go forward /Proto South Cushitic
Altaic
*be/ta\ / *pe/da\ sea, ford /Altaic [ss]
*pede:- to ford, cross over /Tungus [ss]
hede:- /Evenki; edelbu:- /Solon [ss]
*pa\ta/-h, *pa\da>/r sea /Korean [ss]
pada /Modern Korean; pa\ta/ (pa\ta/h-), pa\ra>/r /Middle Korean [ss]
*ba/ta/ 1 sea 2 to ford /Japanese [ss]
wata 1, wa/ta/r- (Old Japanese); wa\taru 2 (Tokyo); wa/ta/r- (Kyoto); wata/r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Turkic
a∫-mak to cross; a∫yr-mak to get across /Turkmen [glnp]
ätle-mek 1. to step 2. to cross, transgress; ät-mek to step /Turkmen [glnp]
öt-mek 1. to cross, to go through 2. to burn /Turkmen [glnp]
güzer ford /Turkmen [glnp]
Austro-Asiatic
ghat. a pass through hills; ghat.e ghat. at each pass (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Caucasian, South
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*(h)ucqą-t "
bridge (мост) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN959]utqet /Koryak; husqą " /Palan [ss]
Dravidian
kat.a to pass through, traverse, cross; kat.appu wicket or narrow passage in a wall or hedge (Tamil); kat.avu to cause to go; to ride, drive, as an animal or vehicle (Tiruva_ca. 36,4); way, path, direction (Tamil); kat.akka to pass over, enter; kat.appu passage; kat.avu beach, landing place, wharf; track of wild beasts (Malayalam); kar.v- (kar.d-) to cross (river); (sun, moon) rises; kar.v cattle-path through bushes, ford (Kota); kad.akal wicket or narrow passage in walls or hedges (Kannad.a); kad.a- to cross (Kod.agu); kad.apuni to cross, ford, pass (Tulu); kad.acu, gad.ucu to pass; cross; kad.apa threshold (Telugu); kad.p- to cross (Parji); karp- to cross (Gadba); gr.a_pa to cross, cross over, ford (Kui); gra_ncali to cross over (Kuwi) (DEDR 1109).[sk]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
k'aht (from k'at) 'anything laid or placed across, bridge'
k'aht tor e xukur 'bridge over a river'
k'ahtib 'suspension wires (as of a bridge) supporting timbers (as of ..??)
k'at 'cross, crossing of two objects'
k'atar 'crossed, crosswise'
k'atbu ah te' kohn 'bridge a stream'
k'atbu e te' tor e ha' 'lay a timber across a stream'
k'atbu tuuhor 'lay on, lay over'
k'atwan 'lie across or over, be crosswise or crossed' (cl.3)
@@@@@@@@@@ Street, path, travel @@@@@@@@@@@
???? ulica street /Slovak; akin to Czech ulice, Russian ulica
Indo-European
Greek
hodos "a way, road, hence a journey, hence also a way, manner, means of doing something" [ep: 448]
Odysseus is seen as deriving from Greek *odussos "irritated, irritable" according to [ep: 448], and he says that the meaning of "the wayfarer" is less probable, because hodos "way" is unlikely to become *odos. [ep: 448]
c.f. the Latin entries ōdī "hate", odor "smell" under Hungarian utál "to hate, detest"
Celtic
uidh, uidhe a journey, distance, Irish uidhe, Early Irish ude, Old Irish huide, profectio: *odio-n, root pod, ped, go; Latin pes, pedis, foot; Greek @Gpoús, @Gpodós, foot; English foot; Sanskrit padyâ, footstep. [mcb]
ùdrathad, ùtraid free egress and regress to common pasture; from the Norse - cf. útreið, an expedition, "out-road". [mcb]
utraid district road /Gaelic [mcb]
Albanian
*ud|a: /Proto Albanian; udhe' road, way /Albanian [bd]
Slavic (????)
ulica street /Slovak; akin to Czech ulice, Russian ulica
(1) Indo-Iranian
*Hat- travel /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]
Iranian (????)
xva:qra- `well-being'/ Avestan; apairiia:qra- `unavoidable' /Late Avestan [al]
Indo-Aryan
at- to travel, wander /Sanskrit [al]
(2) Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kucha a narrow street; a lane, slum, row, passage; a street, square, market-place; a thread; migration /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
[fjs] says kucha is the diminutive of KU
Uralic
*utka
portage road /Uralicút street, path, way; utca street; lane /Hungarian
ut-az to travel; to journey; ut-az-ó traveller; ut-as traveller, passenger; ut-ász pioneer /Hungarian
töl from /Hungarian
{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}
(Hungarian /s/ sounds like English /sh/}
{Hungarian digraph /sz/ is like English sibbilant /s/ as in /sing/}
Officially, Hungarian út is of F-U origin
og@t (Khanty); Åxt (Man's'i) [Chong]
tee road /Vaddja [fv]
Sumerian
tilla
crossroad, market placeAfro-Asiatic
wзt way, road, side /Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic/Turkic
ütü street (Tatar) [Chong]
köçe street /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian (??)
pa_di, ha_di road (Kannad.a)(DEDR 4087) [sk]
Etruscan
uthste, uthusthe, uthuze, utusthe
"Ulysses, Odysseus" [az96, glb]
"separated, separator, distancer" [az96]
But, see the Greek entries above.
uthuthu "separate, far" [az96]
uthuthunatale "separate, distanced (plural)" [az96]
utuse "to separate" [az96]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ COACH @@@@@@@@@@@@@@
kočija
coach, carriage; vehicle /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Germanic
coach /English
Kutsche coach /German
Slavic
kočija
coach, carriage; vehicle /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian
koch wandering tribe; migration, decamping; marching, setting off ; kochanidan to cause to march on; koch ba-koch travelling one after another; a highwayman's horse /Persian [fjs]
Uralic
kocsi coach, car /Hungarian
Common in many European languages; a loan word from Hungarian.
Officially said to derive from the village name Kocs [Chong]
kaas- race (Man's'i) [Chong]
Altaic
*ko/ĉe to nomadize, transport /Altaic [ss]
*go"ĉ- 1 to migrate, nomadize 2 nomadizing /Turkic [ss]
ko"ĉ- 1, ko"ĉ 2 /Old Turkic; go"ĉ- 1, go"ĉ 2 /Turkish; ko"ĉ- 1, ko"ĉ 2 /Azeri; go"ĉ- 1, go"ĉ 2 /Turkmen; kus/- 1 /Chuvash; ko"s- 1, ko"s 2 /Yakut [ss]
*ko"ske transportation, mount, cart /Mongolian [ss]
xo"so"g /Khalkha [ss]
*k@/si\ palanquin /Japanese [ss]
ko/si\ /Old Japanese; ko/shi /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
kaç- escape, flee, run away; ko$- hitch; ride; run (Turkish) [Chong]
Mongol
xoš car (Kalmuk) [Chong]
Basque
kotxe
(B,G,U) carChukchee-Kamchatkan
*qeRjet sleighs for the children (сани для детей) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN784]
qεcεt-
/Chukchee; qejet (I) /Koryak [ss]Dravidian
kasur, ka_sul, ka_ssul cart (Kolami); kasur, khasur id. (Gondi); kacikai carriage or chariot drawn by horses; palanquin (Tamil.lex) [sk]
gaće
drawers, pants /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
chi^tôn, in Ion.Prose ki^thôn, ônos, ho, Dor. ki^tôn (q. v.):-- garment worn next the skin, tunic I. in early times, only of a man's tunic 2. later worn also by women II. coat of mail, prob. of leather covered with scales or rings III. part of a shoe that coats the foot, upper IV. metaph., any coat, case, or covering 2. vesture
Slavic
gaće
drawers, pants /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian
gud.igi breeches (Hindi_); gud.adhi_ (Hindi_, Mara_t.hi_); gud.igican.n.a a sort of breeches that go a little beyond the knee (Kannad.a lex.); gud.gi, gud.ge drawers (Kon:kan.i_ lex.) [sk]
Uralic
gagya underpants /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
/gy/ like a palatised /d'/
kaatsa pants /Vaddja [fv]
gatya pair of trousers /Hungarian
Hungarian gatya is also believed to be a loan from Slavic. [Chong]
Then where did the Vaddja borrow the word from?
/ty/ like a palatised /t'/
kötény
apron (loincloth?) /HungarianSumerian
gada
linen (clothing) [jh]Afro-Asiatic
kitun
clothes /Akkadianktn linen /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic/Tungus
gocika outer-trousers /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
gud.igi breeches (Kannad.a); gud.igican.n.a a sort of breeches that go a little beyond the knee (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
callat.am short drawers (Tamil, Malayalam); tcallad.amu (Telugu); calal.m, cal.m, colal.m, co.l.m perineal cloth (Kota); cad.d.i, can.aka, can.n.a, cen.n.a breeches which reach only to the middle of the thighs; callan.a, cal(a)n.a, collana, col.n.a drawers or breeches of different length (Kannad.a); callan.a, calla_na short breeches reaching only to the middle of the thighs (Tulu); calla_d.amu, ced.d.i short trousers reaching only to the knee or the middle of the thigh (Telugu) (DEDR 2379). [sk]
kadale a rag (Tulu); gatla, getli, gette, gete, gende cloth (Gondi); kadiya, kediya cloth, waistcloth (Pengo); kediya, kidiya a cloth (Mand.a)(DEDR 1190). [sk]
Basque
? galtze pants, trousers
gar soot; garav glossy black, raven; sooty /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
gar soot; garav glossy black, raven; sooty /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
korom soot; kormos sooty, smutty /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
krwm fire; kwrm smoke; krmes ash, soot, dust /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
qwr smoke, cinder /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*k`i_uru(mV) ashes, soot /Altaic [ss]
*Kurum soot /Turkic [ss]
qurun /Old Turkic; Gurum /Turkmen; xúrúm /Chuvash; kurunn/uk /Yakut [ss]
kurum 1. soot; 2. association, society /Turkish
*kirbu-su burned smell /Mongolian [ss]
kirbu-su(n) /Written Mongolian [ss]
x/arvas /Khalkha [ss]
*xurum-sa 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes /Tungus [ss]
ojomn|a 1 /Negidal; x|oromsa 1, 2 /Nanai; x|oromsa 1 /Ulcha; x|oropsa 1 /Orok; u.ru.mrú. 1 /Even; urumn|a: 1 /Evenki [ss]
*ky/ri/-m soot /Korean [ss]
ky/ri/m /Middle Korean [ss]
kyrim /Modern Korean [ss]
Austric
garahu soot. /Rapanui [anon]
{/g/ sounds like /ng/ as in English <sing>}
Caucasian
*k.a>rV black; coal /North Caucasian [ss]
Dravidian
*čuru-
soot; *kar- , *kar- black /Dravidian [ss]
gat flood-gate, sluice, lock /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
gat flood-gate, sluice, lock /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
gát dam, dike; obstacle /Hungarian
Niger-Congo (?)
gatandu to block /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic/Turkic
gaçy dike; gatla dam, dike /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
kat.a bank of river (Pengo); gat.u (pl. gat.ku) bund, bank (of river, tank, etc.)(Kond.a); boundary, beach, shore; end of a table, field, etc. (Kuwi); ket.t.u bank, dam (Tamil); kat. bank of river (Gondi); gat.t.u bank (Gadba); dam, embankment (Kannad.a, Telugu); bund of field (Kuwi); pl. gat.ka id. (Kuwi); ga_ttu_ (pl. ga_ttu_na, ga_tka) boundary; ka_dagattu bank of river (Kuwi); kat.t.e id. (Kannad.a); bund of tank (Kod.agu); kat.t.a dam, embankment (Telugu, Gondi); bund of field (Kolami, Pengo); id., dam, dike (Naikr.i); kat.t.a_ a dam in the river for catching fish (Gondi) (DEDR 1147).[sk]
ko_t.i weir of a tank, outlet for surplus water (Tamil); ko_d.i a passage to carry off excess water, outlet of a tank (Kannad.a); outlet of tank (Telugu)(DEDR 2197) [sk, bur84]
gazda master of the house, head of the family, host, landlord, innkeeper; a rich farmer /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Germanic
host /English
Slavic
gazda master of the house, head of the family, host, landlord, innkeeper; a rich farmer /Serbo-Croatian
(obviously a loan from Hungarian)
Uralic
kooza (adv.) together, jointly; kooza (prp.) together (+com) /Vaddja [fv]
goc
< köz centrum << commons (common lands and property of archaic settlements) <FUköz-ép the center, küsz-öb the threshold (in between in and out) /Hungarian
Hungarian köz is allegedly from some FU root [see Chong]
*kite, kiteppe central /FU; köˆt interspace; (the) middle /Khanty; kwät'l middle /Man's'i [Chong]
gaz-da farmer, land owner > owner, chief, boss /Hungarian
gaz-dag rich, wealthy /Hungarian
Altaic
Turkic
usta master, master workman; skilled, clever /Turkish
go∫ things, property, belongings; go∫-golañ property, belongings /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
kozoru to bring together
kozotte in a body; en masse; as one man; unanimously; as a unit; solidly
Etruscan
ceus "family, companion" [az96]
ceusn "family, community" [az96]
< *kiw-is [az96]
cisuita, cisvita "belonging to the clan, community" [az96]
cisum "(part) of the family" [az96]
gaziti to oppress, crush, grind down, treat roughly,trample upon; po-gaziti to trample down, tread upon, crush under foot /Serbo-Croatian; газя (gazya) to trample /Bulgar
Indo-European
Slavic
gaziti to oppress, crush, grind down, treat roughly,trample upon; po-gaziti to trample down, tread upon, crush under foot /Serbo-Croatian; газя (gazya) to trample /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
khauza trampled upon, ruined /Persian [fjs]
Uralic
gáz-ol to run down/over; to crush to death./Hungarian
legázol to trample down {le- "down" + gázol "to trample, crush"} /Hungarian
lagassaa to devastate /Vaddja [fv]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #31> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
gid- throw down (Bedawiye, Beja)
gadam(Ro) root/roots (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
g@d@mt- lie(on) /Awngi
Cushitic, East
gadi down /Oromo
Cushitic, South
gad- subdue /Proto South Cushitic
Altaic/Tungus
gisambi to be exterminated /Manchu [as]
Young, small, tiny, little; narrow; lean
gedža
dwarf /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Italic
cătŭlus
-i a young animal, esp. a whelp, puppy /LatinThis is supposed to derive from Proto Indo-European root *kat- 'down' [ahd]
Slavic
gedža
dwarf /Serbo-Croatiankus bite, bit, slice, mouthful, morsel; kusasti docked; truncated /Serbo-Croatian; kúsok bit /Slovak; kus, kusek a bit, item,lump, piece /Czech
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
katas (in Zand and Pazand) small /Persian [fjs]
kotah short, contracted; kuchak small, little; a musical mode or style; diminutive; younger, junior; a youngster, a child; kudak a boy, lad, youth, child, infant; a stripling; a slave-boy; kudaka a little infant /Persian [fjs]
kuta` fox's cub; etc. /Persian [fjs]
hech nothing; a mere trifle; lost, annihilated; never, at no rate, on no account, at all; some, any; not any, none /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kis'o_ra
a youth, lad, a boy below fifteen, a minor in law; kis'o_ri_ a maiden, a young woman; kis'o_ra a colt, cub, the young of any animal; e.g. ke_sarikis'o_rah. (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]Uralic
kis little,small; kicsi petty, trifling, short, small /Hungarian
Hungarian kis is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Hungarian kicsi is officially derived from kicsiny id. to which is attributed a Turkic origin [Chong]
{Hungarian /cs/ = Basque /tx/ = English /ch/}
{Hungarian /s/ = English /sh/}
Sumerian
gud8 short [jh]
Related to but opposite in meaning to gíd [BU] n., length; v., to lengthen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and throat-like with motion away from); adj., long; distant [jh]
{also see Hungarian hosszú 'long'}
Niger-Congo (?)
gaata (adj.) be short, short /Wollof [pc2]
kuus dwarf, pygmy /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
ktt (be) small, trifling; little one /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 83 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
kic#ere small /Bayso; guussi small /Gidole; gootto?'o small /Hadiyya; k'aass- strike, push /Hadiyya
Omotic, North
koota small /Sheko
Ometo
guc# small /Dache; guc#ee small (Dokko/Dokka); guuc# small /Dorze; guc#c#o small /Gofa; guuc#a small /Kulla; gut't'a guc#'a small, few /Ometo; guttaa small /Wolami; guc#aa (guc#'aa?) small /Zala
Semitic
qt!n qtn small /Proto Semitic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #9. [oi4]
Cushitic, East
koc#' little in amount /Gidole
qoj- pinch take a small piece /Konso
Austro-Asiatic
kat.ic small, insignificant, young (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
*k`ic`V small, young /Altaic [ss]
*kicük Turc
*kicig /Mongol [ss]
Turkic
kIs
diminish; kisa short /Turk; kiçi small /TurkmenTungus
g'aci one tenth to the seventeenth power /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kechi
- insignificantSino-Tibetan
*k(j)@>j small, little, few /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "small" [ss]
ji 1 Modern (Beijing) < kyj Middle Chinese < k@j Old Chinese
ãga some, few, several. /Tibetan
ke3, kje3 be scarce, few, not plentiful; kji3 small, little. /Kachin [ss]
Basque
gitxi (B), guti(L,LN,Z,U), gutti, gutxi (G) few
Caucasian
*ki:c.y: puppy /North Caucasian [ss]
*q.a>c.y> (~-u>) piece; bite, incision /North Caucasian [ss]
*q.ec.e A piece /Tsezian [ss]
q.ic.i /Tsezi; q.iĉ.i /Ginukh [ss]
q.ac. bite; mouth /Lak [ss]
*q.ac. a bite; (piece of bread) > bread /Dargwa [ss]
q.ac. /Akusha; q.ac. /Chiragh [ss]
*q.ac. 1 bit,slice 2 notch, nick 3(biting part) > chin /Lezghian [ss]
q.ac. 2 /Lezghi; q.ac. 1 /Tabasaran; q.ac. 1 /Agul; q.ac. 3 /Rutul; q.ac. 3 /Tsakhur [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qẹj(u) small (малый, маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN118]
*qạj(ụ)- small; Dim. 1 (малый, небольшой; Dim. 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN738]
q?έju-
; qεj- 1 /Chukchee; qaju- (III); qaj- (III) 1 /Koryak; qaj- 1 /Palan; qaju-; qaj- 1 /Alutor [ss]*qi- ; qi-tki-nąŋ /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN118]
qitkineŋ , Pl. qetkene'n brother (брат) /Sedank dialect; kitkinyn frater sorori /West Itelmen; kins ? frater minor natu /SIT [ss]
*kit " barely (чуть-чуть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN688]
kít " /Chukchee; kit " /Koryak; kit " /Palan; kit " /Alutor [ss]
*qạj-ụjụ calf, fawn (теленок, олененок) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN739]
qεjϊu
/Chukchee; qajuju (III) /Koryak; qajuju-n /Palan [ss]*howtъ-
meager, greedy (скупой, жадный) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1007]hotą- /Koryak; hotą- /Palan [ss]
Dravidian
*gud.- small /Dravidian [ss]
*gud.d.-/*gid.d.- small /South Dravidian [ss]
kut.t.am smallness; young of a monkey /Tamil; kut.t.an_ laddie, lassie, as a term of endearment; kid or lamb; kut.t.i young of a dog, pig, tiger, etc.; little girl; smallness; kut.t.ai shortness, dwarfishness; kut.t.-e:r_u a small bull; kun.t.ai shortness, that which is short and stout /Tamil; kut.t.an boy, lamb, calf /Malayalam; kut.t.i young of any animal, child (chiefly girl), pupil of eye; kut.u small, narrow /Malayalam; gid.d.u, gud.d.u shortness, smallness /Kannada; gid.d.a dwarf; fem. gid.d.i; gud.d.a dwarf, a boy; smallness, shortness; (Hav.) kun.t.u short /Kannada; kut.t.i child of any caste except Coorgs; young of animals (except dog, cat, pig) /Kodagu; gid.d.a small, short /Tulu; gid.d.e, gid.d.ele, gid.ye, gid.yele dwarf, short man; fem. gid.d.i, gid.d.u; kun.t.e a short man, dwarf; kun.t.i a female dwarf; short; (B-K.) gud.d.u short /Tulu [ss]
*kut.-/*kot.- short, small (kut. xwar_ small shola, kut.xyfy short-ears, i. e. tiger) /Nilgiri [ss]
kut. Toda [ss]
*gid.d.-/*gud.d.- short, dwarfish /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gid.d.a; Dialect forms (1): git.aka; Derivatives: Also gid.asa id., stunted; (SAN) gud.d.a child [ss]
*gud.-ru: dwarfish (of persons and animals only) /North Dravidian [ss]
gud.ru:, gur.ru: Kurukh [ss]
ghud.d.-u:, gud.d.-u: small; urchin /Brahui [ss]
gujju small /Kannad.a; koccu small, young; koccan- young boy /Tamil; koccu short, small, young, mean; (also koccan) little boy; kocci girl; kocam a little; kou a young stunted coconut /Malayalam kucu young of birds and various animals /Tamil; kuci young, small, infant /Malayalam [sk]
kuci anything small (Tamil); kuu small (Malayalam); kun small (Komi); kundu a child of Pariahs; kui, kun.n.i small (Tulu); gunna young of an animal (Telugu)(DEDR 1646); kocam little, small quantity (Tamil); a little (Malayalam); koca, koce a little, littleness, inferiority (Kannad.a); kocemu a little, a few; deficiency, contempt; little, few, slight, mean, deficient (Telugu); koyyal lean (Parji); kocceka, koceka a little (Kuwi)(DEDR 2041); kwic humbled, low (Toda); koca, koce a little, littleness, inferiority (Kannad.a); koncemu a little, a few; deficiency, contempt; little, few, slight, mean, deficient (Telugu.)(DEDR 2043). [sk]
cit.t.u anything small; cit.t.u-kkuruvi house sparrow; cit.t.u a small bird (Tamil); cit.t.u, cit.a, cit.i smallness, shortness etc. (Kannad.a); cit.t.-ili mouse (Tamil); cit.t. small, little (Tulu); cit.t.i id., young; cit.t.-eluka mouse (Telugu); cit.t.u fine husk (Gadba); sit.ur.i small, dwarfish (Kui); sita kadda a stream; sitki a mouse (Kuwi)(DEDR 2513).[sk]
Iberian
cachorro "puppy, cub" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5].
C.f. kis'o_ra a youth, lad, a boy below fifteen, a minor in law; kis'o_ri_ a maiden, a young woman; kis'o_ra a colt, cub, the young of any animal; e.g. ke_sarikis'o_rah. (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
Potawatomi
bke'ji
small amountQuechua
cutuyachina make small {china "to make"} /Quechua [q1]
also see Hungarian csinál "to make etc."
Yuki
ko·čwa(·)n
few1 [y84]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
kicsiny
petty, trifling, short /HungarianHungarian kicsiny is attributed a Turkic origin [Chong]
{Hungarian /ny/ palatised /n'/ similar to Spanish /ñ/}
{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
qţn
to be(come) thin, fine, small /Semitic Root [ahd]qt.n small /Phœnician [cgj]
qTyn A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr small 2 JLAGal,Syr,JBA narrow 3 Syr,JBA thin 4 Syr sharp 5 Syr wise 6 Syr adv accurately 7 JLAGal emaciated 8 JBA something small
LS2 659
LS2 v: qaTiyn
qTn V /Aramaic [cal]
011 JLAGal,Syr to be small, thin 012 JLAGal,Syr to waste away 013 Syr to be sad 021 Syr to extenuate 022 Syr to sharpen 023 Syr to make oneself small 051 Syr to be made small 052 Syr to be subtle 031 Syr to make light
LS2 659
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂san (adj.) small (in size, age, status), minor, unimportant /Baluchi [mab]
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Uralic
keskeny
narrow /HungarianOfficial source says Hungarian keskeny is possibly related to the dialectal word keshedt "lean"; "scraggy" to which it attributes a possible derivation from a F-U root.
Altaic
? k@skin keen, sharp; unique (Azeri); keske small (Chuvash); kecˆken@ small; kysynky (Tatar); kesin (Turkish); kicˆkina small; k'eskin sharp (Uzbek) [Chong]
gysga short; gysgaça briefly /Turkmen [glnp]
gysgaltmak to shorten; gysganç 1. miser 2. greedy, miserly /Turkmen [glnp]
qisqa short /Cuman [pbg]
Quechua
quichqui skinny (for objects, paths) [q1]
kiski narrow [q2]
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Uralic
keshedt
lean, scraggy; pale, sickly /HungarianHungarian keshedt is described as a dialectal word. [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
kasid worthless, deficient in quantity or quality, not selling or passing current, despicable, in no esteem; dull of sale, unsaleable (goods); flat (market); destitute, in debt./Persian
The Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
kast he diminished; diminution; loss, damage; a lie; kastan (imp. kah) to lessen, diminish, damage, destroy; to finish; kasta diminished, lessened; kasti decrease, diminution; lie, falsehood./Persian
kazad, kizad an old, worn-out garment /Persian
glista worm; earthworm /Serbo-Croatian
hlísta worm /Slovak
Indo-European
Slavic
glista worm; earthworm /Serbo-Croatian
hlísta worm /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
kharatin earth-worms /Persian
? khirista a leech /Persian
Uralic
giliszta earthworm /Hungarian
Indo-European/Slavic
golub pigeon /Serbo-Croatian; golub' /Russian; gylyb /Bulgar
Uralic
galamb pigeon /Hungarian << Italian
gulju dove /Vaddja [fv]
Bud, shoot, swelling, nodule; tuber; knot, heap, pile, bunch, cluster, load
gomolj bulb, tuber, knot /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kuma, atos, to, (kuô) anything swollen (as if pregnant)
Slavic
gomolj bulb, tuber, knot /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
csoma
the nodule of the plague /Hungarian (got into neighboring tongues also)gumó tuber, root, bulb, swelling /Hungarian
Sumerian
šum
leek, garlic << a bulbous rootAltaic
*ĉ`iam[o] bud, bouquet /Altaic [ss]
*ĉemen 1 bouquet, bundle 2 a k. of grass (used for wrapping feet) /Turkic [ss]
ĉemen 1 /Turkmen [ss]
*ĉomurlag bouquet; bud /Mongolian [ss]
comorlog Khalkha [ss]
*ĉi:me, *ĉi:m-ĉikte 1 bud 2 cone 3 fir needle 4 grain, nut stone, kernel /Tungus [ss]
ĉimĉukte 2,3 /Negidal; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Nanai; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Ulcha; ĉipĉikte 1,3 /Orok; ĉi:me 4 /Evenki [ss]
Basque
kima (n.) shoot, sprout, bud (on a branch). (B,LN) (n.) mane (of a horse) (G); kimu (B,G,U) (n.) bud, sprout, shoot
Dravidian
*gum- knob, boss; hump /Dravidian [ss]
*gum- knob; hump /South Dravidian [ss]
kumir knob (as of wooden sandals), stud, pommel, hump of an ox /Tamil; kumir.i boss, knob (as of wooden sandals); kuppi ferrule (e.g. on scabbard, horn of ox) /Tamil; kumir. knob, pommel; mushroom /Malayalam; kuppi brass knob on tip of bullock's horn /Malayalam; gubbi knob, protuberance /Kannad.a; kuppu, guppu an abnormal globular excrescence of the body; guba:ru swelling /Kannad.a; gubbi, gubbe\ stud, ornamental knob, button /Tulu [ss]
*gub- knob, boss, stud /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gubaka; Derivatives: Also gubba id., protuberance, woman's breast; guburu protuberance; kuppe knob [ss]
*gom- hump of ox /Gondwan [ss]
koparam hump of bullock /Konda [ss]
*gom-er. hump of ox /Pengo-Manda [ss]
gomon. /Pengo; guper. /Manda [ss]
Notes: Different assimilations in both languages. [ss]
*kop-a hump, cow's hump /Kui-Kuwi
kopa /Kui
Notes: The reasons for such obviously irregular reflexation in all dialects except PPM are a) assimilations (*-m- > -p- through assimilation with *g-) and b) contamination with *kup- 'mound, hillock'. However, such forms as Pengo gomon. clearly point to a different root. There is also a strange Kuwi_Su form gu'u with an unclear glottal stop. Were it possible to trace it back to *gumu (?), the PK reconstruction should have been altered [ss]
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zamatati to wrap, envelop, do up, roll up; swaddle; zamot parcel, package, bundle; zamotati to wrap up, do up, envelop, roll up (in) /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Italic
colman heap /Spanish
c.f. with Uralic below
cūmūlus -i
heap, pile, mass; addition, increase, finishing touch /LatinArmenian
cˆim bunch; clod, lump (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Slavic
čama
tedium, depression, gloom, blues, apathy, listlessness /Serbo-Croatianzamatati to wrap, envelop, do up, roll up; swaddle; zamot parcel, package, bundle; zamotati to wrap up, do up, envelop, roll up (in); omot wrapper, envelope; parcel, package /Serbo-Croatian
gomila multitude, crowd, mass, cluster, knot, mob, legion, host, horde, pile, heap /Serbo-Croatian
chumáč cluster /Slovak
Uralic
*c'olme
to tie, to bind /FinnUgorsolmi
, solmu knot /Finnish; ĉuol'bmâ knot /Lappish; s'ulma bundle, knot /Mordvin; s'ulma bundle, knot /Mordvin [Chong][ZZZZZZZ c.f. colman heap /Spanish (any other I.E. ??, etymology?) ZZZZZZ]
csom-ó
knot; heap, pile, bundle; csom-ag bundle, package /HungarianHungarian csomó is officially thought to be of Finno-Ugrian origin. [see Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
saamu to pile goods for sale /Mandinka [pc1]
saam (n.) bunch, pile, heap /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Hayward (1988) , #32> [oi4]
Omotic
c#'aan- load /Proto Ometo
c#'aan- load /Ari
Sino-Tibetan
*co:m (~ z|h-) bundle, sheaf /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "sheaf, bundle"
zong 1 Modern (Beijing) < cun| Middle Chinese < co:n| Old Chinese [ss]
chom bundle, bunch. /Tibetan [ss]
ĉom 1 to be drawn together, to be compressed, to be crossed one over another, to be crumbled as cloth 2 to be clustered /Lepcha [ss]
*c/o:m (~ z|/-,-u:-) thicket /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
*z|/o:m collect, bring with /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Altaic
*ĉ`omi stack, to stack /Altaic [ss]
*ĉu"mele stack, haystack /Turkic [ss]
ĉu"ma"la" /Tatar; s/@w|mele /Chuvash [ss]
*ĉomu 1 to collect, stack 2 haystack /Mongolian [ss]
comro- 1, comog 2 /Khalkha; ? con|x@ 'hillock' /Kalmuck; ĉumoG 'petite tente', c/omboG 'tas, meule' /Monguor [ss]
*ĉum- 1 to put into a stack 2 a wood stack /Tungus [ss]
ĉumĉe- 1, ĉumĉe /Evenki [ss]
*ĉ`iam[o] bud, bouquet /Altaic [ss]
*ĉemen 1 bouquet, bundle 2 a k. of grass (used for wrapping feet) /Turkic [ss]
ĉemen 1 /Turkmen [ss]
*ĉomurlag bouquet; bud /Mongolian [ss]
comorlog Khalkha [ss]
*ĉi:me, *ĉi:m-ĉikte 1 bud 2 cone 3 fir needle 4 grain, nut stone, kernel /Tungus [ss]
ĉimĉukte 2,3 /Negidal; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Nanai; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Ulcha; ĉipĉikte 1,3 /Orok; ĉi:me 4 /Evenki [ss]
Turkic
kume
heap, mass, hut, hide /TurkishTungus
comcok bunch, cluster /Manchu [as]
sumala bag, sack /Manchu [as]
Japanese
tsumaru (v.i.) to be packed; tsumeru (v.t.) to pack
Basque
zama (C) (n.) load, burden (physical or spiritual) /Basque
Caucasian
*cu>jmV ( ~ -o>-) thick, dense /North Caucasian [ss]
*st.am-u(n) /-i(n) thick, dense /Nakh [ss]
stomma /Chechen; soma /Ingush; st.ami /Batsbi [ss]
{see Akkadian somma 'thick' [ss]}
*=ic:V- thick /Andian [ss]
=ic:a/-ta- /Avar [ss]
c:un-s:a dense /Lak [ss]
*c:uma- dense /Dargwa [ss]
zuma-si /Akusha [ss]
*Gw@>mV dense /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|w|omV- ( ~ -a-) 1 dense 2 to be dense /Andian [ss]
G|un-k- 2 /Avar; G|w|amo-b /Karata [ss]
q:uma-s:a narrow, cramped /Lak [ss]
*q:(w|)amV- dense /Lezghian [ss]
G|aIm /Udi [ss]
*G|w|@m@ ( ~ Gw|-) thick (of objects with circular surface) /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
G|w|@m@ /Adyghe; G|w|@m /Circassian [ss]
*Gh_y>mbV (~-?|-) cluster, bunch /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|obu (~-a-) grape vine /Avaroandian [ss]
G|a/bu /Avar; G|abu /Akhvakh; G|ab /Chamalal [ss]
*x|omV ( ~ G|:-,-@-) a bunch of sheaves /Tsezian [ss]
G|oma /Bezhita [ss]
q:uImaj cluster, bunch (of grapes) /Lak [ss]
*q:ym- (~-u-) cluster, bunch /Lezghian [ss]
G|uma /Udi [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*temHą
heap, pile /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]*ta.mhV- heap, pile /Chukchee-Koryak [ss]
tε'p?ε-n
, tε'pqε-n, /Chukchee; tamahąŋ /Koryak; tapuŋ /Alutor [ss]*tam heap, pile /Proto Itelmen [ss]
'oj-tam 'funeral pile" /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
*k^um- headpad; to carry (on head) /Dravidian [ss]
*cum- heavy; to carry /South Dravidian [ss]
cuma (-pp-, -nt-) to become heavy as debt or interest, be burdened; bear, support, carry a burden, take upon oneself, bear in the womb /Tamil; cema to carry; cummat.u burden, load, load pad for head; cumatalai, cumaitalai burden, responsibility; cumati load, burden, abundance; cumattu (cumatti-) to burden, load, impose; cumai bearing, burden, load; cumaiyan_ porter; cumma:t.u load pad for head; cummai burden, charge; cimpuri coil of straw used for keeping steady a vessel, load, etc., as on the ground or head /Tamil; cuma burden, load /Malayalam; cumakka to carry a burden; cumat.u, co:t.u burden, load; cumatala charge, duty; cumattuka to load, charge; cummal load; cumma:t.u pad for head to carry burdens; cummuka to bear, carry /Malayalam; simbi, simbe ring of cloth to be put under a vessel, etc., upon the head; a coil for setting a vessel on the ground; the coil of a snake /Kannad.a; tumbuni, tumbu, sumbu, humbu to bear, carry as a load; tumba:vuni to load; tumbon.uni, tummon.uni to bear or suffer, be patient /Tulu [ss]
*cum- carrying pad (pa:ta cloth); basic form: cumma; dialect forms (1): cumpa:ta /Telugu [ss]
*c/um- head-pad /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
cumma pad on head for carrying /Naikri; : cumt.al carrying pad on head /Parji; sumt.al head-pad for carrying loads /Pottangi Gadba [ss]
*cum-ad headpad /Gondwan [ss]
*cumaR /Gondi; *simbori /Konda [ss]
*kum- to carry on head /North Dravidian [ss]
kum?na to take and carry on head, make oneself responsible for, confess, be pregnant as result of a fault /Kurukh; kume to take upon one's head, accept terms, take charge of /Malto [ss]
kub-e:n heavy /Brahui [ss]
Etruscan
cemu- burden, heavy; cemul heap, pile [az96]
cumn-, cumln- "burden, throng" [az96]
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Lithuanian kum~pti `to be crooked, bent', kam~pas `corner'
(1) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction:
*k(e)H2mp-, *kH2(e)mp- (*k(a)mp-) `to bend'
Greek
kömptw `to bend' [Cheung]
kamptô bend, curve; kampê, hê, (kamptô) (I) 1. winding, of a river 2. flexion, bending 3. curved part; (II) turning-post in a racecourse; (III) in Music, turn, sudden change - rounding off of a period; (IV) bend or flexure of a limb; kampsis, eôs, hê, (kamptô) bending; kamp-ullô bend, crook /Classical Greek [from ljs1]
Germanic
Goth. hamfs `kullXn' (Mark 9:43), OE ho:f `paralyzed in the hands', OSax. ha:f, OHG hamf `paralyzed', etc.
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian kum~pti `to be crooked, bent', kam~pas `corner'
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
*kamp- to bend /Proto Iranian [Cheung]
Sogdian: (nomin.) CSogd. qmp- (f.) `strategem, ruse' ;
(+ *apa-) BSogd. pk'np- `to turn away, deflect' ; (+ *a:-) ? MSogd. ''kmb `to suppress, curb, restrain' (v. Sogdica 43.9, f.) ; (+ *ni-) BSogd. nk'np- `to bend; subdue'
Chorasmian: (+ *a:-) m|'kfs- `to be(come) bend, curved; to be lowered', (caus.) m|'knby- `to bend, curve'
(+ *ni-) m|nknby- `to sink down'
New West Iranian: (?) NP ĉami:dan `to twist, bend', (nomin./ppp.) NP ĉaftah `curved, bent, a vaulted roof'
New East Iranian: (nomin./ppp.) ? Pash. (Waz.) c@vda `nook under overhanging rocks, cave'
(+ *ni-) (nomin.) Rosh. niĵu:m `fall' (in niĵu:m ĉu:g `they fell')
(2) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kuphos hump, hunch; hubos hump of a camel
Italic
cămŭr -a -um
hooked, curved /LatinSlavic
gumb button; stud; knob /Serbo-Croatian
gombík button /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kaba, kuba, kubba a rising, a swelling /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
ks.umpa toadstool, mushroom (RV.Nir.); khum.pa_ cover made of grass to keep off rain (umbrella-shaped?) /Prakrit; khumbhi_ mushroom /Sindhi_; khumbh, khumbi_, khumbhi_ /Lahnda_; khumb, khu~b, khu~bh /Punja_bi_; khu~pr.o large screen for keeping rain off /Gujara_ti_ [sk]
Uralic
gomb button /Hungarian
gömb globe, sphere /Hungarian
gömbölyü spherical, rotund /Hungarian
gomb-a mushroom ( a hemispherical shape) /Hungarian
kampo a crook, bent object /Hungarian
gubó cocoon; poppy-head /Hungarian (also from gömb)
Afro-Asiatic
*gV(m)bVt_- {} *gV(m)bVc^- hump (of an animal) /Semitic Protoform [ss]
(?) gips^u 'a deformation of part of the exta' /Akkadian
gbt_t 'morrillo; jiba, chepa' /Ugaritic
ga"b@s 'crook-backed' /Tigre
gumbus 'hunchbacked' (WOL) /East Ethiopia
gumbus (SOD), gumb@s do. [ibid.] (GOG ) /Gurage [ss]
*gab(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- hump, hunch /Semitic protoform [ss]
gibna: 'hump'; gbynh, det. gbynth 'hump, hill' /Judaic Aramaic [ss]
Altaic
*ĉe\m(b)a round /Altaic [ss]
*k`o/mp[e] fungus /Altaic [ss]
*ko"mbe, *ko"mbe-lek mushroom /Turkic
*xum(p)- 1 soot 2 to soften 3 smth. rotten 4 softened birch bark 5 rotten birch /Tungus
*ko:mph- 1 mould 2 to become mouldy /Korean
*ka/mp(u)i/ mould /Japanese [ss]
*gébo shell, husk /Altaic [ss]
*Ka.b- /Turc
*gawr-su /Mongol
*gub- /Tungus
*kò`ìi /Korean
*ká(m)pí /Japanese [ss]
Turkic
kabarik swollen, blistered, puffy /Turkish
güberçek protruding, bulging, convex; gübermek to swell up, inflate /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
a_mpi, ampi common mushroom (Tamil); kumir.. mushroom /Malayalam); an.abe, an.ambe, al.ambe, a_l.ambe mushroom (Kannad.a); la_mbu, na_mbu mushroom, toadstool, fungus (Tulu); alambu, al.ambu mushroom (Tulu); armbi id. (Kor.ux) [sk]
*gum- knob, boss; hump /Dravidian [ss]
*gum- knob; hump /South Dravidian [ss]
kumir knob (as of wooden sandals), stud, pommel, hump of an ox /Tamil; kumir.i boss, knob (as of wooden sandals); kuppi ferrule (e.g. on scabbard, horn of ox) /Tamil; kumir. knob, pommel; mushroom /Malayalam; kuppi brass knob on tip of bullock's horn /Malayalam; gubbi knob, protuberance /Kannad.a; kuppu, guppu an abnormal globular excrescence of the body; guba:ru swelling /Kannad.a; gubbi, gubbe\ stud, ornamental knob, button /Tulu [ss]
*gub- knob, boss, stud /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gubaka; Derivatives: Also gubba id., protuberance, woman's breast; guburu protuberance; kuppe knob [ss]
*gom- hump of ox /Gondwan [ss]
koparam hump of bullock /Konda [ss]
*gom-er. hump of ox /Pengo-Manda [ss]
gomon. /Pengo; guper. /Manda [ss]
Notes: Different assimilations in both languages. [ss]
*kop-a hump, cow's hump /Kui-Kuwi
kopa /Kui
Notes: The reasons for such obviously irregular reflexation in all dialects except PPM are a) assimilations (*-m- > -p- through assimilation with *g-) and b) contamination with *kup- 'mound, hillock'. However, such forms as Pengo gomon. clearly point to a different root. There is also a strange Kuwi_Su form gu'u with an unclear glottal stop. Were it possible to trace it back to *gumu (?), the PK reconstruction should have been altered [ss]
gora mountain; wood(s), forest; highlands /Serbo-Croatian
hora mountain /Slovak
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*gwrH-i- mountain, rock, stone /PIE [bd]
Paleo-Balkan
kiri
- [or kira] mountain, forest /Thracian [cb]Albanian
*gur(i)- stone, rock /Proto Albanian [bd]
gur [m] stone, rock /Albanian [bd]
[c.f. the Basque, Caucasian and Dravidian]
Armenian
hahrel- (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [see Chong]
Slavic
gora mountain; wood(s), forest; highlands /Serbo-Croatian
hora mountain /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
garayô
[gairi] mountains /AvestanIndo-Aryan
girí-h
mountain /SanskritUralic
*kur,*war
mountain in several Uralic languages sometimes "mountain forest".kuru
corner, corridor /Estonian; gurre chip, dent /Lappgaran
valley /HungarianOfficial source says horho is ultimately related to Hungarian horzsol "bruise", "graze", "scratch". [Chong]
kuru nook; dark passage in a house; narrow path between fences (Estonian); kuri narrow stretch of a lake; narrow bottom of a ditch; narrow stretch of land; tract; lane (especially for cattle); side , quarter (?); kuru deep furrow or groove; depression between mountains, mountain gap (Finnish); hor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Kazym Khanty); kor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Tremjugan Khanty) / [? guran depression, ditch, pit, ravine (Komi); gurrâ chip, dint (in the edge) cleft, small mountain gap; cunnus (Lappish - from Finnish?)] [Chong]
uurõ (n) groove; furrow /Vaddja [fv]
Sumerian
kur
mountain; giri road, expedition, feetNiger-Congo (?)
xeer / doj (n.) rock, stone /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
h.r hill, mountain /Phœnician [cgj]
*harr- mountain /Northwest Semitic [ahd]
har mountain /Hebrew [ahd]
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 229 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*gol- edge valley /Proto East Cushitic
golo valley /Afar; gol foot of hill /Somali; gola corner; goluu valley /Oromo; kolle river /Gollango; kolle river /Gawwada; gole river /Tsamay
Altaic
*k`uri
hill /Altaic [ss]*Korum
/Turc*goblu valley /Altaic [ss]
*Ko:l valley /Turkic [ss]
kol (?) /Old Turkic; go:l /Turkmen [ss]
c.f. jar ravine, gulley /Turkmen [glnp]
*gowl river; river valley, centre /Mongolian [ss]
g|oul /Written Mongolian; qol (SH), g|ol (MA) /Middle Mongolian [ss]
gol /Khalkha; g|ol /Kalmuck; gol (Tod. 132) /Dagur; Gor (MGCD Gol) /Monguor [ss]
*gola valley /Tungus [ss]
golo /Manchu [ss]
c.f. holo valley /Manchu [as]
*ko:r valley /Korean [ss]
ko:l /Modern Korean; ko:r /Middle Korean [ss]
Austric
? aranui passage /Moriori [mor]
riu, awaawa, wharua valley /Mäori [ng]
kor mountain /Proto-Oceanic; goro- /Sinagoro; golo- /Manggarai; gor- Proto-East Central Papuan; tolo- hills (Saa, Ulawa); toro- hills /Wango; toro-puki- mound /Maori; koro- heap /Viti; tolo- to rise /Florida; kari- mountain /Kewa; gulod- mountain /Tagalog, gorot- mountain /Igorot; turod- hill /Ilokano [pkm]
Basque
haran (L,LN,Z,U) valley
harri stone, rock
c.f. the Caucasian, Dravidian and Albanian]
Caucasian
*Gwe:rV stone /North Caucasian [ss]
*qe:ra stone /Nakh [ss]
qe:ra /Chechen; qera /Ingush; qer /Batsbi [ss]
*G|:ur (~G|-,-o-,-l) stone /Tsezian [ss]
G|Iul /Tsezi; G|ur /Khvarshi; G|ur /Inkhokvari [ss]
Dravidian
ar-ai rock, ledge, grinding stone (Tamil); ar flat rock (Kota); ar- id. (Toda); ar-e stone, rock, slab; ra_yi stone (Kannad.a); r-a_yi, ra_yi (stem r-a_-, ra_-) stone, rock; r-appa a small stone (Telugu)(DEDR 321).[sk]
ho_ru_ hill (Kuwi); ho_ru mountain, rock (Kuwi); so_ru hill, mountain (Kui); kur.u hill; kur.o mountain, forest (Gondi); gor-on (pl. gor-oku/gor-onku) hill, mountain, forest on a hill (Kond.a) [sk]
kolli valley (Malayalam); gulf, bay (Kannad.a); small stream with rocky bed (Kod.agu); a bay (Tulu)(DEDR 2137). [sk]
gar gorge /Brahui
Corrections and additions by
Fred Hámori in red.
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The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 21 June 2007