Slavic and Magyar
Word List
PO-SH
This page is now mostly in "English" alphabetical order.
pometati to sweep; clean by sweeping /Serbo-Croatian
pamacs brush /Hungarian
ponosovať sa
complain /SlovakIndo-European/Slavic
ponosovať sa
complain /SlovakUralic
pan-asz complaint /Hungarian
Pan
the old Roman god caused a lot of havoc??Dravidian
ve_n.t.al petition, desiring; ve_n. desire; ve_n.t.um, ve_n.um it will be required; ve_n.t.u (ve_n.t.i-) to want, desire, beg, entreat, request; necessary (Tamil). cf. pen (pl. -k) god (Pengo); pe_nu (pl. pe_nga), ve_nu (pl. ve_nga) a god, a spirit (Kui); pe_n (pl. -k), pen, ven, pe_nu god; pen. (pl. pen.d.ku) idol, god; pe_nvor priest (Gondi); pe_nu_, pe_nu (pl. pn.e_ka), pe_nu (pl. pe_n:ka/pn.e_ka) god; pe_nu (pl. pe_nka) devil; pe_ne'esi diseased person (Kuwi); peypeyre to feel fervent or animated (Malto); pe_y devil, goblin, fiend (Tamil). cf. pe_n. protection; pe_n.u (pe_n.i-) to treat tenderly, protect, worship; pet.pu protection (Tamil); pe_n.uka to foster (Malayalam); ve~_d.u to pray, beg, entreat, ask, wish, desire (Telugu); bo_d.u to want, wish, desire; be_d.uni to beg, ask, entreat (Tulu); bo.n.d.u it is wanted; bo.d.- (bo.d.i-) to beg (Kod.agu); be_l.amba desire; be_d.uha soliciting, begging, praying; be_d.u, be_r.. to wish, desire, beg, pray, entreat, request; be_d.ike, be_d.uvike asking, entreating (Kannad.a); ve.ko. it is wanted (Kota); ve_n.t.uka friendship; ve_n.t.um it is desired (Malayalam); vir..ainto_n- friend; vek-ku (vek-ki-) to desire ardently; ve_t.pu, ve_t.am desire; ve_t.t.al desire, begging (Tamil) [sk]
pan.i (-pp-, -tt-) to speak, say, declare (used of a superior), order, command; n. saying, word, command (Tamil); (pan.i-tot.an:kunin- n-a_r-r-alot.u pukar..e_tti : Pur-ana_. 17); pan.ippu command, order (Pu.Ve.1,1,kol.u); palukku (palukki-) to be pronounced clearly, boast, speak; kan.palukka (Te_va_. 262,7); pan-n-u (pan-n-i-) to speak, say, talk, sing (Kampara_. Kaike_. 41); pan-uval word, discourse (Tamil); pan.ikka to speak (Malayalam); pon.O to talk in assembly; pon.t speech, words (in songs)(Toda); panavu place appointed for meeting (Kannad.a); pan.pini to say, tell, inform (Tulu); han.i to say (Bel.); pan(u)cu to send, command, commission (Telugu); pan.cu to send, commission (Telugu.inscr.); pani commission, mission, errand; panupu order, command, errand; pampu to send, dispatch, dismiss; n. sending, order, mission, errand; palukuu to sound, answer, utter, say; n. speaking, word, sound, voice; palikincu to cause to speak, utter, sound, or ring; palukarincu to accost, speak to; ?palavu, palavincu, palavarincu, paluvarincu to talk in sleep; palavaramu, palavarinta, palavarimpu talking in sleep; ?palumu to prattle; n. prattle (Telugu); pank- (panakt-) to send; pa.na language (Kolami); pank to send (Naikri); palkis to cause to sound, play on (a musical instrument)(Kond.a); pand.a (pand.i-) to send, commission; n. act of sending; pla_pa (pla_t-) to inquire, question, ask, address, say; pantinai, pan.d. (p-it-) to send (Kuwi); pa_ning (pa_-, pa_r-) to say, speak, tell, speak of, call a thing something, say to oneself (Brahui) DEDR 3887). [sk]
poruka message /Serbo-Croatian
(1) Indo-European (????)
Slavic
poruka message /Serbo-Croatian
sporočilo (n.) message /Slovene
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
farhixtan to instruct /Persian
farmân (n., vt.) command /Persian
(2) Indo-European
Albanian
porosit (v.) to command
Italic/Romance
poruncă
(n.) command (military) /RumanianIndo-Iranian/Iranian
parwancha order, licence, permit; parwanchi a Government officer; a secretary for writing royal orders; parwanajat orders, passes /Persian [fjs]
p∂rman (n.) command, order; p∂rmay∂g V-I-/p∂rmatk/ to order, command /Baluchi [mab]
Uralic
parancs (n.) command, order; parancs-ol (v.) to command, order /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian parancs is seen as a loan from of Slavic notwithstanding a possible Iranian origin.
potkan rat /Czech; potkan /Slovak
Indo-European/Slavic
potkan rat /Czech; potkan /Slovak
krysa rat /Russian; krysa /Czech; krysa /Slovak
patsyuk; schur rat /Ukranian
pacov rat; buck /Serbo-Croat
плъх
(plyh) rat /Bulgaržurka; špiks
rat /LatvianUralic
patkány rat /Hungarian
Hungarian patkány is claimed to be of Slavic origin.
It certainly is similar to the Czech-Slovak potkan. Though not very consistently across the other Slavic languages?
pocok rat /Hungarian
In Szeged Hungary close to the Serbian border there is also a word known as pocok for 'rat' which is very similar to the Ukranian patsyuk
Dravidian
put.ki a kind of rat (Pengo); t.epra put.ki id. (Mand.a); pot.'i orli a kind of rodent (Kuwi)(DEDR 4257). [sk]
potočić, potok
brook, rill, rivulet /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European/Slavic
potočić, potok
brook, rill, rivulet /Serbo-CroatianUralic
patak brook, rivulet /Hungarian
Hungarian patak is seen as a loan from Slavic.
Dravidian
pat.a a channel or basin for watering plants and trees /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Sumerian
pa4,5,6(-r) irrigation ditch, small canal, dike [jh]
pa4[PAB]-a-da-ga flowing irrigation ditch [jh]
pa4-úgur[SIG7] ditch;pa5-sig small branch canal [jh]
povećati
to enlarge, magnify, exaggerate, amplify; increase; povisiti to heighten, enhance; advance, elevate, exalt /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
*beu- swell [cg2]
Slav,South/Serbo-Croatian
povećati
to enlarge, magnify, exaggerate, amplify; increaseIndo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit
bhavIyas
more abundant or plentifulIndo-Aryan/Dardic/Khowar
bo
manyUralic/Finno-Ugric/Ugric/Hungarian
bő
wide, loose, rich, fertile; bőv-ít to widen, expand, enlarge, increaseNiger-Congo (?)
baa (adj.) large, big, great /Mandinka [pc1]
Sino-Tibetan
*ba:(H) / *pha:(H) spread, extend; wide, vast /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be vast, wide" [ss]
pu 3 Modern (Beijing) < pho/ Middle Chinese < pha:? Old Chinese
ŝ@pa1 to extend, as a cobra its hood; g@ba2 be big, great. /Kachin
pha? to spread (as cloth, etc.); to place flat on the ground. /Lushei [ss]
*bha"/[p] broad, wide /Kiranti [ss]
*bh@>wH swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
sbo (p. sbos), ãbo (p. a~bos), bo, pho (f. dbo) to swell up (cf. also spo summit of a mountain). /Tibetan
phu? be convex, swollen. /Burmese; bo? an inflammatory swelling. /Lushei [ss]
*phu>H swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be big and fat, ample; big mound, hill" [ss]
fu 4 Modern (Beijing) < b@/w Middle Chinese < bhu? Old Chinese
ãbu (p. ãbus) to open, unfold (of flowers). /Tibetan
phuh to swell, pu to bulge. /Burmese; pu2 to bloom, bud. Kachin; KC *pu bud. /Lushei [ss]
Caucasian
*bV>HV big, many /North Caucasian [ss]
*p:VhIV- /*hIVp:V- 1 big 2 good /Lezghian [ss]
?|aba-ni-r 1 /Agul; bu 1 /Kryz; bo?|lu 1 /Budukh; hiba-t:u-t 2 /Archi [ss]
*bIA 1 many 2 thick 3 thumb, big toe /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
-b 3 /Abkhaz; -ba 3 /Abaza; ba 1 /Adyghe; ba- 1 (in comp.) /Circassian; bI@ 2 /Ubykh [ss]
pürtü `bath-house' /Old Russian
Indo-European [rd: 475]
Baltic/East
Lithuanian pirti\s `bath-house'; Latvian pi\rts `bath-house'
Slavic
Russian pert' (dial.) `Karelian cottage'; Old Russian pürtü `bath-house'
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
[rd] lists Sanskrit pr/t- (RV) `battle, strife, fight' as a cognate of these Slavic words.
Well, check out similar Hungarian bir- 'to wrestle, struggle with'; ver- 'to beat, to hit'; ver-e-ked 'to fight, battle'
Uralic
fürd-õ bath- (house, tub) /Hungarian
fürd-és bathing, swimming /Hungarian
fürd, füröd to take a bath /Hungarian
fürd(ik) bathe, take a bath; have a swim /Hungarian
Official source says that Hungarian fürd(ik) is related to fertô "slough (of crime)"; "swamp", it also points out that fertô is related to fetreng "roll about" which in turn it relates to forog- "turn". [Chong]
Jeeez! The Slavic words are related by [rd] to 'battle, strife, fight' etc.even though /p/ can become /f/ in Hungarian
Japanese
furo bath, bath-tub
puška gun, rifle, breech-loader /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
puška gun, rifle, breech-loader /Serbo-Croatian
puška gun /Slovak; puška /Czech, puška /Russian
also in Polish!
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
bushkagh v. p.p. bukhtha, to discharge a gun /N. Baluchi [mld]
Uralic
püsü gun /Vaddja [fv]
puska gun, rifle /Hungarian
Hungarian puska is also claimed to be from the Slavic.
Dravidian
piska (piski-)(Kui); pinj- (-it-) (fire) to explode, spark out; pl. action pisk- (-it-) (Kuwi)(DEDR 4129).[sk]
opustio deserted, desolate, uninhabited; solitary /Serbo-Croatian
opustiti to lay waste, devastate /Serbo-Croatian
pust waste, deserted; wild, desolate solitaty; empty, dreary, bleak; uncultivated /Serbo-Croatian
pusta extensive flat plain; large farm estate on it /Serbo-Croatian
pustiti to abandon, leave, quit /Serbo-Croatian
púšť desert /Slovak
puszt-a desert, waste, bare plain; puszt-ít to destroy, ravage; puszt-ul to decay, perish /Hungarian
rabosh tally /Bulgar
Indo-European/Slavic
risaći
drawing; risati to draw, design; sketch /Serbo-Croatianrovaš piece of short split wood for scoring; score, tally /Serbo-Croatian << Hungarian
rabosh tally /Bulgar
Uralic
rajz drawing, design; rajzol to draw, design, sketch /Hungarian
ró(v) to cut, engrave; rovás notch, runic writing; rovátka score, groove, notch /Hungarian
róv-ás
runic writing using old Hungarian letters /HungarianOfficially, Hungarian ró is of FU origin.
rogõm cut out, etc. (Khanty); roe, rue- chop, cut (with an axe, etc.), hew (Mari) [Chong]
Austro-Asiatic
ruka chisel; kund ruka a round chisel; rok to pierce (Santali.lex.) ruka, rukna a chisel (Mundari); rukhna (Sadani) (Mundari lex.) [sk]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*Rъvъ-
to cut, to split (резать, колоть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1514]rą'w-
, -rwą- (II) /Chukchee [ss]Etruscan
rapa engraving, writing [az96]; rapale engraving [az96]
rapalni, raplni engraver, writer [az96]
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Uralic
_ír-ó writer, _ír to write ( s- > ø), _ír-at document /Hungarian
Hungarian ír is thought to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
[? s'ur line, stroke; s'urd- draw lines, furrow (Khanty) / s'urti- furrow, whet (Man's'i) / s'orma letter (Mordvin) / s'ur: göri-s'ur furrow (Udmurt - göri plough)] [Chong]
Sumerian
sar
to write; šar-ni to interpret, explainAfro-Asiatic
'r reed (for writing); 'rt sheet (papyrus or leather) /Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
Turkic
sir
to write /Chuvas-Turkic >> _ír write / Hungarianyaz- (Azeri, Old Turkish, Turkish); s'ir- (Chuvash); yazu (Tatar); yoz (Uzbek) [Chong]
Mongol
dzˆiru draw (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Tungus
ara write (imperative); arabumbi to make someone write; arabunambi to go to cause someone to write; arambi to do, to make; to celebrate; to write; to work, to construct; aranabumbi to make someone go to write /Manchu [as]
niru- write (Modern Tungusic) [Chong]
Japanese
ōrai
(-suru) to correspond; exchange lettersAustric
sulatin- to write, inscribe /Philippines, sorga- "writing" /Pagu; sulat- "writing" /Philippines; surat- "to write" /Ilokano [pkm]
Austro-Asiatic
ol to mark, to make a mark, to write, to draw patterns, figures etc.; jangateye ol akada he has made a mark with his foot; sohraere gor.a duarreko ola during the Sohrae fesival they draw figures (or patteerns) at the door of the cowshed; olok par.haok cet jon.me learn to read and write; oladinae he wrote to me; olos kanae he is writing; olotkoae he is writing down their names (Santali.lex.) cf. ko_lam patterns drawn at the doors (Ta.lex.) ol-bal a written paper, especially a written document; hatupe kirintada, mendo ja_n olbalpe nakada ci? the act of writing, especially the act of writing a document; ol-bal (jingle of ol) to write, especially a document; na_doin olbaltana, pi_t.ido or.o gr.kadin sena I am writing now, I shall go to the market after a while; olbal-en rflx. v. (1) of two people, to write a document of their contract; na_do jukalanjana enamente ote bandarreoko olbalena these days are bad times, therefore people now write their contract even when they only mortgage a field; (2) to get one's name written down; asa_mte senoko d.ipureko olbalena the coolies going to Assam get their names taken down at the depot; olbal-o especially of a document, to be written; na_do kain omama, sobena olbaloka, en hulan entarege t.akain omea I shall not pay now, let the contract be written, there and then I shall pay; ol-bal alphabet, characters; ape jatire sidaa_te ci olbal ka_ taikena? was there from the beginning no alphabet in your tribe? ne disumre hat.ikut.i olbal mena: Urdu, Bangali, Ur.ia, Parsi, eman in this country there are number of different alphabets or characters: the Urdu characters, the Bengali characters, the Uria characters and so on; ol-nala to write for daily wages; to write something here and now for pay without being a regular clerk; ol-adu_, ol-adur.u, olar.agu, oluturao to copy in writing, in contrast to olur.un to write an extract; ne kitabra taramara kajiko oladu_ime; oladu-u to get copied in writing; hakim olakad kajiko oladu_jantedo nakal menotana a copy of a judgement is called nakal; o_l to write, to write down, to write on; cit.i oleme, apummente write to they father; sobenko olkom write them all down; sobenkoa nutum oleme write down the names of all; soben kajim olkeda ci? hast thou written all that was to be said? olrikan to case one's name to be written down; o-p-ol to write to each other; the writing of letters to each other; inilo alinre cit.i opol hokaakana our correspondence has been broken off; olakan may refer to one's fate written down by Singbonga; cilka olakana enkage gonoe hobaoa dead comes as decreed by Singbonga; o-n-ol the extent or manner of writing; onole olkeda, musinre bahii peregir.itada he wrote so much that he filled a copy book in one day; oloni one whose name is written down; olni, oloni agency, a writer; olote adv. to go and write; to go and do clerical work; to go and get one's name written down; onol a mark or line drawn, especially on the ground; o-lo to get cracked; onol stripes or spots in the fur of an animal (Mundari.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
er..utu to write, paint, draw /Tamil; er..utuka to paint, write, learn /Malayalam [sk]
repa turnip; sugar-beet /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Italic
rapum turnip /Latin
Germanic
Rübe turnip /German
Slavic
repa turnip; sugar-beet /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
Hungarian TURNIP = tarló-répa, fehér-répa (Latin name is Brassica
rapa); Swedish turnip = karó-répa (Brassica napobrassica in Latin)
Hungarian répa = "carrot"
Hungarian répa is probably a loan from Indo-European (German, Slav or Latin or whatever)
rez a cut, slice; chunk; score, notch, nick; rezati to cut, slice; saw, prune, lop /Serbo-Croatian
rez cut /Slovak
rész piece, part, share /Hungarian
reszel to file, rasp /Hungarian
rika roar, roaring, bellowing; rikati to roar, bellow; riknuti to utter a roar /Serbo-Croatian
kričať roar /Slovak
rikácsol to screech, shriek; rikító loud, glaring, striking; rikolt to shout, shriek /Hungarian
To bind, join with, ally with; bound slave
rob slave; (fig.) drudge /Serbo-Croatian
(1) Indo-European [hcm3]
Unattested IE root *h3erbh- which had a complex meaning reflected in the oldest usage of the Hittite verb: ‘change membership from one group/social class to another'.
How can this be the same root as *orbh– below?
Anatolian
Hittite harp(p)- 'to bind, join with, ally oneself with etc' < *h3erbh-
Slavic
Pan-Slavic designation for ‘slave’ (Old Church Slavonic rabuÿ etc.), is also derived from IE root *h3erbh-
rob slave; (fig.) drudge /Serbo-Croatian; раб /Russian; раб /Ukranian
Must have been more pan-Slavic in the past.. The other modern Slavic languages now commonly use the following for "slave" :-
? otrok slave Cheh; niewolnik; niewolnica /Polish; niavolnik /Belrusan; otrok, otrokyňa; nevoľnik; zotročený človek /Slovak; suženj, sužnja; hlapec; obs malopridnež, lopov /Slovenian
Balto/Slavic
vergs /Latvian, vergas /Lithuanian
(2) Indo-European
Indo-European root *orbh– referring to separation from one's group or passing out of one sphere of ownership into another [ahd]
How can this be the same root as *h3erbh- above?
Slavic
robota "servitude, forced labor," from rab "slave" /Cheh according to [ahd]
The Slavic root behind robota is orb– from the Indo-European root *orbh– referring to separation from one's group or passing out of one sphere of ownership into another. This seems to be the sense that binds together its somewhat diverse group of derivatives, which includes Greek orphanos, "orphan," Latin orbus, "orphaned," and German Erbe, "inheritance," according to [ahd]
and presumably the same applies also to the following :-
rabota hard work, hard labour, conscript (forced) labour; rabotati to labour, toil, work hard; robota forced labour /Serbo-Croatian; robota labour; robiť work /Slovak; rabota work /Russian; rabota (n.) work /Bulgar
(3) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
rabit a binder, strengthener; a chain, ligature; rabitat, rabita a chain, ligature, anything binding, connecting, or regulating; the catch-word at the bottom of a page; a conjunction; a troop maintaining its post; a large army; -- rabita'i ashna'i, The cement of friendship; -- rabita gusistan, To break a tie. /Persian [fjs]
rabt (v.n.) binding, tying; connection, friendship; a tie; practice, habit, use; construction (in Grammar); -- [rabt kardan, To bind, strengthen, fasten; to discipline, govern, hold in subjection (also construed with the verbs uftadan, burdan, barham zadan and dashtan;] -- rubut (pl. of ribat), Ropes, cords, thongs. /Persian [fjs]
rabaz the ropes which fasten the saddle of a camel; the intestines (the heart excluded); etc.; rabq (v.n.) haltering a camel;<-> ribq a rope with many loops for tying cattle; ribqat, rabqat a halter, a rope with a loop or noose; a collar; a yoke. /Persian [fjs]
All these are loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
rabun money advanced on goods which is returned if they should be damaged; earnest; drink-money; handsel; profit; a prisoner. /Persian [fjs]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
rbţ
to bind, to tie /Arabic Root [ahd]rabaţa
to bind, tie /Arabic [ahd]Uralic
rab prisoner, captive; rab-szolga slave /Hungarian
Hungarian rab is claimed to be from Slavic notwithstanding a possible Semitic/Arabic origin.
Sumerian
(ñiš)
rab, rap ring; clamp; fetter, shackle; stock; pillory; snare [jh]Quechua
ruwa-q work-er [-q suffix means "doer,agent"] [q2]
ruwa-na task; obligation; work [-na suffix "{Gerundivum}; {Instrument}] [q2]
Flow, stream, spring, issue, bubble, ooze, source, origin, vein etc.
? rod origin, clan, tribe, descent, family, genus, lineage
Indo-European
Celtic
fearthuinn rain /Gaelic, fearthuinn /Irish, ferthain, inf. to feraim, I pour, give/Early Irish, *veraô, rain; úr a drizzle /Norse, wär sea /Anglo-Saxon; vâra rain /Zend. [from mcb]
sruth [sru] stream, flow, current /Irish //// Old Irish "srúaim" comes from Common Celtic *srô-men, from Indo-European *sru-men-s, from the root *sreu- (to flow). English "stream" is a cognate. [dk]
fearthuinn rain /Gaelic, fearthuinn /Irish, ferthain, inf. to feraim, I pour, give/Early Irish, *veraô, rain [from mcb]
uar waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.) /Gaelic, úarán, fresh spring /Irish, Early Irish; also uaran, fresh water [see mcb]
Romance
a curge (vi) to flow, (vi/vt) to drip /Rumanian
Germanic
úr a drizzle /Norse, wär sea /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]
Paleo-Balkan
sara current, stream /Thracian [id,cb]
Albanian
rrjedh to flow, stream /Albanian [bd] < *sr-ed(h)- to whirl, bubble, stream /PIE [bd]
Slav,West/Slovak (?)
rod origin, clan, tribe, descent, family, genus, lineage
úrodný fertile; úrodnosť fertility; úrodný fruitful; úrodný generous
úroda increases, stand; úroda vína vintage; úroda yield
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ghzhârayatbyô [ghzhar] to flow; to milk /Avestan (????)
irith- to flow; ooze out/Avestan
vâra rain /Zend. [mcb]
'urud arising, springing up, growing (plants or teeth). /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists 'urud as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
[h]ar (n.) flood /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
sarít stream; sáras lake, pool; orig. 'water' {The root of the last two is sr. (run)}; sru flow, stream /Sanskrit
vár, vāri water /Sanskrit
Uralic
*c'ore
drip,running water; *ŝere river, watercourse; *ŝäre- originate, source /Uraliccsor-og (s>cs / -og verbal suffix) to flow, drip, leak, ooze; flowing water /Hungarian
*ŝare
flood /Ugor; aro river delta /Karelian_ár tide, flood; ár-ad to flow, flood /Hungarian
ér brooklet, rill; vein, artery; rib; seam; erez-és veins; grain (in wood); er-ed spring (stream); ered-et source, origin; eredet-i original, genuine /Hungarian
Sumerian
šur, sur to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip [jh]
ur (2,3,4) to surround; to flood etc. [jh]
uru 2,5,18 n., devastating flood; thunderstorm [jh]
ra
(-g/h) n., inundation; (v.) to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from the side of a canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta-) [jh]ùr
root; trunk of a tree; etc. [jh]Niger-Congo (?)
coroti (v.) to drip /Mandinka [pc1]
tuur (v.) to pour, spill /Wollof [pc2]
Sino-Tibetan
*s/or flow, pour /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ãc/hor (p. s/or) escape; flow out; run over; come out; go over. /Tibetan
swan to pour out, spill, shed. /Burmese
ŝon1 to flow, as tears, sweat. /Kachin
ĉho/r the pouring of water /Lepcha
*z|ho\r ( / ?c-) leak, ooze, drop /Kiranti [ss]
*z|/hV:r rain /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ĉhar rain. Tibetan
fu:r the rainy season. Lushei [ss]
(1) Altaic
Turkic
syrykmak to flow, leak, stream /Turkmen [glnp]
∫ire juice /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
šeri spring, well /Manchu [as]
Japanese
ōryū (-suru)
overflow the bank(2) Altaic
*orusi river, to flow /Altaic [ss]
*o"rs, *o"rsen 1 river, river bed 2 to flow /Turkic [ss]
o"z- 2 Azeri; o"zen 1 Turkmen; vazan 1 Chuvash; o"ru"s 1 Yakut [ss]
*urus- to flow /Mongolian [ss]
ursa- /Khalkha; orsu-, orso- /Dagur; uros@ /Monguor [ss]
*sarkV to drip, splatter /Altaic [ss]
*sark- to overflow, drip /Turkic [ss]
sarq- (MK) Old Turkic; sarq- Tatar; s@rx-@n- Chuvash [ss]
*sark- to sprinkle, drip /Mongolian [ss]
sarkira-, sarkaji- /Written Mongolian [ss]
sarkr-, sarkl- /Kalmuck [ss]
*sargi- to splatter (of water, rain) /Tungus [ss]
sarGi.- (Nkh) /Nanai; sargi- /Evenki [ss]
*ŝiur/i to flow, drip /Altaic [ss]
*su"r/- 1 to strain, filter 2 to swim, float /Turkic [ss]
u"z- 1 /Old Turkic; so"z- 2 dial. /Tatar; su"z- 1 /Turkmen; s@w|r- 1 /Chuvash; uhun- 2 /Yakut [ss]
*su"r- to rain in small drops, sprinkle /Mongolian [ss]
su"rĉi- /Written Mongolian; ŝu"rŝi-, su"rŝi- /Khalkha [ss]
*ĉurgi:- ( ~ ŝ-) to flow, drip /Tungus [ss]
ĉorz^|u.- /Ulcha; ĉu.rgú.- /Even; ĉurgi:- /Evenki [ss]
*hy\ry\- to flow /Korean [ss]
hy\ry\- Middle Korean [ss]
*si\ta\-t- to drop, leak /Japanese [ss]
si\ta\-t- Old Japanese [ss]
Austric
turu drip, leak /Moriori [mor]
tuturu, turuturu leaky; turuturu drip /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*ŝVrV lake, river /North Caucasian [ss]
*ŝVrV ( ~ s-) river, stream /Andian [ss]
ŝuru Akhvakh [ss]
*ŝara lake /Dargwa [ss]
ŝara /Akusha; ŝara /Chiragh [ss]
Dravidian
*cor- to flow; *z^|o:r- to leak /Dravidian [ss]
*ūr-
to leak, ooze [ss] /Dravidianer-e to pour any liquids; to pour; to overflow; ircilu fine drops of rain; ; or..ku to flow; n. torrent or strong current of a stream /Kannad.a; or..ukal leaking, dripping, leak; or..ukku (or..ukki-) to cause to drop, drip; or..ukkal pouring (as into the mouth); or..uku (or..uki-) to flow, leak, trickle down; u_r-u (u_r-i-) to spring, flow; ya_r-u, a_r-u river, brook/Tamil; ir-uka to drip, drop; or..ukkuka to flow, run down or off (of blood, water); o_r..uka to flow; u_r-uka to spring, ooze, ur-akka to spring, ooze out /Malayalam; ir to ooze /Gondi; u.r.- (u.r.y-) to spring forth /Kolami; u_r- to leak, drip /Naikr.i; u_r-e_r to ooze /Gadba; urpa (urt-) to ooze, spring up, sweat /Kui; war.f- (war.t-)(po.x blood) flows /Toda [sk]
ve_r root, anything rootlike, foundation /Tamil; root, origin, cause /Malayalam; ve.r root /Kota; p.r id. /Toda; be_r(u) root; be_ruga a man who deals in or sells roots /Kannad.a; be.ri root /Kod.agu; be_ru root; origin, cause /Tulu; ve_ru root /Telugu [sk]
si_r., s'i_r, hi_r, i_r root (Gondi); ci_ra id. (Pengo); si_ru pl. roots; si_rka id. (Kui); hi_ru, hi_ru_ id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2626). [sk]
Basque
eredu (B,L,U) n. model, ideal, example
erreka (C) creek, stream, brook
erro (C) root; stem; cause; origin; tentacle
ur water; ur-aldi (C) flood, inundation
jario (B,G,U) (n.) spill, secretion, drip, emanation; (v.i.) to spill, drip, ooze, flow;
isuri (C) (v.t.) to flow, spill; to inspire; (n.) flowing, spilling (G); (n.) slope (G,L,Z)
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
ch'uhr (from ch'ur) 'anything protruded, drop of a liquid; numeral classifier'
in ch'uhr ha' 'a (one) drop of water'
ch'uhr ik'ar (ikar : wind, aigre) '"drops" of aigre (said to enter the body and cause sickness)'
inch'uhr ik'ar 'a (one) drop of aigre (gota de aigre)'
ch'uhr ch'ah 'drop or fall in drops, trickle, seep, dripping' (cl.3)
ch'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'dripping water'
ach'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'the water drips'
war ach'uhr ch'ah 'it is dripping'
ch'uhrch'es 'drip water, allow to seep thru' (cl.2a)
Quechua
suruy to pour; to pour out; to drip [q2]
roj swarm /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Romance
roi swarm /Rumanian
Slavic
рой
(roy) swarm, flock /RussianUralic
raj (n.) swarm /Hungarian
Altaic/Turkic
raiyat populace, subjects /Uzbek (????)
ruho clothes, garments, attire, dress /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
ruk(k)-, rouk(k)- a k. of cloth /Proto IE [pok: 1636] (??)
Slavic
ruho clothes, garments, attire, dress /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ruku, raku a piece of old cloth, rag /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
ro_ka buying with cash (Sanskrit.) [sk]
Uralic
raha
animal pelt >> money (trade goods) /FinnishAfro-Asiatic/Semitic
rwq(h N rwq(t) /Aramaic [cal]
1 ImpArPers,Syr piece of cloth 2 Syr tatter, rag 3 Syr slip of paper
pl. 60 rwq()
Austro-Asiatic
roka an acknowledgement, as of money paid; rokae emadina he gave me an acknowledgement (of money paid) (Santali.lex.) roka ready money, cash; rokagele hataokeda we bought for cash (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian (????)
rucum, rucu_m, ru_cu_m fees, money payments received by public officers, as perquisites attached to their office (Tamil) (Tamil .lex.) [sk]
rupa hole; puncture, perforation; aperture; breach, fissure /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
rupa hole; puncture, perforation; aperture; breach, fissure /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
räbima, rebima pull, tear, tug at /Estonian; repiä, repäistä, reväistä to rip apart /Finnish; râppât to open, remove (a cover) (LapishNr) [see Chong]
rep-ed to crack, burst; reped-és cleft, gap, tear, rent; repesz splinter; rop-og to crack, crackle; roppan to crack, snap /Hungarian
Hungarian reped is thought to possibly derive from some FU root OR it may be an onomatopoeic word either of F-U, Ugric or indigenous (Magyar) origin.
Sino-Tibetan
*ry:p break /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "to break"
la 1 Modern (Beijing) < lлp Middle Chinese < r(h)@:p Old Chinese [ss]
Kachin: grop2 to break. [ss]
Kiranti *r[o]p sharpen; break [ss]
Thulung: ro"ps- disintegrate, break into small pieces [ss]
Limbu: ya?lapma?, ya?-lapt-/ya?-lap- (vt.) sharpen (as a barber sharpens a razor, whisking it to and fro against a leather strap, as opposed to yupma?, q.v.). [ss]
Kulung: ge:pa (adj.) sharp [ss]
Nepali: ti:kho [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*ląphet-
to break, to be broken (лопнуть, порваться) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN225]r-ląp?ε
't- (tr.) /Chukchee; ląphet- (I) /Koryak; t-ląphat- (tr.) /Alutor [ss]Etruscan
rupsa (which) smashes, piece? [az96]
ružan
ugly, plain, nasty, hideous; fould, obscene; base, mean /Serbo-CroatianIndo-European
Celtic
rosad mischance, evil spell /Gaelic: derived from *pro-stanto-, "standing before, obstruction", root sta. [see mcb]
Slavic
ružan
ugly, plain, nasty, hideous; fould, obscene; base, mean; ružiti to abuse, revile; ružno badly, nastily, basely, meanly /Serbo-Croatian; hrozivý ugly /SlovakIndo-Iranian
Iranian
rus.ati
is vexed /Avestan [sk]Indo-Aryan
rus. be cross, angry; ro_s.in angry /Sanskrit
Uralic
*roc'e
to be sickly, thin /FinnUgor; rudz' sick /Zürjenrossz- bad, evil, angry; bad behaviour /Hungarian
roz-oga to be weakly constructed /Hungarian
rez-eg vibrate /Hungarian
reszk-et to shake, shiver /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
?ruas
bad /Hebrewr`š earthquake /Phœnician [cgj]
сабля
(sablya) saber /Russian; sablja /Serbo-Croatian; sabia /Bulgar(1) Indo-European << Hungarian szablya
Germanic
saber /English
Säbel /German
Slavic
сабля
(sablya) saber /Russian(2) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
shabla a short spear, a javelin /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Hindi.
(3) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
zabh (v.n.) cleaving, splitting, sacrificing /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
Uralic
szablya saber /Hungarian
One of those rare words that are grudgingly acknowledged to have been borrowed by some European languages from Hungarian.
{Hungarian digraph /ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}
szab- to cut, chip out; to check, limit, reduce /Hungarian
Hungarian szab is officially of unknown origin.
cˆup- (Udmurt) [Chong]
Sumerian
šab (v.) to subtract, deduct; to bite off; to snip out, chip out; to fall out, disappear; to apportion (lots); to gather up (portion + divide) [jh]
šub
to cast, throw, remove, throw outAltaic [from Chong]
Turkic
šap- cut; hit (Chuvash)
Mongol
salba- cut down (Classical Mongol)
Sino-Tibetan
*ca>p cut, trim /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
gcab to cut small, to chop. /Tibetan; ĉap to trim or adze into a plank /Lushei [ss]
*[c/]ep tear, break /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
c/hab rent, torn, worn-out, ragged. /Tibetan; ŝep2 be torn, (H) @ŝep to tear. /Kachin; ĉip (ĉi?) be reduced to small parts. /Lushei; z^|i/p to crush /Lepcha [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
s'b castrate /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #133> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
s#ebbak tear to pieces (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
c#'abak'- talk unclearly/talk with impediment /Oromo
Cushitic, South
c#ubuq- split wood /Burunge
tsubaq- slash /Alagwa
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
tzehp (from cep) 'a chip, a part cut away'
tzep 'a cutting, a chipping'
tzepe 'cut, chip, cut in two' (cl.1)
samar sumpter-horse saddle, pack-saddle /Serbo-Croatian
somár ass /Slovak
Indo-European
Italic
samaro
donkey, ass /ItalianSlavic
samar sumpter-horse saddle, pack-saddle /Serbo-Croatian
somár ass /Slovak
Uralic
szamár ass, donkey /Hungarian << from Italian (a loan)
[not found in closer related languages.]
Basque
zamari beast of burden << zama load, burden ?
Sleep, soothed, dozing; quiet, rest, still
san sleep, slumber; dream; doze, nap; sanja dream, reverie /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Celtic
suain sleep /Gaelic, suan /Irish, súan /Early Irish, Old Irish, hun /Welsh, hun /Breton: *supno-s, developing into *sofno-, *sovno, *souno-; Indo-European root svop, svep, sleep; Latin sopor, sleep; Sanskrit svápnas [from mcb]
Italic
sonho dream /Portuguese
Slavic
san sleep, slumber; dream; doze, nap; sanja dream, reverie /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
szund-ít doze, slumber; szund-ikál sleep, take a nap /Hungarian
szunnyad rest, lie dormant /Hungarian
Hungarian szunnyad- "be asleep, sleep lightly, slumber" is claimed to be onomatopoeic or descriptive by one source. [see Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*wŝn {} *wsn to sleep /Semitic Protoform [ss]
ŝittu (<*ŝintu) 'sleep; also ŝuttu (<*ŝuntu) 'dream (n.) /Akkadian; si-tum /Eblaite; yŝn , ŝnt /Ugaritic; yŝn , ŝe:na /Hebrew; ŝint- , ŝnh /Aramaic; ŝe:nta:, ŝe:na:, ŝinta:; ŝ@na: (ŝa"nta:) 'sleep' /Judaic Aramaic; : ŝenta: 'somnus' /Syriac; ŝinta 'sleep' /Mandiac; wsn ; sinat-, wasnat-, wasanat- ; wasan- /Arabic; s1nt 'sleep' /Epigraphic South Arabain; ŝ@ne:t 'sleep /Mehri; ŝene:t 'sleep' /Harsusi; s~o/nu/t 'sleep /Jibbali [ss]
Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #38> [oi4]
Chadic
s@wn@ dream /Proto Chadic
suni dream /Bura; suwane dream /Logone; sune dream /Nancere; saun@ to dream /Ngizim; c#una dream /Pero; suno sleep /Mubi
Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #116> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
sini sleep /Gidelo
Chadic
*s-n(-) sleep /Proto Chadic
san sleep /Logone; c#@n sleep /Pero; nun sleep /Tumak; shene sleep /Zime
Altaic
Turkic
sön-mek
fall asleep /Turk OsmanDravidian
*cunž-
to sleep /Dravidian [ss]sundu to lie down, repose, sleep, lie with /Kannad.a; sunj- to sleep, lie down /Gondi; sunz- (-it-) id./Kond.a; sunja (sunji-) to sleep; n. sleep /Kui [sk]
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Indo-European
Celtic
? sìochaint peace /Gaelic, síocháin peace, síothchánta peaceful, síodhchan atonement /Irish, sídchanta, peaceful /Middle Irish; from síth peace. [mcb]
ciùin mild /Gaelic, ciúin /Irish, *kivo-ni-, Indo-European, kivo-, keivo-, akin, dear; Latin civis, English civil; Norse hy/rr, mild, Anglo-Saxon heóre, German ge-heuer, safe; Church Slavonic po-çivu@u, benignus; Sanskrit çivá, friendly. [from mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
çāntį quiet; still; stopped /Sanskrit
Uralic
csend quiet, peace, tranquility {/cs/ similar to English /ch/} /Hungarian
One official source says that Hungarian csend may derive from archaic csendesz "calm" which is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Another source thinks csend is unrelated to anything Finno-Ugric or Turko-Mongolian [Chong]
szün
cease /HungarianSumerian
šil-ig
ceaseAltaic
Tungus
jendu secret, covertly; jenduken rather secretly /Manchu [as]
Japanese
chi peace; chian public peace and order; chinsei calm; quiet; peace
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
suhn 'quiet, calm, soothing, fondling'
suhner 'soothed state, condition of calm or quiet'
suhnbir 'quieted, calmed, solaced (placid, soothed)'
suhnu 'quiet, calm, soothe, con????te, solace' (cl.2)
Quechua
chin silent; silence; barren; desert (adj.); chinyay to keep silent [q2]
sánky sledge /Slovak
Indo-European/Slavic
saone sledge, sleigh /Serbo-Croatian
sanjkač a person driving in a sleigh (sledge, toboggan) /Serbo-Croatian
sanjkalište sleighing; sanjkati to sleigh, sledge; drive in a sleigh /Serbo-Croatian
sánky sledge /Slovak
sánkovať sa sledge /Slovak
сани (sani) sleigh /Russian
Uralic
saani sleigh /Vaddja [fv]
szán sleigh, sledge /Hungarian
szánkáz-ik to ride a sleigh, sledge /Hungarian
šantati to limp, halt /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
šantati to limp, halt /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
sánta lame, limping; sántít to hobble /Hungarian
sapun soap /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Slavic
sapun soap /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
sabun soap /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Uralic
szappan soap /Hungarian
Altaic
sabun soap /Turkish
sabyn soap /Turkmen /glnp]
Stem, stalk, stripe, sliver, splinter; straw
sara boot-leg /Serbo-Croatian
zaraziť stem /Slovak
Indo-European/Slavic
sara boot-leg /Serbo-Croatian
zaraziť stem /Slovak
Uralic
szár stem, stalk /Hungarian
szál thread; filament; stalk; szal-ag ribbon /Hungarian
szál-ka splinter of wood or of fish bone /Hungarian
szilánk splinter /Hungarian
The ultimate origin of Hungarian szilánk is unknown. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Newman et al. (1966) , #36> [oi4]
Chadic
s#ilc#i foot leg /Ankwe; s@l /Bura; saawuu /Hausa
sirra /Higi; sar@ /Tera; sira /Mandara
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #126> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
sir pole, long stick, haft (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, Agaw
c#@ri hair of tail /Awngi
Cushitic, South
t'ir- strand /Proto South Cushitic
Dravidian
ci_lika slice, sliver; ci_lu to break, split, crack, be divided, broken, torn, rent, split (Telugu); ci_l. splinter, piece of wood, wedge (Malayalam); ci.l. pieces (of pot, paper, etc.); division of land (Kota.); gi_l.u to rend; si_l., si_l.u to split, divide, be rent; split, etc.; n. splitting, a split, fragment, part (Kannad.a); ci_lu a split, splinter; si_l.u a crack, crash, split (Tulu); ki_l. (ki_l.v-, ki_n.t.-) to rend, tear, split; burst (as bund of an over-full tank); n. part, portion, section (Tamil) (DEDR 1622). [sk]
ko_lu_ (pl. ko_lka) pestle (Kuwi); ko_la_ stick, arrow (Go.); ko_l stick, arrow (Ta.Ma.Ka.)(DEDR 2237). [sk]
callam boatman's pole (Malayalam); jallu id. (Kannad.a); jalla id. (Tulu)(DEDR 2380).[sk]
jalle, jar..ave a bamboo pole; a sugar-cane (Kannad.a); jalle cane of sugar (Kod.agu)(DEDR 2383).[sk]
cilukku
iron staple, tooth of a saw, barb (Tamil); cilukku spike, iron barb, javelin (Malayalam); cille_li a sharp stick to dart (sic) a fish with (Tulu); cillako_la lance, javelin; ciluku, sela arrow (Telugu); selago_la goad; selapandi porcupine (Telugu)(DEDR 2568). [sk]cilike stick and other small pieces of wood (Kannad.a); cilpa piece of wood (Parji)(DEDR 2586).[sk]
cul.ikku pikestaff, sharp-pointed stick carried by travellers (Ta.); cul.ike a stout stick to beat cotton with (Ka.)(DEDR 2701). [sk]
cul.k long pliable stick, stalk of plant (Kota); cul.l.i a dry spray, sprig, brushwood; cul.l.al a chip, fuel stick; nul.l.i small sticks for firewood (Malayalam)(DEDR 2706). [sk]
cel. long, round stick, stick of fairly large size (Kota); sel.e twig, small branch, stick, rod, also one for training or punishing children; to cane with a stick; cal.l.u, cel.u, cel.l.u, sel.l.u a long flexible twig or rod (Kannad.a); jal.e long thin pliable stick; (jal.ev-, jal.and-) to sway like a long pliable stick; jal.a- (jal.ap-, jal.at-) to make sway (Kod.agu); cil, s'il a fishing-rod (Tulu); sela twig (Telugu)(DEDR 2790). [sk]
sel.l.ugur a long (but nice pointed) nail (of women); cal.l.uguru finger nails as long as a switch; cal.l.u, cel.l.u, sel.l.u a long, flexible twig or rod (Kannad.a); caval.u to be flexible to bend (Ma.); caval.u, cal.l.u (Tamil); cavat.t.u, tuvat.t.u to make flexible (Tamil)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Caucasian
*x|_a:l/V sinew; thread /North Caucasian [ss] (????)
*x|a:l a piece of thread /Nakh [ss]
x|al Chechen [ss]
*x|:ylo| sinew /Tsezian [ss]
x|ero Tsezi; x|ela Ginukh; x|elo Khvarshi; x|ylo Inkhokvari; x|ila Bezhita; x|yl@ Gunzib [ss]
x|:al thread, wire /Lak [ss]
*x|:al(a) thread /Lezghian [ss]
G|al Lezghi [ss]
*x|u":l/V ( ~ x|_-) stalk, grass /North Caucasian [ss] {????}
*x|a:l stalk (of grass) /Nakh [ss]
x|al /Chechen [ss]
*x|:alV ( ~ G|-) 1 thorn, weed 2 goose-foot /Tsezian [ss]
x|alo 1 (Khosh.) /Bezhita; x|ali 2 /Gunzib
x|:ulu: hay /Lak [ss]
*x|alat. broad leaf /Lezghian [ss]
x|alat. /Budukh [ss]
x|ala burdock /Khinalug [ss]
Altaic/Tungus
ture boot-top /Manchu [as]
@@@@@@@@@ Straw @@@@@@@@@@@
*so\lma straw /Proto Slavic
Indo-European [rd: 1327]
Indo-European reconstruction *k/olH-m-eh2
Greek
καλάμη
`stubble'; κάλαμος `reed'Italic
Latin culmus `stubble, stem (of wheat)'
Germanic
Old High German hal(a)m `stalk'
Slavic
*so\lma straw /Proto Slavic
Church Slavic: slama `straw'; Russian: solo/ma `straw, thatch'; Czech: sla/ma `straw'; Slovak: slama `straw'; Polish: sl/oma `straw'; Serbo-Croatian: sla\ \ma `straw'; Slovene: sla/ma `straw'
*so/l?m- /Proto-Balto-Slavic
Latvian: sal~ms `straw'; Old Prussian: salme `straw'
Uralic
Hungarian szalma is often claimed to be a loan from Slavic notwithstanding possible Turkic connections!
-ma
is a suffix of objects with a certain characterAltaic/Turkic
salam soloma "straw" /Cuman [pbg]
cf. Mamluk Qipcaq salam, kk salam - saman, found also in Qaraim, Qaracay-Balqar, Qazan Tatar salam and in Hungarian szalma. The connection of Turkic saman "straw" with this term is unclear. [pbg]
šarka (door-) hinge /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
šarka (door-) hinge /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
sark pole; sarok corner; heel /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian sark is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
syryk pole /Turkmen [glnp]
šaška grasshopper /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
šaška grasshopper /Serbo-Croatian
Uralic
sáska locust /Hungarian
Custom, ritual act; trade, profession
šega custom /Serbo-Croatian
zvyk custom /Slovak
(1) Indo-European/Slavic
šega custom /Serbo-Croatian
zvyk custom /Slovak
(2) Indo-European
see Latin săcer, -cra, -crum sacred, holy, consecrated; in bad sense 'accursed' , 'devoted to destruction', 'horrible'; săcerdōs, -dōtis a priest, priestess
see Greek hagios "holy" [dep]
see Oscan sakoro "sacred" [dep]
see Hittite saklai "custom" [dep]
see Indo-European *sak- "to consecrate" [pa]
Uralic
szok- to get used to, get accustomed to /Hungarian
szok-ás habit, custom /Hungarian
szok-ás-os usual, customary /Hungarian
Could a "ritual act" whether sacred or not also be seen in the light of the "customs" belonging to a people?
Altaic
zoku customs; manners /Japanese
Etruscan
sac-, śac-, sac-a, sac-ri
"carrying out a sacred act, to consecrate" [glb, mp68, dep, pa]@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Uralic
szak age, era, period; branch, profession, subject; division, part, section; stanza, strophe, verse /Hungarian [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian szak- is of FU origin.
(?) *s'ukk3 (Proto FU); *s'akk3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
szak-ma trade; profession; szak-ács cook /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian szakma is from szakmány "contract" which is possibly related to szakad- "rip". which is considered a derivative of szak "age", "era", etc. [Chong]
Can 'cooking' or 'manufacturing' be thought of as a 'ritual act'?
Altaic
shoku an office; a post; duties; service; employment; work; a job; profession; a trade; shokugyō an occupation, a calling; a profession; a trade; suku to make, manufacture /Japanese
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
shakh a branch, bough, shoot, sucker, twig; a horn, antler; the arm, from the tip of the finger to the shoulder; the leg, from the groin to the foot; a small cut from a main stream; the spur of a cock; a rib; a bit, piece; a gusset, gore; the forehead; the main beam in the roof of a house; etc. /Persian [fjs]
shákh branch. P. /N. Baluchi [mld]
Indo-Aryan
zAkhA branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]
sekať
cut /Slovak(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
sukustan to be broken or torn up /Persian [fjs]
shaqq (v.n.) splitting, tearing; cutting (a tooth); being difficult, troublesome (any work); remaining open (the eye of a corpse); being separate from one's people; separating, scattering; throwing into difficulties, paining, grieving; a fissure, crack, crevice; a half; day-break, dawn [shaqq khwurdan, To be or become split;<-> shaqq zadan (kardan), To tear, split, divide;]; shuquq (pl. of shaqq), Fissures, rents, crevices, chinks. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
shaqa'iq (pl. of shaqiqat) fissures, cracks; etc. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
shaqb, shiqb a cleft in a mountain or rock; a narrow pass between two hills; etc. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
shiqqat the half, especially of anything split or torn the long way; a chip of wood; a rag of cloth /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*sek cut /PIE [js]
Italic
sĕco sĕcare sĕcŭi sectum, to cut, amputate, to wound, hurt; to divide, part /Latin
Slavic
sjeći
hew, chop; split; lop, prune /Serbo-CroatianUralic
soka (n.) plow; sokams (v.) to plow /Erzya [fv]
csák "plow" /Hungarian
Hungarian csák is obsolete. [Chong]
zocoztia "tore" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century}
(Modern, szakasztotta) [gzb1]
szak
-ít to rip, tear; szak-ad to fall; tear, rend /Hungarian-gat is the frequentive suffix of action.
szeg
to cut, chip, slice /Hungariansee semantically related Hungarian "csak,szegény,szűk etc."
Sumerian
suh (2,3,5) v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused [jh]
zìg to expend, go out, uproot; zuh to steal, to rob [jh]
sig3,11 to chop down; sè(g) subdue, to subject [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
suxi (v.) to uproot, pluck /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
skз to plough /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
Turkic
saka divide, watershed /Turkmen [glnp]
sökmek 1. to take apart 2. to rip out a seam 3. to plow 4. to reinvestigate; sökülmek to rip out a seam /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
saku, sakeru to tear, split, cleave, rip; sogu to chip; slice off
saku, suku to plough, till; to break up (land)
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*šąγ
- to dig, to dig out (рыть, копать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1132]rąγ
- (I) /Chukchee; jąγ-, -cąγ- (I) /Koryak; t(ą)γ- /Alutor [ss]Austro-Asiatic
cagar. , cagat to tear off; surka to strip off (Santali.lex.) [sk]
sigi to cut deeply with axe (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Sino-Tibetan
*s/e:k cleave, split /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "split"
xi 1 Modern (Beijing) < siek Middle Chinese < se:k Old Chinese [ss]
ãc/heg (p. bs/ags, f. bs/ag, i. s/og to break, to split, gs/og / bs/og (p. gs/ags, bs/ags, f. gs/ag, bs/ag, i. gs/og) to cleave, to split, to tear. /Tibetan
*z|he/k /Kiranti [ss]
Basque
saki
(LN) a large tear in clothing; sakitu to cut, make an incision (L,LN,U)Dravidian
sugi to tear off, strip off, peel (Kannad.a); coxna_ to pluck, cull (Kur.ux); coge to pluck off, set free; cogre to drop off, get free (Malt.o)(DEDR 2644). [sk]
cakkai chips (Tamil); cake rind of fruits (Tamil); cekku to pare, cut the side or rind of; n. the rind or parings of fruits, etc. (Telugu); cekka piece (Naikri, Gondi); sek to plane, fashion things out of wood (Kond.a); sespa planing, scraping (?Kui); sesa shavings (?Kui); seka piece (?Kui); cakta_ a slice (Kur.ux); cegla_ chip, splinter (Kur.ux); caka a slice ; (Malt.o)(DEDR 2748). [sk]
sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece (Kannad.a); sigur-, sigur-u, sibar-u, sivar-u, sivur-u a splinter (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
sigasu
to have split as wood; sigi to split as wood; to tear or rend with teeth as sugarcane /Kannad.a; sekke, cakke a chip; sekku to put in, to insert; serku id. /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke, sakke, sekke (Tadbhava of s'alka) a chip of wood /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke /Telugu; cakkai /Tamil; cakke a chip of wood or of stone /Kannad.a; cekku /Telugu; sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece /Kannad.a [sk]cu_gna_ to harrow (Kur.ux); cge to poke, stir; cgure to poke, pick (as one's teeth or ear)(Malt.o)(DEDR 2719)[sk]
Etruscan
seci to cut, smash; śuci, śucic, sucix piece, part [az96]
śucri, śuxu dividing,cutting part [az96]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
suk 'a cutting, a trim'
suki 'cut off, trim, pare' (cl.1)
tz'ohk (from c'ok) 'broken part or half, piece, broken off end'
tz'ok 'a breaking, a snapping in two, an opening up'
tz'okem 'broken'
tz'okemir 'a break, a snap'
tz'oki 'break a thing, break in two, pull apart, open up' (cl.1)
tz'okbah 'break in two of itself, open itself up (said of the sky, meaning "to rain")'
semeno seed /Slovak
Indo-European/Slavic
sjeme seed; germ /Serbo-Croatian
semeno seed /Slovak
Uralic
szem eye; grain; szemernyi a bit; atom; szemcsés granular /Hungarian
seno hay /Slovak; sijeno hay /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European/Slavic
sijeno hay /Serbo-Croatian
seno hay /Slovak
Uralic
széna hay /Hungarian
šešir hat; bonnet; soft hat; felt hat /Serbo-Croatian
sisak helmet /Hungarian
shrvati to overwhelm, overpower, crush, break one's heart /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-European
Celtic
sàr oppression, sàraich, oppress /Gaelic, sáruighim /Irish, Old Irish sáraigim, violo, contemno sár,, outrage, contempt Welsh sarhäed contumelia: *sâro-n, *spâro-n, root sper, kick, spurn; Latin sperno; English spurn; Lithuanian spìrti, kick; Sanskrit sphur, jerk (Stokes). [from mcb]
Armenian
sor
mountain pass, pit; tsortsor defile, mountain pass (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]Slavic
shrvati to overwhelm, overpower, crush, break one's heart; shrvan overpowered, crushed; broken-hearted, reduced to despair /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
zarurat necessity; zaruri necessary /Pashto [tr]
Uralic
*shorva dry /Uralic [ryan]
soar've
dead, dry pine-tree (Pinus excelsa) /Lappish; šur /Man's'i [Chong]sorv-ad
atrophy, be consumed, decay, decline, languish, pine away, waste away /Hungarian*s'are-
dry /F.U.szár-ad
to dry < szár-az dry, hard, barren /Hungarian*s'or3(-)
/Finno-Ugrian [Chong]soˆ_rt
a narrow strip of land (Kazym Khanty) / s¿rt id. (Obdorsk Khanty) / s'ur: ma-s'ur forested part of territory, especially between two rivers (Udora Komi - mu = "earth", "land") / sori valley (Northern Man's'i) [Chong]szor-ít, szor-ul
to tighten, to narrow, to stop up; szorul-t-ság need; szor-ít to oppress, press; szor-os mountain pass; szorong-ni to be crammed, huddled together; szorongat to press /HungarianSumerian
ša_
dry up; sahar dust,sandSino-Tibetan
*[s/]u:r (~-o:-) strain, squeeze /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
bz/ur to strain, filter. /Tibetan
so:r , KC *so:r to wring, to squeeze /Lushei [ss]
*sur squeeze /Kiranti [ss]
su"r- press (as wood into basket), squeeze /Thulung
soma: (sora:) to knead /Limbu [ss]
also see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
šri stop up, close /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
s.rr to be(come) narrow, restricted, distressed, to bind, tie /Central Semitic [ahd]
Altaic/Turkic
*asra
>asa-ga drought /Anc-Turkicçirt-mek 1. to pinch, to tweak 2. to cut, incise /Turkmen [glnp]
çürel-mek to taper /Turkmen [glnp]
çürü∫-mek to wither, shrivel, shrink /Turkmen [glnp]
sarykmak to dry /Turkmen [glnp]
zor 1. strong 2. force, forceful /Turkmen [glnp]
zorlamak to compell, to force /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
curul. (curul.v-, curun.t.-) to shrivel, shrink (as leaf), droop (as from heat, hunger), be reduced to severe straits; curi (-v-, -nt-) to wrinkle; (-pp-, -tt-) to get dried, contract, shrink, wrinkle; draw in (as tortoise its head)(Tamil); curun.n.uka to shrivel, shrink, be contracted, wrinkled, decrease; curukkam contraction, shortness; curukku sliding string, noose; curukkuka to contract, furl (sails), wrap, fold, reduce, shorten; cu_l.uka to shrink, contract; cu_l.al shrinking (Malayalam); curg- (curgy-) to stint oneself to support family; curk- (curky-) to make small, draw up (legs, fingers), shrink; cug- (cugy-) to be creased; cort.y state of a hoe being worn short by much use (Kota); soragu to wither, grow dry or sapless, sink away, grow lean; sorat.u state of being contracted, shrivelled, as a leaf; surul. to contract, shrivel, shrink, fear; surut.u, surun.t.u to become shrivelled or contracted; surul.cu to cause to contract, etc.; cirn.t.elu shrunken (Kannad.a); surun.t.uni, surut.uni, sirn.t.uni, sirnduni to shrivel, contract, shrink; surn.t.u, surut.u contraction, shrivelling; surugu sinking, sliding; jurun:guni to hesitate, be reluctant; suru~gu to disappear, flee, shrink, fade; srukku to shrink, fade, become weak; sorugu a dead or dry leaf (Telugu); curk- to shrivel, (cheeks) sink in; curkip- (curkit-) to make to shrivel (Parji); su_r dry pulled stalks of san-hemp (Gondi) [sk]
Etruscan
śeru
to stiffen, stand, stop [az96]Muskogean/Eastern
solotka to be dry, dried, dried up, shriveled up, shrunken, wilted (as an old plant), skinny, wizened (of one); for there to be a drought {/solot-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
solotli to dry (solotchi, solothili, solothachi) {/solot-li} /Alabama [tm]
Quechua
saruna to step on [q1]
Corrections and additions by
Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 7 June 2008