Euskara Magyar
Word List
Sa-Us

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
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SMALLNESS, REDUCTION, NEED, WANT

saki (LN) a large tear in clothing; sakitu to cut, make an incision (L,LN,U) /Basque
sega scythe; sega-tu (C) to cut, harvest /Basque

csák "plow" /Hungarian
szaggat to rip, rend /Hungarian
szak-ít to rip, tear; szak-ad to fall; tear, rend /Hungarian
szeg to cut, chip, slice /Hungarian

Uralic

soka (n.) plow; sokams (v.) to plow /Erzya [fv]
csák "plow" /Hungarian

Hungarian csák is obsolete. [Chong]

zocoztia "tore" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, szakasztotta) [gzb1]
szak-ít to rip, tear; szak-ad to fall; tear, rend /Hungarian
szaggat to rip, rend /Hungarian

-gat is the frequentive suffix of action.

also see Hungarian cikk

Sumerian

suh (2,3,5) v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused [jh]
zìg to expend, go out, uproot; zuh to steal, to rob [jh]
sig3,11 to chop down; sè(g) subdue, to subject [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

suxi (v.) to uproot, pluck /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

skз to plough /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

Turkic

saka divide, watershed /Turkmen [glnp]

sökmek 1. to take apart 2. to rip out a seam 3. to plow 4. to reinvestigate;
sökülmek to rip out a seam /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

saku, sakeru to tear, split, cleave, rip; sogu to chip; slice off
saku, suku to plough, till; to break up (land)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*šąγ- to dig, to dig out (рыть, копать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1132]

rąγ- (I) /Chukchee; jąγ-, -cąγ- (I) /Koryak; t(ą)γ- /Alutor [ss]

Austro-Asiatic

cagar. , cagat to tear off; surka to strip off (Santali.lex.) [sk]
sigi to cut deeply with axe (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/e:k cleave, split /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "split"
xi 1 Modern (Beijing) < siek Middle Chinese < se:k Old Chinese [ss]

ãc/heg (p. bs/ags, f. bs/ag, i. s/og to break, to split, gs/og / bs/og (p. gs/ags, bs/ags, f. gs/ag, bs/ag, i. gs/og) to cleave, to split, to tear. /Tibetan

*z|he/k /Kiranti [ss]

Dravidian

sugi to tear off, strip off, peel (Kannad.a); coxna_ to pluck, cull (Kur.ux); coge to pluck off, set free; cogre to drop off, get free (Malt.o)(DEDR 2644). [sk]

cakkai chips (Tamil); cake rind of fruits (Tamil); cekku to pare, cut the side or rind of; n. the rind or parings of fruits, etc. (Telugu); cekka piece (Naikri, Gondi); sek to plane, fashion things out of wood (Kond.a); sespa planing, scraping (?Kui); sesa shavings (?Kui); seka piece (?Kui); cakta_ a slice (Kur.ux); cegla_ chip, splinter (Kur.ux); caka a slice ; (Malt.o)(DEDR 2748). [sk]

sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece (Kannad.a); sigur-, sigur-u, sibar-u, sivar-u, sivur-u a splinter (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

sigasu to have split as wood; sigi to split as wood; to tear or rend with teeth as sugarcane /Kannad.a; sekke, cakke a chip; sekku to put in, to insert; serku id. /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke, sakke, sekke (Tadbhava of s'alka) a chip of wood /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke /Telugu; cakkai /Tamil; cakke a chip of wood or of stone /Kannad.a; cekku /Telugu; sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece /Kannad.a [sk]

cu_gna_ to harrow (Kur.ux); cge to poke, stir; cgure to poke, pick (as one's teeth or ear)(Malt.o)(DEDR 2719)[sk]

Etruscan

seci to cut, smash; śuci, śucic, sucix piece, part [az96]
śucri, śuxu dividing,cutting part [az96]

(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

sukustan to be broken or torn up /Persian [fjs]

shaqq (v.n.) splitting, tearing; cutting (a tooth); being difficult, troublesome (any work); remaining open (the eye of a corpse); being separate from one's people; separating, scattering; throwing into difficulties, paining, grieving; a fissure, crack, crevice; a half; day-break, dawn [shaqq khwurdan, To be or become split;<-> shaqq zadan (kardan), To tear, split, divide;]; shuquq (pl. of shaqq), Fissures, rents, crevices, chinks. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqa'iq (pl. of shaqiqat) fissures, cracks; etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqb, shiqb a cleft in a mountain or rock; a narrow pass between two hills; etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shiqqat the half, especially of anything split or torn the long way; a chip of wood; a rag of cloth /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*sek cut /PIE [js]

Italic

sĕco sĕcare sĕcŭi sectum, to cut, amputate, to wound, hurt; to divide, part /Latin

Slavic

sjeći hew, chop; split; lop, prune /Serbo-Croatian
sjeknuti to make short (sharp) cut /Serbo-Croatian
sekať cut /Slovak

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

suk 'a cutting, a trim'
suki 'cut off, trim, pare' (cl.1)

tz'ohk (from c'ok) 'broken part or half, piece, broken off end'

tz'ok 'a breaking, a snapping in two, an opening up'
tz'okem 'broken'
tz'okemir 'a break, a snap'
tz'oki 'break a thing, break in two, pull apart, open up' (cl.1)
tz'okbah 'break in two of itself, open itself up (said of the sky, meaning "to rain")'

Muskogean/Eastern

chikoffi to cut a piece (of meat), slice a piece (of meat) /Alabama [tm]
chikòoli to cut meat, slice meat, butcher (plural objects) /Alabama [tm]

szak-ad to fall, drop; tear, rend /Hungarian

Ainu

cikka to drop [sm]

Etruscan

seka to fall, founder [az96]

szak-ad-ék abyss, precipice, gap /Hungarian < szak-ad to fall, drop; tear, rend /Hungarian

Sumerian

sukud, zugud height, depth; tall, high [jh]

Altaic

suki, sukima crevice, chink, gap ,crack /Japanese

Indo-European

psu^gma, atos, to IV. chink, fissure /Classical Greek [lsj1]

suka a crack, a gorge, a pass [id] /Thracian
šùkė [id] /Lithuanian

txiki-tu (B,G,U) to make small; to reduce; to rip /Basque
zeken stingy, miserly; zikoitz niggardly; greedy /Basque

csak only, nothing but /Hungarian {/cs/ same as English /ch/ or Basque /tx/}

Ainu

-tek (suffix) a little [sm]

Altaic

*žōk`e nearly, hardly /Altaic [ss]

*jōk /Turc
*žug / *žüg /Mongol
*žuke /Tungus
*doku /Japanese [ss] > -dake only; no more; merely; so far as /Japanese

shika particle used with a negative meaning "no more than, only, no other than, etc." /Japanese

Quechua

shuclla only [q1]
chikalla just; only {chika "so much; so strong" + -lla "modesty"} [q2]

csek-ély small, trifling /Hungarian
csök-ev-ény rudimentary; csökk-en to reduce, abate /Hungarian
sek-ély(es) shallow /Hungarian
scegin "poor" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century) [gzb1]; szegény poor, not much /Modern Hungarian
szik-ár lean, slender /Hungarian
szük narrow, scarce /Hungarian

Uralic

*s'ukke small piece /Ugrian

Sumerian

sig9 narrow [jh]
sug4 , sù ; su (v.) to strip naked, lay bare; to empty; (adj.) empty, destitute.[jh]

Hurrian

zug@ 'small, short' [ss]

Niger-Congo (?)

seekee (adj) skint; sekeeriŋ. sekeeta (adj) skint, penniless /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sh.w^ shorten /Old Egyptian [cgj]
sk empty (M.E.) (%t body,of words) /Old Egyptian [cgj]
skn be greedy, lust after /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

śyk to be(come) narrow, constricted /Semitic Root [ahd]
sâqu to be(come) narrow, tight /Akkadian [ahd]

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 646b #6> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

jeg*a worthless, bad, ugly /Bilin

Cushitic, East

deega poor /Oromo
zeega poor /Qabena

Semitic

zegaa poor, subject, client /Geez

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 111 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

dikk'- small /Proto East Cushitic

t'ikk'- narrow / Proto Highland East Cushitic
c#'ikk'-ad/- narrow /Burji
t'ukk'- small /Hadiyya
d/iggo small /Oromo

Ainu

sak to be lacking, to be without [sm]

Altaic

*c'`iku few, poor/Altaic [ss]

*c'ikán/Turc
*c'üge-n/Mongol
*c'uki/Tungus [ss]

*sä'gu shallow/Altaic [ss]

*siga-r /Mongol
*sigi- /Tungus
*sai-m /Korean
*sú /Japanese [ss]

*sik`u small, few /Altaic [ss]

*sik /Turc
*sike- /Tungus
*skà- /Korean
*sùkù- /Japanese [ss]

*sio:k`u to be hollow, crack /Altaic [ss]

*suk- 1 to stick in, insert 2 hollow wood, whistle /Turkic
*sekeg|e / *segeg|e crack, hole /Mongolian
*si:k- 1 polynya 2 hollow vessel, whistle 3 to put into, insert /Tungus
*sky/-m, *ski/- 1 crack 2 to insert, to sheath /Korean
*suk- 1 to be hollow 2 crack, hole /Japanese [ss]

Turkic

cik, -cîk diminitive suffix; sîkî tight /Turkish

Japanese

chikai, short; early; immediate; near; close; shiganai poor; miserable; wretched; sukoshi little; small quantity; sukenai little; few; scanty; sukunai few; little; rare; scanty; meagre

Sino-Tibetan

*Ce>k ( ~ C/-, -i@-) emaciated /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "emaciated; suffering"
ji 2 Modern (Beijing) < z|jek Middle Chinese < z|(h)ek ( ~ z|/-) Old Chinese

c/ac/ to loose weight. /Burmese [ss]

Caucasian

*z^|i>k.wA> / *k.i>z^|wA> short /North Caucasian [ss]

* ĉ.ik.:w|V- small, short (in height) /Andian [ss]

ĉ.ik.:u-b /Chamalal [ss]

* ĉ:i[k.]V- short /Lezghian [ss]

z^iq:i /Tabasaran; z^aq:e-f /Agul; z^|yk-dy /Rutul; ?z^|it.a-na /Tsakhur [ss]

*k./ac^.w|@ short /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-k./a/ ĉ. Abkhaz; ĉ./a ĉ./@ Adyghe; ĉ.as./ Circassian [ss]

*c./_wa":qV few /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.o|x|:- few /Tsezian [ss]

c.ox|x|u /Inkhokvari [ss]

*c.iq.w|- few /Dargwa [ss]

c.i:q.w|aj /Chiragh [ss]

*c^.w|eq.(a) (~-a"-,-i-) few /Lezghian [ss]

c^.uq. /Agul [ss]

Dravidian

*ĉik- small /Dravidian [ss]

*ĉik- small /South Dravidian [ss]

cikka in brief, in a nutshell /Tamil; cikkin.i young, small (said of girls) Malayalam; cikka, ciga little, small, young /Kannada; ci:ku smallness, littleness of size, used of grain and pulse; cikkatana childhood, youth /Kannada; cikk-ad.ake very young, tender areca-nut /Kodagu; cikka little, young, small, short /Tulu; cikini tender, young, small; cikke\ a dwarf; (B-K) cikkeli a small variety of mouse /Tulu [ss]

cikku (cikki-) to become lean or emaciated; cikal (cikalv-, cikan-r--) to diminish, decrease, perish; n. want, ruin (Tamil); cikk- (cikki-) to become tired; cikki numb sensation of mouth produced by areca-nut (Kod.agu); cikku to become lean or thin (Telugu); sik- (-t-) to be reduced (as body), fail (in flesh), pine in fear, etc. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2503). [sk]

cak lean (of meat); cakn lean man; fem. caky (Kota); cakku, cekku stunted, short, lean; cakke a weakling, lean person (Tulu)(DEDR 2268). [sk]

Etruscan

śuci, śucic, sucix piece, part [az96]

Indo-European

Celtic

siogaid a starveling, lean person /Gaelic. [mcb]

Slavic

sićenje satiating, sating; sićušan tiny, minute, microscopic; petty, trifling, paltry; narrow-mindedness; sićušnost smallness, puniness; trifling matter; narrow-mindedness /Serbo-Croatian

Albanian

i/e cekët shallow

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

zakk (v.n.) squeezing, pressing; straightening /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqi poor, miserable, wretched; insolent; villainous, vicious. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is found in Arabic but the origin is uncertain.

zaiq, ziq (v.n.) being narrow, strait, or tight; being close, covetous; being unable to hold; tightness; anguish, vexation, grief, melancholy; straits, difficulties; dilemma; [ziqu 's-sadr ('n-nafas), Difficulty of breathing, asthma;] -- zaiyiq, Strait, narrow; close, miserly /Persian

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

zaiqat narrow circumstances, poverty, straits; one of the mansions of the moon; a tract between Ta'if and Hunain /Persian

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

Indo-Aryan

sUcIvaktra having a mouth or aperture as pointed as a needle , too narrow; sUcImukha the point of a needle; a partic. hell BhP. ; n. having a beak &c. as sharp as a nñneedle AV. Pan5cat. ; pointed or sharp as a needle MBh. ; narrow; sUkSma minute , small , fine , thin , narrow , short , feeble , trifling , insignificant , unimportant /Sanskrit [sk]

Blackfoot (Algonquin)

sikk decrease the mass of, lower

Muskogean/Eastern

sikóopa to be poor, be destitute, suffer hardship, be shabby; to be weak, feeble, sickly /Alabama [tm]

{poss. from /sikóopa-a} [tm]

Quechua

chikallanta a little {chikalla " just; only" + -nta "through, across"} [q2]
chuqu narrow and long [q2]

Ulwa

sikitnaka vt. (sikitpi) squeeze (e.g. in fist); crush with hand [ud]
sukutnaka vt. (sukutpi) clench; clinch [ud]

Yuki

tcuk fall4 off [y84]

csikó foal /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #122> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

c#@gw- small (to be) /Proto North Agaw

Cushitic, South

ts'igan- offspring/young /Proto Rift

Caucasian

*ĉ.a">ku> / *ĉa">k.u> young (of animals), boy /North Caucasian [ss]

*ĉik.e A kid /Tsezian [ss]

ĉik.i /Khvarshi; ĉik.e /Inkhokvari; ĉik.e /Bezhita; ĉik.e /Gunzib [ss]

ĉ.aku kid (less than 2-3 y. old) /Lak [ss]

*ĉ.ik.a chicken /Dargwa [ss]

*ĉ.a"k.u-j goat less than 2 years old /Lezghian [ss]

ĉ.ak.u /Agul [ss]

*ĉ./@k.w|@ 1 young boy, youngster 2 small /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/- ĉ./k.w|@n 1 /Abkhaz; ĉ./k.w@n 1,2 /Abaza [ss]

xuhur miserly; tight-fisted (with money) /Basque
zuhur wise, sensible, cautious, prudent; observant, shrewd, keen; stingy, economical, thrifty /Basque

zsugor-od to shrink; zsugor-i miser, niggard // miserly, niggardly /Hungarian

Sumerian

sig9 narrow [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

sgrh. to quell, make to cease /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic/Turkic

ÿygryl-mak 1. to shrink, be shy 2. to waver /Turkmen [glnp]
ÿygyr-mak 1. to crumple, twist, wrinkle 2. to draw in /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

surku, sukku to contract, shrivel, shrink, fade; surku, sukku, sun:ku, sokku contracting, shrivelling, shrinking, a wrinkle /Kannad.a; cukkuka to grow dry, shrivel (Malayalam) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

sgrog, sgrogag anything shrivelled, a shrivelled old woman, old cow or ewe /Gaelic, sgrog, shrivel; from the Scottish scrog, a stunted bush, sgroggy, stunted, English scraggy, Danish skrog, Swed. skrokk, anything shrunken, Norse skrokkr; sgruigean neck of a bottle, the neck (in ridicule) /Gaelic, Irish sgruigín, neck of a bottle, short-necked person; sgruit an old shrivelled person, a thin person /Gaelic, Irish sgruta, an old man, sgrutach, lean, sgrut, a contemptible person; cf. Norse skrudda, a shrivelled skin, old scroll [mcb]

Slavic

skratiti to shorten, abbreviate, cut, abridge, reduce in size; contract /Serbo-Croatian
skrb care; thrift, thriftiness; concern, worry; sorrow /Serbo-Croatian
skrbiti be thrifty, save /Serbo-Croatian
skrutiti to stiffen; solidify; coagulate, set, curdle /Serbo-Croatian
škrt stingy, avaricious, mean, miserly /Serbo-Croatian
skrčiť sa shrink /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian/Avestan

zhghórem keep /Pashto [tr] ?

Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit

su~gor.an. to shrink /Lahnda_; sa~gor.n.a_, su~gor.n.a_ to contract, draw up (as the arms and legs) /Punja_bi_; sakor.na_, sikor.na_, si~kor.na_ to contract, compress, crumple together; suker.na_, saker.na_ /Hindi_; sa~_gur.o narrow/Kumauni_; sa~_guro /Nepa_li; sa~_kur /Or.iya_; sa~_kar narrow; n. narrow lane /Hindi_; sakra_ tight, narrow /Hindi_; sa~_kr.u~ /Gujara_ti_; sa~_kad., sa~_kd.a_ tight, narrow /Mara_t.hi_; sa~_kad., sa~_kd.e~ a difficulty /Mara_t.hi_ [sk]

xukatu (U) to drain, dry (something) off; to remove water from /Basque
siku (B) arid /Basque

szikk to dry /Hungarian

Dravidian

cukku (cukki-) to get dry /Tamil; cukkuka to grow dry, shrivel; cukku dry /Malayalam [sk]

Indo-European

Greek

psuchô dry, make dry /Classical Greek [lsj1]

Italic

siccus dry /Latin

POINTEDNESS, EDGE, BORDER, SUDDENNESS, ANGULARITY, SEVERITY

xoko (L,LN), zoko corner; zoko-tsu angular /Basque

szög- angle, corner, pointed; zug corner /Hungarian

Altaic

*zök`o side; corner; direction /Altaic [ss]

*jak /Turc
*züg /Mongol
*zuku- /Tungus
*dòkò /Japanese [ss]

szék chair, seat, throne /Hungarian

Altaic

Turkic

*säki, *sakü /Old Turkic [Chong]

saGõ, sak bench, etc. (Chuvash); säkü bench (Kipchak); seki base of a column or pillar; a stone that is used for sitting (Turkish); säkü booth, stall; counter (in a store); platform (Turk - Kashgari)

seki porch /Turkmen [glnp]

tsek "couch, bed" /Cuman [pbg]

Mongol

següke, seüke portable chair (Literary Mongol) [Chong]

Japanese

seki a seat; one's place; sûki helm of state

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

tshawki chair /Pashto [tr]

sako, suko a sofa, settle, bench, garden-seat /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

cau~ki_ stool /Sindhi_; cauki_ square low seat /Hindi_; caukho, cauko wooden seat /Kumauni_; cauki chair /Nepa_li; coki_ square low seat /Gujara_ti_; cauk square /Lahnda_; cok square, market, number four /Gujara_ti_; caukkka set of four, cross-roads, square /Prakrit; cau~ku frame of door, square; cau~ko figure 4/Sindhi_; cak increased by four (Bhoj.); cauk square, market /Hindi_; cok square, market, number four /Gujara_ti_; coko quadrangular spot, cooking place/Gujara_ti_ [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

chiika2 to sit, take a seat, settle down (of several) /Alabama [tm]

Quechua

chukuna stool [q2] 

csák-ány pickaxe; csáklya grappling hook/iron; pickaxe; csák plow [archaic] /Hungarian
szeg 1) measure of land (archaic); 2) nail; 3) to break an oath /Hungarian
szek-erce pointed battle ax /Hungarian
szig-ony harpoon /Hungarian
szikl-ás rocky, craggy /Hungarian
zakl-at to molest, worry /Hungarian
zökk-en to jolt /Hungarian
zuh-an to fall suddenly, thud /Hungarian

Uralic

süng a wedge /Ugrian

Sumerian

sukur spear, lance [jh]

Scythian

sag-aris battle ax [Herodotus]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

sikkatu peg; zaqpu pointed /Akkadian [oi3]

skh N skt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr,JBA nail 2 Palestinian,Syr ploughshare 3 Syr wedge 4 Syr wart 5 JBA thorn 6 Palestinian peg

LS2 472

LS2 v: sek.t_A)

skyn N skyn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr,JBA knife

LS2 474, J 990

pl: s:ak.iyne)
LS2 v: sak.iyn

xcyn N xcyn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,JBA axe

LS2 251

LS2 V: xaciynA)

syqwr N syqwr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,Syr axe

LS2 496

LS2 v: siyquwrA)

Altaic

*ŝiuk`e to carve, tear /Altaic [ss]

*so"k- to split, tear apart /Turkic [ss]

so"k- Old Turkic; so"k- Turkmen [ss]

*su"ke axe /Mongolian [ss]

suke (SH) /Middle Mongolian; su"x /Khalkha; su"k@ /Kalmuck; sugu, suge: /Dagur; sugo /Monguor [ss]

*ŝuk- 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends /Tungus [ss]

ŝuki- 3, ŝukun 4 /Manzhu; ĉuktuli- 2 (On.) /Nanai [ss]

*sa\ki/- to carve, engrave /Korean [ss]

sa\ki/- /Middle Korean [ss]

*s[e:]ĉ wise, careful /Altaic [ss]

*seĉ- to choose, select /Turkic
*seĉe-n wise, clever /Mongolian
*sa:ĉe be careful /Tungus
*sa/t@/- ( ~ -ua) wise /Japanese [ss]

Turkic

sygys a wedge /AncTurkic
ĉakan battle-axe (Kazakh, Kyrgyz); ĉaqan battle-axe (Uigur) [Chong]

Tungus

suhe axe; suhecen a small axe /Manchu [as]

Japanese

sōga claws and teeth; fangs

Austric

toki, piau axe /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian

*c.@q.V ( ~ -o>-,-e>-) sharp /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.o|q.V- ( ~ -o-) sharp /Tsezian [ss]

c.oq.iju /Tsezi; c.oq.q.u /Khvarshi

*c.aq.- sharp /Dargwa [ss]

c.aq.-si /Akusha [ss]

Dravidian

cakna_ to sharpen an edge instrument, whet (Kurux.); cake to sharpen, whet (Malt.o)(DEDR 2277). [sk]

Etruscan

śaca point; śacri to fix, fasten; śacrni "sharp, pointed" [az96]
śacrtuna incisor, chisel; śacu, śaxu "acute, wise" [az96]; < *stakh- "point, sharpness" [az96]

Indo-European

Italic

see Latin sac- [az96]
see Latin sagax "shrewd, acute", sagio, staca [az96]

sĕcūris -is, axe, hatchet; esp. the headman's axe, hence supreme power, Roman supremacy; sĭca -ae dagger, dirk, poniard [Cassell]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

tshakush, tshaakuss hammer /Pashto [tr]

chakhmakh a battle-axe fastened to the saddle; etc /Persian [fjs]

chakhmagh, chakhmaq a kind of battle-axe; etc /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says chakhmagh, chakhmaq also in Turkish without proof positive to which it belongs originally

Indo-Aryan

sUcIvaktra having a mouth or aperture as pointed as a needle , too narrow; sUcImukha the point of a needle; a partic. hell BhP. ; n. having a beak &c. as sharp as a nñneedle AV. Pan5cat. ; pointed or sharp as a needle MBh. ; narrow; sUkSma minute , small , fine , thin , narrow , short , feeble , trifling , insignificant , unimportant; sUca a pointed shoot or blade of Kus3a grass; f. pointing out , indication Ja1takam. ; piercing; gesticulation; spying out , sight , seeing; sUcI a needle or any sharppointed instrument (e.g. `" a needle used in surgery "' , `" a magnet "' &c.) RV.; the sharp point or tip of anything or any pointed object Ka1v. [sk]

Quechua

chici splinter; chuki spear [q2]

Ulwa

suksuk spear, lance [ud]

Yuki

są(·)k, sah-ahk, sŭk', sank, sükh tooth, teeth [y84]

szeg 1) measure of land (archaic); 2) nail; 3) to break an oath /Hungarian
szegély hem, seam, border, edge, margin /Hungarian

Sumerian

zag, zà boundary, border, limit, side; cusp, beginning; territory, district, place; sanctuary; percentage; a measure for fish; shoulder; right (side); front; outside of [jh]

Altaic

*ĉ`ake boundary, section /Altaic [ss]

* ĉ ygyr 1 boundary, limit 2 small path /Turkic [ss]

ĉ yg|yr 2 /Old Turkic; ĉ ygyr 2 /Turkish [ss]
ĉ ygyr 1 /Turkmen [ss]

* ĉ ig direction /Mongolian [ss]

ĉ ig /Khalkha [ss]

* ĉ aki- 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path /Tungus [ss]

ĉ axin 1 /Manzhu; ĉ aki- 2 /Evenki [ss]

* ĉ ha/i section of a building /Korean [ss]

ĉ ha/i Middle Korean; ĉ ha" Modern Korean [ss]

*siga border, interval /Altaic [ss]

*sygra 1 valley 2 interval between two fingers /Turkic [ss]

syg|ra 1, syg|raq 2 /Old Turkic [ss]

*sig- interval /Tungus [ss]

si, sidu /Manzhu; hidla /Even; sigdile: /Evenki [ss]

*sa\ka\pi\ border /Japanese [ss]

sa\ka\pji\ Old Japanese; sakai Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

çagha girdle, seam, edge /Khakas < CT *yaka [kl]

In Sagay, Koybal dialects obsol collar [kl]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*cą.cqa.- "the cord of average/mean thickness" (шнур средней толщины) 1; "to edge" (оторочить) 2 /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1565]

ina-ccącqat- (III) 2 /Koryak; cącqa-nγeŋ1 /Palan [ss]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

si_ga^l-ôma, atos, to,

I. instrument for smoothing or polishing, esp. of shoemakers for smoothing leather; II. border, edging of a dress

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

síc (f.) hem of a garment or robe /Sanskrit

csecs pap, nipple /Hungarian
csecsemő suckling; baby; infant [/cs/ similar to /ch/ sound}/Hungarian

Altaic

*č`ăjižV breast /Altaic [ss]

*čijči /Turc
*čegeži /Mongol
*ča(i)ža-n /Tungus
*čjóč /Korean
*tì, *tìti /Japan [ss]

Dravidian

ca_ci mother's milk (nursery)/Tamil; ca_ci, ta_ci a childish word for the female breast /Kannad.a; ca_ci woman's breast /Telugu [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

chuchu a nipple /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

cu_cuka nipple (R.Pali.); cucuka, cucu_ka /Sanskrit; cu_a /Prakrit; cuci /Sanskrit [sk]

Quechua

chuchu nipple, breast [q1]
chichiy to suckle; to nurse; to give milk [q2]
chuchuchiy to suckle; to nurse; to give milk [q2]

csúcs point; summit, pinnacle; csücske point, tip; corner {/cs/ similar to /ch/ sound}/Hungarian

Altaic

*ĉ`[i]ĉ`V spout, prick, penis /Altaic [ss]

*ĉiĉi- 1 to prick 2 prick, thorn, sprout /Mongolian [ss]

ĉiĉigina 'herb root' /Middle Mongolian; ĉiĉi- 1, ĉiĉu":r 2 /Khalkha; ĉiĉ@- 1, ĉiĉu":r, ĉiĉe|:sn. 2 /Kalmuck; ĉiĉi- 1 /Dagur [ss]

*ĉiĉ 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot) /Tungus [ss]

ĉoĉo 1 /Manzhu; ĉi.ĉi.qo 2 /Nanai; ĉi.ĉu. 1,2 /Ulcha; tu.tu. 1 /Orok [ss]

*ĉa:>ĉi penis /Korean [ss]

ĉa:z^|i (orth. ĉa:>ĉi), ĉot (orth. ĉoĉ) /Modern Korean [ss]

Turkic

çiçeñ to the point, right; çiçeñ atïghcï good marksman; çiçeñ çooxtandï s/he spoke to the point, hit the mark /Khakas [kl]

Japanese

chōjō mountain top, summit, peak

Caucasian

*c.o>c.V ( ~ c._) tip, spout /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.uc.- ( ~ -o-) spout (of a tea-pot, jar) /Nakh [ss]

c.uzam /Chechen [ss]

*c.oc.(a) 1. spout (of a tea-pot) 2. clitoris; ring-stone /Lezghian [ss]

c.uc. /Lezghi; c.yc. 2 /Kryz [ss]

Muskogean/Eastern

chiichi penis Usage: Euphemism, nursery word /Alabama [tm]

Sardu/Sardinian

cùccuru "peak (of a mountain)" [slc]

A pre-Roman word [slc]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

čuč sprout, tendril, baby plant; little finger /Baluchi [mab]

zakar (B,G,L,U) coarse, rough, harsh; zakar-tu to be rough, become rude, become gruff /Basque
zigor punishment, whip (LN); zigor-tu (C) to punish /Basque

szigor severity, sternness /Hungarian

Sino-Tibetan

*s/ikw| severe, violent /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "be solemn; eager, fast" [ss]
su 4 Modern (Beijing) < sju"k Middle Chinese < sikw| Old Chinese

s/ugs power, energy. /Tibetan
(?) z^|a?2 be hard, solid, (H) az^|a forcibly. /Kachin
sok violently, hard, with force, roughly. /Lushei [ss]

Dravidian

sa~_ku to educate, foster (Telugu)(DEDR 2427). [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

s'iks. learn; s'iks.an.a act of learning; in cmpd. teaching; s'iks.a_ punishment (Sanskrit) [sk]

sikha learning (Sindhi_); sikkh advice (Punja_bi_); si_kh (Kumauni_); dekha-siki imitation (Nepa_li); sikha advice, instruction (Old Awadhi_); si_kh (Hindi_); si_kha advice (Old Gujara_ti_); si_kh punishment (Gujara_ti_); hik study (Sinhalese) [sk]

Quechua

siqullu // seqollo whip [q2]

sare net /Basque

Uralic

*s'eNke, *s'eke woven/FU; from woven hair "ször"; *s'äGre hair/FU

szűr to filter, sieve; szűr-ő filter, sieve; szöv woven /Hungarian

Sumerian

sa_ sinew, cord, net; siki, sigi hair

Sino-Tibetan

*?i:z|_ur- to strain, filter, sift /North Caucasian [ss]

*?o:c.- / *?e:bc.- 1 to milk 2 to pull; to sip, to smoke /Nakh [ss]

o:z-a /Chechen; oz-a /Ingush; oc.-ar /Batsbi [ss]

see Hungarian húz "to pull, draw"

*Hirc.:V- / *c.:u(r)- 1 to settle (of liquids) 2 to strain, filter,press /Andian [ss]

c.:u- 2 /Avar; c.:ur-d- 2 /Andi; hec:- 1 /Tindi; erc.:- 1 /Karata; c:ur- 2 /Godoberi [ss]

The verbal root is the basis for nominal derivate :-

*c.:urV > Avar c.:ura/ 'filter'. [ss]

*=ic- ( ~ -y-) 1 to press out, squeeze out 2 to be squeezed /Tsezian [ss]

cec- 1 /Tsezi; cec- 1 /Khvarshi; =ic- 2 /Bezhita

lic.i-n to settle (of liquid) /Lak [ss]

*=erzVr- ( / =urz-) to sift /Dargwa [ss]

=erz- / =urz- /Chiragh [ss]

*(?i)c.:ur- to suck; to strain, filter /Lezghian [ss]

c.ur-bos 1 /Archi; c:oro 2 /Udi [ss]

*[s/]u:r (~-o:-) strain, squeeze /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

bz/ur to strain, filter. /Tibetan
so:r , KC *so:r to wring, to squeeze /Lushei [ss]

*sur squeeze /Kiranti [ss]

su"r- press (as wood into basket), squeeze /Thulung
soma: (sora:) to knead /Limbu [ss]

Altaic/Tungus

širimbi to strain, to press out /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

sa_ran.ige a sieve, a strainer (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

chahr 'sieve, strainer, filter'
chahrnib 'strainer, sifter'

sarri (B,G,L,U) often, frequently /Basque

sűrű thick, dense; sűrű-en often, frequently; thickly, densely /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian sűrű is related to ? sürög- "bustle", "be on the move", etc. which is related to ? serít- "turn", "twist". [Chong]

Sumerian

sír (n.) density; (adj.) dense; weak, feverish [jh]

Altaic/Tungus

jira dense, without intervals; jiramin thick /Manchu [as]

szor-oz to multiply /Hungarian
-szor, -szer, -ször these suffixes form numerals of multiplication /Hungarian

Sumerian

šár, sár (v.) to be many; to multiply; to make abundant etc.(adj.) numerous; innumerable [jh]

Altaic/Tungus

asuru very, exceedingly, a lot /Manchu [as]

sator (C); satsuri (archaic) mole /Basque
[The archaic form 'satsuri' is derived from 'sagu' + 'zuri' (that is, 'mouse' + 'white')]

Uralic

*wen'c'e together, join/Uralic

össze join, together; össze-túr to root; turn upside down; to dig up; túr dig up; tör break; szét-szór to scatter, to strew; to throw about /Hungarian

Sumerian

sá compare, equate; sed link, join, couple; šar totallity, everywhere
dun, du24, tu10 to dig, scrape; tar cut, break, destroy

Altaic

c'igle woven sticks /Turk
tar cut, break /Turkish

Dravidian

ataruk to burst, crack, break out /Dravidian

ta_r.- to dig (Gondi); t(r)avvu to dig, excavate (Telugu); r.av- to excavate earth (Pengo); ta_r.a to dig out, excavate, scratch out (Kui) (DEDR 3122) [sk]

turappan a bandicoot rat; turavu burrowing, mine, hole; tura hole, burrow (Malayalam); turu soil dug out in a heap by rats (Parji); tr-uk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth with snout (Kond.a)(DEDR 3339).[sk]

ter- to uproot a tree (Gondi); ter-- (teRt-) to pluck out (Kond.a); ter- to extract (teeth), pluck (feathers); tarra_na_ to root up; tarr- to dig up; tar- to uproot, weed; teh- to pull out (plant from ground); tahka_na_ to uproot; te'k- to pull out (e.g. hair), pluck (feathers); tahk- to pull out (hair); tah- to pick (fruit)(Gondi)(DEDR 3442) [sk]

sein-du (B) to become senile; to become childlike /Basque
sendo (C) (adj.) strong, robust, sturdy, vigorous /Basque

Uralic

esendõ weak, fragile /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

sind make ill /Old Egyptian [cgj]
šnw illness, disease /Old Egyptian [cgj]

snht strengthen, make strong /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Indo-European

*suento-, *sunto- vigorous, vivacious, healthy /PIE [pok: 1048]

Celtic

sunnd, sunnt good humour, cheerfulness /Gaelic, sonntach merry, sonnda bold, súntaidh active /Irish, suntich, sonnda, bold, súntaidh, active, suntich, spirited /Early Irish: *sondeto-, English sound? [from mcb]

Italic

sanare to heal; sanatio healing; sanitas health; sanus healthy /Latin
sanar to heal; sano healthy /Spanish

solas talk, conversation; solas-garri (C) discussible /Basque

Uralic

*sawe word/Ugrian

szó word; szól to speak; szol-ás speech; szol-ít to call, speak /Hungarian
szol-gál to serve; szol-gál-at service, duty; szol-gál-ati official /Hungarian

Sumerian

sa_4 to name, to call

Sino-Tibetan

*sil/ voice, sound /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

gsil to toll, sound, ring. /Tibetan
nin|sen3, nsen3 the voice. /Kachin [ss]

Altaic

Turkic

*sab word /AncTurkic

∫iwe accent, dialect, talk /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

solimbi to call guests, to propose a position /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

*sol- to speak [ss] /Dravidian [ss]

celluka, colluka (colli-, conn-) to say, declare, order; collikka to cause to say, declare, order; collikka to cause to say, repeat, read /Malayalam; col (colv-/colluv-, colli-) to say, speak, tell, mention, utter, express, recite, repeat, relate, quote, dictate, command, advise, inform, praise; n. word, term, saying, speech, proverb, maxim, declaration, promise, assurance, praise, incantation, curse, command, advice, part of speech; colavu saying, telling, proverb/Tamil; col word, command, advice, praise, fame /Malayalam; col command (Kota); sol, sollu to say, speak, tell; n. a word; sollisu to say, speak, tell; cause oneself to be said, be said, cause to speak, have said or told /Kannad.a; colli name (in songs)(Kod.agu); jo_l-, jo_linai to speak; jo_lali to answer; jo~_lki aiyali to discuss, talk; jolpu speech /Kuwi [sk]

Indo-European

Albanian

ze' / zã sound, voice /Albanian [bd]

Slavic

sluga man-servant; menial; attendant; domestic /Serbo-Croatian
sluha servant /Slovak

Etruscan

zil, zilc, zilci, zilx, zilath magistrate, official, praetor
zileteraia rules of servitude

soro (C) field, cultivated land /Basque
[lt] and [mo] point out that Basque soro derives from Latin solum "ground, soil"

Uralic

sor row, line /Hungarian and some derivatives include

sor-a-koz-ik to align, line up; sor-fal line; sor-rend order, sequence /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian sor is possibly related to serít- "turn", "twist" which is possibly related to szer "apparatus", etc. which is of FU origin.

*seere method, tool (Proto FU) [Chong]

Sumerian

si to be in order, straight /Sumerian

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sir hair, line, stripe /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

also see Hungarian szőr, szőr-szál 'hair, bristle'

Semitic

*śūr wall /Nortwest Semitic; śurậta line, row /Aramaic [ahd]

Altaic

sir-at a row /Baskir; syra row, order /Turk Osm

Dravidian

ca_l furrow in ploughing, track of a sower while passing and repassing in sowing (Tamil); furrow, channel, track, line, direction (Malayalam); ca_ri row, series, side; ca_lai street, avenue, road (Tamil.); ca.l furrow (Kota); so.l id. (Toda); sa_l a continuous line, a furrow (Kannad.a); ca.lli line, furrow, one complete ploughing of a field, people related in any way by descent (Kod.agu); sa_lu furrow made by plough (Gadba); line, row, furrow (Tulu); ca_lu id.,groove, track; ca_lupu line, row, series (Telugu); a_l furrow (Gondi); sa_l id. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2471). [sk]

(1) Indo-European

xir furrow, one ploughing /Assamese; siraur, siror, sira_ur furrow; sira_urke dharal to plough /Biha_ri_; sira_ur furrow /Maithili_; sa_r, sa_ri, sa_ir row, series /Bengali; sa_ri row, line, tier /Or.iya_; saira belonging to a plough /Sanskrit [sk]

(2) Indo-European

*ser-2 to line up /Proto Indo-European [ahd]

[ahd] tentatively suggests that this might be the origin of Latin sĕra, -ae "a bar, bolt" [See Hungarian zár "a bolt, bar, lock"]

Italic

serere to arrange, attach, join (in speech), discuss /Latin [ahd]

Germanic

English words like "series, sertularian; assert, desert3, dissertate, exert, exsert, insert derive from Latin serere according to [ahd]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

tzor 'line, procession, row'
tzori 'place in straight lines, from a procession of, stack or plant in rows' (cl.1)

sugo snake /Basque

sikló grass-snake; síkl- slither /Hungarian

suma smell; sense of smell /Basque

Uralic

szimat to scent, to sniff /Hungarian

Altaic

*suma nose, part of nose /Altaic [ss]

*sum- ~ *sym- nose /Turkic [ss]

súmza /Chuvash [ss]

*samsag|a wing of nose /Mongol [ss]

samsag|a /Written Mongolian [ss]
samsa: /Khalkha [ss]

*son|gi- 1 nose 2 tip of nose 3 nose ring /Tungus [ss]

son|gix|a, son|gin, sun|gin 2, 3 /Manzhu; son|gi 1 /Zhurzhen [ss]

Indo-European

Celtic

samh the smell of the air in a close room, ill odour /Gaelic [mcb]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

sam-upa-ghrA, sam-A-ghrA to smell at, kiss; s'im.ha_n.a, sim.ha_n.a mucus /Sanskrit [sk]

talde (C) group, legion /Basque

Uralic

tol-ni to move, push, shove /Hungarian
tol-ong to push, shove; tol-ong-ás pushing crowd, press, throng /Hungarian

talicska, taliga (wheel) barrow /Hungarian

Sumerian

du7 to but, gore, toss,etc; -ag make,do suffix > ong

Sino-Tibetan

*dho:>[l] ( ~ -u>-) push /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "push, push away" [ss]
tui Modern (Beijing) < thoj Middle Chinese < thu:j Old Chinese [ss]

twanh to shove, push, impel. /Burmese; (H) don to reach forth. /Kachin; ta/l to take away or off as pot off the fire; to dismiss (from presence), to discharge (from service), to send away /Lepcha [ss]

Altaic

*t`o:lV to prop, push /Altaic [ss]

*Tul- to push, collide /Turkic
*tula- to prop, lean on; to hit, fight /Mongolian
*to:lga- 1 to stop 2 to collide /Tungus [ss]

Yukaghir [emas]

t'ulha- push

Dravidian

*tal.- to push off, remove /Dravidian [ss]

tel.ikka to drive cattle with shouts /Malayalam; tal.l.u (tal.l.i-) to be lost, to fail (Kur-al.,290); to stagger, reel, stumble (Tiv. Periya_r... 2,10,6); to push, force forward, shove away, expel; to reject, disapprove (Tiruva_lava_. 57,22); to neglect (Tan.ikaippu. Kal.avu. 499); to press down (Kampara_. Ula_vi. 4); to turn over, turn back as the leaves of a book; to pass as one's days; to dismiss; be removed, be lost, fail; to incite, stimulate (Kampara_. Campa_. 54); n. pushing, rejecting /Tamil; tal.l.uka to push, thrust, reject, cast off; tal.l.al pushing, rejection /Malayalam; tal.- (tayl.-) to push, outcaste (Kota); tol.- (tol.y-) to push /Toda; tal.l.u thrust, push /Malayalam; tal.l.u to push, shove away, thrust, drive, throw, reject, dismiss, heave; n. pushing etc. /Kannad.a; talluni, tal.l.uni to push in, press through /Tulu; tala~gu (allomorph tala-), talgu, talu~gu to be lost or removed; remove; way to be cleared of crowds /Telugu tal.l.u to be removed /Kannad.a; tal. id. (Ta.Tinn.); tal.l.uka id. /Malayalam; tal.l.i-vai-ttal to remove a little further off, shift; tal.l.u-p-pul.l.u scuffle; pushing and pulling; tal.l.u-mul.l.u id.; tal.l.u-mel.l.u id.; tal.l.ur-u-tal to be rejected, removed; to be in distress (Kampara_. Ma_ya_ci_. 94)(Tamil lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

taljige peasant cart; vehicle, one horse carriage /Serbo-Croatian
tlačenica jostle /Slovak

Anatolian

*tu:liya- `assembly' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

telank (n.) push, shove /Baluchi [mab]
telank d∂y∂g to push, shove, drive; telank v∂r∂g to be pushed, shoved /Baluchi [mab]

taR-w-telank (n.) shove-and-push: jostling, shoving and pushing /Baluchi [mab]
taR-w-telank d∂y∂g to jostle, shove and push /Baluchi [mab]
taR-w-telank v∂r∂g to be jostled, be shoved and pushed /Baluchi [mab]

tálan a push. {Tálan deagh, to push} /N. Baluchi [mld]
telán a push, shove. Si. thelho /N. Baluchi [mld]

IndoAryan

t.al move aside /Sanskrit; t.alati is disturbed (Dha_tup.); caus. t.a_layati /Sanskrit [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

tiiłi to push gently with the elbow or shoulder, nudge /Alabama [tm]

Usage: Older word [tm]

arte, tarte (is a secondary form) interval, intermission, break,gap,distance, space /Basque

Uralic

tör-és a break; tör to break /Hungarian
tér-köz a gap in space /Hungarian

Sumerian

tar break,cut, destroy

Altaic

tar-uk cut,break /Turkish

Dravidian

ataruk break /Dravidian

ter- to uproot a tree /Gondi; ter-- (teRt-) to pluck out /Kond.a; ter- to extract (teeth), pluck (feathers); tarra_na_ to root up; tarr- to dig up; tar- to uproot, weed /Gondi [sk]

trufa (L,LN,Z,U) tease /Basque

tréfa fun, joke, game /Hungarian (from Italian )

tutu (C) horn; tube, roll, pipe, duct /Basque

Uralic

duda bagpipe(s); horn /Hungarian (onomatopoetic)

Sumerian

di-di to play (an instrument) [jh]
ğiš-gù-di a loud musical instrument [jh]

Altaic

duduk whistle, pipe, flute /Turkish

Dravidian

tuttari a bugle-horn (Kampara_. Kan:kaip. 30)(Tamil); tuta_ra (Telugu); tuttari-k-kompu a kind of bugle-horn (Ci_vaka. 434, Urai.); tutta_ri long, straight pipe (Tamil,Kannad.a,Malayalam); tuta_ra (Telugu); tutti bass-pipe (Tamil); titti (Kannad.a)' turutti bellows (Akana_. 224)(Tamil); id. (Malayalam); < dr.ti (Skt.); skin, leather (Skt.)(Tamil.lex.) tutu_ri, tutta_ri, tuttu_ri a long trumpet (Kannad.a); titti a leather bag; a bag in general (Kannad.a,Telugu)(Ka.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

dùdach a trumpet, Middle Gaelic doytichy, Irish dúdóg: onomatopoetic. [mcb]
Cf. English toot

Slavic

dude bag-pipe /Serbo-Croatian [md]

txar (C) bad /Basque

acsar-kod to hold a grudge /Hungarian
zsar-nok despot, tyrant /Hungarian

Sumerian

šar driven out, pursued??

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 118 #> [oi4]

Cushitic

d/1ur- dirt /Proto East Cushitic

c#'ure?'e dirt /Burji; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Oromo; j'ur- bad /Konso; t'ur- bad, dirty /Sidamo; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Hadiyya; t'er- bad /Yaaku; c#'uul?'- choke /Burji

Omotic

c#'ullut choke /Koyra (=Kore?)

Altaic

*i_u:/c^`e bad, anger /Altaic [ss]

*o":c^ revenge, anger /Turkic [ss]

o"c^ Old Turkic
o":c^ Turkmen
v@w|z^|@w| Chuvash
o"s Yakut [ss]

*o"c^e to take revenge, be inimical /Mongolian [ss]

o"c^eldu"- (MA) Middle Mongolian [ss]

*(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn /Tungus [ss]

u.c^an|kat- 1 /Even [ss]
uc^in- 2 /Evenki [ss]

*a\c^hj@/t- to hate /Korean [ss]

a\c^hj@/t- Middle Korean [ss]

*u/tu/a- alienated, discontent /Japanese [ss]

u/two/- Old Japanese [ss]
uto/- Tokyo [ss]

Austric

ati /Rapanui [anon]

1. to take revenge; ati ki... to take revenge against (someone), ati i... to avenge (someone). He ati te kopeka o te îka ki te to'a The avenger of the victim takes revenge against the assassin.

2. to get even, to pay back. Te tagata nei ina kai pu'a mai te rima, e ati ró au ana haga ki a au mo te haga. This man did not give me hand, I'll get even when he needs me for some work.

3. (arch.) he ati, he ora to serve and live. Said of persons who took refuge from their enemies with another clan and earned their lives by serving them well.

taua, utu revenge /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Tamil); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Malayalam); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Kannad.a); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Telugu)(DEDR 435). [sk]

etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Tamil); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Malayalam); edyr enemy (Kota); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (Toda); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Kannad.a); edike in front (Kod.agu); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tulu); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Telugu); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795). [sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

utál to hate, abhor, detest, despise /Hungarian

Uralic

According to one source, Hungarian utál is derived from a FU root.

? aa¥@t- spew, spit, vomit (Obdorsk Khanty, Upper Demjanka Khanty, KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); åjt- id. (Middle Konda Man's'i, Nether Konda Man's'i) / aajtaxt- id. (Sosva Man's'i - -axt is a suffix) [Chong]

According to another source, -ál in the Hungarian might be a suffix of repetition and the etymology is uncertain. [see Chong]

In other words we don't have a clue.

Austric

eete, disgusting, ugly /Rapanui [anon]

Often used jocularly to refer to persons: tou eete era, that fellow. Ku eete á tooku manava. I am revolted by (mo...), I am disgusted at (ki...). [anon]

Dravidian

u_t.u (u_t.i-) to sulk, show displeasure; u_t.al sulking; ut.al (ut.alv-, ut.an-r--) to be enraged, quarrel, fight; ut.ar-u (ut.ar-i-) to be enraged at; ut.ar-r-u (ut.ar-r-i-) to provoke, infuriate (Tamil) [sk]

at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]

Etruscan

hate, hathe "hateful, hostile" [az96]
hatu, hatrunia (fem.) "hateful, angry, sullen" [az96]

Indo-European

Anatolian

Hittite

i-da-lu noun; accusative singular neuter of <idālu> evil, harm /Hittite [ho]

Luvian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

Greek

*odussomai "I hate" [ep: 448]
*odussos "irritated, irritable" [ep: 448]

Italic

ōdī , ōdisse , ōsūrus (fut. part.) to hate, detest, dislike /Latin

Said to be a "defective" verb.
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain [ep: 448]

odio /Italian; odio /Spanish; odieux /French < ŏdĭum -i (n.) hatred /Latin

Latin origin is unknown/uncertain according to [ep: 448] who suggests that ōdī and ŏdĭum might perhaps be akin to Latin odor "a smell".

External parallels are ignored, as so often happens in Indo-European studies.

Germanic

atol hateful /Old English

[az96] compares Modern English hate with the Etruscan.

Here is what [ep: 280] says

English 'to hate' is from Middle English haten, earlier hatien, derives from Old English hatian, intimately akin to the Old English (n.) hete.

odious /English < French < Latin [ep: 448]

Armenian

ahtel- /Armenian- Dorosmai [Chong]

txarantxa cutlass /Basque

Uralic

trancsír-oz to carve /Hungarian

Altaic

*ĉ`ālu to cut /Altaic [ss]

*tūrū(n)kī sword /Japanese [ss]

tūrūgjī, tūrūkjī /Old Japanese; tsurugi/ /Tokyo [ss]

Dravidian

t(r)encu to snap, break, tear, cut, divide, sever (as a thread or string etc) /Telugu [sk]

txirula (LN,U) and xirula small Basque end-blown flute /Basque

Caucasian

c.ur@la 'neck of zourna (flute)' < Proto Lezghian (Caucasian) *c.:urVl(a) (this noun originally meant 'filter, sieve', as seen from external evidence). [ss]

see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"

Uralic

? furulya flute, pipe /Hungarian
? pilli flute /Vaddja [fv]

Dravidian

pirur.i flute /Kond.a; piror.i id. /Kui; pi_ru_ri, pi_rud.i, pi_rur.i id. /Kuwi; pe~_o_e_ id., pipe, whistle (Kur.ux) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

frula (reed-) pipe; flute /Serbo-Croatian [md]

Indo-Iranian

pirilli_ a kind of musical instrument /Prakrit [sk]

txori-toki (bird) cage{Basque 'txori' means 'bird'} /Basque

Uralic

*s'or3(-) /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]

soˆ_rt a narrow strip of land (Kazym Khanty) / s¿rt = id. (Obdorsk Khanty) / s'ur: ma-s'ur forested part of territory, especially between two rivers (Udora Komi - mu = "earth", "land") / sori valley (Northern Man's'i) [Chong]

szor-ít, szor-ul to tighten, to narrow, to stop up; szorul-t-ság need /Hungarian
szor-ít to oppress, press; szor-os mountain pass /Hungarian
szorong-ni to be crammed, huddled together; szorongat to press /Hungarian

*shorva dry /Uralic [ryan]

soar've dead, dry pine-tree (Pinus excelsa) /Lappish; šur /Man's'i [Chong]

sorv-ad atrophy, be consumed, decay, decline, languish, pine away, waste away /Hungarian

*s'are- dry /F.U.

szár-ad to dry < szár-az dry, hard, barren /Hungarian

Sumerian

ša_ dry up; sahar dust,sand

Sino-Tibetan

*[s/]u:r (~-o:-) strain, squeeze /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

bz/ur to strain, filter. /Tibetan
so:r , KC *so:r to wring, to squeeze /Lushei [ss]

*sur squeeze /Kiranti [ss]

su"r- press (as wood into basket), squeeze /Thulung
soma: (sora:) to knead /Limbu [ss]

see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

šri stop up, close /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

s.rr to be(come) narrow, restricted, distressed, to bind, tie /Central Semitic [ahd]

Altaic

Turkic

*asra >asa-ga drought /Anc-Turkic

çirt-mek 1. to pinch, to tweak 2. to cut, incise /Turkmen [glnp]
çürel-mek to taper /Turkmen [glnp]
çürü∫-mek to wither, shrivel, shrink /Turkmen [glnp]
sarykmak to dry /Turkmen [glnp]

zor 1. strong 2. force, forceful /Turkmen [glnp]
zorlamak to compell, to force /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

[tori bird /Japanese]

Dravidian

curul. (curul.v-, curun.t.-) to shrivel, shrink (as leaf), droop (as from heat, hunger), be reduced to severe straits; curi (-v-, -nt-) to wrinkle; (-pp-, -tt-) to get dried, contract, shrink, wrinkle; draw in (as tortoise its head)(Tamil); curun.n.uka to shrivel, shrink, be contracted, wrinkled, decrease; curukkam contraction, shortness; curukku sliding string, noose; curukkuka to contract, furl (sails), wrap, fold, reduce, shorten; cu_l.uka to shrink, contract; cu_l.al shrinking (Malayalam); curg- (curgy-) to stint oneself to support family; curk- (curky-) to make small, draw up (legs, fingers), shrink; cug- (cugy-) to be creased; cort.y state of a hoe being worn short by much use (Kota); soragu to wither, grow dry or sapless, sink away, grow lean; sorat.u state of being contracted, shrivelled, as a leaf; surul. to contract, shrivel, shrink, fear; surut.u, surun.t.u to become shrivelled or contracted; surul.cu to cause to contract, etc.; cirn.t.elu shrunken (Kannad.a); surun.t.uni, surut.uni, sirn.t.uni, sirnduni to shrivel, contract, shrink; surn.t.u, surut.u contraction, shrivelling; surugu sinking, sliding; jurun:guni to hesitate, be reluctant; suru~gu to disappear, flee, shrink, fade; srukku to shrink, fade, become weak; sorugu a dead or dry leaf (Telugu); curk- to shrivel, (cheeks) sink in; curkip- (curkit-) to make to shrivel (Parji); su_r dry pulled stalks of san-hemp (Gondi) [sk]

Etruscan

śeru to stiffen, stand, stop [az96]
zar to make rigid, hard [az96]
zar-, śar, śer- rigid, stiff, solid [az96]
zarve rigid > sterile [ag 79]

Indo-European

Celtic

sàr oppression, sàraich, oppress /Gaelic, sáruighim /Irish, Old Irish sáraigim, violo, contemno sár,, outrage, contempt Welsh sarhäed contumelia: *sâro-n, *spâro-n, root sper, kick, spurn; Latin sperno; English spurn; Lithuanian spìrti, kick; Sanskrit sphur, jerk (Stokes). [from mcb]

Armenian

sor mountain pass, pit; tsortsor defile, mountain pass (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

zarurat necessity; zaruri necessary /Pashto [tr]

Muskogean/Eastern

solotka to be dry, dried, dried up, shriveled up, shrunken, wilted (as an old plant), skinny, wizened (of one); for there to be a drought {/solot-ka1} /Alabama [tm]

solotli to dry (solotchi, solothili, solothachi) {/solot-li} /Alabama [tm]

Quechua

saruna to step on [q1]

Iridescence

Purple, violet, blue, crimson, red, blood; dawn, shine

ubel-du to turn purple; ubel blue, livid, purple (C) /Basque

ibolya violet /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian origin or source?

{Hungarian /ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}

Indo-European (??)

Classical Greek [lsj1]

peli^-os, a, on

prop. of parts of the body, discoloured by extravasated blood, black and blue, livid

Germanic

blue /English; blau /German

Romance

bleu /French

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

piroza a turquoise, a kind of blue gem; bihroj, bihroja crystal of a transparent blue colour, and of little value; Indian frankincense; bihroz, bihroza a species of blue crystal; Indian frankincense. /Persian [fjs]

bíbor purple /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian bibor is thought to derive from búb "crown of the head"; "crest" (of a bird)) [Chong]

Sumerian

babbar (2) bright; white; the rising sun [jh, Chong]
bar 6,7 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) adj., white [jh]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

pwrpwr N pwrpwr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr purple

LS2 605

LS2 v: puwrpuwrA)

pwrpyr N pwrpr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian purple

pyrprwn N /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr purple

LS2 605

Indo-European

Greek

Mycenaean Greek

po-pu-re-ia 'purple'

[I saw this quoted somewhere, but can't find the reference]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

porphur-eos

(I) in Homer we have

1. of the sea, heaving, surging; 2. of blood, gushing; 3. of the rainbow

(II) and then we have "purple, bright-red, rosy"

1. purple, of stuff, cloths, etc., 2. of human complexion, bright-red, rosy, flushing; 3. purple-clad, in purple; 4. neut. pl. porphura purple colour or purple spots 5. porphuroun (sc. anthos), to, Woodfordia floribunda (an Indian shrub), 6. Adv. -ôs, stuphein mordant for purple

The colour which the ancient Greeks extracted drop by excruciating drop from the unfortunate molluscs Murex Trunculus and Purpura Haemastoma are found along the eastern Mediterranean shores near Tyre. This iridescent colour is unforgetable and could not be confused with any other hue. So how does one reconcile Homer's use of porphur-eos in reference to the sea, blood and the rainbow without assuming that the ancients saw colours differently?

Is it possible that porphur-eos instead refers to that bright, shining and reflective iridescence of the Mediterranean sea for which it is so famous. Does it refer to the bright-red, iridescent quality of aerated blood instead of the dark brown of dried blood? Does it refer to the sparkling radiance of a rainbow with its prismatic splitting into lots of iridescent colours?

The origin of porphur-eos is unknown. [te]

Italic

purpura /Latin

Even though Latin purpura is related in form and meaning to the Greek its origin is also unknown. [te]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

firfir purple; a violet /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

barfir purple; the purple shellfish /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Greek.

bor wine /Hungarian
par-ázs coal ember /Hungarian
pír blush, flush, glow; flush of dawn; pir-os red; pir-ul flush, blush; pir-kad-ás dawn, day break /Hungarian
virr-ad to dawn, shine /Hungarian
vör-ös red; vér-es bloody /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bor is thought to derive from Turkic.borlalïx vine-branch; vineyard (Karachai); bor; borluq vineyard (Uigur) [Chong] not from its colour.

Expert source sees Hungarian pír as onomatopoeic [Chong]

pora- flash (Man's'i) // [? parada- burn up (N'en'ec')] [Chong]

palo fire (Finnish) [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian vörös is thought to derive from vér "blood". [Chong] While véres "bloody" is the adjective formed from Hungarian vér "blood".

Sumerian

bar 6,7 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) adj., white [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

peire come forth of light, etc.; proclaim /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

brr to be(come) clear, pure, white /Semitic Root [ahd]

bhr V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,Mand to shine
041 Syr to shine
042 Mand to be illuminated
021 Mand to illuminate
051 Syr to shine
091 Syr to glorify
121 Syr to boast

LS2 61

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983), p. 78 #><Black (1974), #301.05b><Black (1974), #293.11b> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

bur "red" /Dasenech; burrid/a "red" /Elmolo

Altaic

Tungus

bura bara pre-dawn /Manchu [as]
fularila- blush (Manchu) [Chong]

Turkic

parlak bright, shining (Turkish) [Chong]
[? pIrIlda- glitter, glow, shine (Turkish)] [Chong]

*puli ( ~ p`-,-l/-, -o-e) red /Altaic

*hulag|an red /Mongol [ss]

ula:n /Khalkha; ula:n /Buriat; ula:n /Kalmuck; ula:n /Ordos; xulan /Dongxian; felan|, fulan| /Baoan; l/a:n /Shary-Yoghur; fula:n /Monguor; xula:n, hula:n /Dagur [ss]

*pula- red /Tungus [ss]

xula-ma,-rin /Evenki; hu.lan/a: /Even; xolajin /Negidal; u.la:~ /Solon; f@l@g/an, fulg/an /Modern Manchu; fula-gian /Zhurzhen; folg/a":(n) /Nanai; xulaligi /Udighe [ss]

*py\rk- red /Korean [ss]

puk- [pulk] /Modern Korean; py\rk- /Middle Korean [ss]

Austric

whero crimson /Moriori [mor]
whero, kura, waituhi red /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian (?)

*h|irV red /North Caucasian [ss]

The root is almost uniformly prefixless, thus b- in Avar ba?|a/ra-b is probably an innovation. [ss]

*hiri 1 red 2 blood /Avarandian [ss]

ba?|a/ra-b 1 /Avar; hiri 1 /Andi; hiri-da 1 /Akhvakh; e: 2, e?u-b 1 /Chamalal; heri 2 /Tindi; heri 2, heri- 1 /Karata; hiri 2 /Botlikh; hiri 2 /Godoberi [ss]

The Avar form reflects class prefixation; Andian forms are all prefixless. In And. cf. also hir 'copper' ( < *'red copper'). [ss]

*?@r (~?|-,h-) 1 raspberry 2 blackberry /Tsezian [ss]

oj-do 1 /Bezhita; yr (ka~j) 2 /Gunzib [ss]

The root originally meant "red" [ss]

*?iry- (~ *?I-) 1 red 2 blood /Lezghian [ss]

jaru 1 /Lezghi; u"ru 1 /Tabasaran; iref 1 /Agul; irdy 1 /Rutul; iri 1, ira"z^| 2 /Kryz; ird 2 /Budukh [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pular to dawn; pularcci dawning; pularpu, pularvu, pulari dawn; pula_vu to dawn; pur--pull-en-al expr. indicating break of day; pun-n-am-pulari early dawn (Tamil); pularuka to dawn, light to appear; pular dawn; pularcca daybreak; pularttuka to bring to the light (Malayalam); pola- (polav-, poland-) to dawn; polat- (polati-) to spend night until dawn; polace, polaca dawn; pola.ka morning (Kod.agu); pulle, pullya, pullyakela, pullayakole morning, daybreak; early in the morning (Tulu); pulpulre to shine through whiteness (Malt.o)(DEDR 4305). [sk]

par par in- (id--) (country, na.r.) becomes a little light before dawn (Kota); pare to dawn (Kannad.a); para~gu to shine (Telugu); pari inba to dawn, break (dawn); n. early dawn (Kui); parce to shine brightly, be seen clearly (Malt.o)(DEDR 3980). [sk]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

purros flame-coloured, yellowish-red 2. esp. of persons with red hair 3. generally, tawny 4. of more positive colour, red 5. blushing

Albanian

prush embers /Abanian [bd] < *preus- to burn (up) ? /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

Persian bo:r 'bay, reddish', Ossetian bu:r 'yellow' [ss]

bor red; the colour of the pistachio nut; the colour of honey; a bay horse; a pheasant; (= biyar) bring thou; name of a city in Hindustan. /Persian [fjs]

farfus a kind of red pumice-stone applied to wounds /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

piriha dawn /Sindhi_; poh, pau, parah dawn /Lahnda_; parod.h, paror., parod.hiyu~, paror.iyu~ dawn /Gujara_ti_ [sk]

vil- shine,sparkle; vil-ág-ít to shine; vill-an to flash; /Hungarian
vill-og to flash, glitter; vill-ám light-ning /Hungarian

Uralic

walgalta-, wolgalta- dawn, get light; shine; walgõdõ, wolgõdõ bright, light; brightness, light /Mari;
val'k, val't lustrous, resplendant /Udmurt (FU) [Chong]

valgõti (n) dawn /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

piriğ3 light; píriğ bright; bar6,7 shine, bright [jh]

mul star; constellation.planet, to sparkle

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 254 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

balag- sparkle /Oromo
bilig shimmer shine /Somali

Semitic

blg sparkle /Proto Semitic

Chadic

m-bAlA shine /Proto Chadic

bel shine /Angas; mb@l /Margi

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #1.01> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

pirk lightning /Elmolo; bid/d/i lighten /Dasenech; biraqo lightning /Sidamo

Semitic

ba'raq- lightning /Proto Semitic

birq-um lightning /Akkadian; brq lighten /Hebrew; barq-un lightning /Atabic; bar'qaa lightning /Aramaic; brq lighten /Geez; ba''rq lightning /Tigre

Egyptian

ebre_c#e lightning /Coptic Egyptian
b?'q bright (to be) /Old Egyptian

Altaic

Turkic

parlak sunshine, radiance; parlamak to radiate /Turkmen [glnp]

*p`iŭľ star /Altaic [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pular to dawn; pularcci dawning; pularpu, pularvu, pulari dawn; pula_vu to dawn; pur--pull-en-al expr. indicating break of day; pun-n-am-pulari early dawn (Tamil); pularuka to dawn, light to appear; pular dawn; pularcca daybreak; pularttuka to bring to the light (Malayalam); pola- (polav-, poland-) to dawn; polat- (polati-) to spend night until dawn; polace, polaca dawn; pola.ka morning (Kod.agu); pulle, pullya, pullyakela, pullayakole morning, daybreak; early in the morning (Tulu); pulpulre to shine through whiteness (Malt.o)(DEDR 4305). [sk]

par par in- (id--) (country, na.r.) becomes a little light before dawn (Kota); pare to dawn (Kannad.a); para~gu to shine (Telugu); pari inba to dawn, break (dawn); n. early dawn (Kui); parce to shine brightly, be seen clearly (Malt.o)(DEDR 3980). [sk]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

vel., ven. white, shining, bright; vel.i (-pp-, -tt-) to break (as the day), become bright; vel.iccam light, lamp; ven.mai whitness, brightness; vil.an:ku (vil.an:ki-) to shine, become renowned; vil.akku (vil.akki-) to make clear; lamp, light, lustre; vil.ar whiteness; vil.arppu id. (Tamil); vel.i, vel.ivu light; vel.iccam light; vel.ukka to dawn, be bright; vel.l.i silver; vil.akku lamp, light (Malayalam); vel. white; vel.g (vel.gy-) (country) becomes light before dawn (Kota); pol.p whitness (Toda); bel.(u), bel.a, bel.(u)pu, bel.atige, bel.antige, bel.l.age, bil.a, bil.u, bil.i, bil.e, bil.apu, bil.(u)pu whiteness, brightness; bel.a, bel.aku, bel.agu light, lamp; bel.agu to shine, become bright, manifest oneself; bel.l.i silver (Kannad.a); bol.i- (bol.ip-, bol.it-) to become white; bol.aki, bol.ica lamp; bol.i light; bol.ipi whiteness; bol.l.i silver (Kod.agu); bol.u, bolu, bol.un:gar, bolci, bol.l.ar, bol.l.enti white, bright; bolkara whitish; bol.du, boldu brightness (Tulu)[cf. por..utu sun, time, opportunity (Tamil)(DEDR 4559)]; bol.pu light, wick or candle; bol.ya light, white, clear; bol.kiru clearing of the sky; bol.l.i star, silver; bul.aku brightness; bel.agu brightness, splendour; bel.aguni to shine, glitter; bel.aga_vuni to make shine; polish; bil.i white (Tulu); velu~gu to shine, give light; burn, flame; light, splendour; veluka whiteness; velacu to clean; velayu to shine, be renowned; velayincu to render bright; velaru whiteness; veli, velidi white; vella, vellani white; vellana, velli, vellika whiteness; ven.d.i silver; bel.a~ku, bel.uku to shine, gleam, glitter; (inscr.) bel.agu lustre; bolli spotted white (Telugu); velen., velun.(g), velang light (Kolami); vil white; vilg-, vili- to be white; vilid light (Parji); viled white; vind.- to become light, be illuminated (Gadba); vella, wella white (Kuwi); bilcna_ to shine, glitter, sparkle; bilcta'a_na_ to polish, cause to shine or glitter; billi_ light, flame (Kur.ux); bilbilre to shine brilliantly (Malt.o)(DEDR 5496a). [sk]

va_l lustre, splendour, brightness, fame (Tamil); pa.l. spark (?Toda); va_lu to increase, rise, swell, flourish, be splendid, shine (?) (DEDR 5377) [sk]

Etruscan

pulpai, pulpa shining, splendid [az96]
pulum shining, splendid, pulumxva stars, star-count [az96]
fulumxva splendor > famous (man) [az96]
fuluve-, hvuluve, pulumxva, vhulve, vhuluena splendid, shining [az96]

(0) Indo-European

*bherek to shine, glitter < *bhereg- to shine, bright, white /PIE
*bheleg- to shine /PIE [pok: 124-5]

(1) Indo-European

*bhel- white, clear; to shine /PIE [cb]

Celtic

Common Celtic *belo- (white, shining) [cb]

fàir dawn /Gaelic; fáir /Early Irish, gwawr /Welsh [from mcb]
gouere-, morning, gwereleuen, morning-star /Breton [from mcb]

Germanic

Old Norse bбl (fire); Gothic bala (paleness) [cb]

Slavic

Common Slavic *be'lo- (white) [cb]

Paleo-Balkan

balios white /Thracian [cb]

Balto-Slavic

Common Baltic *balo- (white, pale)

Indo-Iranian

bhбla- a shine /Sanskrit [cb]
vilas to gleam, flash, glitter; to shine forth, appear, arise, become visible /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bylbyl∂g to glitter, twinkle /Baluchi [mab]

Slavic

blqsyk brilliance, brilliancy; coruscation; lustre, radiance; luminosity; lucency, lucence; polish; glitter, brightness /Bulgar

cf Hungarian villog, villódzik "sparkles, glitters etc." /b/ > /v/

Quechua

palanina to shine [q1]

ukabil fist; ukarai wrist; uko forearm; ukondo elbow /Basque

Uralic

wklel uo "with fist", "fisted" /Old Hungarian (~ 1300 AD) [gzb1]
öklelve /Modern Hungarian

ököl fist /Hungarian

Hungarian ököl is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

kulyak fist /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

Sumerian

gig elbow, joint ?

Austro-Asiatic

muka a cubit, in contrast to uka the elbow; the number of cubits wanted; to measure in cubits, i.e. to measure by the length of one's forearm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger (Mundari.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

okuka angular bend, curve; bend; winding, curvature, turn; knee /Serbo-Croatian
koleno knee /Slovak

uler-tu (B,U) to understand /Basque

Uralic

ér-t to understand /Hungarian
ér-ez feel, sense /Hungarian

Hungarian ér-ez to feel, to sense; ér-t understand are not specific to hearing as in I.E. languages but are still related to the senses.

Etruscan

aur ear, hearer? [az96]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

ur 'an explaining'

urtah 'see, understand' (cl.3)
urtes 'point out, show, explain, prove' (cl.2a)

usta (B,U) whip, scourge, lash /Basque

os-t-or whip, scourge {[t>s] -t =deriv.suffix} /Hungarian

Uralic

oc'-te-re whip /Ugrian

Sumerian

ùs-an, kušá-si whip [jh]

Indo-European

Slavic

istući to beat (bruise, lick, thrash); pommel, thump; pound; pestle /Serbo-Croatian
oštar sharp, cuting, edged, keen; peaked, pointed; biting, severe, harsh /Serbo-Croatian
ostrý sharp /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

ac'-tra whip /Avestan
açtara whip /Sanskrit

üs to strike, hit /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

aas blow with hand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

is- (-t-) to strike /Kond.a [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

ošinut struck, whipped, rapped, whacked /Serbo-Croatian
ošinuti to strike, hit, whip, scourge /Serbo-Croatian

űz to drive, chase, pursue /Hungarian

Sumerian

ús, úz [UŠ] v., to follow; to drive etc. [jh]

Caucasian

*=Vc.V to drive, urge /North Caucasian [ss]

*=ac.- ( ~ -oc.-) 1 to drive, urge; to swarm (bees) 2 to reach /Andian [ss]

=ac.- 1 /Avar; =ac.- 1 /Chamalal; =ac.- 1 /Tindi [ss]

see also Chamalal =uc.- 'to run away' (*'be driven'). [ss]

*=oc.- B to drive, urge /Tsezian [ss]

=oc.- /Tsezi; =ec.- /Khvarshi; =oc.- /Bezhita; =oc.- /Gunzib [ss]

*?Vc.V to drive, urge; to pour, strew /Lezghian [ss]

q:a=c.- /Budukh [ss]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

ish [-] (inchoative verb) urge /Avestan
iş (işáyati; íşyati; iyéşa, īşús; işitá; íşayitum) send; set in swift motion; impel /Sanskrit

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Corrections and additions by Fred Hámori in red.

Basque Dialects:-)

B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects

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Last updated 25 June 2008