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Euskara Magyar
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
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Coming; going
jarrai-tu
(C) to continue, to follow /BasqueUralic
jár
to come & go, travel /Hungarian {/j/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}Officially, Hungarian jár is 'possibly' of F-U origin
*jorke- travel; walk (Proto FU) [Chong]
gyal-og
on foot, to walk /HungarianWhile Hungarian gyalog is derived from a F-U root
*jalka foot (Proto FU) [Chong]
jalga
on foot /FinnSumerian
gur4
run, gallop; kur 9,4 bring, deliver; ğiri5 run, trot; ğìri foot, feet, way [jh]Altaic
*do:ri to go, walk, approach /Altaic [ss]
*jory- / *ju"ri- 1 to walk 2 to go, travel 3 to visit /Turkic [ss]
jory-, ju"ri- 1 /Old Turkic; ju"ru"- 1 /Turkish; jo"ru"- 1 /Tatar; jeri- 1 /Azeri; jo"re- 1 /Turkmen; syryt- 1 /Yakut [ss]
*du"rbe- to run (in panic) /Mongolian [ss]
durbe- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; du"rve- /Khalkha [ss]
*du:r- 1 to walk, wander (off) 2 to run 3 to leap, gallop /Tungus [ss]
du:je:- 1 /Negidal; z^|ura- 1 /Manzhu; duere- 1, derin- 3 /Ulcha; du:run|u- 3 /Orok; z^|u:re-nz^|id- 1 /Even; du:re:- 1, du:re:n|i- 3 /Evenki [ss]
*d@/r- to approach /Japanese [ss]
jo/r- /Old Japanese; yo\r- /Tokyo [ss]
*gi_a\r/a to walk, step /Altaic [ss]
*gEr/- to walk, walk through /Turkic [ss]
kez- /Old Turkic; gez- /Turkish; ga"z- /Azeri; gez- /Turkmen [ss]
*gar- to go out /Mongolian [ss]
qar- (HI, SH), qor-, qur- (IM), g|a>r- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; gar- /Khalkha; g|ar- /Kalmuck; gar- , gar@- /Dagur; Gari- /Monguor [ss]
*giari- / *gira- 1 to walk 2 to step /Tungus [ss]
gi.ja:n- 2 /Negidal; Garda- 'to run' /Manzhu; Gi.ari- 1, Gi.ran- 2 /Nanai; Ge:^ri.- 1, Gi.ran- 2 /Ulcha; Gi.ran- /Orok; gi.ran|-, gi.rqú.- 2 /Even; gira-kta- 2 /Evenki [ss]
*ka\ti/ walking /Japanese [ss]
ka\ti/ /Old Japanese; ka/chi /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
jol
road /Turkishçör= to go /Khakas. (cf CT *yorï=.) [kl]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*jalγъ
t- to roam (кочевать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN500]jalγą
t- /Chukchee; jalγąt- /Koryak; jalγąt- /Palan; jalγąt- /Alutor [ss]Etorri!
Come! /BasqueUralic
gyere
! come! /HungarianHungarian gyere is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]
{phoneme /gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}
Altaic
dore!
come! /Japanesejin
(L,LN,Z) to come /BasqueUralic
jön
to come; to be coming /HungarianThis one is of F-U origin.
*j8"ng3- (Proto FU?) [Chong]
Sumerian
ğin, ğen
to go, to come [jh]Altaic/Tungus
jimbi to come /Manchu [as]
ju (imperative of jimbi): to come /Manchu [as]
Indo-European/Germanic
gân
êode êodon gegân go, come, walk, advance /Old English [sc1]![]()
kapa
cloak (B,G,U); coarse woolen cloth (L) /BasqueUralic
köpe-nyeg
cloak; kab-át coat /Hungariankappa coat /Finnish
Sumerian
gu
thread,wool, flax; hub type of weaverSino-Tibetan
*?u>p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Burmese: up "to cover"
Kachin: up3 "to cover"
Lushei: up "to cover up, bottle up", KC *up. [ss]
*gju:>p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "to close, shut"
he 2 /Modern (Beijing) < g|лp /Middle Chinese < g@:p /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: skjob (p. (b)skjabs, f. bskjab, i. skjob(s)) to protect, defend, preserve. [ss]
Kachin: gup2 to cover, as with a hat, g@gup2 a hat. [ss]
Lushei: khu:p to cover up (as head), khup (khu?) to close or shut (as book). [ss]
*Ga:p cover /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese character reading " to cover, conceal; a cover (of a car)"
gai 4 /Modern (Beijing) < ka^\j /Middle Chinese < ka:p-s /Old Chinese [ss]
also read as *ga:p, MC g|a^p 'to thatch, to cover' [ss]
Tibetan: bkab to cover, gab to hide, sgab covering; a~gebs (p. bkab, f. dgab; i. khob) to cover, skjibs everything giving shelter from above, khebs covering, a~kheb (p. khebs) cover.
Kachin: m@gap2 to cover. [ss]
Lushei: hup (hu?) cover, put over. [ss]
Lepcha: kap to cover over, to envelop, to wrap round as garment [ss]
Kiranti: *?k@/p (-s) cover [ss]
Thulung: k@p-thatu [ss]
Kaling: 'kwomna" ('kwo|ptu) cover, wear, thatch [ss]
Limbu: khapma?, -khapt-/-khap- (vt.) 1) tuck someone in, cover someone or something with bedclothes 2) thatch (a roof) [ss]
Altaic
*kápa
bark,skin /Altaic [ss]*kápuk/o
/ bark,skin /Turkic [ss]*guba
shell,husk/Altaic [ss]*gub
shell, husk /Tungus [ss]*k[ā]p`a
to cover /Altaic [ss]*Kāp
/Turc*k`òp`e film, covering /Altaic [ss]
*köpe /Turc
*köge /Mongol
*xup- /Tungus
*kóp /Korean [ss]
Turkic
kbe "coat of mail" /Cuman [pbg]
kepe-neg
fleece coat /TurkicJapanese
kabā
a cover (one wears); kabusaru, kabuseru to coverIt was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
Kappa
( ƒJƒbƒp) is gairaigo i‚ª‚¢‚ç‚¢‚², ŠO—ˆŒê, western loan wordjand is originated from Portugese "capa". It was borrowed in 14~16 century and is written in katakana.( not in hiragana or kanji) . Therefore it is not an Altaic word.See reference [jl]
Austric
api, to cover, to cap. /Rapanui [anon]
Ka api toou hakari Cover yourself. [anon]
kapui(a) to cover /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]
*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]
q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]
barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]
*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]
p.arq. /Akusha [ss]
*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]
q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]
also see Hungarian bőr / farkas / fark, farok "skin, hide, leather / wolf / tail etc."
Dravidian
kappu to cover, overspread, cover over (as an arch)(Tamil); kavican-ai wrapper, cover, sheath (Tamil.<Telugu); kappuka, kammuka to cover, overspread (Malayalam); kaviyan wrapper, pillowcase (Malayalam); kavc-to cover with a garment (Kota); kofc- to cover (Toda); kappu to cover, spread, overspread (Kannad.a); kavi to cover, overspread (Kannad.a); kavicu, kavacu, kavucu to put upon (Kannad.a); gavasan.i, gavasan.ike, gavasan.ige a cover, wrapper, case (Kannad.a); gavasan.ige case of a fiddle, etc. (Tulu); gausan.ige a bag, case, cover (Tulu); kappu to cover, overspread, envelope (Telugu); kappud.u a cover or covering (Telugu); gausena, gavisena a cloth case or cover (Telugu); kammu to cover, surround, overspread (Telugu); kapp- to cover, overspread (Parji) [sk]
kapa_yi, kaba_yi, kava_yi a gown reaching to the ankles (Kannad.a); a dress for idols /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) kavva_ < kaba_ (Urdu) long coat, tunic (Tamil Paravar usage)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
cappara, capra a frame thrown over houses to form the roof (Kannad.a,Telugu); cappara a shed (Kannad.a,Malayalam,Telugu); a court-yard (Kannad.a); a thatched or tiled roof (Kannad.a,M.Telugu,Malayalam); a trellis (Kannad.a,Telugu); the canopy of a bedstead (Kannad.a,Telugu,Tamil,Malayalam); cappara-maca a canopied bedstead; nad.a-cappara, nad.e-cappara a litter with a canopy over it (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
skep-aô,= skepô , cover, shelter; skep-as, gen. -aos: to: (skepô):-- covering, shelter; skep-ê, hê,= skepas , covering, shelter, protection II. shelter, protection 2. c. gen., s. pneumatôn shelter from
Italic
capa coat /Spanish; capa /Portugese; capotto /Italian
cap, cape cape /French; cabo, capa /Spanish; cabo /Portugese; capo /Italian
Germanic
kappa coat /Swedish; Kap cape /German
English cape (garment) appears to fit, but here is what [ep: page 76] says about its origin :-
Cap, a simple head-covering, derives via Middle English cappe, from Old English caeppe, cap, cape from Late Latin cappa perhaps from caput head (c. AD 180-600). Latin cappa becomes Old Provençal capa whence late Medieval French-French, hence English cape. Cappa has Medieval Latin variant capa "a long cape", whence Middle English hence English cope with derivative sense 'arch' or 'vault' whence 'coping stone'.
Cappa has dimunitive Vulgar (or Low) Latin *cappella "a short cloak", later a reliquary or a sacred vessel, then a chapel whence Old French-Medieval French, hence Middle English chapele, whence Early Modern French-French chapelle and English chapel. Some believe that the 'chapel' sense derives from the fact that 'it served at first to designate the place where they kept the cape (chape) of St. Martin of Tours - a cape venerated by the first kings of France'. But note that Old French chapele more probably derives from Medieval Latin capella a chapel, whence Medieval Latin capellānus a chaplain. Whatever the Vulgar Latin or the Late Latin form may have been, the Medieval Latin word for 'chapel' is capella not cappella.
If we are guessing about the origin of "chapel", see the Dravidian above.
Slavic
kepa type of outer garment /Russian [rh]
According to [rh], the Muscovites knew an outer garment called the kepa. The term is absent from all the dictionaries used in this work except the Dictionary of Old and Middle Russian, which presents 2 examples from the seventeenth century. [rh] thinks this is probably a Turkic word, for the garments adjective is "Bukhara. " Whatever it was, [rh] surmises that it was made of cotton because kepa seems to be related to a Turkish word for cotton.
dlouhý kabát; kabátek coat; kápé cape /Czech; kaput coat; kep cape /Serb-Croat; kabát coat /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
k∂ba (man's) long outer coat, gown /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
khappa- cover /Sanskrit [sk]
chappara a frame thrown over houses to form the roof; cappara a temporary hut (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
Yuki
k'ipul' sack1, bag [y84]
karranka-tu, kirrinka-tu
to creak /BasqueUralic
csikor-og
to creak /Hungariantšikordoms to creak /Erzya
Altaic/Turkic
gicirti creak; gicirdamak creak, rustle /Turkish
jygyldamak to squeak; jygyldy squeak (i.e. of a mouse) /Turkmen [glnp]
ïghïr-soghïr squeak, creak, crunch; ïghïr-soghïr istîlçe a creaking sound is audible; ïghïra= to creak, to grate; ïghïrat= to let creak, grate; tîsterîn ïghïrat= to grit the teeth; sapogïnañ ïghïratça s/he is creaking with his/her boots; cf Sagay, Koybal ïghrït= /Khakas [kl]
Austro-Asiatic
kharok sound of scraping (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
kar-akar-a to crackle in the mouth (as a crisp cake) /Tamil [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
škrgut gnashing/grinding (of teeth); škrgutati to gnash/grind one's teeth /Serbo-Croatian
kaxa
box, chest, case, trunk /BasqueUralic
kas, kos-ár
basket /HungarianSumerian
gi
su7-su7 a basket (reduplicated 'threshing floor') [jh]Etruscan
cesu "piece, trunk" [az96] < *khwest- [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
ciosan a bread basket, corn-skep /Gaelic; cisean, cis basket /Irish; ceiss /Middle Irish; possibly allied to (if not borrowed from) cista chest, box /Latin [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂Tur basket /Baluchi [mab]
Quechua
qasqu // qasqo // qhasqo // qhasqu // qaaqo chest cavity; thorax [q2]
kemen
force; kemen-du to strengthen (B,G,L,U) /BasqueUralic
*kämä
hard, stiff /F.U.; kim hard /Jukagirkemény
hard, severe, resolute /HungarianSumerian
kan
-kal hard soil; kan 3,5 trouble, worry, afflictionAfro-Asiatic
gmd to become hard, congeal, freeze, contract /Central Semitic [ahd]
jamada to freeze /Arabic [ahd]
Indo-European/Slavic
kamen stone, rock; kameni, kamenit stony, rocky /Serbo-Croatian
Muskogean/Eastern
kamassa to be forceful, strong, solid, powerful /Alabama [tm]
Usage: Old word not used much anymore; speakers differ as to whether this may be used of a person or only animals. [tm]
Yuki
k'im dry2, dry up, dry and hard [y84]
'kem` hard2 [y84]
-keta
1) search; 2) large amount of; 3) activity; 4) season, weather 5) competition /Basque-gat, -get frequentive formative suffix which denotes that the action is continued for an extended period of time with or without interruption. /Hungarian
Uralic
Also c.f. Hungarian suffixes -kod, -ked, -köd; -koz, -kez, -köz which form the so-called reflexive verbs most often from active verbs /Hungarian
These create verbs describing the action of the agent (usually one's self). The reflexive verb is always intransitive and nearly always ends with an -ik suffix (the so-called -ik verbs).
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (??)
*-cit- mutual action (обоюдное действие) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN233]
-cit- /Chukchee; -cit- /Koryak; -cit- /Alutor [ss]
kut-at to search; investigate; explore /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kutat is supposedly onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Altaic
göz
eye {t>z}/TurkChukchee-Kamchatkan
*γi>te>-
"to search (for), seek", "to look" (искать, смотреть) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN526]*γite-
"to look" (смотреть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN395]γitε'-
/Chukchee; γite- /Koryak; γite- /Palan; γita- /Alutor [ss]*in-xt- (~ *-ft-) /Proto Itelmen [ss]
'in-ft- "to search (for), seek" (искать) /Sedank dialect [ss]
'in'-γtyz "quaerere" /West Itelmen [ss]
Etruscan
cath, cathin to grasp, perceive [az96]
cathe shrewd, intelligent, sly [az96]
cathna perception [az96]
cati, cathni, catni examination, perception [az96]
esxath, esxathce to investigate, interrogate, to seek [az96]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
katha how, how much, when; kutha how, when; kuthra where, how /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
kútas from what place? whence? wherefore? why? how? /Sanskrit
kútra where? whither? /Sanskrit
Sumerian
ki
where; kid to open; ki-n look for; kig', kin seekkot-or to scoop; dredge; poke about /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kotor is also thought to be 'possibly' onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
xtr N /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLAGal shovel
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #199> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
gwa"d- till, dig /Bilin; gwoz- plough /Qwara
Cushitic, East
qod- dig /Somali
Egyptian
c#o_o_je (Sah), jo_ji (Boh) cut /Coptic Egyptian
Cognate Set < Newman et al. (1966) , #134> [oi4]
Chadic
huudee to hoe /Hausa
ghud/@ to hoe /Tera
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #4.12> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'ot- dig /Proto East Cushitic
Semitic
q@ta_ya_ q@ta_ta_ pit /Syriac
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 406 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'ot- dig /Proto East Cushitic
k'ot- dig /Burji; qod- /Somali; xut- /Rendille; od- /Boni; ot- cultivate /Bayso; g'ot%z- dig /Dasenech; ot- /Elmolo; k'ot- /Oromo; qot- /Konso; k'os#- /Gidole; qot- /Dullay
Cognate Set <Appleyard (1984) , p. 46 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
g@s#-, g@'s# (?) till, dig /Awngi; gwa"z- till, dig /Kemant; gw@z- till, dig /Xamir; gwa"d- till, dig /Bilin
Altaic/Turkic
gaz-mak to dig /Turkmen [glnp]
Austro-Asiatic
hatr.a hatr.i, hutr.a hutr.i groping; t.amd.ao, hat.rao to grope (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Austric
tuki(a), kutoro(tia), puhaka(ina) root up; kutoro(tia) to grub /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*gaz|a: hoe, mattock /North Caucasian [ss]
*gaza hoe, mattock /Avaroandian [ss]
gaza/ (Avar); gaza (Andi); goza (Chamalal); gaza (Karata); g/aza (Godoberi) [ss]
k:ac:a hoe (for digging graves) /Lak [ss]
*k:ac:a hoe, mattock /Dargwa [ss]
gaza /Akusha [ss]
*k:ac:aj 1 hoe, mattock 2 pick, pickaxe /Lezghian [ss]
k:ac:a 1 (Lezghi); gazu 2 (Tabasaran); gaza (Burk.) 2 (Agul); gaz|aj 2 (Rutul); gazaj 1,2 (Tsakhur); g@z@j 1,2 (Budukh) [ss]
Dravidian
*kot.- to dig; to peck; to break; *kot- to peck /Dravidian [ss]
kutar_u (kutar_i-) to dig up and scatter (Tamil); kodaru to be scattered (Telugu)(DEDR 1704).[sk]
goodar hoe; guddar. spade, hoe; kudar. spade, axe (Gondi); guddali hoe with spade-like blade (Kod.agu); guddali, guddoli, guddol.i a kind of pickaxe; guddolipuni to dig with a pickaxe (Tulu); guddali, guddili, guddela, gudde_li, gudde_lu a hoe; guddalincu to hoe (Telugu); kudal. spade (Naikri.) (DEDR 1722).[sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kat-a^roô, plough up
Anatolian
hattari(ya)- `to hoe' (or sim.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian
kodal a hoe; a ditch, a well /Persian [fjs]
also c.f. Hungarian kút "a well"
khatar, khutar weeding (a garden) /Persian [fjs]
Quechua
qataray to uncover [q2]
Yuki
k'o·t-, k'ot'- scratch1 [y84]
köször-ül to grind, file, scratch /Hungarian
Uralic
*k8"s'3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Altaic
kasuri-kizu scratch; abrasion; graze; kasuru to graze /Japanese
Indo-European/Anatolian
kiša to scratch /Hittite [cb]
kexa-tu
(L.LN,Z,U) complain /BasqueUralic
*kVc'e
bitter /Ugrian; *kän'c'e thin,meager /Ugriankeser-gõ
plaintive; keser-ü bitter; keser-eg to grieve, mourn /HungarianSumerian
kaš
beer ??Altaic
*gusa
bitter, sour /Altaic [ss]*gasi-gun
/Mongol*kesV to suffer /Altaic [ss]
*Keset- to order, threaten /Turkic
*keseg|e- to punish, correct /Mongolian
*kese:- 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture, lacerate 5 sad /Tungus
*kj@\s- to suffer, experience /Korean [ss]
Dravidian
*kas- bitter /Dravidian [ss]
*kas- bitter South Dravidian [ss]
kaya (-pp-, -nt-) to be bitter; abhor, loathe, detest /Tamil; kaikka, kas/akka to be bitter, be disliked /Malayalam; kay, kam.yi, kayi, kayyi, kaypu, kaype bitterness /Kannada; kay- (kayp-, kayc-) to be bitter /Kodagu; kaipe\, kayipe, kaipelu. bitterness; bitter, envious /Tulu [ss]
*kas-/*ce:- raw, unripe (kasu~ga:ya unripe fruit) /Telugu [ss]
*ke:- bitter /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
se:nd /Kolami; ke:p- (ke:t-) "to be sour or bitter" /Parji; ke:mbur, keymbur /Salur [ss]
*kai- to be bitter /Gondwan [ss]
*kaj- /Gondi
*ke- /Pengo-Manda
*ka-mbli, *kac- /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
*qas- to become bitterish, insipid or vapid /North Dravidian [ss]
qase /Malto [ss]
kasa brackish /Tuli; kassa sour /Kuwi; kasa, kasaku, kasaru, kasi, kasu, kasuru astringency /Kannad.a [sk]
kusuri, kusri, kosaru anything given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tulu); kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Telugu; kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332). [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
casaid a complaint, accusation /Gaelic; casoid /Irish; cossóit /Old Irish {The Gaelic is a compound, beginning with con, and seemingly of the same origin as Gaelic faosaid "confession"} //// ceasad a complaint /Gaelic; ceasacht, grumbling /Irish; cesnaighim, complain, ces, sorrow /Middle Irish [see mcb]
Slavic
kiselina acid, sour substance; kiseliš sour liquid (wine) /Serbo-Croatian
kiseliti make sour; kiseo sour, tart /Serbo-Croatian
kyslý sour /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
kşā
ra pungent, saline < kşā burn /SanskritMuskogean/Eastern
kaskaha sour (as a lemon or orange), tart, tangy /Alabama [tm]
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Duality
kide
(C) member,colleague, fellow,associate /BasqueUralic
*-kè(-) meaning "dual" in Proto Uralic; later becomes plural for Hungarian, két two (things)) but also in most Uralic languages for two. [lc]
kettõ
two (a pair, couple); ketten two, the two of us; together /Hungarian*kakte- (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
kydy two /Mator; kavto two /Erzya [fv]
kaksi (Finnish); kät, katn (Khanty); kyk (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Altaic
*ke/t`o (~k`-, g-, -o-,-t-) similar /Altaic [ss]
*ka>\th- to be similar, resemble /Korean [ss]
kat(h)- /Modern Korean; ka>\th-, ka>/t- /Middle Korean
*k@/t@/ resemblance, similarly /Japanese [ss]
koto, RJ -go/to/ku /Old Japanese; -gotoku /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
go∫a two, a pair /Turkmen [glnp]
katmar two together (Kyrgyz - -mar is a suffix); katmär double (Osman) / qatîn repeatedly (Old Turkic) / xat double (Sakha) [Chong]
Tungus
katak companion (-k is a suffix); katlin in tandem (-lin is a suffix) (Ewen) [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
ki- 'two'
Caucasian
*q.Hwa": two /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.i- two /Andian [ss]
k.i-go /Avar; ĉ.e-gu /Andi; k.e-da /Akhvakh; eĉ.i-da /Chamalal; k./e-ja /Tindi; k.e-da /Karata; k.e-da /Botlikh; k./e-ra /Bagvalal; k./e-da /Godoberi [ss]
*q.w|y-nV A two /Tsezian [ss]
q.Iano /Tsezi; q.ono /Ginukh; q.Iw|ene /Khvarshi; q.Iune /Inkhokvari; q.ona /Bezhita; q.anu /Gunzib [ss]
k.i=a two /Lak [ss]
*k.w|i two /Dargwa [ss]
k.e-l /Akusha; ĉ.w|a-l /Chiragh [ss]
*q.Iw|a" two /Lezghian [ss]
q.w|e-d /Lezghi; q.Iu /Tabasaran; q.Iu-d /Agul; q.Iw|ad /Rutul; q.Io-lla" /Tsakhur; q.w|ad /Kryz; q.a-b /Budukh; q.Iw|e /Archi; p:aI /Udi [ss]
k.u two /Khinalug [ss]
*tqI:/w|A two /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
?|w|-ba/ Abkhaz; ?|w|-ba Abaza; t.w|@ Adyghe; t.w|@ Circassian; t.q.w|a Ubykh [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
-que suffix represents the so-called enclitic conjunction "and" /Latin
repeated as -que....-que means 'both....and" /Latin
Committing heresy by including this suffix here for comparison!
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*quli another (другой) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN287]
*quli , *quttą another, the second (другой, второй) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN723]
qul(i), quttą-
/Chukchee; qu*qula /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN292]
qula, Poss. qula(n) another (другой) /Sedank dialect; kalo-tumx (< kola-) vicinus /West Itelmen [ss]
Niger-Congo (?)
xaaj (v.) to divide, separate; xaaji (v.) to divide; xaajo (n.) part,portion /Wollof [pc2]
Plural marker
-ak
suffix expresses the plural of the definite article /BasqueUralic
guolek (plur.) fish /Lapp
"The 2Psg suffix -k of the Lapp conjugation belongs here, too, thus the derivation of -k from the common Finnic form -t is absurd". [Künnap]
halak (plur.) fish /Hungarian
The plural marker -k is the exception rather than the rule in the Uralic family. It apparently only occurs in Hungarian and Lapp. [see Künnap]
(I) Plural of Nouns in Hungarian
(a) Elision
(i) in a few bisyllabic nouns the second vowel is dropped in the plural for example, torony 'tower' -> tornyok 'towers'
(ii) in words ending in the suffix -alom, -elem the second vowel (of the suffix) is dropped in the plural.
(b) Shortening
A few words with a long vowel in the final syllable shorten it in the plural case, e.g. egér 'mouse' -> egerek 'mice'
(II) Adjectives in Hungarian
(a) Front Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -e-
kék 'blue' -> kékek 'blues'
(b) Back Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -a- with a few exceptions.
piros 'red' -> pirosak 'reds'
Some exceptions include nagyok, boldogok etc.
{also see Basque -ok and Hungarian suffix -ék}
Austro-Asiatic/Munda,South
-ki plural suffix /Kharia [mw3]
Iberian (?)
The "primary" suffix -k-, seems to have been a pluralizing suffix. [jrr1]
Dravidian [sva]
In Brahui, the plural can be formed by adding suffixes -k, -âk and -âsk to the singular form.
Etruscan
-cva suffix formed a so-called 'collective adjective' [lb]
Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
-k' plural suffix
duk' -- pronoun; nominative plural of <du> thou -- Ye; nok'a -- pronoun; nominative plural of <na> he, she, it -- they; ordik' -- noun; nominative plural of <ordi> son -- the children; vardzk' -- noun; nominative plural of <vardz> reward -- rewards
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
-ha the plural termination, formerly mostly of things inanimate, as sang "a stone," sang-ha "stones," while the plural of animated beings was generally (not exclusively) formed by -an, as adami "man," pl. adamiyan "men, mankind." In modern Persian, however, the ending -ha has almost entirely superseded -an both for inanimated and animated beings. /Persian
Na-Dene
Athabaskan-Eyak
Dakelh (Carrier) [yd]
-ke suffix is the plural marker for a smaller number of nouns; (this is the usual way of marking the plural of kinship terms)
-ne suffix is the most common plural marker
Algic/Algonquian
Cree [gn]
-(w)ak suffix expresses the plural
e.g. sisip duck; sisipak. ducks
atim dog; atimwak dogs
Ojibwe [ob]
the plural suffix for animate nouns always ends with -g
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Potawatomi [pl1]
the plural suffix of animate nouns always end in -k
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Group marker
-ok
suffix used with articles and nouns to express being part of a group /BasqueUralic
-ék suffix /Hungarian
Hungarian suffix -ék when
1) attached to names of persons and professions denotes somebody's family and corresponds with the English suffix -s;
2) can be added to other words (not only persons) to denote a group
Burushaski
-ek suffix is added to the singular or plural of the word to form the group plural (also called ‘double plural’) [dg]
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kima
(n.) shoot, sprout, bud (on a branch). (B,LN) (n.) mane (of a horse) (G) /Basquegumó tuber, root, bulb, swelling /Hungarian
Uralic
csoma
the nodule of the plague /Hungarian (got into neighboring tongues also)Also see Hungarian csomó knot; heap, pile, bundle
Sumerian
šum
leek, garlic << a bulbous rootAltaic
*ĉ`iam[o] bud, bouquet /Altaic [ss]
*ĉemen 1 bouquet, bundle 2 a k. of grass (used for wrapping feet) /Turkic [ss]
ĉemen 1 /Turkmen [ss]
*ĉomurlag bouquet; bud /Mongolian [ss]
comorlog Khalkha [ss]
*ĉi:me, *ĉi:m-ĉikte 1 bud 2 cone 3 fir needle 4 grain, nut stone, kernel /Tungus [ss]
ĉimĉukte 2,3 /Negidal; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Nanai; ĉimĉikte 1,2 /Ulcha; ĉipĉikte 1,3 /Orok; ĉi:me 4 /Evenki [ss]
Dravidian
*gum- knob, boss; hump /Dravidian [ss]
*gum- knob; hump /South Dravidian [ss]
kumir knob (as of wooden sandals), stud, pommel, hump of an ox /Tamil; kumir.i boss, knob (as of wooden sandals); kuppi ferrule (e.g. on scabbard, horn of ox) /Tamil; kumir. knob, pommel; mushroom /Malayalam; kuppi brass knob on tip of bullock's horn /Malayalam; gubbi knob, protuberance /Kannad.a; kuppu, guppu an abnormal globular excrescence of the body; guba:ru swelling /Kannad.a; gubbi, gubbe\ stud, ornamental knob, button /Tulu [ss]
*gub- knob, boss, stud /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gubaka; Derivatives: Also gubba id., protuberance, woman's breast; guburu protuberance; kuppe knob [ss]
*gom- hump of ox /Gondwan [ss]
koparam hump of bullock /Konda [ss]
*gom-er. hump of ox /Pengo-Manda [ss]
gomon. /Pengo; guper. /Manda [ss]
Notes: Different assimilations in both languages. [ss]
*kop-a hump, cow's hump /Kui-Kuwi
kopa /Kui
Notes: The reasons for such obviously irregular reflexation in all dialects except PPM are a) assimilations (*-m- > -p- through assimilation with *g-) and b) contamination with *kup- 'mound, hillock'. However, such forms as Pengo gomon. clearly point to a different root. There is also a strange Kuwi_Su form gu'u with an unclear glottal stop. Were it possible to trace it back to *gumu (?), the PK reconstruction should have been altered [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kuma, atos, to, (kuô) anything swollen (as if pregnant)
Slavic
gomolj bulb, tuber, knot /Serbo-Croatian
gomb button; knob; gomb-oly-ag ball; skein, reel /Hungarian
gömb ball, orb, sphere; globe; gömb-öly-ű round, spherical /Hungarian
gomb-a mushroom (a hemispherical shape) /Hungarian
gub-ó cocoon; poppy-head /Hungarian (also from gömb) /Hungarian
kampo a crook, bent object; kampós hooked, crooked /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
*gV(m)bVt_- {} *gV(m)bVc^- hump (of an animal) /Protoform [ss]
(?) gips^u 'a deformation of part of the exta' /Akkadian
gbt_t 'morrillo; jiba, chepa' /Ugaritic
ga"b@s 'crook-backed' /Tigre
gumbus 'hunchbacked' (WOL) /East Ethiopia
gumbus (SOD), gumb@s do. [ibid.] (GOG ) /Gurage [ss]
*gab(V)b-, *gVb(b)-an- hump, hunch /protoform [ss]
gibna: 'hump'; gbynh, det. gbynth 'hump, hill' /Judaic Aramaic [ss]
Altaic
*ĉe\m(b)a round /Altaic [ss]
*z^|em- orbed, spheric /Tungus [ss]
z^|en|ge- /Negidal; z^|embeme /Evenki [ss]
*ti/nki/r- to swear /Japanese [ss]
ti/gi/r- /Old Japanese; chigiru /Tokyo [ss]
An expressive and not quite reliable Tung.-Jap. isogloss [ss]
*k`o/mp[e] fungus /Altaic [ss]
*ko"mbe, *ko"mbe-lek mushroom /Turkic [ss]
go"ba"la"k /Azeri; ko"melek /Turkmen; kúw|mba /Chuvash [ss]
*xum(p)- 1 soot 2 to soften 3 smth. rotten 4 softened birch bark 5 rotten birch /Tungus [ss]
umdus-umdus 3 /Negidal; x|omdo (Nkh) 4, xufe-kse (Bik.) 1 /Nanai; xume-sike 1 /Orok; umdu- 2, ubguĉe: 5 /Evenki
*ko:mph- 1 mould 2 to become mouldy /Korean [ss]
kom, komphan| /Modern Korean; ko:mphu/i- /Middle Korean [ss]
*ka/mp(u)i/ mould /Japanese [ss]
ka\bi /Tokyo [ss]
*gébo shell, husk /Altaic [ss]
*Ka.b- /Turc
*gawr-su /Mongol
*gub- /Tungus
*kò`ìi /Korean
*ká(m)pí /Japanese [ss]
*kampo to fold /Altaic [ss]
*kamki- /Mongol
*kamp- /Tungus
*kám- /Korean [ss]
Turkic
kabarik swollen, blistered, puffy /Turkish
güberçek protruding, bulging, convex; gübermek to swell up, inflate /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
*gum- knob, boss; hump /Dravidian [ss]
*gum- knob; hump /South Dravidian [ss]
kumir knob (as of wooden sandals), stud, pommel, hump of an ox /Tamil; kumir.i boss, knob (as of wooden sandals); kuppi ferrule (e.g. on scabbard, horn of ox) /Tamil; kumir. knob, pommel; mushroom /Malayalam; kuppi brass knob on tip of bullock's horn /Malayalam; gubbi knob, protuberance /Kannad.a; kuppu, guppu an abnormal globular excrescence of the body; guba:ru swelling /Kannad.a; gubbi, gubbe\ stud, ornamental knob, button /Tulu [ss]
*gub- knob, boss, stud /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gubaka; Derivatives: Also gubba id., protuberance, woman's breast; guburu protuberance; kuppe knob [ss]
*gom- hump of ox /Gondwan [ss]
koparam hump of bullock /Konda [ss]
*gom-er. hump of ox /Pengo-Manda [ss]
gomon. /Pengo; guper. /Manda [ss]
Notes: Different assimilations in both languages. [ss]
*kop-a hump, cow's hump /Kui-Kuwi
kopa /Kui
Notes: The reasons for such obviously irregular reflexation in all dialects except PPM are a) assimilations (*-m- > -p- through assimilation with *g-) and b) contamination with *kup- 'mound, hillock'. However, such forms as Pengo gomon. clearly point to a different root. There is also a strange Kuwi_Su form gu'u with an unclear glottal stop. Were it possible to trace it back to *gumu (?), the PK reconstruction should have been altered [ss]
a_mpi, ampi common mushroom (Tamil); kumir.. mushroom /Malayalam); an.abe, an.ambe, al.ambe, a_l.ambe mushroom (Kannad.a); la_mbu, na_mbu mushroom, toadstool, fungus (Tulu); alambu, al.ambu mushroom (Tulu); armbi id. (Kor.ux) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kuphos hump, hunch; hubos hump of a camel
kamptô bend, curve; kampê, hê, (kamptô) (I) 1. winding, of a river 2. flexion, bending 3. curved part; (II) turning-post in a racecourse; (III) in Music, turn, sudden change - rounding off of a period; (IV) bend or flexure of a limb; kampsis, eôs, hê, (kamptô) bending; kamp-ullô bend, crook
Italic
cămŭr -a -um
hooked, curved /LatinSlavic
gumb button; stud; knob /Serbo-Croatian
gombík button /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kaba, kuba, kubba a rising, a swelling /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
ks.umpa toadstool, mushroom (RV.Nir.); khum.pa_ cover made of grass to keep off rain (umbrella-shaped?) /Prakrit; khumbhi_ mushroom /Sindhi_; khumbh, khumbi_, khumbhi_ /Lahnda_; khumb, khu~b, khu~bh /Punja_bi_; khu~pr.o large screen for keeping rain off /Gujara_ti_ [sk]
kiña
(B,G) n. stirring up, rousing (someone or something with a stick), agitating /BasqueUralic
gon-osz bad, wicked, evil, vicious /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian gonosz is thought to be of Slavic origin. [Chong]
gúny mockery, mocking, ridicule (< gúnyol- make fun of, mock of, ridicule) /Hungarian [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian gúnyol- might be a descriptive word. [Chong]
kény-szer force, coercion, constraint; kény-úr despot, tyrant /Hungarian
Expert source sees Hungarian kényszer as being derived from the verb kényszerít-. and points out that it is possible kész- "incite", "spur", "urge" is the root of kényszerít-. [Chong]
For example cf. Hungarian késztet "to make or get sb. to do stng". Also see kész "finished", etc. in [Chong]
An alternative explanation by [Chong] would be to view kényszer with kény as an obsolete root (not to be confused with kény "approval", etc.) and szer = "matter", "thing". Thus, in the following etymology:
kényszer compulsion; kényszerû forced (Hungarian)
kana- compel (Nganasan)
kín pain, torture, anguish; kín-oz to torture, pester, to worry, torment, plague /Hungarian
kínlód- to struggle, suffer, be in difficulty /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian kín is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
kan 3,5 apprehension, worry; affliction, trouble; to be troubled [jh]
kíğ, kin (n.) message, order; task, work [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
koŋ (v) to hate, forbid, prohibit /Mandinka [pc1]
Hurrian-Urartian
gun-uše, war, combat; gun-ušini, warrior [ryan]
Sino-Tibetan
*Kon| distress, despond /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be distressed, distress"
qiong 2 /Modern (Beijing) < go"un| /Middle Chinese
< g(h)on| /Old Chinese
ãgon|(s)-ba, (p. bkon|) to despond. /Tibetan [ss]
kjo/n| to be distressed, to be aflicted, difficult, unexplicable, to be bewildering /Lepcha [ss]
*kha:n|H ( ~ gh-, qh-, Gh-) annoy /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "emotion, grief; annoyed"
kang 1 /Modern (Beijing) < kha^n| /Middle Chinese < kha:n| /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: a~khan| to hurt or offend, annoy. [ss]
*Ky:n hate, anger /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "to oppose, be against; to hate, be malign"
hen 3 /Modern (Beijing) < g|Y/n /Middle Chinese < g(h)@:n? /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: khon anger, grudge, resentment, a~khon be dissatisfied. [ss]
Altaic
*kuni ( ~ k`-) to rob, attack, torture /Altaic [ss]
*Kun- to rob, plunder, attack /Turkic [ss]
qun- Old Turkic [ss]
Gunus^- (dial.) Turkmen [ss]
*ko"nu"g|e- to harm, torture /Mongol [ss]
ko"nu"ge- /Written Mongolian; xo"no":- /Khalkha [ss]
*k`iu:/n/a punishment /Altaic [ss]
*Ky:n/ punishment, fine, guilt
qyjn /Old Turkic; Gy:n /Turkmen; x@n /Chuvash [ss]
*kon-z^|i- to win, profit /Mongolian [ss]
qonz^|i-, qon|z^|i-, qoz^|i- /Written Mongolian; xonz^|- /Khalkha; x|onz^|a: 'gain, winning' /Kalmuck; konz^|i- /Dagur [ss]
*xun/i- to envy, become sick of envy /Tungus [ss]
un/i- /Negidal; xun/i- /Nanai; xun/i- /Ulcha; o"n/- /Even; uni- /Evenki [ss]
*ka/na/- sad, sorrowful /Japanese [ss]
ka/na/-si Old Japanese; ka\nashi- Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
kyn difficult; kynçylyk difficulty; kynla∫dyrmak to complicate /Turkmen [glnp]
kynla∫mak to become complicated; kynlyk difficulty /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
kansai n. control
kunō
suffering; distress; affliction; anguish; agonyIt was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
kuno
(‹ê"Y, ‚‚Ì‚¤) is a Chinese loan. [jl]Austric
kino, whara harm; kino hurt; evil bad /Mäori [ng]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qĩ_nhą-
malicious (злобный) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN280]*qi_n[h]a- "malice; enmity, hostility" /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1492]
qen?a- /Chukchee [ss]
*kno- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN285]
kno'an "iratus" /West Itelmen; kani-kix "iratus est" /SIT [ss]
Dravidian
*ken.- to arouse, irritate /Dravidian [ss]
*ken.- to provoke, irritate /South Dravidian [ss]
kin.ayuka to quarrel, become angry /Malayalam; ken.aku to irritate, provoke, by words or deeds /Kannada; ken.akuni, ken.kuni, kenakuni to provoke, irritate, kindle /Tulu [ss]
*cen.- to touch, stir up, provoke; n. a touch /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: cen.aku; Dialect forms (1): cen.uku [ss]
Indo-European
Anatolian
haniya- `malicious' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian
kin hatred, enmity, rancour, malice; revenge /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
kin-awar a fierce warrior, pugnacious. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
kin-awari fight, contention, warfare /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
kin-toz one who foments dissentions and law-suits; malevolent-minded /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
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-ko
little {diminutive suffix}/BasqueUralic
-ka, -ke little {diminutive suffix} /Hungarian
Caucasian
*k.A> a suffix(diminutive or singulative) /North Caucasian [ss]
*-Vk. /Nakh [ss]
*-k.V a diminutive suffix /Andian [ss]
-k.o /Avar [ss]
*-k:(a) a diminutive suffix /Lezghian [ss]
-g / -k /Lezghi; -g /Tabasaran; -g /Rutul; -ng /Kryz; -ng /Budukh [ss]
*k.@ a morpheme denoting singularity /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
-k.(@) /Abkhaz; -k.(@) /Abaza; -k./(@) /Ubykh [ss]
Quechua
-cha little,small,few {diminutive suffix} /Quechua [q2]
Indo-European/Germanic
see similar German -chen little.small
-ska
small, little {diminutive suffix} /BasqueUralic
-cska, -cske litlle, small {diminutive suffix} /Hungarian
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kolpa-tu
to hit, strike, deal a blow, to beat /BasqueUralic
kalap-ács
hammer; kalapács-ol-ni to hammer /HungarianSumerian
kalag, kala, kal (v.) to repair, mend [jh]
Sino-Tibetan
*k(h)a>l/ work /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
hrpw mallet; hrp kзt director of works; builder, architect /Old Egyptian [cgj] {? l > r}
? kelebin pickaxe, axe /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #94> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
kwal(R) hammer/strike/stamp (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
holl-e threshing stick /Harso
Cushitic, South
kolet- pound (grain) /Kwa'dza
Dravidian
kolla blacksmith; kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulme fire-pit, furnace (Kannad.a); kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollan- blacksmith (Tamil); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Malayalam); konimi blacksmith (Kannad.a); kolle blacksmith (Kod.agu); kollusa_na_ to mend implements; kolsta_na_ to repair (of ploughshares)(Gondi); kolhali to forge (Kuwi); kolimi furnace (Telugu); kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Kota); kolmi smithy (Gondi) [sk]
kelc outdoor work (Toda); kelasa work, business, affair, deed, advantage; kelasi person who works (Kannad.a); kelasa work (Kod.agu); business, work, affair, advantage (Tulu); kelasamu businesss, work (Telugu) [sk]
Etruscan
clapithe "one who beats" [az96]
culpiu "one who engraves, sculpts" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kolap-tô, of birds, peck 2. carve, engrave
Italic
golpear to strike /Spanish
golpe hit, slash, slog, whack; golpeie smite; golpeando striking; golpear to strike /Portuguese
Slavic
klepač sharpener of a scythe by means of hammering it /Serbo-Croatian
okrpati to patch, mend; repair; cobble /Serbo-Croatian
Yuki
k'o(·)l, k'ol pounding basket [y84]
kaw'-lum, k'ol-amt, k.ol=ŭmt pestle of stone [y84]
k'o·lamt. pounding rock, pestle [y84]
ko-lŭnt stone2, under milling basket [y84]
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Basque Dialects:-)
B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects
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The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008