Euskara Magyar
Word List
Ha-Iz
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
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Scratches, grooves, valleys, hills, mountains etc.
haran (L,LN,Z,U) valley /Basque
Uralic
*kur,*war mountain in several Uralic languages sometimes "mountain forest".
garan valley /Hungarian
horho mountain road; peak /Hungarian
Official source says horho is ultimately related to Hungarian horzsol "bruise", "graze", "scratch". [Chong]
kuru nook; dark passage in a house; narrow path between fences (Estonian); kuri narrow stretch of a lake; narrow bottom of a ditch; narrow stretch of land; tract; lane (especially for cattle); side , quarter (?); kuru deep furrow or groove; depression between mountains, mountain gap (Finnish); hor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Kazym Khanty); kor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Tremjugan Khanty) / [? guran depression, ditch, pit, ravine (Komi); gurrâ chip, dint (in the edge) cleft, small mountain gap; cunnus (Lappish - from Finnish?)] [Chong]
uurõ (n) groove; furrow /Vaddja [fv]
Sumerian
kur mountain; giri road, expedition, feet
Niger-Congo (?)
xeer / doj (n.) rock, stone /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
h.r hill, mountain /Phœnician [cgj]
*harr- mountain /Northwest Semitic [ahd]
har mountain /Hebrew [ahd]
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 229 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*gol- edge valley /Proto East Cushitic
golo valley /Afar; gol foot of hill /Somali; gola corner; goluu valley /Oromo; kolle river /Gollango; kolle river /Gawwada; gole river /Tsamay
Altaic
*k`uri hill /Altaic [ss]
*Korum /Turc
*kür /Mongol
*xure' /Tungus
*kòrán /Korean
*kùrùa /Japanese [ss]
*goblu valley /Altaic [ss]
*Ko:l valley /Turkic [ss]
kol (?) /Old Turkic; go:l /Turkmen [ss]
c.f. jar ravine, gulley /Turkmen [glnp]
*gowl river; river valley, centre /Mongolian [ss]
g|oul /Written Mongolian; qol (SH), g|ol (MA) /Middle Mongolian [ss]
gol /Khalkha; g|ol /Kalmuck; gol (Tod. 132) /Dagur; Gor (MGCD Gol) /Monguor [ss]
*gola valley /Tungus [ss]
golo /Manchu [ss]
c.f. holo valley /Manchu [as]
*ko:r valley /Korean [ss]
ko:l /Modern Korean; ko:r /Middle Korean [ss]
Austric
? aranui passage /Moriori [mor]
riu, awaawa, wharua valley /Mäori [ng]
kor mountain /Proto-Oceanic; goro- /Sinagoro; golo- /Manggarai; gor- Proto-East Central Papuan; tolo- hills (Saa, Ulawa); toro- hills /Wango; toro-puki- mound /Maori; koro- heap /Viti; tolo- to rise /Florida; kari- mountain /Kewa; gulod- mountain /Tagalog, gorot- mountain /Igorot; turod- hill /Ilokano [pkm]
Basque
harri stone, rock
[c.f. the Caucasian, Dravidian and Albanian]
Caucasian
*Gwe:rV stone /North Caucasian [ss]
*qe:ra stone /Nakh [ss]
qe:ra /Chechen; qera /Ingush; qer /Batsbi [ss]
*G|:ur (~G|-,-o-,-l) stone /Tsezian [ss]
G|Iul /Tsezi; G|ur /Khvarshi; G|ur /Inkhokvari [ss]
Dravidian
ar-ai rock, ledge, grinding stone (Tamil); ar flat rock (Kota); ar- id. (Toda); ar-e stone, rock, slab; ra_yi stone (Kannad.a); r-a_yi, ra_yi (stem r-a_-, ra_-) stone, rock; r-appa a small stone (Telugu)(DEDR 321).[sk]
ho_ru_ hill (Kuwi); ho_ru mountain, rock (Kuwi); so_ru hill, mountain (Kui); kur.u hill; kur.o mountain, forest (Gondi); gor-on (pl. gor-oku/gor-onku) hill, mountain, forest on a hill (Kond.a) [sk]
kolli valley (Malayalam); gulf, bay (Kannad.a); small stream with rocky bed (Kod.agu); a bay (Tulu)(DEDR 2137). [sk]
gar gorge /Brahui
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*gwrH-i- mountain, rock, stone /PIE [bd]
Paleo-Balkan
kiri- [or kira] mountain, forest /Thracian [cb,id]
Albanian
*gur(i)- stone, rock /Proto Albanian [bd]
gur [m] stone, rock /Albanian [bd]
[c.f. the Basque, Caucasian and Dravidian]
Armenian
hahrel- (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [see Chong]
Slavic
gora mountain; wood(s), forest; highlands /Serbo-Croatian
hora mountain /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
garayô [gairi] mountains /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
girí-h mountain /Sanskrit
hari (n.) thread, linen; thread, theme, topic; pronoun (dat.) to him, to her, to it, to that; string, filament, wire /Basque
Uralic
húr string. wire, chord, intestine /Hungarian
Hungarian húr is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]
hurka sausage /Hungarian
While hurka is thought to derive from húr {where <-ka> may be a suffix}[Chong]
Sausage casings were made from the intestines of animals in the past.
hurok noose, loop, snare /Hungarian
Hungarian hurok is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
hurok /Old Hungarian < *huruku /Late Ancient Hungarian < *huruk /Old Chuvash < *kuruk /Proto Turkic [art:0 p.108]
Niger-Congo (?)
xiir (n.) fishing line /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
kiriç 1. string of a musical instrument 2. bowstring /Turkmen [glnp]
uruq a stick or strap supplied with a loop used to tie a horse (Altai); uruk id. (Tuvan) [Chong]
Austric
hiri /Rapanui [anon]
1. to braid, plait, tress (hair, threads).
2. to rise in coils (of smoke).
3. to hover (of birds).
hiro /Rapanui [anon]
1. a deity invoked when praying for rain (meaning uncertain)
2. to twine tree fibres (hauhau, mahute) into strings or ropes.
here string /Mäori [ng]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
chir 'withe, strand, slender branch, any textile material, netting'
chiri 'net, make a netting' [cl.1]
chirim 'any woody vine, withe'
chirbir 'netted, any netted piece'
hahr (ha-h-r) 'piece of weaving, textile product, a braid'
hahrib 'any textile implement, netting, needle, loom'
har 'weaving, braiding, netting, weaving technique'
ah har 'weaver, braider, netter'
hari 'weave, braid, glide (as a snake)' (cl.1)
harmah 'weave, braid, glide' (cl.3)
harbir 'woven, braided, braided or woven piece'
Etruscan [alinei]
har, hara, hurtu 'possibly related to Latin haruspex'
Indo-European
*gherﺩ 'gut, entrail' /Proto Indo-European [ahd]
Oldest form *ĝherﺩ2 becoming *gherﺩ2 in centum languages. 1. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-no-. yarn, from Old English gearn, yarn, from Germanic *garnō, string. 2. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-n-. hernia, from Latin hernia, protruded viscus, rupture, hernia. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *ghorﺩ-d-. chord2, cord, cordon; harpsichord, hexachord, tetrachord, from Greek khord, gut, string. 4. O-grade form *ghorﺩ-. chorion, from Greek khorion, intestinal membrane, afterbirth. 5. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *gh?ﺩ-u-. haruspex, from Latin haruspex, "he who inspects entrails, diviner (-spex, he who sees), but perhaps borrowed from Etruscan. [ahd]
Italic
hăruspex -spĭcis, soothsayer, seer, prophet; hăruspĭcĭum -i inspection of entrails /Latin
Etymology is unknown. [alinei]
? hernia 'rupture, hernia' /Latin
Perhaps from Latin ernos 'sprout' suggests Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
hīra, -ae (f.) 'empty gut' /Latin
From Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
Indo-Iranian
hi4ra 'a band, strip, fillet' /Sanskrit [iits1]
hi3ra 'band, stripe' /Sanskrit [iits2]
Catch, bite; scratch, scrape etc.
harrapa-tu to catch /Basque
arrapatu (G) to seize, catch, grab, trap /Basque
arrapau (B) to catch, seize /Basque
Uralic
*kare bite /Uralic
*kure to bite /F.U.
harap to bite /Hungarian
Sumerian
har mill, chew, ...
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #70> [oi4]
Cushiti, Agaw
gwa"rab rip off/cut off/tear off /Bilin
Cushitic, East
kruhnu stump /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
gurupu stump /Burunge
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 429b #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
qalab devour, swallow, bite /Saho
Semitic
qalap'a devour, swallow, bite /Geez
Altaic
*k`ar/a ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite /Altaic [ss]
Austro-Asiatic (?)
dhar.ap a trap (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
ka_r to bite, eat (Kannad.a); arali to nibble (Kuwi); qare to bite off (Malt.o); xa_rna_ to gnaw or nibble at, eat (Kur.ux) [sk]
Etruscan
cripe "handle, grip" [az96]
(1) Indo-European [Cheung]
*kerp-/krep- `to devour, gnaw, damage'
Tocharian
Tocharian. A. ka:rip-, B karep `damage, harm'
Anatolian
Hittite. /karap(p)-/ `to devour, consume, destroy'
Italic
Latin carpo: `to pluck, tear down; to erode, waste away; to harry, carp at'
Baltic/East
Lithuanian. kerpu\ (kir~pti) `to cut, shave', ? (nomin.)
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
*karp- ? to devour, gnaw /Proto Iranian
New West Iranian: NP (Tadj.) karapuk `thief' (LW); New East Iranian: Ishk. krpuk `to gnaw', (nomin.) Oss. I. k ar af `greedy, gluttony'
(2) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
harpag-ê, hê, seizure, robbery, rape II. thing seized, booty, prey III. greediness IV. en harpagêi selênês when the moon is invisible
harpag-ma, atos, to, booty, prey 2. ha. eutuchias windfall
(3) Indo-European [Cheung]
*ghrebH2- `to grab, seize' /Proto Indo-European
Germanic
Goth. greipan, ON gri:pa, OE gr appian, Engl. to grab, etc. apparently derive from (PIE ?) *ghreibh-
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*grabH- to grab, seize, take /Proto Iranian
Avestan: grab- (g@r@b-) `to grab, seize, take'
LAv. g@r@pta- forms are very late, being transposed from Pahlevi griftan
Old Persian: grab- `to seize (as possesion), seize (as prisoner)'; Middle Persian: MMP gyr- `to take, seize'; Parthian: gyrw- `to take, seize', (pass./inch.) grysp- `to be taken, be held'; Khotanese: (+ *ham-) ham.gri:h- `to raise; uphold'; Sogdian: SSogd. (')g|rb-, BSogd. g|rb-, CSogd. g|rb-, MSogd. g|rb- `to take, understand, know, be acquainted with'; Chorasmian: xf- `to take, grasp; to befall (of illnesses)' (*gr&fs^a-), g|by- `to consider, take (for), regard as; to grab' (*gr&bai_a-), (intr./inch.) g|fs- `to be silent, keep quiet', xFs- `to be covered'
and so on (see Cheung)
Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit
grabh (later grah) grasp; seize with the hand; hold; take
gráha seizure (with a claw); bite < grah
gra(b)hi- `to seize, to take' (RV+) [Cheung]
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic grabiti `to rob'
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian. gre`/bti, gro/bti `to rob', Latvian. grebt `to seize'
The Balto-Slavic forms perhaps reflect contamination of two roots, viz. *ghrebh- `dig, rake' and *ghreb- `seize, grab' (without *-H- !)
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
kahr 'bite, mouthful, bite of'
noh kahr 'large bite'
kahri 'bite, bite into, take a bite of, bite off' (cl.2)
Quechua
harapay to cover; to wrap; to take with the net [q2]
karrask (onomat.) sound of cracking, crackling, splitting. /Basque
karraskari (n./adj.) gnawer; gnawing /Basque
karraskailu (n.) scraper, rasp, grater, file /Basque
horol- graze, scratch /Hungarian
hornyol- incise, notch; horony a furrow, groove, notch /Hungarian
karom claw; karmol claws,scratches /Hungarian
köröm finger nail /Hungarian
Uralic
*kore scratch, etch, scrape /F.U.
Hungarian horol is of FU origin. [Chong]
Officially, hornyol- is possibly of F-U origin and horony is derived from the former. [Chong]
kuurna furrow, groove (Finnish); korno path, way (Mari) [Chong]
Hungarian karom is officially derived from karmol- to claw, scratch which is considered to be possibly onomatopoeic or descriptive. [Chong]
Hungarian köröm is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
har mill, chew, ...
hur to scratch, etch; kur 9 to cut
Altaic
*k`ar/a ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite /Altaic [ss]
*Kar/- 1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane /Turkic [ss]
qazy- 1 /Old Turkic; kazag|y 3 /Turkish; Gaza- 2 /Turkmen; xyr- 2 /Chuvash; x|as- 1 /Yakut [ss]
*karu- to rasp, plane; to rake up /Mongolian [ss]
xara- /Khalkha; xar- /Kalmuck [ss]
*xar-ku"- 1 to bite 2 to sting /Tungus [ss]
ajki.- 2 /Negidal; x|ajqo- 1, 2 /Nanai; x|ac^o- 2 /Ulcha; x|a:tu.-la- 2 /Orok; arqú.- 2 /Even; arki- 2 /Evenki [ss]
*ka:r- to plough; to grind, plane /Korean [ss]
ka:r- /Middle Korean; ka:l- /Modern Korean [ss]
*k`[u\]ri to rake up /Altaic [ss]
*ku"re- 1 to rake 2 spade, shovel /Turkic [ss]
ku"ri- 1, ku"rga"k 2 /Old Turkic; ku"rek 2 /Turkish; ku"rek 2 /Turkmen; k@w|rez/e 2 /Chuvash; ku"rt- 1 /Yakut [ss]
*kura-, *kurija- to gather, collect /Mongolian [ss]
xura-, xura:- /Khalkha; xori- , xore:- /Dagur; xura:- /Monguor [ss]
*xeri- / *xeru- 1 to rake up 2 to sweep /Tungus [ss]
ej- 1 /Negidal; eri- 2 /Manzhu; xeti- 1 (*xer-c^i-) /Nanai; xeru- 1 /Ulcha; xeri- 1 /Orok; er- 1 /Even; eru- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*ku\r- to delve /Japanese [ss]
ku\r- /Old Japanese; kur- /Tokyo [ss]
Basque
karramarro crab (????)
Dravidian
*o\gir claw, nail /Dravidian [ss]
*ugir finger-nail /South Dravidian [ss]
ukir finger-nail, toe-nail, claw /Tamil; ukir finger-nail, toe-nail, claw /Malayalam; ugur nail, claw /Kannad.a; ugi to hurt, tear, rend with the nails; ugurisu to scratch asunder /Kannad.a; oy nail /Kodagu; uguru nail /Tulu [ss]
*ugi>r /Nilgiri [ss]
*go:r- nail /Telugu [Basic form: go:ru] [ss]
*oger nail /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
go:r (pl. go:d.l) /Kolami; go:r (pl. go:rl.) /Naikri; go:r /Naiki; ge:ri (pl. ge:ril) /Parji; ge:re /Salur [ss]
*go:r- nail /Gondwan [ss]
*go:r- /Gondi [ss]
go:r /Sironcha [ss]
go:ru /Konda [ss]
*go:r (*-u:-) /Pengo-Manda [ss]
gu:r (pl. -ke) /Manda [ss]
*go:r- /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
go:ra /Kui; (Fitzgerald): go:ru: /Kuwi; (Schulze): go:ru /Kuwi; (Sunkarametta): go:ru (pl. go:rka) /Kuwi; (Parja Kondhs): go:ru (pl. go:rka) /Kuwi; Derivatives: Also Kui gro:pa (gro:t-) to claw, scratch; n. act of clawing, scratching, a scratch [see ss]
*orq nail /North Dravidian [ss]
orOx Kurukh; orgu /Malto [ss]
ho:r finger /Brahui [ss]
Indo-European
Romance
garra claw /Portuguese
gheară claw; talon; ungula; pounce /Rumanian
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
kohri 'scrape (s a butchered hog), pick (as a chicken), rub' (cl.2)
kohrnib 'scraping instrument'
Muskogean/Eastern
kalaffi to scratch (deeply) once; to mark once, score (kalafchi, kalafhili, kalafhachi) {/kalaf-li} /Alabama [tm]
kalli to scratch (deeply) repeatedly; to mark (more than once) (kalchi, kalhili, kalhachi) {/kal(af)-li} /Alabama [tm]
horzs-ol graze, scratch, bruise /Hungarian
karc (n.) scratch; karc-ol to scratch, scrape, etch /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian horzsol is derived from a F-U root
*korwa-, *kor3- (Proto FU) [Chong]
{Hungarian /zs/ similar to French /j/}
Officially, Hungarian karcol is supposed to be of German origin. [Chong]
{Hungarian /c/ like /ts/ or /tz/}
(0) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [ap: p.43]
Indo-Aryan
root carş- / karş- ‘to drag, to draw furrows’,
Indo-Aryan carş- goes back to Proto-Aryan *carš- < early Proto-Aryan *cerš- < *kerš- from Proto-Indo-European *kwels- ‘to draw furrows’
Iranian
Avestan karša- m. n. ‘furrow’.
(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [Cheung]
Iranian
*garŝ- ? to knead, rub (?) /Proto Iranian
New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Pash. g|o:ŝ.t `millet, particles of rice ground and made into bread'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: ghars.- `to rub' (Kaus/+)
(2) Indo-European
Germanic
scratch /English
Kratzen scrape (sound); kratzen (vt) to scratch /German
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
hahrt'i 'scrape' (cl.2)
hahrt'oh 'scrape' (cl.3)
Altaic (?)
*k`i\rga to scrape, file /Altaic [ss]
*Kyrk- to shear, scrape /Turkic [ss]
qyrq- /Old Turkic; kyrk- /Turkish; Gyrk- /Turkmen; kyrt- /Yakut [ss]
*kirga- to shear, shave /Mongolian [ss]
kirg|a- (SH), korg|a- (IM), qirg|a- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; x/arga- /Khalkha; kirg|@- /Kalmuck; c/irGa- /Monguor [ss]
*xigdi- to comb /Tungus [ss]
*ky[\]rk- / *ka>/rk- to shear, scrape /Korean [ss]
ky[\]rk- / ka>/rk- /Middle Korean; ky(l)k-, ka(l)k- /Modern Korean [ss]
*ka\k- to scratch, scrape /Japanese [ss]
ka\k- /Old Japanese; ka/k- /Tokyo [ss]
Caucasian (?)
*He>rx|wA / *He>wx|wA to comb; to scratch, scrape /North Caucasian [ss]
*=ox|w|- to comb /Andian [ss]
=ox|w|- Andi [ss]
=uIx|:a-n to comb /Lak [ss]
*?abx|w|- / *?ibx|w|- to comb /Dargwa [ss]
abx|-es /Akusha; abx|- / ibx|- /Chiragh [ss]
*?erx|w|a 1 to comb 2 to scratch, scrape 3 comb (n.) /Lezghian [ss]
ĉux|w|a- 2 /Lezghi; z^|^-u=x|- 1 /Tabasaran; z^-irx|- 1 /Agul; giw-a=x|a- 1 /Tsakhur; =ex|:a- 1 /Archi; ox| 3 /Udi [ss]
*x|w|a 1 to scratch 2 to rub /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-h_w|a-ra/ 1 /Abkhaz; h_w|a-ra 1 /Abaza; x|w|a-n 2 /Adyghe; x|w|a-n 2 /Circassian; x|w|ax|w|a/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]
har worm /Basque
Uralic
hernyó worm [that which chews grooves] /Hungarian
Officially, thought possibly to be related to hornyol- "groove", "notch". [Chong]
See Basque haran "valley" or Hungarian garan "valley", horony "groove" etc.
Altaic
*o:\re worm, snake /Altaic [ss]
*o"ren snake /Turkic [ss]
vereni (Bulg.) /Old Turkic; v@w|re(n) /Chuvash [ss]
*u:re 1 worm 2 snake /Tungus [ss]
uje 1 /Negidal; weren 2 /Ulcha; u:re 1 /Evenki [ss]
*b@\r@\ti\ big snake /Japanese [ss]
wo\ro\ti\, wo\ro\di\ /Old Japanese; o/rochi /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
gurçuk worm /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
iro maggot /Moriori [mor]
iro maggot; noke, toke worm /Mäori [ng]
Dravidian
*er- worm /Dravidian [ss]
*Ir-ai worm /South Dravidian [ss]
irai intestinal worm /Tamil; ira bait, worms /Malayalam; ere a worm that lives in orts, a worm in general, bait /Kannada; ere, ere pul.u worm (earthworm, tapeworm) /Kodagu; eru moth, worm /Tulu [ss]
*er- earthworm /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: era; Dialect forms (1): erra [ss]
*er- (*-r-) earthworm /Gondwan [ss]
*er.-/*er- earthworm /Gondi [ss]
er.e pur.uk "earthworms" /Koya; erad /Maria [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
eulê, hê, worm, maggot, the larva of the fly; of common worms
(2) Indo-European
Greek
helmins -minthos (which is cognate with helix ?)
Germanic
helminth a worm esp. a parasitic intestinal worm /English
Indo-Iranian
kŗ'mi worm /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern (????)
oya maggot, screw worm, larva (Cochliomyia hominivorax) /Alabama [tm]
har-pe cave; barrunbe cavity /Basque
[harpe is derived from (harri 'rock'+ pe 'below/under')]
horp-ad-ás depression,dent; a(n) hollow /Hungarian
Sino-Tibetan
*ghuar(H) hole /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "hole, opening" [ss]
kuan 3 Modern (Beijing) < khwâ/n Middle Chinese < khw|a:r? Old Chinese
nkhun1 a hole, opening. /Kachin
khur, khuar a hole, a pit, a cavity, KC *khu:r. /Lushei [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
*ġār-, * ġarr-, *miġarr cave /Central Semitic [ahd]
ġār cave /Arabic [ahd]
Altaic
hora[ana] cave; cavern; den; a hollow /Japanese
Dravidian
ghar cavern/Brahui
ho_ru, po_r, o_r, o_ru a hole; po_r-il, ho_r-il the hollow of a tree (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.)
Opposite in meaning to Hungarian horpad
karappa_n- eruption, any cutaneous disease, rash, eczema, erysipelas etc. (Tamil); karappan eruptions, scurf (esp. on children's heads)(Malayalam)(DEDR 1272). ka_ra a sharp eruption on the skin (Malayalam); ga_ru a sharp eruption on the body from internal heat (Kannad.a)(DEDR 1469). [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
guarrida den /Portuguese
Indo-Iranian
Opposite in meaning to Hungarian horpad
arbuda a swelling, tumour (of various kinds); arbudin afflicted with swelling or tumour (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
barlang cave /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian barlang is possibly a loan from Slavic.
Sumerian
bar open, expose,uncover [jh]
bùru(-d), bùr (n.) opening; receptacle; hole; mine; depth (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel & Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub4, 'cavity, hole', + úr, 'floor' - the u vowel especially correlates with round objects or openings). [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
barrī open (of land), rural, from barr, open area /Arabic [ahd]
< brr to be(come) clear, pure, white /Semitic Root [ahd]
Sino-Tibetan
*ba>rH to open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
phran? spread (wings), pran? spread (a carpet). /Burmese; phjan2 to spread the wings, to open, as the fist ( < Burm.?). /Kachin; phar? to open (the hand, flower, etc.); be wide open. /Lushei [ss]
Ainu
poru cave [sm]
Dravidian
*bōr- hole [ss]
ho_ru, po_r, o_r, o_ru a hole; po_r-il, ho_r-il the hollow of a tree (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) cf. po_r-ai hole, hollow in tree (Tamil); borre id. (Telugu); por id. (Kannad.a)(Ta.lex.) po_r-ai cavern (Tamil); po_r hollow of a tree (Tamil); bo.r vagina (Kota); pi.r hollow of tree (where bees nest); o.r- (obl. o.t--) hole, wound (Toda); po_r hole (Kannad.a; bor-iya, bor-r-e hole, burrow, hollow, pit; bor-r-a hole, hollow, cavity in a tree (Telugu); borra hole in tree (Gadba); bor-o hole of a crab etc. (Kond.a); borra hole in tree (Kuwi); po_l hollow object; hollowness in a tree (Tamil); bo_lu hollow (Telugu) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
brlog lair, den, burrow, hole; haunt; kennel /Serbo-Croatian; brloh den (Cheh, Slovak); brlog den /Slovene; byrloga hole /Bulgar; barłóg den /Polish; берлога (berloga) den /Russian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
ba_ra_ opening in a bangle-maker's furnace /Biha_ri_; ba_r mouth of a vessel /Punja_bi_; ba_re~, da_re~ hole in a fence to carry a water-channel; ba_ri_ window, passage through hedge or fence /Mara_t.hi_; bhar an oven; bharan to spread or bring out from a kiln (Punja_bi_ lex [sk]
hel-bide address /Basque
[derived from hel-du "to arrive"]
Uralic
*ki(me) outside /Ugor; *ku where /Uralic
hely place, location, address, town /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian hely is of unknown origin. [see Chong]
also see Hungarian falu "village".
Sumerian
ki land, place
Altaic
köj town /Turk
Dravidian
*pal.- village /Dravidian [ss]
pal.l.i hamlet, herdsman's village, hermitage, temple (esp. of Buddhists and Jains), palace, workshop, sleeping place, school, room (Tamil); hut, small settlement of jungle tribes, public building, place of worship for Buddhists or foreigners, mosque, royal couch (Malayalam); settlement, abode, hamlet, village; hal.l.i id. (Kannad.a); hamlet, small village (Tuli); palli village, hut (Telugu) [sk]
In the Dravidian case, palli is a suffix which is used in combination with hundreds of Indian placenames. Note also that according to the phonetic correspondence between <p> and <h>, palli becomes halli and that there are literally hundreds of place-names in Kannada with the suffix halli in them. [kk].
In Hungary, there are many place names with the suffix -hely ( meaning "place, location, address") such as Marosvásárhely.of Old Hungary.
heren third; hiru three /Basque
Uralic
*kolme 3 /Uralic
kõlmõz third; kõlmõd three /Vaddja [fv]
harmad third; három three /Hungarian
charmul thrice, three times /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
háromszor thrice, three times /Modern Hungarian
Altaic
Mongol
gurwan 3 /Mongol
Tungus
ilaci third; ilan three /Manchu [as]
heste (U) gut, intestine /Basque
sabel (C) stomach /Basque
has stomach, belly, abdomen /Hungarian
bél, belek gut, intestine(s) /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian has is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]
*katŝ? back, hump /Finno-Ugrian
Sumerian
hás abdomen; haš4 back [jh]
ïb, éb middle, waist
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*h.aŝy- {} *h.ac entrails /Semitic Protoform [ss]
h_aŝu^ human lungs, belly, entrails; h_iŝu^ a part of the human body /Akkadian
h.aŝan viscera (internal parts of the body); intestines /Arabic [ss]
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 271 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
gw@z@g (guz@g) stomach /Awngi; gwa"d@gw /Bilin; gwa"z- /Kemant; gwozgw /Qwara; g@zu /Xamir; gizu /Xamta
Cushitic, East
godaba stomach /Alaba; godoba /Darasa; goda'ba /Kambata; godoba , godowa /Sidamo; gaxate /Tsamay
Omotic
gau stomach /Dorze; gawoo /Gidicho (Haruro); gawaa /Koyra (=Kore?); ga(w)oo /Zayse
Altaic
*bòda intestine, belly; *pejlo belly, liver, waist /Altaic [ss]
*be:lke ( ~ -i) waist, lap /Altaic [ss]
*be:.l(k) waist /Turkic [ss]
bel /Old Turkic; bel /Turkish; bel /Azeri; bi:l /Turkmen; pile>k /Chuvash; bi:l /Yakut [ss]
*belkeg|u" waist /Mongolian [ss]
belxu":s /Khalkha; belku":sn. /Kalmuck [ss]
*belge lap /Tungus [ss]
belge /Negidal; belge /Nanai; belz^|e /Ulcha; bel/de /Orok; be:lgú /Even; belge /Evenki [ss]
Etruscan
vile weave, viscera < *vil-, *il- [az96]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
hasha' bowels, viscera, intestines /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabaic according to [fjs]
Quechua
huicsa belly; huasa back [q1]
Ulwa
bâ bowels; intestines [ud]
heze humid /Basque
gõz steam, vapour; gõz-ölgõ steaming /Hungarian
köd fog, mist /Hungarian
Uralic
kasõ dew /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian köd is officially of FU origin.
*kinte fog, mist (Proto FU) [Chong]
utu (n) fog /Vaddja [fv]
Niger-Congo (?)
guus to be humid /Wollof [pc2]
kaas moisten /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
*k`edo wind; fog /Altaic [ss]
*KAd wind, whirlwind /Turkic [ss]
qad| /Old Turkic; kaj /Turkish; Gaj /Turkmen [ss]
*küden fog, mist /Mongolian [ss]
ku"dn /Kalmuck [ss]
*xedün wind /Tungus [ss]
edin /Negidal; edun /Manzhu; xedu(n) /Nanai; xedu(n) /Ulcha; xedu(n) /Orok; /o-tu-wen/ /Zhurzhen; edún /Even; edin /Evenki [ss]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
khwazam, khwazm a fog, mist, vapour /Persian [fjs]
gwtalo foggy, fog-covered /Baluchi [mab]
ősz grey; grey-haired; autumn /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ősz 'autumn' is officially of FU origin.
*süks'e (PF-U) [Chong]
soks', s'oks, s'oks' /Erz'a; sügis /Estonian; syksy, syy /Finnish; / söˆg@s, etc. /Khanty; cˆâk'cˆâ /Lapp; tüks, etc. /Man's'i; š@zˆ@, šizˆ@ /Mari; s'oks, s'oks' /Mokša; siz'yl /Udmurt [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
güz autumn /Turkish
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*k\as- grey becoming *kas- in centum languages [ahd]
Germanic
höss grey, grey-brown /Old Norse
hasan grey /Old High German
hasu, heasu grey /Old English
With the Old English hasu, heasu grey c.f. the otherwise unexplainable English haze, "a light vapour or greyness or smoke that slightly lessens vision" [from ep 279]
Slavic
*je\ \senü autumn /Proto Slavic [rd] < *h1es-en-i- summer, autumn /PIE [rd]
jesenü `autumn' /Old Church Slavic; o/sen', je/sen' `autumn' /Russian; o/sin' `autumn' /Ukrainian; jesen^ `autumn' /Slovak; jesien/ `autumn' /Polish; je\ \se:n `autumn' /Serbo-Croatian; jese,/n `autumn' /Slovene [rd]
Baltic
*es-eni- autumn /Proto-Balto-Slavic [rd] < *h1es-en-i- summer, autumn /PIE [rd]
assanis `autumn' /Old Prussian [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
khazan Creeping, slow walk; reptiles; autumn; the sear and yellow leaf; the tenth day of every month; name of the eighth month of the ‘ra of Jalalu'ddin; -- khazan `alam shudan, To approach (autumn); -- badi khazan (khizan), The autumnal wind, which blows during the fall of the leaves. /Persian [fjs]
Quechua
qusni; qusñi // q'osñi // q'usñi smoke-grey [q2]
qusni; qusñi // qosni // q'usñi // qoshni smoke [q2]
higi-tu (L,LN,Z,U) to agitate; to move; to stir /Basque
higi-dura movement, motion /Basque
Uralic
híg-ít to thin, dilute; higany quicksilver, mercury /Hungarian
The origin of Hungarian híg is unknown. [see Chong]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1] (?)
hugros, a, on: wet, moist, fluid (opp. xêros), 2. hugra, Ion. hugrê, hê, the moist, i.e. the sea 3. to hu. and ta hu. wet, moisture 4. metra hugra kai xêra liquid and dry measure 5. thêres hu. water-animals 6. of the bowels or faeces, loose II. soft, pliant, supple 2. languid, feeble, of one dying 3. of substance, flaccid, flabby b. tender 4. moist with wine, tipsy 5. of the eyes, melting, languishing 6. of language, smoothly flowing b. soft, dainty, luxurious, voluptuous 8. of the vowels a i u, sometimes long and sometimes short
hobe (L,LN,Z,U) better, preferable, advantageous; oba (B), obe (G) better /Basque
jo-bb better /Hungarian < jó good, nice, proper, fine /Hungarian
Uralic
-bb is the Hungarian comparative suffix and can also be found in
nub'be one (of two); the other; another, other; (the) second (Lappish); mubbe one (of two); the other; another, other; (the) second (Ume Lappish - this contains the suffix of the comparative. [Chong]
{Hungarian /j/ same as English /y/}
Altaic
*la`bo more, better /Altaic [ss]
*jaba /Turkic
*lab, *naji /Mongol
*lab-du /Tungus
*na`oi /Korean
*na`po' /Japanese [ss]
Tungus
yebe to become better, to become healthier; better /Manchu [as]
java the best; javul-ni to improve /Hungarian
Uralic
üvä (adj.) good; üvässi (adv.) well /Vaddja [fv]
{Hungarian /j/ same as English /y/}
Altaic/Tungus
yebe to become better, to become healthier; better /Manchu [as]
Etruscan
aua welfare [az96]
ave to be propitious, beneficient [az96]
avulni favourable
Indo-European/Anatolian {????}
sav- the good; savênt- they flourish; savtarid- he approves /Lydian [cb2]
hoben (L,LN,U) fault, blame, culpability /Basque
oben (B) fault, blame, culpability /Basque
Uralic
hiba fault, mistake; blemish, flaw; hibáz-tat to blame /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
hbd blame, disapprove of; hbn (be) guilty; hbnt crime /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
xwb V /Aramaic [cal]
011 ImpArEg,Palm,JLAGal,Syr to incur a debt 012 Palestinian,CPA,Syr to sin 013 Syr to be punished 014 Syr to be in trouble 015 Syr to become worse 016 Syr to be lacking 017 Syr to be broken 041 Syr to owe 042 Syr to be guilty 021 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to condemn 022 Syr to make inferior 023 JBA to make obligatory 024 Syr to conquer 051 Syr to be conquered 052 Syr to be condemned 053 Syr to admit one's guilt 054 JLATg to sin 055 Palestinian to be guilty 056 JBA to be bound
LS2 218, J 429
xwb N xwb) /Aramaic [cal]
1 ImpArEg,Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr debt, obligation 2 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr guilt 3 Palestinian,Syr sin, iniquity
LS2 218
LS2 V: x:awbe)
*h.i/ab(V)r- spot on the skin, bruise, wound /Semitic Protoform [ss]
iba:ru 'a mark of discoloration on the skin' /Akkadian; h.abbu:ra: 'wound, slash'; h.a>barbu:ro:t 'skin specks' /Hebrew; h.abburta: 'a mark of violence, wound, discoloring' ; h.a"bri: 'wound' /Judaic Aramaic; h.@ba:rta: 'vulnus; cutis corneae' /Syriac; h.ibr- 'mark of beating; a healed wound' /Arabic; h.@b@rb@re 'eruption on the skin' /Geez [ss]
[ss] says this may be related to
*h.br 'to paint, dye, mark': /Semitic Protoform
ebe:ru 'to paint the face' /Akkadian; h.ibr-, h.iba:r-, h.aba:r- 'marque, signe' /Arabic; h.a:bara 'to dye' /Geez; h.o/bir 'multicolore' /Soqotri [ss]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
∂yb fault, defect, blemish /Baluchi [mab]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qiγwe- scabby (паршивый) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN282]
*qi.wwa.- bad, poor (плохой), plain (некрасивый) /Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN798]
qiwwa (III) /Koryak; qiwwa /Alutor [ss]
*qiwe- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN287]
qiwe-lah bad, poor (плохой) /Sedank dialect; kivą-lexin leprosy (lepra infectus) /West Itelmen [ss]
{in leprosy the skin flakes away in small scales}
honen adj./pron. (genit.) of this, of this one; adv. so, such;
adv. at such and such a time /Basque
honi adj./pron. (dat.) to this; to this one /Basque
onen adj./pron. (genit.) of this; of this one /Basque
Uralic
innen from here; from this place /Hungarian
onnan from there; honnan where from; whence /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
ina in, by, from /Akkadian [oi3]
Hurrian-Urartian
in-ani from this; from here [ryan]
Ainu
hunak(ka) where [sm]
Altaic/Japanese
Japanese innen can be used to form such concepts as "cause; providence; causality; karma[-relation]; fatality; fate; destiny; affinity; connection; origin; history"
Dravidian
ongân from that direction /Brahui
ini hereafter, from here onwards (of place) /Tamil [bur]
ini henceforth, yet, still, more /Malayaman [bur]
ïn other; hereafter /Toda [bur]
inu, innu still, yet, moreover, hence, hereafter /Kannad.a [bur]
iññi hereafter; again /Kod.agu [bur]
Indo-European
Celtic
? nunn over, beyond /Gaelic, Irish anonn, Old L. inunn; from the prep. an (see a) and sund, here ("from here"), Welsh hwnt, Breton hont: (so-u-to-s), this. The pronominal forms beginning in so and to, or s and t without o, are all from the roots so and to ultimately [from mcb]
Germanic
heonon from here [ws]; hence [sc1] /Old English
hwonan (hwanan) adv where from; whence [sc1] /Old English
hotz (L,LN,Z,U) (n.) cold; hotzitu (vi/vt) to get cold; to make cold /Basque
hozte (L,LN,Z,U) (n.) cold snap, cold period; act of becoming cold; hoztu (vi) to get cold /Basque
Uralic
hid-eg cold, chilly /Hungarian
Official source says possibly related to Hungarian hűvös "cool" which it in turn considers of unknown origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic/Cushitic, East
k'iid- cold /Harso [oi4]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qạjạv hoarfrost; to freeze 1 (иней; мерзнуть 1) /Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN737]
qεjέw /Chukchee; qejev (I), qava; qajav- (III) 1 /Koryak; qajav- 1 /Alutor [ss]
*qijtą- to freeze (замерзнуть) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN281]
*qijtą- to freeze /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN744]
qi'tą " /Chukchee; qitą- /Koryak; qitą- /Palan; qītą- /Alutor [ss]
*qite- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN286]
qetet-kes to freeze (замерзать) /Sedank dialect; ketat-kaz, kin-kitąv-in 1 algere; gelu ambustus 1 /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
ku_tir cold, cold wind; ku_tal sensation of cold (Tamil); kot.uku (kot.uki-) to shrink or shiver with cold (Tamil); ko_t.uka to feel very cold; ko_t.t.am coldness, stiffness (Malaylam); ko_d.u to be cool or cold; n. coldness; ko_t.a, kod.ata coldness (Kannad.a) [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
kasahka to be very cold {/kasa<h>t-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
kasatka to be cold weather {/kasat-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
Climb, mount, rise (up), to fly, to play, dance, jump (up, about)
igo (B,G,U), igon (B), igan (L,LN,Z) to climb, rise; to go up /Basque
jagi (B), jaiki (C) to get up, to rise; to rise up, to rebel /Basque
ega (B,G), hegal, hego (L,LN,Z,U) wing; hega-tu to fly /Basque
ágas-kod- to rear up (horse); to stand on tip-toe /Hungarian
hág to climb up; hágó mountain pass /Hungarian
ugor to spring, jump, leap (up); ug-rál to jump about /Hungarian
Uralic
*kanke- climb up /F.U
Hungarian ug- "jump" is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
kun4,5 ladder,stairs
ugu- (prep.) upon, over, on top; after; comparative enhancer of adjectives [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
'hi to fly /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 39 #6> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
heg-, hog- erect(to be)/stand /Proto East Cushitic
hej- ej- erect(to be) stand /Oromo; hinj-i- lift /Somali; ogu rise /Saho
Niger-Congo (?)
éeg to climb /Wollof [pc2]
ekateku (v.) to be chipped, lift up and raised /Wollof [pc2]
ëkati (v.) to lift /Wollof [pc2]
jóg to arise, get up /Wollof [c2]
og to lift up (a garment) /Wollof [pc2]
Austric
eke to climb, to mount, to mount (a female for copulating), to surface (of fish), and by extension, to bite he eke te kahi the tuna bites. /Rapanui [anon]
ake- up, upward, to ascend /Anutan; uka, uta- towards mountains, inland /Polynesia; akyat- to rise, ascend /Tagalog; angkat- to lift /Indonesia; to be elevated /Ngaju-Dyak; ascent /Hova; atas, atat- above /Proto-Austronesian; ake- upward indicator /Polynesia; ata- up /Nakanai [pkm]
kake ascend /Moriori [mor]
eke, piki ake, pikitia, piki climb /Mäori [ua]
Austro-Asiatic
coga, coghe to climb up into or on (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese meaning "to lift (heavy objects)"
gang 1 /Modern Chinese < ka.un /Middle Chinese < krōn /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese kō; ageru [ss]
Chinese meaning "to set up, lift up"
kang 4 /Modern Chinese < khaŋ /Middle Chinese < khāŋ-s /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese kō; gō; ageru; ataru; sakarau [ss]
Chinese meaning "to lift, raise"
ang 2 /Modern Chinese < nâŋ /Middle Chinese < nāŋ /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese gō; kō; agaru; ageru; aogu [ss]
Chinese meaning "to lift"
xian 1 /Modern Chinese < xăr /Middle Chinese < xar /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese ken; kon; kin; agaru; ageru [ss]
Chinese meaning "to rise, overcome"
teng /Modern Chinese < dAŋ /Middle Chinese < Łhāŋ /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese tō; agaru; ageru; noboru; noru [ss]
Chinese meaning "to lift, raise; set forth; display; swear, proclaim"
cheng 1 /Modern Chinese < c'hin /Middle Chinese < thaŋ /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese shō; hakaru; tonaeru; homeru; tataeru; ageru; kanau [ss]
Chinese meaning "to rise above, raise; carry through, achieve"
xiang 1 /modern Chinese < sjaŋ /Middle Chinese < snhaŋ /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese shō; sō; jō; noboru; ageru; harau; tasukeru [ss]
Chinese meaning "to rise, surge, start; to lift, promote"
ju 3 /Modern Chinese < kö' /Middle Chinese < kla? /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese kyo+; ageru+; agaru+ [ss]
Chinese meaning "to lift; curve up"
jiao 3 /Modern Chinese < kéw /Middle Chinese < k(r)aw? /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese kyō; ageru; agaru; mageru; magaru; tameru [ss]
Chinese meaning "falcon flag; bending upwards (of hair)"
yu 2 /Modern Chinese < jö /Middle Chinese < la /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese yo; hata; agaru; ageru [ss]
Chinese meaning "be precariously high"
qiao 2 /Modern Chinese < gjew /Middle Chinese < g(h)ew /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese kyō; gyō; ageru; tsumadateru [ss]
Chinese meaning "to jump"
yong 3 /Modern Chinese < jö'iŋ /Middle Chinese < loŋ /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Japanese yō; oduru; odori [ss]
Altaic
*oge to rise [ss] /Altaic [ss]
*i_a:gV (~ e:-, -k`-) to rise /Altaic [ss]
*ia:g-, *ia:g-na- 1 to rise, get up 2 to roll over, fall over 3 climb over /Turkic
*(h)aji-su- to come close to, come up to /Mongolian
*iaga- /Tungus
*a/nka/- 1 to raise 2 give /Japanese; a/ga/- 1 /Old Japanese; a\ge- 1, 2 /Tokyo [ss]
ageri, ageru rise, climb, ascend /Japanese
okoru to rise, arise, spring up; okiru to get up; rise /Japanese
odoru to dance; jump, leap, spring /Japanese
Caucasian
*=a":GV to stand up; to erect; high /North Caucasian [ss]
*=o:G|- / *=e:bG|- 1 to erect, plant 2 to sit /Nakh [ss]
=o:G|- /Chechen; =oG|- 1, =aG|- 2 /Ingush; =oG|- 1, =aG|- 2 /Batsbi [ss]
*=iG|- 1 to stand 2 auxiliary verb 3 to plant, erect /Andian [ss]
=oG|- (Anc.) 2 /Avar; =iG|- 1 /Andi; =eG|- 1 /Akhvakh; =iG|- 1 /Chamalal; =iG|- 1 /Tindi; =iG|- 1,3 /Karata; =iG|- 1,2 /Botlikh; =iG|- 1 Bagvalal; =iG|- 1 /Godoberi [ss]
*=o|x|- B to stand up /Tsezian [ss]
=u"x|- /Ginukh; =ah- /Khvarshi; =aG|-ic.- /Bezhita [ss]
*jaq:V- 1 high 2 long /Lezghian [ss]
jarG|i 1 /Lezghi; jaG|-li 1 /Tabasaran; ja?|aldi-l 1 /Agul; q:-aG|a 1 /Kryz; aqa 2 /Archi [ss]
*=HiqE: to rise, grow /North Caucasian [ss]
*=oq:- ( ~ -a-) 1 to stand up 2 to rise, grow 3 to raise /Andian [ss]
=aq:n- 1 /Avar; aq:- (Tseg.) 3 /Akhvakh; eq:n- 2 /Chamalal; =aq:- 2 /Karata [ss]
also see =aq:-a/r- 'to stand up (frequently)' /Avar [ss]
*=[y]x|:- tall, high, large /Tsezian [ss]
=ix|-iju /Tsezi; =yx|u /Inkhokvari [ss]
buIx|-t:ul-s:a high, tall /Lak [ss]
*=uq- to grow /Dargwa [ss]
=uq-es /Akusha [ss]
*?ix|:a- 1 to stand 2 to stand up /Lezghian [ss]
x|IyG|I-y=x|Ia- 1 /Rutul; x|:a- 2 /Archi [ss]
*q/:Ia ( ~ *q./Ia) to raise, to lift /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
?a-t@-n /Adyghe; ?a-t@-n /Circassian; q.a/-s/a- /Ubykh [ss]
*=Hix|V to fly /North Caucasian [ss]
liI=x|:a-n to fly /Lak [ss]
*?ix|I- to fly /Dargwa [ss]
*?ix|V to fly /Lezghian [ss]
Dravidian
*ek- to climb; *eg- (*n-) to jump, fly /Dravidian [ss]
eHku-tal mount, climb, get up/Tamil; uka (-pp-, -nt-) to ascend, rise, soar upward /Tamil; uggn.a_ to spring up, grow /Punja_bi_; ekku to rise, increase, swell; egi, ege to rise, spring up, fly or bound /Telugu; eguru, evuru to fly, jump up/ Telugu; egur- to jump/Naikr.i; ikattal to leap over, jump over/Tamil; ukal.i to jump, leap/Tamil; egarike jumping; egaru to rise; to fly; to jump /Kannad.a; egaru, eguru /Telugu; egarisu to cause to rise in the air or to fly; to cause to spring or jump /Kannad.a; ekayincu, egirincu /Telugu(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
heg- (-it-) to climb (Kuwi); senga (sengi-) to climb; n. act of climbing; senger.i ladder (Kui)(DEDR 2752).[sk]
akai (-v-,-nt-) to flourish, sprout; (-pp-,-tt-) to sprout, raise; akaippu rising, elevation /Tamil; aka germ, bud, shoot /Malayaman; age seedling, shoot from the root of a plant or tree /Kannada; age paddy seedling /Koda; agge shoot of a branch /Tulu [bur]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
egeirô, Aeol. inf. egerrên Ep. impf. egeiron fut. egerô aor. êgeira I. Act., awaken, rouse 2. rouse, stir up 3. raise from the dead 4. raise, erect a building II. Pass., with pf. Act. egrêgora, wake 2. rouse or stir oneself, be excited by passion, etc III. intr. in Act., arouse oneself
Celtic
uachdar surface, summit /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish uachtar, ochtar: *ouktero-, root eu@g, ve@g, rise, be vigorous, as in uasal, q.v. Cf. Welsh uthr, admirandus [from mcb]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
hach 'rising, raising up, increase, swelling up'
hachi 'raise, lift' (cl.1)
hachbah 'arise, raise itself, get up (as from bed), rise (as a stream), be erect, ascend (as smoke), sprout (as a plant)' (cl.3)
Quechua
huqariy, ugariy, sogariy, qoqariy (various dialects) to raise; to lift up [q2]
Yuki
kok'- (?) rise1; k'a'k rise2 [y84]
hák'i up4 top, north [y84]
aga-ncs antlers /Hungarian
Uralic
The horns of a stag were often worn by shamans as a crown [hh96]
Sumerian
aga (3) diadem, circlet, crown (of legitimate kingship); turban [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <brb9167> [oi4]
iggi upper part /Berber
Altaic
*iu/gu up, above /Altaic [ss]
*ju"g- / *jog- up, above /Turkic [ss]
ju"geru" /Old Turkic [ss]
*o"g|e- upwards /Mongolian [ss]
o"gede /Written Mongolian; o'e-de /Middle Mongolian [ss]
o":d /Khalkha; o":d@ /Kalmuck; we:d /Dagur [ss]
*ug-i: above, up /Tungus [ss]
uvi- ~ ug|i- /Negidal; ve-si- /Manzhu; uwu-j /Nanai; uji- /Ulcha; ui, uwu /Orok; wi-si /Zhurzhen; o"g|ú- /Even; ug|i: /Evenki [ss]
*u\(h) up, above /Korean [ss]
wi /Modern Korean; u\(h) /Middle Korean [ss]
*u/-pa- up, above /Japanese [ss]
u/-pe /Old Japanese; ue/, u\e /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
∫ah horn (of an animal); ∫ahly horned /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
ucci crown of head, head, summit, zenith; ucca_n.i highest point, top, summit; ukkam head (Tamil); ucci crown of head; ucca_n.i highest point, summit, top (Malayalam); us'ky top of tree, zenith (Toda); ucci top or crown of head (Kannad.a,Tulu)(DEDR 579). [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
uccá lofty; uccāķs (adv.) high of sound, loud /Sanskrit
igurika (L,LN,,Z) adv. waiting, expecting /Basque
igurikarazi (L,LN,Z) v.t. to cause to wait, to make someone wait /Basque
igurikatu (L,LN) v.t. to wat for, to watch for /Basque
iguriki (L,U) v.t. to wait for, to watch for /Basque
itxaron (B,G,U), itxoin (B,G) to wait; to hope, to trust /Basque
Uralic
oottõa to wait /Vaddja [fv]
ácsor-og to loiter, to stand about /Hungarian
őgyel-eg to loaf, lounge, loiter /Hungarian
Officially, the origin of Hungarian őgyeleg is unknown. [Chong]
{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}
{/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}
Niger-Congo (?)
edoo (n.) waiting period /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
axerat stand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*ic'V to hope/Altaic [ss]
*(h)ic'a-/Mongol
*ic'e-/Tungus [ss]
Turkic
idediji watchful; ideg 1. tending, care 2. surveillance; ideg-sorag 1. search 2. investigative, watchful; idemek 1. to search for 2. to inform about /Turkmen [glnp]
gara∫-mak to wait /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
ta_r-u, ta_ru to lurk, lie in wait (Telugu); tar-uku to linger, loiter (Tamil); ta_ri to wait (Koraga)(DEDR 3193). [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian [Cheung]
*uat- to hope for /Proto Iranian
Prefixed form: *a:-uat-
Sogdian: CSogd. 'wt- `to hope for', (nomin.) SSogd. ''wth `faith' (v. MHC: 32.8), CSogd. 'wt (m.) , (obl.) CSogd. 'wty `hope'
Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. 'wt
New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Oss. I. ud, D. od `ghost, soul, spirit'
Indo-Aryan
āc,a's wish, hope [supposedly derived from c,an.s "say in a loud and solemn way" + ā] /Sanskrit
āc,ā' hope [younger form of āc,a's] /Sanskrit
joka-tu (C) to compete; to play /Basque
gyakor-ol practise, exercise; gyakr-an often /Hungarian
Uralic
*jowkke often /F.U
Niger-Congo (?)
jikko habit, character /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
Tungus
jaci too, very; frequently /Manchu [as]
Japanese
jikkō practice; yako a preparatory course /Japanese
Indo-European
Italic
jugar to play /Spanish [q1]
Germanic
jiukan to contend /Gothic [sc2]
Yuki
yik game [y84]
yi?-, yik'-, yi, yik play [y84]
együgyű silly /Hungarian
Austric
hoko to jump; to rock or swing in rhythm with the chants in festivals, as was the ancient custom; an ancient dance. /Rapanui [anon]
Altaic
ugoki movement, motion /Japanese
ugoku move, stir; work, operate; shake, swing, sway /Japanese
ugomeku wriggle, squirm /Japanese
ugu stupidity, silliness; ugu-na silly, stupid; obtuse /Japanese
Caucasian
*Ho>gV> to play; to dance; playful, silly /North Caucasian [ss]
*HVgV- playful, silly /Andian [ss]
ha/ga= /Avar [ss]
uk:a-n to play /Lak [ss]
*?ak:a- 1 to play 2 to dance /Lezghian [ss]
=iga- 2 /Rutul; a=ga- 1 /Tsakhur [ss]
*-gV- 1 to dance 2 silly, silly person /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/ga 2 /Abkhaz; laga 2 /Abaza; w@z^|/@-n 1 /Adyghe; w@z^|@-n 1 /Circassian; w@g/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]
Yuki
wok-, wahk' dance, sing [y84]
Death, dead, to die, to kill; to lament, to cry. howl
il (B,G) to die; hil (v.i.) to die; (v.t.) to kill; (n.) corpse; hil-dako dead,deceased /Basque
Uralic
*kole die /Uralic
kul (kul-ater) the devil associated with death /Ugrian
kuole- die /Finnish
hal to die; hal-ott dead, corpse /Hungarian
öl to kill /Hungarian
Sumerian
gúr to die [jh]
galla, gullax a demon [jh]
gul (adj.) evil; enormous [jh]
gùl, gal5 to overwhelm [jh]
hul(3) (n.) evil [jh]
Elamite
halpi kill, die [oi2]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
gallu /Akkadian [em]
The Akkadian demons of the underworld. They are responsible for the abduction of the vegetation-god Damuzi (Tammuz) to the realm of death. [em]
Altaic
*a:lV to destroy, kill /Altaic [ss]
*Alk- to finish; destroy; Refl. perish, be exhausted, come to an end /Turkic [ss]
alq- (Orkh., OUig.), alq-yn- Refl. OUig. /Old Turkic; alk- (dial.);
alk-ys^- Old Osmanian 'to destroy (many)' /Turkish [ss]
*ala- to kill /Mongolian [ss]
*a:li- 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a long hunt) /Tungus [ss]
*oli ( ~ -e) to die; to be hungry, exhausted /Altaic [ss]
*o"l- 1 to die 2 (*o"l-tu"r-) to kill /Turkic [ss]
o"l- 1, o"lu"r- 2 /Old Turkic; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Turkish; u"l- 1, u"ter- 2 /Tatar; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Azeri; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Turkmen; vil- 1, vo">ler- 2 /Chuvash; o"l- 1, o"lo"r- 2 /Yakut [ss]
*o"l- 1 to be hungry 2 hungry /Mongolian [ss]
*(h)olbu- soul of the dead; shadow /Tungus [ss]
Dravidian
il non-existence, death; illai it is not; no; illa_mai absence, non-existence, poverty, want; illa_tavan- one utterly destitute; illa_n- poor man; ill-en-al death, negating existence; ilam, ilampai poverty; ili one who is without; /Tamil; illade gerund not being; illada adj. not being; illave state of not being /Kannad.a; ille be not (for all persons and numbers) /Kod.agu; hill- to be not/Gondi; hille is not /Kuwi [sk]
ula (-pp-, -nt-) to become diminished, be wasted, be devoid of, die, terminate; ulakkai end, ruin, death; ulappu wasting, perishing, defect, death, limit; ulai (-v-, -nt-) to perish, be ruined (as houses, land, crops); (-pp-, -tt-) to ruin; ulaivu ruin, destruction, defeat, poverty, trouble (Tamil); ulakkuka to shrink up; ulayuka to be impoverished, ruined; ulaccal, ulavu ruin (Malayalam)(DEDR 671). [sk]
kol (kolv-, kon-r--) to kill, murder; n. act of killing (Tamil); kolli killing; kula killing, murder (Malayalam); kol act of killing; kolga.rn murderer (Kota); kol, kolu, kollu (kond-) to kill, murder; kole killing, murder, slaughter (Kannad.a); koll- to kill (Kod.agu); kole murder (Tulu); koru, kori, korru to kill (Kor.ux); kollu id. (Telugu); kola murder (Telugu); xalling to strike, kill, fire (gun), throw (stone)(Bra_hui_) (DEDR 2132) [sk]
ku_l.i devil, demon (Tamil); demon, ghost (Malayalam); kole ghost (Kannad.a); kule id., apparition (Tulu) (DEDR 1918) [sk]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*ke.le>h@ "devil" /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]
*ka.la.h@. "wicked, vicious, evil"; "spirit"; "idol"1 /Proto Chukchee-Koryak[ss]
ke|l/?e| /Chukchee; kalah(@) /Koryak; kal/ak 1 /Palan; kala?a-n|; kalak 1 /Alutor
*kilg|u>l /Proto Itelmen[ss]
kilg|@l "devil" /Sedank dialect [ss]
kil/g|ul/ diabolus /West Itelmen [ss]
Etruscan
calu, calus infernal demon [mp68: 407]; god of death [az96]; "dark, darkness" [az96]
calusin, calusna "pertaining to Calu" [mp68]; "to darken, funereal" [az96]
calusna "dark" [az96]
calusur "funeral, funerary" [az96]
xaru, xarun
1. demon who guides the dead to the underworld along with Vanth (associated with a hammer) [glb]
Also c.f. Latin Charon and Greek Xaron [glb]
2. demon who torments the souls of the dead; guardian of the underworld [em]
3. "Smasher, Cutter" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj]
Kêr the goddess of death
Germanic
holler /Norse [em]
In Norse myth, Holler is the god of death and destruction and the one who brings diseases and disasters. He drags people to his dungeon where he tortures them to death. [em]
hell /English < hell /Old English; helle Old Frisian; hellia Old Saxon; hellia, hella /Old High German; helle /MHG; Hölle /German; halja /Goth; Hel goddess of the dead /Old Norse [ep: p. 276]
In various mythologies and religions, the place of torment for the wicked after death. [em]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
halik perishing, in the state of being destroyed or killed; destructive;<-> halik shudan, to perish /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic halik according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kāla' (1) Time, as the destroyer, Death; (2) time in general; (3) proper, right or appointed time; kāla-pāc,a snare of Death /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
holitli to die (?) Usage: Archaic, not confirmed by contributors. [tm]
illi to die /Alabama [tm]
ililla death {/i<li>ll-a}/Alabama [tm]
hollo to be evil, wicked, dangerous, taboo; to be holy, sacred, spiritually powerful, magic /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
ko'-lum, 'ko'-let corpse [y84]
k'o(·)l- die, kill; shrivel; k'o·leč, kolístek, kōl'-let dead [y84]
hil-eta funeral; lament for the dead; complaint /Basque < hil "to die" /Basque
orroe (n.) roar (C); orroe egin to roar; orroka-tu to shout, scream /Basque
Uralic
hal-ottat sirat "for the dead to cry"; to lament, keen /Hungarian < hal "to die" /Hungarian
ord-ít to shout, howl /Hungarian
ordas wolf /Hungarian
Officially, the origin of Hungarian ordás "wolf" is unknown. [Chong]
ulvoa to howl /Vaddja [fv]
üvölt to howl, to roar /Hungarian
Sumerian
i-lu song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply') [jh]
ur5 to shout [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
ouelouele yelp, howl /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
gyl to rejoice /West Semitic [ahd]
Altaic
*u:/lo to cry, howl /Altaic [ss]
*u:ly- to cry, howl /Turkic
*uli- to cry, howl (wolves) /Mongolian
*u:r- to cry, weep /Korean
*@/ra/-mp- to cry, wail /Japanese [ss]
*oro to cry, shout /Altaic [ss]
*ory 1 shout, outcry 2 to make a noise, shout 3 to shout together /Turkic
*ori- / *uri- to shout, call /Mongolian
*or- 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound
4 to rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an aurochs) 8 to
call /Tungus [ss]
Dravidian
kele to cry or shout with energy or for joy (Kannad.a); cilai, cilampu, cilumpu to sound (Tamil); kele to cry out, to vociferate (abusively); keleta abusive vociferation (Kannad.a.lex.); kel.ar, kil.ir, keral. to cry out, to roar; to dispute, to wrangle (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.); gi_ra the voice (Kui); gi_ga, gi_ta, gi_ya word, syllable (pl. gi_anga)(Kuwi); giya~ voice (Kuwi); kir-a_vu to cry (as a peacock)(Tamil); kiry- (kirc-) to shout; kiry a shout (Kota); kir-c- to shout (Toda); kir-acu, kir-icu, kir-uvu, kircu to cry, shout, scream; kir-acuvike crying, etc.; kir-ugut.t.u, kirgut.t.u to cry, scream; ki_r-u, ci_r-, ci_r-u to scream, cry out; gi_r-u, ci_r-u, ji_r-u screaming, shrilling, buzzing (Kannad.a); ki_rottuni to roar, as an elephant (Tulu); ci_ru, ci_r-u to call; ci_rud.u calling (Telugu); kihpa (kiht-) to shout, cry out (Kui); ki_rr.- (-it-) to shriek, moan with pain, shout (Kuwi); kire_ng abuse; kire_ng tining to abuse (Brahui) [sk]
*u:l.- to howl /Dravidian [ss]
(h)u:l-ing, hu:l-a:iing to howl /Brahui [ss]
*ār- to shout /Dravidian [ss]
ār (-pp-,-tt-) to shout, roar, bellow, vilify /Tamil [bur]
ār (ārd-), ārcu, ācu to cry aloud /Kannad.a [bur]
*go:r.- grief /Darvidian [ss]
*go:l.-/*go:r.- grief, lament /South Dravidian [ss]
go:l., go:r. sound of howling lamenting, wailing, or roaring /Kannada; go:l.y struggling, agony /Kodagu; go:lu, go:l.u grief, lamentation Tulu [ss]
*go:l. /Nilgiri protoform [ss]
*go:d.- grief, affliction, a long and sad story or account /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: go:d.u
Derivatives: Also go:la wailing, loud outcry, howl; go:lu loud noise or outcry; go:lugo:lu onom. crying or lamentation [ss]
Etruscan
iiulathil, iiul to lament, keen [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
ghel-1 to call, *kel2- to shout [ahd]
*or- 'to speak, to shout' PIE [cb]
Greek
ôru_don (adv.) howling /Classical Greek [lsj1]
ôruktês howling /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Italic
ululare "to lament, keen" /Latin [az96]
isi! (C) (int.) be quiet! /Basque
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble /Basque
Uralic
hes! quiet, listen! /Hungarian
Sumerian
ğeštug (2,3), ğeštu (2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]
Hurrian-Urartian
haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]
*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]
x|az^- /Hurrian [ss]
x|as^- /Urartian [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
East
us- silent /Oromo; asaa?`- silent, keep secret /Saho; us silence! /Somali
South
xatl- a xatliit *P silent /Iraqw
Semitic
h%s'y h!s'y silent /Proto Semitic
h%s#?`, ?' sit still, silent /Geez
Altaic/Khakas
is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]
Caucasian
*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|ac.- hear /Nakh [ss]
x|aza /Chechen; x|aza /Ingush; x|ac.ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]
*sVs(Vn)- to be quiet, silent /Andian [ss]
sasn- /Avar [ss]
*=urs- (/ =us-) to say, tell /Dargwa [ss]
=ur-es /Akusha; b-urs- /Chiragh [ss]
*?asV 1 to be silent 2 to listen /Lezghian [ss]
k-is- 1 /Lezghi; k:it:-isi- 1 /Agul; q-a=sa- 2 /Rutul [ss]
Etruscan
uśi, uśie "to hear" > "to understand, obey" [az96]
uśiśa "understood, obeyed, heard" [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*Heus- ear /PIE [cg2]
Italic
heus! hallo!, ho, there!, hark! /Latin
Yuki
k'ic be quiet3; k'ic-a be quiet! [y84]
irten (G,U) to clear (out); to leave, to go; to depart, to exit /Basque
Uralic
*sure- cut down/Uralic
_irt- {s >ø} to clear out, to wipe out; exterminate /Hungarian
Sumerian
sar drive away; suš fell trees
iz- prefix which means "water, sea" used in a few words /Basque
ügy lake; swamp /Old Hungarian {meanings date from 1193 A.D.}[Chong]
Uralic
õj (n) brook /Vaddja [fv]
ügy river, stream /Székely Hungarian
Although this word is now apparently archaic/obsolete in Hungary proper, it is still used by the Hungarian Székely nation in Transylvania once a part of the kingdom of Hungary.
[fh] thinks that the archaic/obsolete Hungarian word ügy may be related to Hungarian üde "fresh, blooming"
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}
One official thinks ügy is of debated origin but could be related to Hungarian víz water. [Chong]
ügy is used mainly as an element in place names but might also be considered as an obscure base in some derivatives. [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}
Sumerian
ída, íd, i7 river; main canal; watercourse [jh]
šìta channel, small canal [jh]
sed(4,5,6), šed7,10,11,12, še4,5,17,18,23 (n.) cold water; coolness [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Austro-Asiatic
*-da' , *-da'k `water' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a , gar.a `pit, trench, grave, water course, stream, river' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a `hollow, pit, excavation, trench, river'; etc. /Santal [mw1]
Basque
iz- prefix which means "water, sea" used in a few words
The ancient Basque word for water is ur and is well-attested in place names and surnames. The great Basque linguist Azkue tried to make a case for a lost word *iz- meaning `water', but his case is rejected today as unsubstantiated. [lt]
iturri (C) spring, fountain
Dravidian
u_d- (-it-) to become wet, be soaked; u_t- (-t-) to wet, soak (Kond.a); u_d- (u_tt-) to become wet; caus. u_di ki-; u_t- (-t-) to urinate (Pengo); u_d- to get wet (Mand.a); u_d- id. (Kui); u_dali to become wet; u_thali to moisten; u_th'nai to wet; u_d- (-it-) to become wet, damp; u_t- (-h-) to make wet, damp (Kuwi) (DEDR 743).[sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
ujë water
Paleo-Balkan
Utus (Plin.) - the Vit river; Utos (Prok.) - fortress on its mouth. /Thracian [id]
The name is explained from the IE *ūdo-s from the IE stem *ŏd-, ųed-: *ųod- ‘water’ in the Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, the Greek hydos ‘water’, etc. The IE d was converted into the Thracian t. The initial Utus led to the New Bulg. Vit. according to [id]
úsz to swim /Hungarian
Uralic
ujua to swim /Vaddja [fv]
ui- swim /Finnish
Altaic
*o\je to swim /Altaic [ss]
*u"j- / *oji-mu- 1 to sink, to put in in a pot for boiling 2 to swim /Mongolian
*ujV to swim (of birds) /Tungus
*@\j@\nk- (*@\jua\nk-) to swim /Japanese [ss]
*niu/r/e to become wet, soak /Altaic [ss]
*ju"r/- 1 to swim 2 to float 3 to walk in water /Turkic [ss]
ju"z- 1 /Old Turkic; ju"z- 1 /Turkish; jo"z- 1 /Tatar; u"z- 1 /Azeri; ju"z- 1 /Turkmen [ss]
Caucasian
*?i:z|_ur- to strain, filter, sift /North Caucasian [ss]
*?o:c.- / *?e:bc.- 1 to milk 2 to pull; to sip, to smoke /Nakh [ss]
o:z-a /Chechen; oz-a /Ingush; oc.-ar /Batsbi [ss]
see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"
*s/V to swim /West Caucasian [ss]
*s/V to swim /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-z|-sa-ra /Abkhaz; z|-ca-ra /Abaza; ja-s@-n /Adyghe; ja-s@-n /Circassian; z|/as/a- /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
i_su, i_ju, hi_ju to swim; n. (also i_sa) swimming; i_jisu to make swim (as a horse) /Kannad.a; i_cuni, i_juni to swim /Tulu [sk]
víz water; víz-es wet, watery /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian víz is from FU
*vete (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
vesi water /Karelian; vesi water /Vaddja [fv]
vesi water (Finnish); va (Komi); w@t, wüt (Mari) / ved' (Mordvin) [Chong]
Sumerian
also c.f. Sumerian biz; bi(z) n., tears (Akk. loanword from bi,s,su, 'flow of tears' and ba,saa,su, 'to (let) drip', cf., Orel & Stolbova #256 *baz- 'flow, be wet'). //// v., to drip, trickle; to cry; to ooze; to pour; to rinse off; to impute, accuse; to push someone away; to dry (cf., bi-bi-zé). [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
also c.f. Akkadian : zu?tu (zu:tu, izu:tu) sweat (also 'exudation'); AMHARIC: wa"z (also 'perspiration'); GAFAT: wu>za" 'perspiration'; HARARI: wu>zi? 'perspiration, sweat'; EAST ETHIOP.: SEL w@za:t, WOL w@zi, ZWY w@z do.; GURAGE: CHA EZ>A ENN GYE MUH MSQ GOG SOD w@zat, END w@za?at, ENN uzat do. [ibid.] [ss]
also see Hungarian izzad "to sweat"
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*uodr water /PIE [cg2]
*wed wet, water /PIE [cg2]
*wlik-u- wet /PIE [cg2]
Germanic
wasser water /German {t > z}
Ulwa
was water [ud]
üde fresh, blooming; üdít- to freshen, refresh /Hungarian
Uralic
One expert thinks Hungarian üde is of Turkic origin, while another thinks it is of unknown origin but possibly derived from üdvöz (used in expressions only): Üdvöz légy ~ "All the best, sincerely" which is found in archaic literary usage, and is thought to derive from obsolete üd "exalted", "lofty", "wholesome" which is possibly of Turkic origin. However another expert thinks that the origin of üdvöz is not kown. [Chong]
[fh] thinks that the Hungarian word üde may be related to the archaic/obsolete Hungarian ügy " lake; swamp"
Sumerian
a-dé fresh [jh]
Altaic/Tungus
ice new; beginning, at the beginning; newborn animal /Manchu [as]
Austric
ho'ou new, fresh /Rapanui [anon]
{/'/ represents the so-called glottal stop}
izar (C) star /Basque
izeki (G) to burn, to burn (oneself), to burn up; izekidura (n.) burn /Basque
izerdi (C) (n.) sweat /Basque
izzani to glow, to burn; izzó glowing ember /Hungarian
izz-ad to sweat; iszam-ós slippery from moisture /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian izz-: izzad sweat (< izz(ik)) ; izz(ik) be glowing, red-hot; izzó fiery (< izz(ik)) possibly derive from a FU root.
? oˆl'- heat; ignite (Khanty); @t- heat; ignite (Southern Khanty); õzjy- catch fire; õzty- fire, ignite, light (Komi); esty- to heat (Udmurt) [Chong]
accâgâs red-hot (Lappish) [Chong]
Sumerian
izi , iz-zi fire [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
зs fire /Phœnician [cgj]
išâtu heat, fire (Akkadian) [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic
issi heat; ocak 1. January; 2. furnace; kiln, hearth, fireplace; quarry, mine /Turkish
sicak hot, warm; heat; isitmak a heat; isinmak grow warm /Turkish
yssy hot; yssylamak to get hot, heat up /Turkmen [glnp]
isti hot; istilik heat (Azeri); asa hot (Chuvash); issi hot (Karachai); issyk warm (Kyrgyz); esse hot; esselek heat [? kyzun, zˆyly hot] (Tatar); is soot; issi scorching hot; suffocating heat; IsI warm; IsIn- warm; warm oneself; I$Ik lamp, light; I$Il damak to sparkle, twinkle; I$In ray; I$InIm radiation; [? kIzgIn warm] (Turkish); isyk rak warm (Uigur); [? qizigan hot]; issik heat (Uzbek) [Chong]
Mongol
asa- get burning (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Japanese
atsu hot /Japanese [Chong]
ase sweat /Old Japanese; ase sweat /Japanese
Austric
asie- fire, (Arosi), usu- fire, (Asenara, Moni), asuwain- fire, (Ulau-Suain), ahi- fire, (Maori, Teor., Goram), ahu- burnt, scalded, (Tahiti), ahe- fire, (Banjak Is.), ahu- heat, fever; (Tahiti), ahu- fire, (Buru), ahang- fire; (Laul, Lironesa), ahango- fire, (Faulili), afi- fire, (Fila, Mele, Futuna), isa- fire, (Maranomu, Maria, Maiagolo), izi- fire, (Binandere), asu- smoke, (Samoa) aso- smoke, (Tagalog), usa- fire, (Warkay) [pkm]
Dravidian
esa~gu to arise, appear, exist, happen, shine (Telugu); ese to shine, be brilliant (Kannad.a); esaka shine, splendour, beauty, appearance, state of being, fate, delight (Kannad.a); esakamu joy, delight, splendour (Telugu) (DEDR 778). [sk]
Etruscan
usil sun; az to burn, to sear? [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment
Germanic
ase sweat /Danish
Italic
asar roast /Spanish; assar bake /Portuguese
Slavic
ožeći to burn, scorch; užeći to set fire to, kindle, ignite /Serbo-Croatian
užaren red-hot, white-hot; hot; incandescent /Serbo-Croatian
užariti to glow /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
azar, azur Fire; name of the angel presiding over fire, and the day azar; affairs of the month and day azar, the former being the ninth solar month, the latter being the ninth day of any month, but particularly of the fourth month, tir-mah; name of seven celebrated fire-temples dedicated to the seven planets, and called in their respective order: azari mihr, nosh, bahram, a'in (ayin), khurin, barzin (burzin), zardahusht; name of Abraham's father; (met.) love. /Persian [fjs]
Muskogean/Eastern
asohka to be singed /Alabama [tm]
asohli to singe hair off, remove by singeing /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
?ą sol' hot; ?ą sul' fever / [y84]
?ą·set, ?ąs, us', us'-sit hot [y84]
üz to work hard at a trade; to chase after a woman /Hungarian
Sumerian
áš to desire [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
asik fever? malady /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Caucasian
*=a:c- 1 to mow 2 to work hard, be exploited /Nakh (Caucasian) [ss]
=a:c- 2 /Chechen; =ac- 2 /Ingush; =ac- 1 /Batsbi [ss]
Dravidian
âšik lover; loving; âšikî love, amour /Brahui
Etruscan
*aZ- ardor [az96]; ausaz eager, desirous [az96]
Indo-European
Greek
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment; asê [a^], Aeol. asa, hê, surfeit, loathing, nausea 2. distress, vexation 3. longing, desire /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Celtic
is desire, seek /Gaelic; Greek i@'ótcs, wish, i@`/meros, desire; Church Slavonic iskati, seek; Sanskrit ish, seek, Zend. ish, wish. [from mcb]
Anatolian
asi'- to love /Luwian; assija- to love Hittite [cb]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
us, user 'wish, desire, liking for'
usre 'wish for, like, prefer' (cl.2a)
utz, user 'wish, desire'
utzat 'desirous, good'
utzerbir 'desired, wished for'
utzi 'wish for, adore, worship' (cl.2)
asz-al to dry; asz-ály drought (-ály is a suffix); asz-ú dry wine /Hungarian
asz-ik to dry up (-ik suffix) /Hungarian
Uralic
*sVŝ to dry up, sur dry /Ugrian
Sumerian
ša to dry up [jh]
šeğ6, še6 to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field [jh]
ša-ra(-g) to dry up, wither [jh]
sahar dust, sand, sediment [jh]
šér, šír to shine brightly [jh says this is a loan from Akkadian]
sig4 sun-dried unbaked brick [jh]
Altaic
*asra > asa-ga drought /Anc-Turkic
Indo-European
Greek
azô dry up, parch /Classical Greek [lsj]
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Slavic
osušen dried; parched; grown meagre; seasoned; dehydrated /Serbo-Croatian
osušiti to dry up; to drain off; desiccate; wipe; dehydrate /Serbo-Croatian
suša drought /Serbo-Croatian
sušený dried; vysušiť dry up /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Azyai to become dry, dry up, shrink in drying /Sanskrit
s'o_s.a drying up, dryness (MBh.); summer /Sanskrit [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
asaama to scorch, be scorched; to be a bad smell, stink /Alabama [tm]
asaamachi to scorch (food) by letting it cook dry accidentally /Alabama [tm]
Quechua
usyay dry season [q2]
izen name /Basque
az-on-os identical; has-on-ló similar /Hungarian
Uralic
kite, küte central, middle /Uralic
Sumerian
ğes > as one
Altaic
azana another name, alias /Japanese
izi (L,LN,Z) horror, izu panic, scare /Basque
Uralic
iszony-at horror; iszam-ós slippery from moisture /Hungarian
iz an archaic type of devil (9th century), mouth fungus /Hungarian
zsizsi type of fungus that attacks wheat /Hungarian(from folklore book)
also see Hungarian izzad "sweat"; ijedez "to be frightened"
Sumerian
su-zìg/zi...ri to scare [jh]
su...zìg/zi to have/give gooseflesh; to be afraid of (with -da-) [jh]
su-zi terror [jh]
? usum dragon, solitary
ziz a crop devouring ?insect (ziz emmer wheat)
Austro-Asiatic
asasm usum without fear (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
Turkic
dehset terror /Turkish
Japanese
osore fear, horror; ozu-ozu with fear
Indo-European
Celtic
eus, heuz, horror /Breton [mcb: see Gaelic ++uath]
Italic
asustare to scare; to become frightened; asustar scare /Spanish
susto fright; asustado, asustada frightened /Spanish
Slavic
jeza horror; shudder, shiver, quake, tremor /Serbo-Croatian
užas horror, terror, consternation, panic, fear /Serbo-Croatian
uzhas horror /Russian
Paleo-Balkan
? zum-, zuml- dragon /Thracian [id, cb] {reconstructed word}
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
? azhish [azhi] a snake, a dragon /Avestan
has "too, also, likewise; dread, fear" /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
Basque Dialects :-)
B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects
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Last updated 14 April 2009