Euskara Magyar
Word List
Ek-Ez

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
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With, together, collective; one, individual

-ekin {accompaniment `with')} /Basque

Basque

-ekin is the case suffix which defines the comitative marker in most varieties of Basque. It has the following origin: it is a reduced form of a full postpositional phrase

*<-e kide-n> or *<-en -kide-a-n> 'in the company of', where

(a) <-e> is an old genitive suffix

c.f Hungarian genitive suffix <-é>

(b) the stem <-kide> is an element which in the modern language chiefly functions as a noun- forming suffix meaning 'fellow', 'mate', 'companion',

c.f. Hungarian ketten 'the two of us' < két 'two', kettő 'two, a couple of'

(c) and the final element is the ordinary locative case-suffix <-n> 'in, on, at'.

c.f. Hungarian locative suffixes -on, -en, -ön, -n 'in, on'

So the whole thing is genitive <-e> or <-en> 'of' + <-kide>, apparently here in the sense of 'company', + locative <-n> 'in'. The ordinary article <-a> 'the' may or may not have been present after <-kide> in the original formation. [lt3]

egyed individual /Hungarian
együtt together; with együtt-es joint, common, collective /Hungarian

Uralic

Root is Hungarian egy 'one'

{/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

зgd to gather together; зhdy together /Phœnician [cgj]

ahdy alone; ahdh together /Ugaritic

Dravidian

okut, okti one thing; ok one (Parji); ukut., okut. one woman or thing (Gadba); o_ko_, o_ko_re_ one each (Gondi); onghon once (Kur.ux); okka together (Tamil, Malayalam); oka one (adj.), single; oka~d.u, oko~d.u one man (Telugu); okata, okati, okatuka, okate one woman; okat.i, okot.i one thing (Telugu); okkon one man (Kolami, Naikri); or..gu, oggu, orgu assemblage (Kannad.a); oggad.a oneness, concord (Tulu); orukka for each (Tamil) (DEDR 990) [sk]

ogga_ a mass of seeds sown thickly in one place; ogga_ ha_ku to sow thickly with a view of transplantation; oggu to become one, to unite with, to meet together (Kannad.a, Telugu); ogga_ to become one, be united (Tulu); oggu, orgu, or-gu an assemblage, a mass; oggara a heap, a mass (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

tunur one at a time [lb]
thuta "people" < "entire, whole, one?" [suggested in mc: on page EtruscanTH.html]

(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

ittihad being single, being one; union, concord, intimate friendship /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic ittihad according to [fjs]

(2) Indo-European

*teutā- tribe /PIE [ahd]

Germanic

Dutch, Deutsch, Teuton [ahd]

Italic

Possibly Latin totus all, whole (? < "of the whole tribe") [ahd]

(3) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

ekadā (adv.) at one time, simultaneously /Sanskrit

Nostratic

'UXdE, 'UQdE "one, only" [Dolgopol'skij Etimologija 1967) cit. ag 1978]

[cited in mc: on page EtruscanTH.html]

egy one /Hungarian {/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}
egyén, egyéni individual /Hungarian

Uralic

igg one /Old Hungarian

Officially, egy "one" is possibly related to így "so this, like this" [Chong]

(?) *ükte (Proto Uralic) [Chong]

üks (Estonian); yksi (Finnish); yit (Khanty); @t'ik (Komi) / ok'tâ (Lp) / äkw (Man's'i); ikte (Mari) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

ahd (m), aht (f) one /Ugaritic

yxyd A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr lone, unique 2 Syr adv alone

LS2 300

LS2 V: iyxiyd abs. voc: iyxiyd

yxydy A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr lone 2 Syr hermit, member of a monastic order 3 Palestinian,Syr individual 4 Syr singular 5 JLAGal,JBA single authority

LS2 300

LS2 V: iyxiydAy abs. voc: iyxiydAy

xdny A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr unique 2 Syr singular 3 Syr solitary 4 Syr grammatical term singular

LS2 215

LS2 V: xdAnAy

Cognate Set <Bergsträsser (1983) , #158> [oi4]

Semitic

e_du single, alone /Akkadian
?'e_h!a_d one /Hebrew
h!ad_ one /Syriac
ah!adu one /Geez
ah!adun one /Arabic

Etruscan

thu one [lb]

Sumerian

aš one {Sumer š > Hung cs > gy}

Hurrian

aika one

Sino-Tibetan

Chinese meaning "be one; single; whole"

yi 1 /Modern Chinese < ?jit /Middle Chinese < ?it /Old Chinese [ss]

Altaic

*biuri one /Altaic [ss]

*bir /Turkic [ss]
*büri /Mongol [ss]
*piri /Korean [ss]
*pito' one /Japanese [ss]

pjito /Ancient Japanese [ss]
hitotsu /Tokyo[ss]

itsu- [ = hitotsu] one; a unit /Japanese

Tungus

uda the first of 2 or 3 sons /Manchu [as]

uju (udzˆu) head, first /Manchu [as, (Chong)]
ujulembi to head up, to be in charge /Manchu [as]

Japanese

ichi one

Japanese ichi is supposedly a loan from Chinese.

(1) Indo-European

Greek

ça 'one'; ăTj `one and the same' [bd]

Slavic

один (odin) 1. num. one; 2. prn. a certain; 3. alone /Russian

{f. одна (odna), nt. одно (odno)}

(2) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

éka one /Sanskrit

Quechua

huk // suk // uj // huk; huq; uk // juk "one" [cg2]

guzti (B,G,U) (adv.) all, every, whole, entire; guzi (G,L,LN,Z) (adv.) everything /Basque

Uralic

*wec'e collective,common/U

egész(en) {egy+ösz+en} all, entire, whole /Hungarian

Hungarian egész is possibly of Alanic origin. [Chong]

egész-ség health /Hungarian

Hungarian egészség literally means "state of completeness" which translates into "health" and is derived from egész + the suffix -ség which means "state/condition of" here.

Sumerian

kiš, keš totality, entire political world (name of the powerful city in the north of Sumer that first bound together and defended the cities of Sumer) [jh]

ğešta, ğeš2,3,4, ğiš2,3 sixty [jh]

In a number system, the base ("60" in the sexagesimal number system in use in Sumer) may be thought of as defining the "whole". Consider the modern notion of 60 seconds making ONE minute and so on, which is said to derive from the Sumerian use of the sexagesimal system. Perhaps the ancients had a similar concept or notion of "completeness" - just speculation.

Afro-Asiatic (??)

Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #404> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

aq- enough (to be), suffice /Bilin

Cushitic, South

?'ax- sated (to be) /Proto Rift

Indo-European

Albanian

gjithe' [pron indef] (tg) each; whole, all, full /Albanian [bd]

Classical Greek [lsj1] (????) < "to make whole, entire" ?

akes-ias (iatros) one who heals, physician or surgeon
akes-is , eôs, hê, healing, cure 2. mending, repair
akes-tos , ê, on, curable; akes-mios , on, curable; akes-ma , to, remedy

cf. Etruscan axu, axunie, acesia "healer, physician" [az96]

Muskogean/Eastern (?)

aissi medicine, pills, drug {poss. a- /hissi} Var: ahissi /Alabama [tm]

-gaz comitative suffix found in the Bizkaian dialect in the west /Basque

Basque

"Interestingly, the Bizkaian dialect in the west has the quite different comitative suffix <-gaz>, which behaves in an anomalous way among case-suffixes and looks very much like a formerly independent element which has been abruptly glued onto a preceding noun phrase with no case-marking. The origin of this is unknown, but it seems to contain the suffix <-z> (phonetic [-s]). This thing is today the ordinary instrumental suffix in all varieties, but, in early Basque, it appears in a variety of forms in which it arguably has a comitative function. Some of us therefore suspect -- but cannot demonstrate -- that this <-z> was once the ordinary comitative suffix, but that it has become specialized as an instrumental with the rise of the new comitative formations." [lt3]

köz- common, shared; public /Hungarian

Uralic

*kite, kiteppe central /Proto FU [Chong]

köˆt interspace; (the) middle /Khanty; kwät'l middle /Man's'i [Chong]

kooza (adv.) together, jointly; kooza (prp.) together (+com) /Vaddja [fv]

köz-igaz-gat-ás administration; local government; köz-jog common law /Hungarian
köz-kincs public property; köz-rend public order /Hungarian
köz-társaság republic; common wealth /Hungarian
közön-ség public; audience; közön-es common; general; usual /Hungarian
közös common, national közös-ség community /Hungarian
közép middle, centre /Hungarian

Altaic

kozoru to bring together /Japanese
kozotte in a body; en masse; as one man; unanimously; as a unit; solidly /Japanese

Etruscan

ceus "family, companion" [az96]
ceusn "family, community" [az96]
< *kiw-is [az96]
cisuita, cisvita "belonging to the clan, community" [az96]
cisum "(part) of the family" [az96]

eliza (C) church /Basque
[lt] says the Basque is a loan from Latin ecclesia or from some Romance descendant of this.

Altaic

k(i)lisia "church" /Cuman [pbg]

cf. Qaraim kilise, Qaracay-Balqar klisa Osm. kilise. [pbg]

Uralic

*ale bless /Uralic

áld to bless /Hungarian

Sumerian

alad male protective spirit

Afro-Asiatic

ilu god /Akkadian [oi3]
зl god, deity /Phœnician [cgj]

Urartuan

haldi chief god /Urartu

Etruscan

al to give, offer; elu-, ilu offering, prayer

Indo-European

Celtic

ilis church /Breton [mcb]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit

ale_j sacrifice/Biha_ri_ [sk]

-en genitive suffix 'of' /Modern Basque

Basque [lt3]

The case-suffix <-en> in modern Basque appears as <-e> in personal pronouns and in a few other seemingly fossilized forms; this <-e> appears to be an old genitive suffix.

Uralic

-n genitive singular; -in, -en, -den, -ten, or -tten genitive plural /Finnish
-n genitive suffix /Karelian

-é genitive suffix 'of' /Hungarian
-né suffix meaning 'wife of' /Hungarian (????)

Sumerian

-na genitive suffix [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

-in genitive suffix 'of' /Turkish

-nin after vowels (subject to vowel harmony, of course!)

Tungus

Manchu [as]

i genitive particle
ni genitive case marker (after -ng)
-ni (Sibe) instrumental/genitive case marker

Jurchen [jl]

-i genitive case (attached to a noun ending in a vowel)
-ni genitive case (front verb vowel stem)

An extinct language, related to Manchu. It was spoken by the Nuzhen people [source]

Dravidian/Brahui [sva]

The genitive singular is formed by adding the termination -nâ to the singular stem of the substantive: lumma - lummanâ (mother).

The genitive plural is formed by adding the termination -â to the plural stem of the substantive, which is obtained by changing the plural suffix -k into -t: lumma - lummaghâk - lummaghâtâ.

Etruscan [lb]

-na suffix of possession or reference - creates an adjective for example,

aisna, eisna 'pertaining to god', 'divine'
śuthina 'of or pertaining to the tomb' < śuthi 'tomb'

Indo-European

Celtic/Gaulish (?)

-i genitive suffix

Italic

-i genitive suffix /Latin
-is genitive suffix /Latin

Slavic [sgt]

-a genitive singular /Russian
-u the so-called `second genitive' suffix /Russian

The two suffixes are functionally distinguished: the `second genitive' is a partitive, and the original genitive is used for other typically genitive functions (possessive, etc.). So, for instance, čaška čaj-u `cup of tea' (lit. `cup tea-PARTITIVE') is contrasted with cena čaj-a `price of tea' (lit. `price tea-GEN').

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

-(y)e is used in the possessive construction (ezafe) /Persian [ucla, km]

For example, ketab-(y)e "book of"

This morpheme is usually an unwritten vowel, but it could also have an orthographic realization in certain phonological environments. The role of the ezafe is to mark nominal determination and it indicates nothing as to the nature of the semantic relation between the linked elements. In most cases, this relation can be translated as a genitive (or possessive) structure. [km]

Sino-Tibetan/Tamangic

Nar-Phu [mn]

-(y)e, -i genitive
-nê independent genitive

The Nar-Phu language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Chantyal, Gurung, Manangba, Tamang, and Thakali]. There are a number of phonological and lexical differences between the dialects of Nar and Phu.

Nar-Phu is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. The only prefix is negative a- : a-câ-w ‘don’t eat it!’.

Andamanese/South [nb]

-a genitive suffix /Onge

The Andamanese language family is spoken by the indigenous population on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Today only three tribes remain - the Onge, the Jarawa and the Sentinelese together numbering only a few hundred individuals.

Trans-New Guinea [ecq]

-na 1s.genitive after dorsals; -ŋa in all other environments /Awara

Awara is a Papuan language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, Finisterre-Huon Stock, Wantoat Family

ene my; enegana to me /Basque
ni I /Basque

én I; enyém my, mine /Hungarian
ön- you, self /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian én is 'possibly' of FU origin. [Chong]

*men I /Uralic

Hungarian ön is a very respectful form of address.
Officially, it ultimately derives from õ "he, she" [Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

n (spn) I /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

anāku I /Akkadian [oi3]
зnk I; зnhn we /Phœnician [cgj]

Egyptian

ink I /Old Egyptian [cgj]
ang, anok I /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 133 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

ani I (Bedawiye, Beja)

Agaw

an I /Awngi; an /Bilin; an /Qwara; an /Kemant; an /Xamir; an /Xamat

Cushitic, East

ani I /Alaba; a'ni /Burji; anu /Saho; anu /Afar; an ani- ani-ga /Somali; ani /Rendille; ani ana /Bayso; ani /Oromo; ane, ani /Sidamo; ani /Kambata; ani /Hadiyya

Cushitic, South

ana, an I /Alagwa; an(a) /Burunge; ani /Gorowa; an(i) anin~ /Iraqw

Semitic

?'an-ii I /Proto Semitic

Ainu

an I, we [sm]
en I [sm]

Caucasian

*ny> I (1st pers. pronoun) /North Caucasian [ss]

na I (1st p.pr.) /Lak [ss]

*nu I 1 we 2 /Dargwa [ss]

nu 1, nu-ŝa 2 /Akusha; nus:a 2 /Chiragh [ss]

Dravidian

enu I /Telugu; än /Kannad.a; yan, nan /Tamil; ñan /Malayam [fh]

Indo-European/Celtic

-unan self /Breton [gp]

Muskogean/Eastern

ana I, me, my Var: ina /Alabama [tm]

Sino-Tibetan

*n|a:- I, we /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "I, we, my, our"
wo 3 Modern (Beijing) < n|a^/ Middle Chinese < n|ha:j? Old Chinese

n|a I, we, n|an we (C), n|ed I, we, (d)n|os I, we, self. /Tibetan; n|a I, LB *n|a. Burmese; n|ai1 I. Kachin; n|ei self, KC *n|ei. Lushei; ka> I Lepcha [ss]

*?o\n| I /Kiranti [ss]

un| Kaling; an| Dumi [ss]

ő he, she; ők they /Hungarian

Uralic

hen (s)he /Estonian, Latvian, Vaadja [Chong]
hän (s)he /Finnish, Karelian, Ol, Vepsä [Chong]

Sumerian

ene he, she, en lord [fh16]

Elamite

i, in "him, her, it" [oi2]

Ainu

ani he, she {from an-i} [sm]
oka(i) they [sm]

Altaic

an, o he, she, it /Turkish

o (s)he /Azeri, Turkish; u (s)he /Uzbek [Chong]

Etruscan

an "he, she"; in "it"

Indo-European

Celtic

è he, it /Gaelic, é /Irish [mcb]
i she /Gaelic; í, sí /Irish; í, hí, sí /Old Irish; hi /Welsh, Breton [mcb]

Anatolian

a- he /Luwian; a-, e- /Hittite [cb]

Armenian

en /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [Chong]

Indo-Iranian

o (Z. ava, C. awa) he, she, it /Persian [fjs]

a that, those; he, she, it, they /Baluchi [mab]

Niger-Congo (?)

a (spn) he, it, she, him, her /Mandinka [pc1]

erdu(tu) (archaic) to come, to arrive /Basque
iritsi (G,U) to reach, arrive /Basque

Uralic

ér to arrive, ripen; ér-et ripe, ready /Hungarian

One official source says this one is 'possibly' of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Another source says it is of uncertain origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

urum, uru6, ur7 spawn, fry [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

ir achieving /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

er ripen, ready, mature /Altaic
er? ripen /Turkic

Dravidian

er- (e-, a-; edd-) to become happen, (story) is finished (Kolami); er- to become (Naikri); er-/en- (ed-/edd-) to be (Naikri); er- (e-) to become, happen, be (Parji); er- (ed-, en-) to be, become, happen, be born; e_r- (edd-, enn-) to become (Gadba); ar-e_- emphatic present; stem of anning to be (Bra_hui_) (DEDR 823) [sk]

uru (-pp-, -tt-) to become ripe, mature (Tamil); urve unripe (Tulu); uriyu to become ripe; hair to become grey (Telugu)(DEDR 658).[sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

a-ri verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <ar-> arrive /Hittite [ho]

Celtic

erru arrived /Breton [gp]

ùr fresh, new /Gaelic, úr /Irish, Early Irish, húrde vividarium /Old Irish, ir, fresh, green /Welsh: *ûro-s, *pûro-s; Latin pûros, English pure. Usually referred to *ugro-s, Greek u@`grós, wet, Latin uvidus, moist, root ve@g. [from mcb]

Indo-Iranian

*Har- /Proto Indo-Iranian [al] < *h1er- to go /PIE [al]

Iranian

r&sa- `to come'; <arsm> [1siimpfa] `I came' /Old Persian [al]
rasi:dan `to arrive' /Middle Persian [al]
rasi:dan `to arrive' /New Persian [al]

Indo-Aryan

ar- to reach, to come towards, to meet with /Sanskrit [al]

Muskogean/Eastern

oła to come, arrive (at a place), visit a place /Alabama [tm]

{Irr: 1Dl=onła; 2Dl=ołhachi; 3Dl=ołachi; 1Pl=ołaabíhilka; 2Pl=ołaabíhaska; 3Pl=ołaabíika} [tm]

erosi (C) to buy /Basque

Uralic

*arwa worth, price .PFU [mw2, Chong]

[mw2] suggests that the PFU is probably a loan from PIE *orgwha-

ár, ér price, value/worth; ár-u wares, goods, merchandise /Hungarian
árul to sell; to offer for sale /Hungarian
árulás betrayal, treachery /Hungarian
érdem merit, deserve /Hungarian

Hungarian ár is officially seen as of FU origin [Chong]

Sumerian

? er-in balance scale; ? er-im treasury

ára, ár[UB] n., praise, glory; v., to praise, glorify [jh, Chong]

Altaic

*a/ru ( ~ e/-) to change, sell /Altaic [ss]

*Ar- gift /Turkic [ss]

armag|an /Turkish; armag|an /Azeri [ss]

*aralz^|i- 1 to change, exchange, barter 2 exchange, change /Mongolian [ss]

aralz^|i- 1, a:ralz^|i 2 (MA 104) /Middle Mongolian; arilz^|i- 1 /Khalkha; aralz^|i-, allz^|i-, (Tod. 120) aliz^|i- /Dagur; ra:lz^|i- (SM 10 ara:z|/i-) Monguor [ss]

*ur/i debt /Altaic [ss]

*u"r/- 1 to pay debts 2 thrifty /Turkic [ss]

u"z- 1 Old Turkic; u"z- 1 Turkmen

*o"ri debt /Mongolian [ss]

o"r Khalkha; ur Dagur; ur@ Monguor [ss]

*u/r- to sell /Japanese [ss]

u/r- /Old Japanese; u\r- /Tokyo [ss]

ure sale; demand; ureru to sell; uri sale; selling /Japanese
uri-aruku to peddle, hawk, sell; deal in goods /Japanese
uru to betray; deceive /Japanese

Turkic

ar-dim merit /Turkish [also see artim-paz merit /Scythian]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*orgwha- /PIE [mw2]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

arejô value, price /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

*arh deserve, have a right to/Sanskrit
arghá worth, price; arha deserving; worthy; fit /Sanskrit
arh, arhati deserve, merit, have a right or be worthy to /Sanskrit [iits2]

erotu (G,U) to go insane, to go crazy /Basque

Uralic

őrül to go insane; őrül-t insane, crazy /Hungarian

One official source claims Hungarian őrül is related to ôrjöng- = "rage", "rave" which might be derived from őröl- "grind", while another source claims the Hungarian is unrelated to ôrjöng- [see Chong]

Altaic

*e:/r/a to go astray, mistake /Altaic [ss]

*a:r/- 1 to go astray, lose one's way 2 to lose mind, go mad
3 to miss /Turkic [ss]

az- 1, (MK) ar- 'deceive' /Old Turkic; a:z- 1 /Turkmen; or- 2 /Chuvash [ss]

*ereg|u" torture, crime /Mongolian [ss]

ere'u /Middle Mongolian; eru": /Khalkha; eru": /Kalmuck; erun /Dagur [ss]

*eru- 1 bad 2 torture, torment 3 to torture 4 to be mistaken /Tungus [ss]

eru-n 1 /Manzhu; eru~ 2 /Nanai; eru-le- 2 /Ulcha; eru: 1, ere- 4 /Evenki [ss]

*@\rj@/-b- to be difficult, hard, in distress /Korean [ss]

*a/ra/- to behave violently, be in distress /Japanese [ss]

ara- /Old Japanese; a\re-ru /Tokyo [ss]

Dravidian

aR madness, rabies; aRî mad, rabid; starving /Brahui

erre to burn; ortzi heavens, sky, firmament; ancient name of sky god /Basque
*iLe or *iLa, ilargi, hilargi moon; hil month /Basque

Uralic

*hunke moon /Uralic

hold moon; hónap month /Hungarian

ár-ad shine, flow, blaze /Hungarian

Sumerian

íla, íli, íl to shine [jh]
ara 4, ar to shine, blaze [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

ku moon /Akkadian

yrh. moon, month /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

*ilV evident, visible /Altaic [ss]

*ori dawn /Altaic [ss]

*u"ru"n| (*o"ru"n|) 1 white 2 dawn /Turkic [ss]

u"ru"n| 1 /Old Turkic; u"ru"n| 1 /Yakut [ss]

*o"r dawn /Mongolian [ss]

u":r (?) /Khalkha; o"r /Kalmuck; ur /Dagur; o:r /Monguor [ss]

*(x)oru- to flame up /Tungus [ss]

orumna- /Evenki [ss]

är morning /Turkic

Austric

ra sun /Moriori [mor]
ra sun /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

ol.i light, brightness, splendour, sun, moon, star, fire, sunshine, lamp, beauty; ol.iyavan-, ol.iyo_n- sun; ol.ir (-v-, -nt-), ol.ir-u (ol.ir-i-) to shine; ol.irvu, ol.ir-u brightness; ol.imai brilliance, brightness, beauty (Tamil); ol.i splendid, bright; the light; ol.ima, ol.ivu brightness; on.ma splendour, beauty; ul.ayuka, ul.iyuka to shine, glitter (Malayalam); ol.a, ol.apu shine, blaze; ul.ku to shine, blaze, appear; ul.ku, ul.uku a shining substance, a meteor (Kannad.a); ol.i light, splendour (Tulu); or.ini(ka) white, bright (Kond.a)(DEDR 1016). [sk]

ilaku (ilaki-) to shine, glisten, glitter /Tamil; ole, pol.e to appear, to come to light (Kannad.a.lex) [sk]

uru to burn; uruppam, uruppu heat, anger /Tamil; uripu, urisu to cause to burn, inflame /Kannad.a [sk]

Etruscan

erus "sun" < "burning" [az96]

Indo-European

Albanian

*(h)u:l- star /Proto Albanian; yll star [bd]

*hand-na: moon /Proto Albanian; he'ne' / hãne' moon /Albanian [bd]

Armenian

arev sun /Armenian < *h2reu- to get light, brighten /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

aru sun /Sanskrit
ara/- (RV+) spoke of a wheel /Sanskrit [al]
arati/- `ring of spokes, total of spokes' [An epithet of Agni, said of his flames.] (RV) [al]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

war, warar 'light, brilliance, radiance'
uwarar e k'in 'sunlight'
uwarar e kat tu' 'moonlight'
ut e warar 'ray of light, beam'
waran 'light, shiny, radiant'
warih 'light up, cast light (as the sun or a torch)' (cl.3)

Quechua

quilla moon, month [q1]
illa, illapu lightning; illariy dawn [q2]

erreka (C) creek, stream, brook /Basque
eredu (B,L,U) n. model, ideal, example /Basque
erro (C) root; stem; cause; origin; tentacle /Basque
ur water; ur-aldi (C) flood, inundation /Basque
jario (B,G,U) (n.) spill, secretion, drip, emanation; (v.i.) to spill, drip, ooze, flow /Basque
isuri (C) (v.t.) to flow, spill; to inspire; (n.) flowing, spilling (G); (n.) slope (G,L,Z) /Basque

Uralic

*c'ore drip,running water; *ŝere river, watercourse; *ŝäre- originate, source /Uralic

*ŝare flood /Ugor; aro river delta /Karelian

er-ed spring (stream); er-ed-et source, origin /Hungarian
er-ed-et-i original, genuine /Hungarian
ér brooklet, rill; vein, artery; rib; seam; erez-és veins; grain (in wood) /Hungarian
_ár tide, flood; ár-ad to flow, flood /Hungarian
csor-og (s>cs / -og verbal suffix) drip, leak ooze, flow /Hungarian
{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}

Sumerian

šur, sur to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip [jh]
ur (2,3,4) to surround; to flood etc. [jh]
uru 2,5,18 n., devastating flood; thunderstorm [jh]

ra (-g/h) n., inundation; (v.) to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from the side of a canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta-) [jh]

ùr root; trunk of a tree; etc. [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

coroti (v.) to drip /Mandinka [pc1]
tuur (v.) to pour, spill /Wollof [pc2]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/or flow, pour /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ãc/hor (p. s/or) escape; flow out; run over; come out; go over. /Tibetan
swan to pour out, spill, shed. /Burmese
ŝon1 to flow, as tears, sweat. /Kachin
ĉho/r the pouring of water /Lepcha
*z|ho\r ( / ?c-) leak, ooze, drop /Kiranti [ss]

*z|/hV:r rain /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ĉhar rain. Tibetan
fu:r the rainy season. Lushei [ss]

(1) Altaic

Turkic

syrykmak to flow, leak, stream /Turkmen [glnp]
∫ire juice /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

šeri spring, well /Manchu [as]

Japanese

ōryū (-suru) overflow the bank
urumu be wet, moist; uruoi moisture, damp; uryo rain

(2) Altaic

*orusi river, to flow /Altaic [ss]

*o"rs, *o"rsen 1 river, river bed 2 to flow /Turkic [ss]

o"z- 2 Azeri; o"zen 1 Turkmen; vazan 1 Chuvash; o"ru"s 1 Yakut [ss]

*urus- to flow /Mongolian [ss]

ursa- /Khalkha; orsu-, orso- /Dagur; uros@ /Monguor [ss]

*sarkV to drip, splatter /Altaic [ss]

*sark- to overflow, drip /Turkic [ss]

sarq- (MK) Old Turkic; sarq- Tatar; s@rx-@n- Chuvash [ss]

*sark- to sprinkle, drip /Mongolian [ss]

sarkira-, sarkaji- /Written Mongolian [ss]
sarkr-, sarkl- /Kalmuck [ss]

*sargi- to splatter (of water, rain) /Tungus [ss]

sarGi.- (Nkh) /Nanai; sargi- /Evenki [ss]

*ŝiur/i to flow, drip /Altaic [ss]

*su"r/- 1 to strain, filter 2 to swim, float /Turkic [ss]

u"z- 1 /Old Turkic; so"z- 2 dial. /Tatar; su"z- 1 /Turkmen; s@w|r- 1 /Chuvash; uhun- 2 /Yakut [ss]

*su"r- to rain in small drops, sprinkle /Mongolian [ss]

su"rĉi- /Written Mongolian; ŝu"rŝi-, su"rŝi- /Khalkha [ss]

*ĉurgi:- ( ~ ŝ-) to flow, drip /Tungus [ss]

ĉorz^|u.- /Ulcha; ĉu.rgú.- /Even; ĉurgi:- /Evenki [ss]

*hy\ry\- to flow /Korean [ss]

hy\ry\- Middle Korean [ss]

*si\ta\-t- to drop, leak /Japanese [ss]

si\ta\-t- Old Japanese [ss]

Austric

turu drip, leak /Moriori [mor]
tuturu, turuturu leaky; turuturu drip /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian

*ŝVrV lake, river /North Caucasian [ss]

*ŝVrV ( ~ s-) river, stream /Andian [ss]

ŝuru Akhvakh [ss]

*ŝara lake /Dargwa [ss]

ŝara /Akusha; ŝara /Chiragh [ss]

Dravidian

*cor- to flow; *z^|o:r- to leak /Dravidian [ss]

*ūr- to leak, ooze [ss] /Dravidian

er-e to pour any liquids; to pour; to overflow; ircilu fine drops of rain; ; or..ku to flow; n. torrent or strong current of a stream /Kannad.a; or..ukal leaking, dripping, leak; or..ukku (or..ukki-) to cause to drop, drip; or..ukkal pouring (as into the mouth); or..uku (or..uki-) to flow, leak, trickle down; u_r-u (u_r-i-) to spring, flow; ya_r-u, a_r-u river, brook/Tamil; ir-uka to drip, drop; or..ukkuka to flow, run down or off (of blood, water); o_r..uka to flow; u_r-uka to spring, ooze, ur-akka to spring, ooze out /Malayalam; ir to ooze /Gondi; u.r.- (u.r.y-) to spring forth /Kolami; u_r- to leak, drip /Naikr.i; u_r-e_r to ooze /Gadba; urpa (urt-) to ooze, spring up, sweat /Kui; war.f- (war.t-)(po.x blood) flows /Toda [sk]

ve_r root, anything rootlike, foundation /Tamil; root, origin, cause /Malayalam; ve.r root (Kota); p.r id. /Toda; be_r(u) root; be_ruga a man who deals in or sells roots /Kannad.a; be.ri root (Kod.agu); be_ru root; origin, cause /Tulu; ve_ru root /Telugu [sk]

si_r., s'i_r, hi_r, i_r root (Gondi); ci_ra id. (Pengo); si_ru pl. roots; si_rka id. (Kui); hi_ru, hi_ru_ id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2626). [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

sruth [sru] stream, flow, current /Irish //// Old Irish "srúaim" comes from Common Celtic *srô-men, from Indo-European *sru-men-s, from the root *sreu- (to flow). English "stream" is a cognate. [dk]

fearthuinn rain /Gaelic, fearthuinn /Irish, ferthain, inf. to feraim, I pour, give/Early Irish, *veraô, rain [from mcb]

uar waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.) /Gaelic, úarán, fresh spring /Irish, Early Irish; also uaran, fresh water [see mcb]

Romance

a curge (vi) to flow, (vi/vt) to drip /Rumanian

Germanic

úr a drizzle /Norse, wär sea /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]

Paleo-Balkan

sara current, stream /Thracian [cb]

Albanian

rrjedh to flow, stream /Albanian [bd] < *sr-ed(h)- to whirl, bubble, stream /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

ghzhârayatbyô [ghzhar] to flow; to milk /Avestan (????)
irith- to flow; ooze out/Avestan
vâra rain /Zend. [mcb]

'urud arising, springing up, growing (plants or teeth). /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists 'urud as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

[h]ar (n.) flood /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

sarít stream /Sanskrit
sáras lake, pool; orig. 'water' {The root of the last two is sr. (run)} /Sanskrit
sru flow, stream /Sanskrit
vár, vāri water /Sanskrit

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

ch'uhr (from ch'ur) 'anything protruded, drop of a liquid; numeral classifier'
in ch'uhr ha' 'a (one) drop of water'
ch'uhr ik'ar (ikar : wind, aigre) '"drops" of aigre (said to enter the body and cause sickness)'
inch'uhr ik'ar 'a (one) drop of aigre (gota de aigre)'
ch'uhr ch'ah 'drop or fall in drops, trickle, seep, dripping' (cl.3)
ch'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'dripping water'
ach'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'the water drips'
war ach'uhr ch'ah 'it is dripping'
ch'uhrch'es 'drip water, allow to seep thru' (cl.2a)

Quechua

suruy to pour; to pour out; to drip [q2]

To stand; stopping-place, the state; fort, city; military garrison; farmstead, hut

erri (B,G) village, town; people; country, nation; herri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village /Basque
iri (G) town, city; hiri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village /Basque < *ili [earlier form according to [lt]]

áll to stand; be at a standstill; subsist, to be, exist /Hungarian
áll-ó standing, fixed; áll-om-ás station; military garrison /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian áll is officially of FU origin.

*šalke- (Proto FU) [Chong]

sulal-; sult- stop; rise (Komi); šalge-, šo(l)ge- (Mari); sult-; syl- stand; stop (Udmurt) [Chong]

Hurrian-Urartian

a-le stopping-place, residence [ryan]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set<Sasse (1983) , p. 655 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

?'ool- stay /Proto East Cushitic

wol?'- pass time /Burji; ool- stay /Oromo; wull- stand /Hadiyya

Altaic

*ilV to stand, become /Altaic [ss]

*ili- to stand /Tungus [ss]

i.li.t- /Negidal; ili- /Manzhu; ilGo- /Nanai; i.lsu.wu. /Ulcha; ili- /Orok; ili-bun| /Zhurzhen; i.l- /Even; il- /Evenki [ss]

*i:r- to become /Korean [ss]

i:l- 'to happen' /Modern Korean; i:r- /Middle Korean [ss]

Dravidian

il- (ilt-) to stand (Kol.ami); il- id. (Naikri); ilup-/ilp- to make to stand (Naikri); ilna_ (ilcas/illas) to get up, rise to one's feet; ijna_ (Ijjas) to be stationary in an upright position, rise to one's feet, stand on end, stop, halt, pause, maintain a fixed or steady attitude, persist, persevere; ildna_, ilda'a_na_, ilta'a_na_, ijta'a_na_ to erect, set up, rest against (Kur.ux); ile (ij-) to stand; ilde to make to stand (Malt.o)(DEDR 3675). [sk]

ur-ai (-v-, -nt-) to reside, dwell [umpa rur-aiva_r pati : Na_lat.i, 137); place of residence, town, appropriate or customary place for a person or thing (Tamil.lex.)]; ur..i place, site, side (Tamil); circumstances (Malayalam); ur..ai place (Tamil); ur..a place, esp. about a king (Malayalam)(DEDR 684) [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

il to stand still, become quiet /Avestan [sk]

állam the State /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian állam < áll [see Chong]

Sumerian

kalam the land (of Sumer); nation [jh]

uru-as fort, city, walled city /Old Hungarian
vár fortress, fortified town; vár-os town, city /Modern Hungarian

Uralic

Often the Hungarian term vár is explained as an Iranian loanword, but [fh16] thinks it is much older and more widespread than that would explain.

also see Hungarian falu, hely "village, place, location, address, town"

Sumerian

uru(2)(ki), iri, rí; iri11 city, town, village, district [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

`r town, city; зrş names of districts or towns /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

ulu clan, house, town /Altaic

Turkic

aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]

qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]

aal village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]

Mongol

ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

Dravidian

u_r village, town (Kannad.a); id., city (Tamil,Malayalam); village (Naikri,Kolami); u.r id. (Kota); village of Tamils or Badagas (Toda); u.ri village (Kod.agu); u.r (pl. u.d.l) village; u_ran village (Kolami); ura_ house, wife (Brahui) (DEDR 752). [sk]

por..al town, city /Kannad.a; pro_lu city (Telugu inscr.); pr.o_lu city /Telugu cf. por..al, por..ilu, bar..al, hor..al a dwelling place: a town, a city; por..la_n.ma the ruler of a town; por..lven.d.a a towns-woman; por..alica a man born in town (Kannad.a lex.); .) pura, pur a fortress, a castle; a town, a city; por..il a town, a city; pro_lu /Telugu; por..il the world in general, a country, the earth; greatness /Tamil; puri a castle; a town, a city /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) pura a town, fortress, city; -avapure below the fortress; devapura city of the gods ( sudassana-maha_-nagara); pura dwelling, house or (divided) part of a house ( antepura); purindada (distorted from Vedic puran-dara) epithet of Indra, 'breaker of fortresses', 'town-breaker' a name of Sakka (Indra)(Pali.lex.) purandara town-splitter: Indra; S'iva (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

va_r..kkai village; town; agricultural town; va_r..nar inhabitants, residents; va_r..vu residing; residence; town; va_r..umo_r those who live in prosperity (Tamil lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

aurina town [mp68: 192]

Indo-European

Paleo-Balkan

para, phara settlement, village /Thracian [id, cb]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

varefshva [var] enclosure, a sheltered place /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

púr, pura stronghold, castle, fortified town, city /Sanskrit
vardhama_na prospering (RV.); name of a district (VarBra_hui_, Sindhi_) [sk]
vardhama_na_ name of a town /Sanskrit [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

oola town, village, city, settlement /Alabama [tm]

ola factory, foundry (C); cabin, hut (L); wooden plank; wood (B,G) /Basque

ól hutch, hut; henhouse, roost; kennel; pigsty, sty /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian ól is thought to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Altaic

ulu clan, house, town /Altaic

Turkic

aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]

qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]

aal village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]

Mongol

ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

Caucasian

*kil/u: farmstead; hut /North Caucasian [ss]

*kilV farmstead /Andian [ss]

kuli/ /Avar; kila (Tseg.) /Akhvakh; k/ila /Tindi; kile /Karata; k/ila (Kvan.) /Bagvalal

*k/alV hut /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-k/a/la /Abkhaz; k/ala /Abaza; c^/aL /Adyghe; c^@L /Circassian [ss]

*q@>lV> house, hut /North Caucasian [ss]

*qVrV ( ~ x|-, h-) mow, hayloft, shed /Avaroandian [ss]

hor /Avar [ss]

*qali house, room /Dargwa [ss]

qali /Akusha; qale /Chiragh [ss]

*x|al 1 house 2 roof 3 nest /Lexghian [ss]

x|al 1 /Tabasaran; x|al 1 /Agul; x|al 1 /Rutul; x|aw 1 /Tsakhur; x|al 2 /Kryz; x|al 2 /Budukh; x|al 3 /Archi [ss]

Dravidian

*ol.- to hide /Dravidian [ss]

ol.i to hide, conceal, disguise; lie hid; hiding, lurking-place, screen, cover for a fowler, decoy animal; ol.ippu slinking away, hiding, concealing, keeping secret; ol.ivu place of concealment; ul.avu secrecy, spying /Tamil; ul.i to conceal oneself, hide; n. hiding, ambush, lurking-place, hunter's hut /Kannad.a; o_lamu a shelter, cover, screen /Telugu [sk]

*il- house /Dravidian [ss]

*il house /South Dravidian [ss]

il house, home, place, wife [derivates: illam house, home; illaval., illa:l. wife, mistress of house; illa:l.an_, illa:l.i householder] /Tamil; il house, place [derivates: illam house of Nambudiri] /Malayalam; illave'N man who is a relative /Kodagu; illu. house, dwelling, family /Tulu [ss]

*ill- house, dwelling, habitation /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: illu (adj. in.t.i)
Derivatives: Also [1] illat.amu, [2] illan.t.ramu living in the house of one's wife's father

*il- house /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

ella /Kolami; ella /Naikri; il podi "roof" /Parji [ss]

[Irregular e- in Kolami and Naikri.] [ss]

*il- house /Gondwan [ss]

*il- house /Gondi [ss]

ilu (pl. ilku) house /Konda [ss]

*il house /Pengo-Manda [ss]

il (obl. inj-, pl. ilku) /Pengo; il /Manda [ss]

*il- house /Kui-Kuwi [ss]

Indo-European/Celtic (??)

èaladh, euladh a creeping along (as to catch game) /Gaelic; Irish euloighim steal away, Early Irish élaim, I. flee, Old Irish élud, evasio [mcb]

olv-ad-ni to melt; olv-aszt-ani to smelt; olv-asztó-mühely foundry /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian olvad is derived from a FU root.

*sula- (Proto FU) [Chong]

ula fluid, liquid, melted, not frozen; sula- melt (Finnish); taˆt- (Southern Khanty); loˆl- (KnVah); joˆl- (Vasjugan Khanty); sõl, syl thaw; unfrozen; syl- = melt (Komi); [? šol'gi- (Lappish)]; tooli (Man's'i); šule- (Mari); sule- (Malmyzˆ Mari); sola not frozen; sola- melt (Mordvin) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

li unknown, relates to melting of metal [Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

hollu, holu fireplace (Kuwi); ula furnace in forge, bellows; o_lo_kkam, o_lo_kku blacksmith's forge (Malayalam); elka.l fireplace between two stones; elka.l kal stones of fireplace (Kota); ule furnace (Tulu); ole fireplace (Kannad.a); hearth (Kod.agu); ulai smith's forge or furnace (Na_lat.i, 298)(Tamil); ula (Malayalam)(Tamil.lex) [sk]

errota (C) mill /Basque

Uralic

*rowe incise, cut, scratch /Uralic

õr-öl to grind,mill; ar-at to reap, harvest /Hungarian

Sumerian

ur (2,3,4) to shear; reap; mow etc. [jh]
ur4 - ur4 to devastate, lay bare (reduplicated "to harvest") [jh]
gur10,14 , ur4 to reap, harvest; to pluck, shear; gather in [jh]
buru14, bur14 harvest; hot season; harvest time [jh]

har, àr, ur 5 millstone; to chew [jh]
hara, ara 3,5 miller; to pulverise (in a mortar) [jh]

Altaic

*orV to mow, hay /Altaic [ss]

*or- to mow /Turkic [ss]

ora- /Turkish; or- /Turkmen; vyr- /Chuvash [ss]

*oro:-kta grass (dry), hay /Tungus [ss]

ojokto /Negidal; orx|o /Manzhu; oroqta /Nanai; orx|oqta /Ulcha; oroqto /Orok; /woh-rh-huo/ /Zhurzhen; ora:t /Even; orokto, oro:kto /Evenki [ss]

Turkic

haraz mill /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

oroshi grater /Japanese

Austric

kuoro(tia), hunga(ia), kanioro(hia), oro(hia) to grind /Mäori [ng]
ureonetea, hoanga, huri grindstone /Mäori [ng]

Austro-Asiatic

ir to reap; irok din harvest; ir arpa a small sheaf of grain, the daily perquisite of a yearly servant during harvest; ir samtao, ir ader to harvest; irokko reapers (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Dravidian

*er- to cut down (grass, bushes, etc.) /Dravidian [ss]

*ar- to cut, chip /Dravidian [ss]

*ar-i- to cut /South Dravidian [ss]

ari (-v-, -nt-) to cut off, nip off; ari (-pp-, -tt-) to gnaw as white ants; n. cutting; ari va:l. billhook, sickle, garden knife; arivi reaped corn, handful of reaped grain; aruvi stubble of Indian millet; arakku (arakki-) to clip off, prune, cut, sever /Tamil; ariyuka to reap corn, cut grass, cut very small, hack to pieces; ari va:l. sickle, reaping hook; arikka to gnaw as vermin; arakkuka to cut, chop off, sever; aran|n|uka to cut or chop off (the branches of trees or plants) /Malayalam; ari (arid-) to cut or lop off; n. cutting off, gnawing as vermin, a handful or more of corn cut at one stroke; arisu to cause to cut off; ariva:l., aruva:l. sickle /Kannad.a [ss]

*ar-k- to cut, harvest /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

ark- (arakt-) to harvest /Kolami; ark- to cut, reap /Naikri; ark- to cut paddy, harvest /Naiki; arup-/arp- to cut /Naiki [ss]

*ar-at- to cut /Gondwan [ss]

*raz- Pengo-Manda [ss]
*rat- Kui-Kuwi [ss]

See also arai (-pp-, -tt-) to grind, pulverise, destroy by rubbing, mash /Tamil; arekka to grind, to powder /Malayaman; are (arad-) to grind, crush, pulverise; arata act of grinding; ari to grind on a slab /Kannad.a; ara (arap-, arat-) to grind with roller stone /Koda; arepuni, arepini, areyuni, arevuni to pulverise by pounding or grinding; to oppress /Tulu [bur]

Etruscan

arta "breaker, smasher" > "carpenter (Vulcan)" [az96]
arth "to section or subdivide" [az96]
arthe velna "one who severs, cuts off" [az96]
artile "one who articulates, artesan" [az96]
artna "limb, member, part" [az96]
artna mempru/memru "one who subdivides in parts" [az96]
< *arth [az96] /Etruscan

Quechua

iray to thresh [q2]

esku (C) hand /Basque

Uralic

*katte hand /Uralic

kacsó, kéz {-t > z} hand; kész-it prepare, make /Hungarian

kez-el to care for someone; to nurse, treat; kez-el-és treatment, cure /Hungarian
{root is Hungarian kéz hand ?}

Sumerian

kùš forearm ; ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [šu-si] = distance from elbow to fingertips; channel;
kišib(3) (n.) hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt; (v.) to seal [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Bender (1988) , #37> [oi4]

Omotic

Proto North Omotic kuc# hand

kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee hand /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kuc# /Gimira; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; ku(t)s /Mao

Proto North Ometic kuc# kus# hand
Proto South Ometic kuc# kus# hand

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 306 #1> [oi4]

Semitic

qa_tum hand /Akkadian

Omotic

kuts'i hand /Anifllo; kuc# /Benche; kus#aa /Basketo; kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kus#ee (Dokko/Dokka); kuc# /Gimira; kus#ee /Gofa; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; kuc#c#aa /Koyra (=Kore?); kus#e /Kulla; kus#ee /Malo; kis#o /Mocha; kuc#c#u /Nao; kus#a , kus#e /Ometo; kuc# /She; kuc# /Sheko; los#ool , kiso /Shinasha; kus#ee /Wolamo; kus#ee /Zala; kus#ee /Zayse

Caucasian

*gw@c/V arm /North Caucasian [ss]

*G|w|VĉV-n shoulder, arm /Andian [ss]

G|e~ĉa /Akhvakh; G|ar-G|aĉan /Karata [ss]

*go|ŝ:a (~-e-,-ŝ-) arm; foreleg /Tsezian [ss]

geŝa /Khvarshi; geŝa /Inkhokvari [ss]

*guĉ arm /Lezghian [ss]

guĉ /Tsakhur [ss]

ĉigin shoulder /Khinalug [ss]

*kwa>s/V paw /North Caucasian [ss]

*kw|aŝV (~-o-) 1 paw 2 foreleg /Andian [ss]

kw|aŝi 1,2 /Akhvakh; koŝa 2 /Chamalal; kw|aŝa 1 /Karata [ss]

*kw|aŝV (~-ŝ:-) paw /Tsezian [ss]

kw|aŝu /Khvarshi; kw|aŝu /Inkhokvari [ss]

*kw|aŝ handful, hollow of hand /Dargwa [ss]

kaŝ Akusha [ss]

*kw|Vŝ- hoof (of artiodactyla) /Lezghian [ss]

kuŝ-mul /Agul [ss]

*qa>rc./wV> shoulder, arm /North Caucasian [ss]

*phars(s) (~-a:-) arm /Nakh [ss]

phars /Chechen; phars /Ingush; phars /Batsbi [ss]

*G|az^u arm /Andian [ss]

G|ez^ /Avar; G|az^u /Andi; G|az^a /Akhvakh; G|az /Chamalal; G|az^u /Tindi; G|az^u /Karata; G|az^w| /Bagvalal; G|az^i /Godoberi [ss]

*c.aG|:a (~-G|-) shoulder /Tsezian [ss]

c.aG|a /Inkhokvari [ss]

qaĉ. shoulder /Lak [ss]

*qarc.(w|)al(a) shoulder /Dargwa [ss]

quc.ar /Akusha; qac.ara /Chiragh [ss]

x|a(r) ĉ. side (of body) /Lezghian [ss]

x|aĉ. /Agul [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*kĕγą-t' hand (рука) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN209]

*keγąt-mą-n , *-ką-n hand, palm (кисть руки, ладонь) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN615]

kέγąnmą-n /Chukchee; keγątką-n (I) /Koryak; keγ- , keγąt-ląŋą-n /Palan; kaγ- /Alutor [ss]

*xk'i-č /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN213]

xk'i-č hand (рука) /Sedank dialect; xkič manus /West Itelmen; kxida digiti /SIT [ss]

Dravidian

kusuku, kusaku, kusiku, kusun:ku to strike, beat, wash by slightly beating /Kannad.a [sk] ??

Etruscan

coisa- "care, cure, curate"

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghes-r, *ghes-to- hand /PIE [cg2]

Anatolian

keššar hand /Hittite

Indo-Iranian

Iranian/Avestan

gheez wrestling, embrace, armful /Pashto [tr]

Indo-Aryan

ka_s'i the clenched hand, fist; a handful (Sanskrit lex.)

Yuki

hą·s, hahs', hüss, hans arm [y84]

estu (B,G,U) (adj.) narrow /Basque

Uralic

*ec'e rain, fall /Uralic

es 1) to fall, 2) to diminish, 3) to rain /Hungarian
víz-es-és "water-fall" /Hungarian

zuhan- come down, fall down, plunge, tumble /Hungarian (??)

Hungarian zuhan is officially thought to be onomatopoeic [Chong]

Altaic

*uc'o fly, fall /Altaic

*u/ĉ`u ( ~ -o) spray, urine /Altaic [ss]

*uĉ- 1 waterfall 2 spray /Turkic [ss]

ochiru to fall; drop; uchū (-suru) shower /Japanese

Caucasian

*=u>s/V to descend; to fall, be scattered /North Caucasian [ss]

*=oss- to descend, go down /Nakh [ss]

=oss- /Chechen; =oss- /Ingush; =oss- /Batsbi [ss]

*=us^:- 1 to scatter, strew 2 to be scattered, fall /Andian [ss]

s^:w|a- 1 /Avar; s^:e-r- (Ratl.) 2 /Akhvakh; s^:us^:e:-d- 2 /Chamalal; =us^:- 1 /Tindi [ss]

*=o~s:- B to fall down, be scattered /Tsezian [ss]

=is^- /Ginukh; =o~s- (Tlad.) /Bezhita; =o~s- /Gunzib [ss]

*=us^(:)- to lower, put down /Dargwa [ss]

=us^-es /Akusha [ss]

as^-q.w|i to throw /Khinalug [ss]

Dravidian {t > z}

ettna_ (ittyas) to come or go downward, descend, alight, run or flow down, cross (a river), be dispirited; etta'a_na_ to cause to descend, beat down (price), take down or off, let down (Kur.); ete to go down; eto lower, smaller; ettre to bring or take down (Malt.)(DEDR 798) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

eas a waterfall /Gaelic; Irish eas, g. easa, Early Irish ess, g. esso, *esti- *pesti; [from mcb]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian [Cheung]

*kas3- to fall /Proto Iranian

Khotanese: LKhot. kas/- (kas-) `to fall' ; (+ *a:-) OKhot. a:tas- `to fall down'

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

k'ahx (q'a-h-x) q'ahx 'a fall, anything falling, a fall or descent'

k'ax q'ax 'fall, drop, excretion'
k'ax ha' 'rain, a rain'
k'axih 'fall, drop, shed' (cl.3)
ak'axih e ha' ; 'it rains ("the water falls")'

Stross' /x/ is used here for Wisdom's /š/

ezkondu (C) to get married /Basque

Uralic

*yesk to praise & thank god/FU

esket, esküd to marry (swearing), swear an oath, to promise /Hungarian

Expert source says esket is the root and is possibly derived from es(ik) "fall" [see Chong]

*kitke- tie (Proto FU) [Chong]

kuottaa (v) to knit /Vaddja [fv]

ketnie to bind, tie /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
kötni /Modern Hungarian

{/-ni/ forms the infinitive in Modern HU}

Sumerian

èš shrine; ez-en festival
kad 4,5 to tie,bind together; kid 6, kad 6,8 to weave a mat [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

kada to rope (an animal); kadata to be roped, tied up /Mandinka [pc1]
goj rope for the well /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

gdl V. /Aramaic [cal]

011 Palestinian,Syr to raise up, to heap up 012 Syr,CPA,JBA,Mand to twist, to braid 013 Syr to make go up 014 Syr to form 041 Syr to braid for oneself 042 Syr to be bent 043 Syr to be made 021 Syr,JBA to plait 051 Syr to braid one's hair 031 Syr to crown

LS2 104 J 213

Cognate Set <Black (1974)> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hodd- thread; hid/- tie /Oromo; hed/d/is#- sew /Mashile; hid/- tie /Konso; hid/- tie /Gidole; hiz, t- tie /Dasenech; h!id/- tie /Somali; ad/uw *P tie /Afar; hiyde tie /Arbore; ad/aw- bind tie /Saho

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 197 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

ga?'aji rope /Burji; gaadis- join /Afar; kaaj'a thread /Konso

Omotic

gaaji rope /Koyra (=Kore?)

Altaic

*ka/du\ a k. of harness (bridle) /Altaic [ss]

*kada- bridle /Mongol [ss]
*kadala / *kadara bridle /Tungus [ss]
*ku\r'@/i bridle /Korean [ss]
*ku/tu/wa/ bridle /Japanese [ss]

{It seems that we in fact deal here with an archaic term of horse harness.} [ss]

huthumbi to tie up, to bind /Manchu [as]

Ainu

kote to tie [sm]

Austric

gita to tie securely, to clasp, to throttle. /Rapanui[anon]

He hakaúru au i te hau ki roto ki te p´ o te here, he gita i te hau, he hakateretere ki rivariva ai ana gita au i te koreha ka hiohio ró, I insert the string into the opening of the eel-trap, and tie it securely, and make a good running knot for when I throttle the eel hard. [anon]

{/g/ sounds like /ng/ as in English <sing>}

Dravidian

kat.t.u marriage (Tamil); ket.t.uka to marry; ket.t.u to tie, make to wear, give in marriage; connexion (as of marriage); ket.t.akam house (Malayalam); kot. knot, amulet (Toda); kat.t.uni to tie, bind, amass (wealth) (Tulu); kat.t.ita_na_ to adhere, be attached to (Gondi); gat.a rope, cord (Malt.o); kat.t.u to tie (Tamil, Kannad.a, Telugu); kat.t. to tie (Naikri, Parji); kat. to tie (Kol.ami); kat.t.u band, fastening (Tamil, Tulu); tie (Malayalam, Kannad.a); tie, bond, knot, wearing of a garment (Telugu); kat. knot (Kota); ket.t. to tie (Kod.agu); ket.t.uka to tie, clasp (Malayalam); kat.t.u wearing of a garment (Telugu); to tie, fasten, wear (Tamil); ket.t.ikka to cause to tie, make to wear (Malayalam); kat.t.uni to tie, bind (Tulu); kat.t.anamu a tie (Telugu)(DEDR 1147) [sk]

ka_ti coir, cord made of it; katta coconut fibre (Kannad.a); coir, fibres of the coconut used to make rope with (Tulu) (DEDR 1446) [sk]

kot.i umbilical cord, what is long and thin (Tamil, Malayalam)(DEDR 2050).[sk]

gudal a kind of tree (Parji); kudal a tree the bark of which is used for making rope (Gondi); kudali a forest tree from the bark of which the ancients made clothes (Kui)(DEDR 1701) [sk]

katir spinner's spindle (Tamil, Malayalam); kadiru, kadaru, kaduru id. (Kannad.a); kaduru, kadiru, kadru (Tulu); kaduru (Telugu); kadur (Gadba)(DEDR 1195) [sk]

*kut.- to sew /Dravidian [ss]

(1) Indo-European/Italic [pok: 534]

cătěna -ae, chain, fetter /Latin

Apparently, the unattested PIE root is *kat-1 "to link or weave together; chain, net"

(2) Indo-European/Classical Greek [lsj1]

kass-uô [u_], Att. katt-, (kattus) stitch, sew together like a shoemaker

(3) Indo-European/Anatolian [cb2]

kot 'he swears' /Lydian

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

kach 'tying, binding'
kachar 'a knot, a tie, a cluster, anything bound or held'
kachi 'tie, bind, knot, stick together, capture' (cl.1)

Sino-Tibetan

*kw|a:t ( ~ gw|-) tie, splice /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Meaning "to bind, tie up, bring together" [ss]
kuo 4 Modern (Beijing) < kwât Middle Chinese < kw|a:t Old Chinese
guô.t /Vietnamese [ss]

bun|khot to splice. /Kachin (H) [ss]

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Corrections and additions by Fred Hámori in red.

Basque Dialects:-)

B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects

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Last updated 25 June 2008