uras lead male, buck /Uralic; *ur-us leader of the herd (the head/strong male) /FinnUgor

yrko man /Finnish
férfi man < férj "husband" + fi "boy" /Hungarian [see Chong]

ér to be of value; ér-dem to deserve; ér-t-ék value /Hungarian

iuri, erwi lord

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 201 #2> [oi4]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 203 #2> [oi4]

*ö're man /Altaic [ss]

e_r-u bull; Nandi, the chief of Siva's hosts; pouncing upon, as an eagle; male of certain animals (pig, deer (pul-va_y antelope), tiger, yak (kavari), bull or buffalo (per-r-am [Tol. Po. 594; 400, Urai]), buffalo (erumai), Indian elk, sambur, bison (marai : Tol. Po. 571), goat, lion; male shark; male conch (Tamil); e_r-r-ai male of any animal remarkable for physical strength (Tol. Po. 604)(Tamil lex.); e_t.t.ai id. (Tamil); e_ran bull (Malayalam); e_r-u bullock (Ma.); e.r- bull (Toda) [sk]

*er- lord, master /Dravidian [ss]

e_lu to rule, govern, control, manage; (inscr.) e_l.u to rule; e_lika ruler, king, lord, master; e_liki government; e_lubad.i, e_lbad.i rule, government; (inscr.); a_d.avan.d.u ruler, master (Telugu); a_l. (a_l.v-, a_n.t.-) to rule, reign over, control or manage (as a household), cherish, maintain, keep or maintain in use (Tamil); (inscr.) ya_l. to rule; a_l.an-, a_l.i one who rules; a_l.ukai rule, dominion, control; a_l.va_r the Deity, as supreme ruler; a_t.ci lordship, ownership, government, rule, reign, use, possession; a_t.cai weekday; a_t.al ruling, reigning; a_n.t.a_r owner, master, lord; gods; a_n.t.avan-, a_n.t.ai master, lord; a_n.mai controlling power, possession (Tamil); a_l.uka to rule, possess, have; a_r..ca day of the week, week (Malayalam); a.n.- (a.d.-) to possess, rule, keep, own (Kota); o.l.- (o.d.-) to own (buffaloes), rule (Toda); a_l. (a_l.d-) to get, have, possess, govern, rule, manage; a_l.ike, a_l.ke obtaining, ruling, reign, government; a_l.isu to cause to obtain or get, cause to rule; a_l.utana, a_l.tana ruling, rule, sovereignty; a_l.ma, a_n.ma, a_n.ba ruler, lord, master; a_n.d.a_ri rulers, masters (Kannad.a); a.l.- (a.l.i-) to rule; a.ce week, day of the week (Kod.agu); a_l.uni to rule, govern, reign; a_l.ik, a_l.uvike, a_l.vike reign; a_d.al.ite, a_d.al.te administration, management, government (Tulu)(DEDR 5157). [sk]

er; erce to honour; "honour, respect" [az96]
eris name "Honour, Respect" [az96]

nyer to win; gain; profit, get /Hungarian

uru₁₆ (-n) valiant; strong, mighty; clever [jh]

*n|o:\r/a to surpass, win, contest /Altaic [ss]

ārru (ārri-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, sufficient; ārral strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; ārra greatly, exceedingly, entirely /Tamil //// ārruka to grow richly, thrive; ārram much / Malayalam //// ār (ārt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able; āru power, daring, self-will /Kannad.a [bur]

a_r-r-u (a_r-r-i-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, be sufficient, accumulate (as wealth), sustain, carry; a_r-r-al strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; a_r-r-a greatly, exceedingly, entirely; a_n-r-a excellent, grand, splendid; a_n-r-al greatness, dignity, abundance, copiousness; a_n-r-avar, a_n-r-a_r, a_n-r-o_r erudite, wise persons; a_n-r-o_l. lady of exalted character (Tamil); a_r-r-uka to grow richly, thrive; a_r-r-am much; a_r-r-al growing; healthy, magnificent growth; a_nr-a wide, excellent (Malayalam); a.r- (only in negative, following S -ul.) not to be willing to do so-and-so; (only in negative, following S -l) cannot do so-and-so (Kota); o.xar-e- you will not be (Toda); a_r- (a_rt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able, or competent, be possible, can, may, be adequate, be able for, be able to endure; a_r-u power, daring, self-will; a_rpu might, force, daring, valour; a_ke power, valour; a_pa being strong, being able, being possible (Kannad.a); a.t- (a.ti-) (body) attains maturity (at about 21 years), (fruit, grain) becomes mature but not yet ripe; a.ti full-grown but not yet ripe (guava, jack, coconut)(Kod.agu); a_t.u, a~_t.u to be adequate, sufficient, be capable of, endure (Telugu)(DEDR 407). [sk]

urat.u, urat.a, urut.a, ur(u)t.u, ut.t.u, orat.u, ort.u coarseness (of cloth, thread, hari), thickness, stoutness; orpu strength, firmness, durableness, coarseness (of cloth); urku, ukku power, valour (Kannad.a); ura (-pp-, -tt-) to become firm, hard (as the soil), become thick, coarse (as paper); urappu hardness (as of rice that is not well boiled), coarseness or roughness (as of paper or cloth), resoluteness, strength; uram strength, hardness, compactness, resolution, heart of a tree, manure (as strengthening the soil); uran- strength of will, support; uran-ar persons of strong will; uravu (uravi-) to become vigorous, get strong; uravam strength, force; uravan-, uraviyan-, uravo_n- strong man; uravu strength, firmness, strength of mind, increasing (Tamil); urakka to be strong; urattan strong man; uram strength, firmness (Malayalam); orp- (orpy-) to excel (Kota); u.n. pith; ut-ir, utin-ir, us'tin-ir best buffalo in herd; ut-ox best woman (Toda.)(DEDR 649) [sk]

arus ame to encourage; arusia exhortation, push [az96]
arvasa having pushed, driven, raised [az96]

*erä big, many /Uralic [ryan]

ouhr great, how great, many, much? /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

iru greatness, spacious, vast /Dravidian

aran upper; top; superior [q2]

With arra, erre the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the r- of the suffix.

One official source thinks Hungarian iránt derives from FU.

Another source thinks the origin derives from a fossilized root ir- [Chong]

The oldest and longest piece of Magyar comes from 1055 AD, from the Royal Chart of the Tihany Abbey which reads

It is curiously still understandable to a modern Hungarian and today would be written as

One official source thinks rá derives from FU.

Another source says rá derives from an earlier *ro¥- which could be related either to the (Man's'i) words listed here or to those related to Hungarian rokon "kin", etc. [Chong]

ørn'e-ri- `shout to somebody'
køt'egej-re- `rush towards something'

ri to, against /Gaelic, re /Irish, ri, fri /Old Irish [mcb]

arr preposition; arr to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to

-tar "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]

raa- ('toward the speaker') /Pashto [tr]

-re dative, locative

dative

locative

Officially, Hungarian harang is thought to be of Turkish origin [see Chong]

Provided that /b/ > /h/ is a possible development.

One official source says Hungarian üres is possibly derived from a FU root. [Chong]
Another source says it is of unknown origin. [Chong]

kara emptiness; vacancy; hollow; vacuum /Japanese
uro hollow; cavity; hole /Japanese

*a:/rV open space /Altaic [ss]

areare cavernous; rua cave, an hollow /Mäori [ng]

uracuna to lower, go down [q1]

urg burrow, den, hole, lair; urgas hole, den /Estonian

*a:ryk 'island; arik, ditch; thicket' /Turkic [from ss]
ulaq canal, channel (Bašqort, Tatar, Modern Uigur) [Chong]

*ulγąv pit, grave (яма, могил) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN957]

arrugia "underground way" (Modern arroyo) is part of the Iberian substratum
defined by linguists [from cb5].

Classical Greek [lsj1]

Officially, Hungarian öszze- is derived from a FU root.

Another source does not consider the Hungarian to be related to the Uralic. [see Chong]

)sn V. /Aramaic [cal]

sasa (w/genitive) with, together /Manchu [as]

issai all, the whole

es, oz intelligence, cleverness /Ugrian

oˆš ability, memory, understanding (Northern Khanty); vezˆer reason, understanding (Komi); uus intellectual ability, memory, understanding (Man's'i); vazˆov sensible, wise (Mordvin - derivative) [Chong]

zi (n.) breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul [jh]

zu, sú: (n.) wisdom, knowledge; (v.) to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. [jh]

uš₄ intelligence; gaššu intelligent [jh]
gašam craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom [jh]

*uč`e reason /Altaic [ss]

ezät= to make yawn, to bore {I:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]

ize= to yawn {ezä= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]

ezagutu (C) to know

us, u_s, hus, ho_s sound used in sighing when tired (Kannad.a); usu, ussane a deep sigh (Tulu); us interj. expresses tiredness, pain, dejection, etc. (Telugu) [sk]

*?a>msa (~ -@,-y) sky, cloud; soul, breath; god /North Caucasian [ss]

*=i:ĉ.wE:l to count; to understand /North Caucasian [ss]

ase breath, wind, soul [az96]; asi inspiration, spirit, wind [az96]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

asma-tu to invent

âzmâefing to test, to examine; âzmûda tested /Brahui
âzmûdagâr experienced /Brahui

Indo-Iranian/Iranian (?)

ğeštug _(2,3), ğeštu _(2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]

haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]

*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]

is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]

isi! (C) (int.) be quiet!
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble

*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]

*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]

uśi, uśie "to hear" > "to understand, obey" [az96]
uśiśa "understood, obeyed, heard" [az96]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

k'i^c be quiet₃; k'i^c-a be quiet! [y84]

(A) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

(B) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]

*'ajvă the brain {мозг (головн.)} /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN556]

Hungarian ajtó is thought to be related to some FU root by one source, while another says it may be related to aj, áj or to old-, ovd- "loosen", "open", "unravel". [see Chong]

o'ho mouth /Arbore [oi4]
o'ho?' mouth /Elmolo [oi4]

i∫ik door /Turkmen [glnp]

ōte front gate

hát the back; hátsó back part, rear /Hungarian
hát-ra {hát "back" + suffix -ra "to, towards"} backward, to the rear; retreat /Hungarian

iзt back /Old Egyptian [cgj]

*ged back, after /Turkic [ss]

*gede / *gez^|ige 1 back of the head 2 plait 3 leaning or bending backwards 4 to bend backwards /Mongolian [ss]

*gedi-muk back of the head /Tungus [ss]

*ki/ta\ North /Japanese [ss]

atrás behind; atrasado backward /Spanish

haz Back; name of a plant and a tree; -- hazu 'l-matn, The part of a horse's back where the saddle or a load is placed /Persian [fjs]

Hungarian ül is of unknown origin. [see Chong]

*ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur- to sit /Turkic [ss]

c.f. lét existence; (state of being}; lenni to be /Hungarian

s'arkara_ candied sugar /Sanskrit; [sk]

pupa ‘beans’ or ‘hill’ /Thracian [cb]
faba bean /Latin
phaba beans /Classical Greek [lsj1]

Officially, Hungarian bogyó is thought to be possibly a descriptive word. [Chong]

Sounds like it might be considered to be onomatopoeic.

hekêlos, Dor. heka_los, on, at rest, at one's ease; esp. of persons feasting and enjoying themselves hekêloi nekrous am pedion sulêsete ye will plunder them at your ease, i.e. without let or hindrance hekêlos erretô let him be off in peace

akalos, ê, on, (aka, akên) peaceful, still

pax, pace(m) peace /Latin (?)

*pokojь /Proto Slavic [rd: 1175]

[rd: 1175] lists cognates of the Slavic as

puu (Finnish); pu (Komi); -på (Man's'i); pu firewood (Mari); -pu (Udmurt) [Chong]

f&&, pä& (En'ec'); på (Kamas); hy (Karagas); pa (Koibal); ha (Motor) / peæ (N'en'ec'); faa (Nganasan); puu (Šölqup); hä forest (Taigi) [Chong]

*bu:c grass /Nakh; buc /Chechen; buc /Ingush; buc /Batsbi [ss]
*bici ( ~ -s-) 1 grass 2 green /Andian; besi-l^: 2 /Chamalal; besi 1 /Godoberi [ss]
*wVcVn- (~ p:-,-s-) burdock /Lezghian ; bisni Archi [ss]
*w@c:@ ( ~ -c/:-) grass /Abkhaz-Adyghe; w@c@ /Adyghe; w@z| /Circassian [ss]

bêssa, Dor. bassa, hê, poet. Noun, wooded combe, glen

bosque /Spanish

bus lawn, turf; shrub; busenje shrubbery /Serbo-Croatian
gradinska besedka arbour /Bulgar
besedka arbour /Russian

les wood; forest /Slovak

bačva cask, barrel; wood; bačvar cooper /Serbo-Croatian
by`wa barrel /Bulgar
bochka barrel /Russian

balu bad, evil /Old Frisian [db]

balaa monster, calamity /Pashto [tr]
palasak evil, misfortune /Persian [fjs]
palana a bad or indecent action /Persian [fjs]

b∂la[k] monster, ghost; calamity, trouble; huge, monstrous, terrible /Baluchi [mab]

Mansi tarań copper; Khanty ŧorń? alinei]

The first part is beltz "black" but the second part -aran is unknown [lt]

The Etruscan is dated after the Ugor but before the Magyar according to [alinei]

*sarańa /Iranian root [alinei]

*p`o\re fire; burn /Altaic [ss]

wera hot; wera, ka burn /Mäori [ng]

*wir@:q._A> sun /North Caucasian [ss] (????)

bir.na_ (bid.d.-) (sun) to be hot /?Kur.ux; beru sun /Malto; pori (-pp-, -tt-) to fry /Tamil; pur.pa (pur.t-) to roast /Kui; pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks /Tamil [sk]

pariy to burn [q2]

burunaka vt. (burupi) fry; burn partially or unevenly [ud]
burus aversion; object of hatred [ud]

*mäle- warm, to warm /Ugrian, Vogul maltip, mali; Ostjak melek

mèl scorching; bilgin fire god {m>b}
mul star; constellation.planet, to sparkle

mala (n) light; mala (v) to burn, engine /Mandinka [pc1]
malamala to shine, glitter /Mandinka [pc1]

melax (n.) shine; melaxal (n.) lightning, thunder lightning; (v.) to shine /Wollof [pc2]

bulukan lukewarm, warm /Manchu [as]

mura blaze /Moriori [mor]

*miłγą fire/light (огонь) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN30]

mul.ari sacrificial fuel, firewood, fire, firebrand, fever; mul.i to dry, burn, be scorched, perish; mu_l. to kindle, catch fire, be kindled, stirred up (as anger) (Tamil); scorched or dry (Malayalam) [sk]

murun:ku to simmer (i.e. smoulder); muruku to exceed the proper limit in heating; murut.u firewood; muruku fuel (Tamil); muthre to be scorched (Malt.o); murun.t.u to cause to burn, kindle (Kannad.a); muripuni to burn, consume (as firewood for culinary purposes); muripa_vuni to cause to burn; murlu kindling fire into a blaze; murluni a spark to be kindled into a blaze; murtelu dry leaves, etc. used for kindling fire (Tulu); murye to singe the feathers of a bird preparatory to roasting it; muthre to be scorched; muthrtre to scorch (Malt.o) [sk]

mlačan tepid, lukewarm; irresolute, half-hearted /Serbo-Croatian
mlačiti to warm, tepify /Serbo-Croatian
mlak lukewarm, tepid; mlakonja lukewarm (indifferent, slack) person /Serbo-Croatian

b'r well /Phœnician [cgj]

1 passim well 2 Palestinian,Syr,JBA pit

*bu"ru"-du" 1 swamp (with a spring) in a river bed 2 well /Mongolian [ss]

*bira 1 river 2 spring /Tungus [ss]

*u\- well /Korean [ss]

*bi\ ( ~ *bu\i, *b@\i) well /Japanese [ss]

*bhreu- to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing /PIE [ahd]

English derivatives include brew, bread, broth, brood, breed, ferment, and fervent. [ahd]

borbulhado bubbled; bolhas bubbles; borbulhando bubbling; borbulhante bubbly /Portuguese

ver- to spring, to issue /Thracian [id, cb]

izvor source, (water)-spring, well, fountain-(head); mineral spring; cause, rise; origin; vrelo well, spring, source; authority, channel /Serbo-Croatian

vreo boiling (hot); seething; vreti to boil, seethe; ferment /Serbo-Croatian
variť (sa) boil; vrieť boil, seethe; bod varu boiling point /Slovak

v'reti v'rion to spring, to boil /Old-Bulgarian [id,cb]
wrq, warq to boil; waren; wyzwrql boiled /Bulgar

vírti (vérdu, viriau) to boil, to bubble /Lithuanian [id,cb]