![]()
Euskara Magyar
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
![]()
abarka
(C) leather (or rubber) shoe famous in the Basque Country /Basquebőr
skin, hide, leather /HungarianUralic
Hungarian bőr is possibly of FU origin.
? p@r reddish membrane inside the outer birch bark (Eastern Khanty); šašpoår birch bark (Man's'i - šoåš birch bark. This may be identical to -poår bit, piece.) [Chong]
varga shoemaker /Hungarian
Etymology?
Some terms from the Leather Trade.
(site1, site2)barka-réteg 'the upper layer of the skin or hide which becomes visible after separation of the fur from the hide after processing' /Hungarian
barka-hasíték 'skiver' /Hungarian
Has two meanings :- (a) a paring-tool for leather; (b) a thin leather split from a sheepskin, used for book-binding.
barka-sajtolás 'embossing'; préselt barka 'embossed grain (on leather)' /Hungarian
(Thanks to those two kind Magyar souls who brought them to my attention.)
Sumerian
bar n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
*par- skin, fur, husk, etc. /Semitic Protoform [ss]
pa:ru, parru, ba:ru skin /Akkadian [ss]
parta: {pl. parre:} /Syriac [ss]
{dh.r (be) bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian [cgj]}
Altaic
{deri skin /Turkish}
Basque
abarka ‘rustic sandal’, in historical times of rawhide with soles of rope [lt5]
The semantic basis is presumably the long-standing European practice of making sandals from bast, the fibrous inner layer of tree-bark (phloem)...the same word is widespread and fairly ancient in the Iberian Peninsula, and recorded also north of the Pyrenees: Hispano-Arabic
pargha ~ bargha ‘sandals’, sg. parghat (mod. Arabic and Berber bálgha ‘slipper, shoe’), Mozarabic probable *parca, Portuguese alparca ‘sandal’, an apparent Old Cast. alparga ‘sandal’, Arag. and SE Spain albarca id., Valencia abarca {avarca}, Bearn. abarque id. Cast. alpargata id. derives from the same ult. source via Arabic. This is thus apparently a rare case of a Bq. word borrowed widely. [lt5]Caucasian
*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]
*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]
q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]
see Hungarian kabát, guba "cloak etc."
barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]
*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]
p.arq. /Akusha [ss]
*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]
q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]
Iberian
abarca - leather shoes (also Gascon abarque) part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]
Dravidian
puran.i skin; flesh; pura_n.i, pur-an.i outer bark of a tree; skin, rind, peel, coat; flesh; hilly, pastoral tract (Tamil lex.) pur-an.i outer bark, skin, anything that is outside /Tamil; pir-i, pir-u flesh /Kannad.a; perasu id. /Telugu [sk]
{turutti < dr.ti skin, leather; bellows (Akana_. 224); id. (Malayalam) [sk]}
[fh] has looked at several languages and he believes that the word for "skin, fur, hide, leather etc." is often related to the name for "wolf" in the respective language
.farkas wolf /Hungarian
Uralic
*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]
[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s
Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.
The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."
Huh?
Sumerian
ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]
Altaic
böri
one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]Caucasian
*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]
*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]
borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]
*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]
bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]
*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]
boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
barc. wolf /Lak [ss]
*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]
bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]
*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]
Germanic
varg "wolf" /Swedish
ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish
Indo-Iranian
*vŗka-s
wolf /PIIR [mw2]Iranian
vehrka wolf /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vr.ka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit
fark, farok tail /Hungarian << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol
Caucasian
*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]
*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]
mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]
*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]
buq-muj /Akusha [ss]
This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]
also see Hungarian birka "sheep" - another source of wool, hide, meat, leather etc.
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit
abe
(C) column, pillar, support; (fig.) supporter of the family; stanchion; (fig.) cross /BasqueUralic
ép healthy, sound; intact, unbroken, unharmed, whole /Hungarian
ép-ít, ép-ül to build, make, construct, erect; ép-ül-et building /Hungarian
The root of the Hungarian is ép, and is of unknown origin, while -ít and -ül are deverbial suffixes. -et is a denominal suffix. [see Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
epēśu
do, make, build /Akkadian [oi3]c
bd to serve, work /Central Semitic Root [ahd]c
ōbad alternate form of cebed servant, slave /Hebrew [ahd](bd V /Aramaic [cal]
011 passim to make 012 passim to do 013 Syr to write 014 Syr to create 015 Syr to prepare 016 Syr to repair 017 Palestinian,Syr to put in charge 018 Syr to ordain 019 Syr to force 0110 Syr %)ap:e)% to give authority 0111 Syr %parcowpeh% to act in someone's place 0112 Syr %)eblA)% to mourn 0113 Syr to suffer 0114 Syr %xuwb.A)% to make friends 0115 Syr %xewArA)% to grow gray 0116 Syr %baktAbA)% to commit to writing 0117 Syr %meltA)% to speak 0118 Syr %nap$eh% to simulate 0119 Syr %(uwhdAnA)% to commemorate 0120 Syr %txeyt )iydA)% to subjugate 0121 Syr to worship 0122 Syr to celebrate 0123 JLAGal,Syr to pass (time) 0124 Syr to be suitable 0125 Syr grammatical term to rule 0126 Palestinian to have made 0127 Palestinian to produce 0128 Palestinian to act 0129 JLAGal to provide 0130 JLAGal to fulfill 0131 JLAGal to do magical practice 0132 JLAGal to determine the law 0133 JLAGal to fare, to prosper 0134 Palestinian to be, to become 0135 JLAGal to amount to, to be equal to 0136 Palestinian %grm% to pretend 0137 Palestinian %xwbh% to commit a sin 0138 Palestinian %prnsh% to make a collection 0139 Palestinian %$wbh% to make the Sabbath 041 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to be done 042 Syr to be prepared 043 JLAGal,CPA,Sam to become 044 JLAGal to occur, to happen 031 Syr to do 032 Syr to operate 033 Syr to stir up 061 Syr to be made 062 Syr to be stirred 063 Syr to be constrained 064 Syr to be formed
LS2 504
(bd#2 N (bd) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Palestinian,Syr labor 2 Palestinian,Syr work 3 Syr operation 4 Palestinian,Syr fiction 5 Syr edification 6 Syr administration 7 Syr thing 8 Syr reality 9 Syr creature 10 Syr wealth 11 Syr baggage 12 Syr burden 13 Syr grammatical term predicate of verbal sentence 14 JLAGal,JBA case 15 JLAGal legal decision 16 JBA act
LS2 504
LS2 V: (bAdA) abs. voc: (bAd
(bdh N (bdt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLATg,CPA work
(bdn N (bdn) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr work
LS2 505
LS2 V: (bAdAnA)
Cognate Set < Ehret (1980) , #1.09b102> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
aab-, baab- "carry child on back" /Proto South Cushitic
bab- "carry child on back" /Alagwa; b/aab*- /Dahalo; awaw- /Iraqw; babu- "baby sling" /Kwa'dza
Altaic
*ebe to carry on the back /Altaic [ss]
(????)
*eg|u"re- to carry on the back /Mongolian [ss]u'ur- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u":re- /Khalkha; u":r- /Kalmuck; urgu- /Monguor [ss]
*ebe- carry (on oneself) /Tungus [ss]
i.wari.- 'to unload' /Nanai; ewe- /Evenki [ss]
*@\p- to carry on the back /Korean [ss]
@p- Modern Korean; @\p- Middle Korean [ss]
*@\p- to carry on the back /Japanese [ss]
o\p- Old Japanese; o\- Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
ep
, ev house, building /TurkicEtruscan
ep to do; epl work, labor; eple, epule worker [az96]
"Opes, god of resources, strength, power" [az96]
< *ep strength, work, labor [az96]
Indo-European
*h3ep-os- work /PIE [al]; {also see IE *op- work [cg2]}
Italic
opus 'work,action' /Latin [al]
Germanic
efnen `to perform' /Old English [al]
uoben `to start to work, to practice, to worship' /Old High German [al]
Indo-Iranian
*Hapas- 'work' /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]
Iranian
Avestan
huua:pah- `doing good work, masterly' /Avestan; hauuapan|ha- [n] `creativity' /Old Avestan [al]
Old Persian
hwp /xu:b/ `good' /Middle Persian; xu:b `good' /New Persian [al]
Indo-Aryan
a/pas- work, action, sacrificial act /Sanskrit [al]
Mayan Languages
yib strong /Chuj; ai-yip "has strength"; ip' strength /Jaca; ayi!p /Kanj; 'ip force, power /Moto [jd]
Muskogean/Eastern (????)
saapoka burden carried on the back, backpack Usage: Older word. {/saapo-ka1 (?)} /Alabama [tm]
saapola burden, pack, backpack {/saapol-a} /Alabama [tm]
saapoli /Alabama [tm]
1. to carry on the back
Usage: For some speakers this can be used only as a variant for the noun saapola.
2. burden, pack, backpack
Quechua
apaq (adj.) carrier; apay to carry [q2]
apu (adj.) mighty; powerful; rich; wealthy [q2]
Yuki
?ąp-
carry on the back2 [y84]adin
(C) age /BasqueUralic
kuNke
moon, month /Uralicódon
old, ancient, archaic; ütem time, rythm, beat /HungarianHungarian idő is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
ud, u4 sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [jh]
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4, id4 moon; month; moonlight [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Central Semitic: wcd to fix a time; *cid(at)- fixed time, appointment, meeting (*-at- feminine suffix). [ahd]
^t time /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
*odi day, time /Altaic [ss]
*öd /Turkic
*üde, *üdür /Mongol [ss]
Tungus
ucuri time, season /Manchu [as]
Japanese
itoma
timeDravidian
ed.a place, spot; ed.amu place, space, room, opportunity, time, occasion (Telugu); it.am place, room, spot; it.ai place, space, suitable time; it.aviya wide, extensive, spacious (Tamil); it.a, et.a, it.am, et.am, e_t.am place, spot, house, time (Malayalam); er.m place (Kota); ir.n. place (Toda); id.e, ed.e, ed.a place, spot, ground (Kannad.a); ed.e the company or proximity of a person (Kod.agu); id.e place, room, space, abode (Tulu)(DEDR 434) [sk]
it.ai middle in space or time, interval, gap, unfilled space, waist (Tamil); it., et.a interval, place between, interval of time, middle, waist (Malayalam.); er. place or time between, interval (Kota); ir. kwa.y intermediate kwa.y vessel (Toda); ed.a, ed.e place or time between, interval, distance, middle, waist (Kannad.a); id.e interval, space between, interval of time (TU.); ed.avat.t.u middling, indifferent (Tulu); ed.a space, interval, distance, difference; ed.amu intervening space, distance (Telugu)(DEDR 448) [sk]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*uetos year /PIE [bd]
Greek
étos `year' [bd]
Celtic
oed [-au, m.] age, period of time; oedran [-nau, m.] full age; oes [-oedd, -au, f.] (n.) age /Welsh [md]
Italic
edad age /Spanish; idade age; idoso aged /Portuguese
Albanian
*uet- year /Proto Albanian; vit year /Albanian [bd]
vjet `last year' < uet-es-i or uetes [bd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
uDunAtha
, uDupati moon /Sanskritafaldu
dine /BasqueUralic
*pala
(-) small piece food/ Uralicfal-at
a bite of food; fal-ni to wolf/scarf down /HungarianSumerian
pad
break off, small repastDravidian
o·fil desire to eat [bur] /Toda
aga
(B,G) beam; long pole /BasqueUralic
ág (tree) branch; (river) branch, arm /Hungarian
The origin of Hungarian ág is uncertain. Two postulates abound:
1) *sange, *šange /Proto Ugric [see Chong]
2) *šangka /Proto FU [see Chong]
Sumerian
áhi, ah5, á arm; wing; horn; side; strength; work performance; wages; moment [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
'hmw branches /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set < Sasse (1983) , p. 268 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hak'a?'a tree, wood /Burji; hakk'a /Sidamo; hakk'a /Hadiyya; hak'a /Kambata; hak'a /Alaba; hak'- /Darasa
h!ak branch /Saho
Omotic
haag*o tree, wood /Dime; aag*o /Ari; haaqa /Bana (Hamer); aka /Karo
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 11a #1> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
agadaa arm /Saho
agedaa arm /Afar
Semitic
agada_ thigh/shin bone /Geez
Altaic
agacˆ "branch etc." /Turkish [Chong]
∫aha branch; ∫ahalak branchy; ∫ahalamak to branch out /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
ad.aru twig; ad.iri small and thin branch of a tree; ad.eri small branches (Kannad.a); ad.aru twig (Tulu) (DEDR 67) [sk]
ege small branch, sprout; en:kli thin branch (Kannad.a); egg a branch, bough; eggelu a small branch (Tulu); en:kili branch (Kor.ux); rivva, rivat.a a twig (Telugu); irg kindling (dry plants with leaves still on)(Kota) (DEDR 826) [sk]
![]()
Plow, farmer, to hoe, cultivate; field, pasture
agirre
(n.) pasture; place of heather; (adj.) manifest, obvious /Basque < RomanceUralic
eke plow, plough /Hungarian
Hungarian eke "a plow, plough" is supposedly of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
agar (2,3), ugar field; commons [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
kr pasturage /Phœnician [cgj]
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #1> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
erk, gee place /Afar; rikee place /Saho; irge place /Oromo; hag, hal place /Somali
Semitic
?'kr cultivate /Proto Semitic [oi4]
ikka_ru farmer /Akkadian
?'kr plow, till, cultivate; h!aql field /Arabic
hgr country /Old South Arabian
h!aql field /Geez
?'ikka_r farmer, husbandman /Hebrew
hawana /Tigre
hagar city /Geez
h!aqla field /Aramaic
Egyptian
?'kr earth god (Aker) /Old Egyptian
Berber
.kl earth god; akaal land; ig@r field /Berber
Cognate Set <Bergsträsser (1983), #76> [oi4]
Semitic
eqlu field /Akkadian
h!eleq field /Hebrew
h!aqla_ field /Syriac
h!aql field /Geez
h!aql field /Arabic
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 202b #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, Bedawiye, Beja
garha field, arable land (Bedawiye, Beja)
Semitic
garaaht, garh field, arable land /Geez
Altaic
*agula uninhabited place, wilderness /Altaic [ss]
*aglak 1 lonely, uninhabited (place) 2 unemployed, out of work 3 field /Turkic [ss]
*ag|ula mountain /Mongol [ss]
*agula:n meadow, plain /Tungus [ss]
*àk`u to dig, delve /Altaic [ss]
*uku- /Mongol
*akiri- /Tungus
*ùkàt- /Japanese [ss]
ugatsu to dig; cut through; pierce; excavate /Japanese
aGa (Chuvash); ik- plow, sow (Bašqort); äk- plow, sow (Chagatai, Uigur); ek- plow, sow (Osman) [Chong]
Caucasian
*qwy>?rV: / *r?y>qwV: field, arable land /North Caucasian [ss]
*qaw arable land, field /Nakh [ss]
qa /Chechen; qa /Ingush; qaw /Batsbi [ss]
*qurHV field /Andian [ss]
x|ur /Avar; x|ur /Andi; quri /Akhvakh; x|uja /Chamalal; x|uja /Tindi; x|ure /Karata; x|uri /Botlikh; huri /Bagvalal; x|uri /Godoberi [ss]
*G|u- ( ~ *G|:-) field /Tsezian [ss]
G|udu /Khvarshi; G|Iudul /Inkhokvari [ss]
qu field /Lak [ss]
*qu field /Dargwa [ss]
qu /Akusha; qu /Chiragh [ss]
*x|uj field /Lezghian [ss]
x|u-t.al Tabasaran; x|u Agul; x|uj Rutul; ux| Archi [ss]
*r@q:(w|)a 1 (arable) field 2 steppe 3 valley /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/-rx|a 3 /Abkhaz; rqa 1,2 Abaza; tx|w|a 1 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
a.ka biggest flat land of a man's holdings (Kod.agu) (DEDR 336).[sk]
et.a_r plain, open field (Tamil) (DEDR 781) [sk]
ug- (ur.t-) to plough, be ploughed; ukl act of ploughing (Kota); ur..ata, ur..uvike, ur..ike, ur..uke, ur..ke, ukke ploughing (Kannad.a); dukki ploughing, tillage (Telugu); ugta_ a plough, ploughshare (Kur.ux) (DEDR 688). [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
erkir earth
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
Oldest form *aĝro- field /Proto IE [ahd]
Classical Greek [lsj1]
agros, ou, ho, field, mostly in pl., fields, lands; tilled land, opp. fallow !!!!!
Italic
ager, agrī field /Latin < earlier *agros district, property, field [ahd]
Germanic
æcer field /Old English < *akraz /Proto Germanic [ahd]
(3) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*h2ok/-et-i- 'harrow' /PIE [rd]
Italic
occare (v.) 'to harrow' /Latin
Germanic
egida `harrow' /Old High German [rd]
eg(e)t|e `harrow' /Old English [rd]
Balto-Slavic
*es/-et-i- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
ake`/ĉios, eke`/ĉios (dial.) `harrow' /Lithuanian [rd]
ecě(k)ŝas `harrow' /Latvian [rd]
aketes `harrow' /Old Prussian [rd]
Barren, unproductive, unfruitful, wasteland, wilderness
agor
dry; unproductive, barren, sterile; hard; agorra (n.) drought; (adj. fig.) exhausted /BasqueBasque
Basque agor is applied to land which fails to produce crops, to springs which have ceased to flow, and to women and female animals which fail to produce offspring. [lt]
Uralic
gyér scanty, scarce, thin /Hungarian
Expert source says this one is of unknown origin. [Chong]
ugar fallow; fallow farm land, waste land /Hungarian
Hungarian ugar is believed to be another loan from Slavic. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic (?)
yqr V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to be heavy 012 Syr to be laden 013 Syr %(al% to be difficult 014 Syr to be honored 015 Syr,JBA to be precious 016 Syr to be rare 017 Syr to be dull 018 JLAGal,CPA,Sam to go up in price 021 Palestinian,Syr to honor 022 Syr to esteem 023 Syr to grant 051 Syr,JBA to be honored 052 JBA to rise in value 031 Syr to make heavy 032 Syr to be honored 033 Palestinian,JBA to honor 061 Syr to be laden
LS2 307
(gr A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr thick 2 Syr heavy 3 Syr frequent 4 Syr crude 5 Syr terrible 6 Syr wild
LS2 510
LS2 V: (gar
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #45> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
kurir- sterile /Bilin
Egyptian
ac#re_n sterile /Copic Egyptian
Berber
tigg@rt sterile female /Berber
Altaic
*agula uninhabited place, wilderness /Altaic [ss]
*aglak 1 lonely, uninhabited (place) 2 unemployed, out of work 3 field /Turkic [ss]
*ag|ula mountain /Mongol [ss]
*agula:n meadow, plain /Tungus [ss]
Austro-Asiatic
kharkhan.d. barren, unfruitful as certain kinds of soil; kharna saline soil, an unproductive kind of clayey soil; kharnat.ia clayey soil (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Caucasian
*q_wVre: fallow /North Caucasian [ss: 1631]
*rV-k:w|VrV fallow /Andian [ss: 1019]
rak:u/ri /Avar [ss]
q:ur arable field, q:uruqu fallow /Lak [ss: 629]
*=iGwA>r dry, to dry /North Caucasian [ss]
*=aq.- dry /Nakh [ss]
=eq.a /Chechen; =eq.a /Ingush; =aq.i~ /Batsbi [ss]
*=iq.:w|V- dry /Andian [ss]
=aq.:w|arab /Avar; =eq.:u-b /Andi; =uq.:ada /Akhvakh; =eq.:u-b /Chamalal; =eq.:u-b /Tindi; =eq.:u-b /Karata; =eq.:uq.:i-b /Godoberi [ss]
*qoqV- A dry /Tsezian [ss]
quqqa":si /Tsezi; quqes /Ginukh; quqqa /Khvarshi; quqqu /Inkhokvari; qoqoro /Bezhita; qoqoru /Gunzib [ss]
q.a-q.-s:a dry /Lak [ss]
*=erG|w|V- dry /Dargwa [ss]
=erub-si /Akusha; =erG|ub-ze /Chiragh [ss]
*?iq.:w|ar- dry /Lezghian [ss]
q.uraj /Lezghi; q:uru /Tabasaran; ruq:uf /Agul; q:urud /Rutul; q:urna /Tsakhur; q:uru /Budukh; q.ure /Archi; q:ari /Udi [ss]
q.i dry, to dry (out) /Khinalug [ss]
*G|w|V to dry out, get dry /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-?|w|a-ra/ (Abkhaz); ?|w|a-ra (Abaza); G|w|@-n (Adyghe); G|w|@-n (Circassian); G|@- (Ubykh) [ss]
Dravidian
ka.r. (obl. ka.t.-) jungle without trees, uncultivated ground, unfenced field (Kota)(DEDR 1438)[sk]
ed.a_ri a desert (Telugu) (DEDR 781) [sk]
karuntarai waste land; karuntit.ar high mound, hillock; karunilam barren soil; useless, waste land; karat.t.u-t-tarai rugged, uneven ground; hard, clayey soil (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1] {?}
aerg-ia, Ion. -iê [i_], hê, anot-working, idleness 2. of a field, a lying fallow or waste; argeô (argos, aergos):-- to be unemployed, do nothing II. Pass., to be left undone; to be fruitless
Celtic
gort , goirt famine, Irish gorta, Old Irish gorte; Indo-European gher, desire, want; Greek @Ghréos, necessity, @Ghrcï/zw, wish; English yearn. [mcb] (????)
Slavic
ugar fallow /Serbo-Croatian
úhor fallow /Slovak
ugar fallow /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
`aqir barren (woman); not procreating (man); unfruitful (tree); one who hamstrings; a high sand-hill, where nothing grows /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says this is a loan from Semitic/Arabic
![]()
ahantzi
(L,U) to forget /BasqueUralic
hany-ag
negligent, forgetful /HungarianHungarian is of unknown origin. [Chong]
aharratu
(L,LN,Z,U) to argue; to get angry /BasqueUralic
*kore
(-) anger /FinnUgorhoroguvec "got angry" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, haragudott) [gzb1]
harag anger, bad feelings; harag-szik to be cross; to be angry /Hungarian
gar arrogant, disdainful, haughty, presumptuous /Hungarian
garázda wild, savage; garázd-álkodás brawling; riot; havoc /Hungarian
goromba harsh, rough; raw /Hungarian
The origin of Hungarian gar is unknown while goromba is thought to be of Slavic origin.
Sumerian
gir10, gi9, ge9 anger, fury; kúr hostile, belligerent [jh]
Elamite
harikka hostile /Elamite [oi2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
h'r rage /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
k)r V /Aramaic [cal]
021 Syr to trouble 022 Syr to shame 023 Syr to accuse 024 Syr to punish 051 Syr to be put to shame 052 Syr to be reproached
LS2 315
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 79 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
kwal- angry /Awngi; kar- angry /Qwara; kwar- kar- angry disturbed /Xamir
Cushitic, East
kw@ray- angry /Saho
Semitic
*kry *krh angry /Proto Semitic
Chadic
kwar hatred /Sura
Omotic
kaar- angry /Kafa; kaara- angry /Mocha
Austric
horiri enemy /Moriori [mor]
hara, mahie crime /Mäori [ng]
Austro-Asiatic
kala jhagr.a, kala jhogr. to quarrel, to wrangle; kharhia kharhi to quarrel with each other; kharhiau to quarrel (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
Turkic
hyrawa wild; hyrsyz evil, malicious, spiteful, angry /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
haradachi
anger; wrath; displeasureDravidian
*kir- (*-d-) anger, angry; displeased .Dravidian [ss]
*kir- angry /South Dravidian [ss]
cirukku (cirukki-) to be angry with /Tamil; ki:ru to rage, burn with rage or great desire /Kannad.a [ss]
*cirr- anger, displeasure /Telugu [ss]
kir-e:ng abuse /Brahui [ss]
*ku:r.- wicked, cruel; rude /Dravidian [ss]
*ku:r.- bad, vulgar, rude /South Dravidian [ss]
ku:r.ai dullness of intellect, stupidity /Tamil; ku:r.a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; vulgar, etc. /Kannada; ku:r.e; ku:r., ku:ra fierce, cruel; ku:r.a-na:yi a ferocious, mean dog /Kannada; ku:l.a, khu:l.a bad, mean, cruel /Tulu; ku:r-na:yi a fierce dog /Tulu [ss]
*ku:k- foolish man /Nilgiri [ss]
ku:kn /Kota [ss]
*ku:l.- a wicked man, a cruel man /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: ku:l.a; Dialect forms (1): ku:l.u~d.u [ss]
ku_r..a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; ku_r.., ku_ra fierce, cruel (Kannad.a); ku_l.a, khu_l.a bad, mean, cruel (Tulu); ku_l.a, ku_l.u~d.u a wicked man, a cruel man (Telugu)(DEDR 1913). [sk]
cir-ukku (cir-ukki-) to be angry with; cer-u (-v-, -nt-) to hate, dislike, detest, be angry with; cer-r-am love-quarrel; cirar-r-u (cirar-r-i-) to be angry with /Tamil; cirv- (cirt-) id. /Kota; kir-k violent anger, madness; kir- tot.-. kir-k 0ot.- to become mad with anger (lit. anger strikes him); ker-n gwil.- to murmur in protest /Kota; ki_r-u to rage, burn with rage or great desire; keral. to become angry, begin to rage; keral.cu to enrage /Kannad.a; cir-r-a, cir-r-u anger, displeasure; cir-acir-a sullenness, ill-humour; cer-acer-al-a_d.u to be angry or furious; keralu to be angry or enraged /Telugu; kireni sullen, surly, out of temper /Kui [sk]
kar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to resent, get angry with; n. rancour, vengeful enmity; kar-ukar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to rage; kar-utto_r enemies; kar-uppu anger, displeasure; kar-umu (kar-umi-) to show signs of anger, be enraged; kar-uvam anger; kar-uval sign of anger; kar-uvu (kar-uvi-) to exhibit signs of displeasure; to rankle, entertain malice, implacable hatred; n. anger, wrath; enmity, hostility, hatred /Tamil; kar-ukka to rage; kar-ukar-ukka id., be beside oneself; kar-ukar-e_ fiercely, intensely; kar-avu rage /Malayalam; kar- enmity, anger /Toda; kar-upu, kar-uhu envy; kar-ubu, kar-umbu to envy; n. envy; kar-uba an envious man; fem. kar-ubi; kar-ubatana the state of being an envious person, envy /Kannad.a; kar.vita_na_, kar.wita_na_ to envy /Gondi; ka_r.bi anger; kar.bigattasi a bad-tempered man (r. = r)(Kuwi); xar angry /Bra_hui_ [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
orgê anger, wrath, orgêi chrêsthai to be in a passion
org-ilos [i^], ê, on, inclined to anger, irascible
org-izô make angry, provoke to anger, irritate
Albanian
urrej to hate
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ghwer- wild beast [ahd]
*gher scratchy, rough, tearing. /PIE [see mcb]
Celtic
garbh rough /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish garb, Welsh garw, Breton garu, hard, cruel: *garvo-; Indo-European gher, scratchy, rough, tearing. [see mcb]
Amenian
gor noise, yelling; gorahl boast, brag, dare, have the audacity (to do sg);
goroz arrogant, proud /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [see Chong]
Slavic
graja uproar, riot, clamour; noise, hubbub; alarm, outcry, commotion, fuss /Serbo-Croatian
ogorčiti to embitter, irritate, provoke; gall, sour /Serbo-Croatian
goropad rage, fury, fierceness; grub rude, uncivil; brutal, vulgar /Serbo-Croatian
hrubý rude /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
gram (past part. adj.) enraged, angered, to growl in rage /Avestan
ghrrumbem roar /Pashto [tr]
harr abhorring, detesting /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
hirar detesting, expressing abhorrence of anyone before his face /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
karih one who abhors, detests, loathes, or abominates; loath, averse, unwilling /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
khára (adj.) harsh /Sanskrit
garh blame, reproach; garhita despised /Sanskrit
ghorá awful, dreadful, horrid /Sanskrit
![]()
Weak, faint; sick; fall, reduce, diminish; cool, cold
ahul
(L,LN,Z,U) weak, in poor health /Basquehülye imbecile, dotty /Hungarian
Uralic
hullu adj crazy, stupid /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian hülye imbecile, dotty is thought to derive from hül- "cool, get cool" which in turn derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*hll to be imbecile, weak-minded, mad; mocked at /Semitic Protoform [ss]
ula:lu '(geistig) Schwacher' /Akkadian; hll 'to be infatuated', 'to make look foolish; to make a mockery of', 'to pretend to be mad; to act like a madman', ho:le:lu:t 'foolishness, blindness' /Hebrew; hll (Af.) 'illusit, irrisit; despexit, contempsit' /Syriac; halhal 'injure; sottise' (SUD); halhil 'to upbraid, disgrace' (EGYP ) /Arabic [ss]
*h.ly to be sick, infirm /Semitic Protoform [ss]
(?) h_alu^ 'to be sick' /Akkadian; h.a:la: 'to grow weak, tired; to fall sick, to be ill' /Hebrew; HLA 'to be weak, sick' /Mandiac; h.ll 'to be sick' /Arabic; h.@lla 'agony, last hour of a dying person', h.alla"la" 'to render unable' /Tigre; h.@yu:l 'to be afflicted with senile dementia' /Mehri; h.e|/l 'to be senile' /Jibbali; h.a/yil 'senile' /Soqotri [ss]
*h.ls. {} *h.lc. to feel pain, be sick /Semitic Protoform [ss]
HLS. 'to feel pain, give pain, cause pain' /Mandaic
SAB h.ls. 'sickness, malady' /Epigraphic South Arabian [ss]
Altaic
Turkic/Khakas
elää stupid, silly {Kacha dialect RI:810} [kl]
Tungus
hûlhi stupid; slow-witted, slow of wit /Manchu [as]
Austric
kuare stupid /Moriori [mor]
rorirori, heahea silly, stupid /Mäori [ng]
Etruscan
hele "sad, angry, sullen" [az96]
helu "to get sad, mad" [az96]
helucu "sad, mournful" [az96]
helusnei "(one who) gets sad" [az96]
Indo-European/Anatolian
hallina- `be sick, hurt' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
halliŝ- `sickness, pain' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
Muskogean/Eastern
hoyoopa to be mad, crazy, mean (of an animal), vicious Var: hoyòopa /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
hilyu? sick1 [y84]
halk
soft, low; halk-ul become faint; hal-vány weak, faint /HungarianUralic
?cf. gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
xl$ A /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLATg,Syr weak 2 Syr vile 3 Syr magician 4 Syr wretched 5 Syr humble 6 Syr weak (grammatical)
LS2 239
LS2 V: xalA$
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 649a #9> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'all, ?'- thin /Proto East Cushitic
Semitic
qll light /Geez
Dravidian
hala_ku oppressed, overcome, spent through sickness, labour etc., ruined, destroyed, lost (Kannad.a, Telugu); ala_kku (Tamil.) [sk]
ula (-pp-, -nt-) to become diminished, be wasted, be devoid of, die, terminate; ulakkai end, ruin, death; ulappu wasting, perishing, defect, death, limit; ulai (-v-, -nt-) to perish, be ruined (as houses, land, crops); (-pp-, -tt-) to ruin; ulaivu ruin, destruction, defeat, poverty, trouble (Tamil); ulakkuka to shrink up; ulayuka to be impoverished, ruined; ulaccal, ulavu ruin (Malayalam)(DEDR 671). [sk]
alku (alki-) to shrink, diminish, lessen; alkal deficiency, poverty; akku (akki-) to be reduced, shrink, be dejected, become closed (as a flower); nalku_r (-v-, -nt-) to be poor, indigent, destitute; n. poverty (Tamil); akkud.isu to become small, wane (Kannad.a)(DEDR 252). [sk]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
khall (v.n.), being diminished, extenuated, lean; becoming poor; weak (man); an old garment; a rent in a garment; thinly plumaged (bird) /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says khall is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Aryan
hal.u_, halka
_ light weight/ Mara_t.hi_; hal.u, hal.ve light/ Gujara_ti_; halu_ lightly/ Hindi_; halkum. lightly/Gujara_ti_; halko lightly/ Sindhi_; halka_ light /Bengali, Punja_bi_, Hindi_; halua light /Prakrit [sk]kala dumb, indistinct, low, soft (of sounds) /Sanskrit [iits2]
Yuki
hulk'ilal ghost2; hulk'·le(l) ~ hulk'i·la(l), hulk'ilal, hudl-k.í-lŭl white people [y84]
galdu
(C) /Basquev.t. to lose (money, a war, a bet, etc.), to mislay, misplace; to waste;
v.i. to become corrupt, become spoiled (food, people); to be shipwrecked, to sink;
v.i. to get lost, to lose one's way, to be lost; to disappear
v.i./v.t. to become evil; to pervert, corrupt, spoil
adj. perverse, corrupted, depraved, wicked, lost.
hull-ani
to fall, to diminish; hull-at to shed (leaves, tears) /HungarianUralic
*kulle
separate, come off /UralicHungarian hull- is thought to have two origins :-
--> (?) *kul3 (Proto FU) [Chong]
gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi); xul- break/come/work away/off (of bark) (Sosva Man's'i) [Chong]
--> kuluma to be consumed, wear away (Estonian); kulua id. (Finnish); kòþ- cease, come to an end (Jugan Khanty); xååli cease, come to an end; disappear, vanish (Northern Man's'i) [Chong]
[also see Hungarian hal "to die"]
Sumerian
hul3
destroy, ruin, hostileAltaic/Turkic
il-mek to be fallen /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
ku_lu to fall down, be overturned, be destroyed, ruined; ku_lisu to cause to fall, destroy (Kannad.a); ku_lu to fall down, sink, drop, die, fall dead; ku_l(u)cu to cause to fall, fell, bring to the ground, knock down, kill; ku_la~bad.u to fall down suddenly, sink, drop; ku_r.a_na_ to topple over (of a vessel, boulder on hillside), founder (of a bullock); ku_d.a_na_ to topple down; kura_na_ to roll over; gu_r.- id., spill, lie down to sleep; ku_r.- tree to fall; ku_r.h- to fell (Gondi); gu_r- (-it-) to lie down, sleep, roll on floor (Kond.a); gu_r- (-t-) to fall down; gru_t- (-t-) to fell (Pengo); ku_ra (ku_ri-) to fall over, fall down, tumble, prostrate oneself, lie down; n. a fall, tumble. prostration (Kui); kuriyu to rain, shower, fall, leak, rain down (fire, arrows) (Telugu) (DEDR 1907).[sk]
Etruscan
kalem "ready to fall, to lower oneself" [az96]
helenaia "(which) bends, lowers" [az96]
helene "one who descends upon, lowers oneself" [az96]
hels "to fold, recline?" [az96]
helSc "reclined" [az96]
helzunia "(which) folds" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
elass-oô make less or smaller, diminish, reduce in amount 2. in early writers, lower, degrade
Indo-Iranian
gal drip; fall; galita fallen out, gone (claws, teeth) /Sanskrit
hül
cool, get cool /HungarianUralic
Expert source says Hungarian hül derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]
Sumerian
hal-ba
frost,freezingAltaic
*gi>\l/o\ cold /Altaic [ss]
*Kyl/ winter /Turkic [ss]
qyŝ (Orkh., OUigh.) /Old Turkic; qyŝ (MK) /Karakhanid; qyŝ (Abu H., Pav.C.) /Middle Turkic; kyŝ /Turkish; Gyŝ /Azeri; qyŝ /Gagauz; Gyŝ /Turkmen; qyŝ /Khaladzh; qys /Sary-Yughur; qyŝ /Tatar; qyŝ /Kirghiz; qys /Kazakh; qys /Noghai; qyŝ /Balkar; qyŝ /Kumyk; qys /Karakalpak; qiŝ /Uzbek; qiŝ /Uighur; qyŝ /Bashkir; xys /Khakassian; qy`ŝ /Tuva-Tofalar; qyŝ /Altai; qyŝ /Shor; x@l /Chuvash; kys, kyhyn /Yakut; kyhyn /Dolgan [ss]
*gil- cold /Tungus [ss]
gildi /Evenki; gi.lrú. /Even; gi.li.gdi. /Negidal; Gi.ĉi.si. /Nanai; Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si. /Ulcha; Gi.ĉu.li. /Orok; giĉi-si /Oroch; gilihi /Udighe [ss]
*ki\sa\ra-(n)ki second month of the lunar calendar /Japanese [ss]
k(j)isarag(j)i (Old Japanese); ki\saragi (Tokyo); ki/sa/ra/gi/ (Kyoto); kisaragi/ (Kagoshima) [ss]
Dravidian
*kul.- cool /South Dravidian [ss]
*kul.- /Nilgiri [ss]
kul.ir (-v-, -nt-) to feel cool (as breeze), be cool, refreshing, get numbed (as in death); n. coldness, chilliness, ague, shivering; kul.ircci, kul.irtti, kul.utti coolness, cold, act of cooling or refreshing, numbness (as in death); kul.irppu, kul.irmai, kul.umai coolness, kindness; kul.iri a fan; kul.l.a-k-kul.ir- to be intensely cool and refreshing (Tamil); kul.ir, kul.ur coldness, cool, refreshing; kul.iruka to be chilly, refreshed; kul.irma freshness; kul.irppu, kul.uppam chilliness; kul.irppikka to chill, quiet, refresh, comfort; kul.ukul.u intense cold (Malayalam); kul.ak in-, kul.kul. in- (hands, feet, body) feel cool, (mind) feels calm and peaceful (Kota); kul.ir to be cool or cold; n. coldness, coolness, cold, snow, frost (Kannad.a); kul.i- (kul.ip-, kul.it-) cold feeling is; kul.iri ka.a cold season (Kod.agu)(DEDR 1834).[sk]
Indo-European/Germanic
kela cool down, compensate /Old Frisian [db]
Quechua
ila cold [q2]
![]()
ain
(B,G) (adv.) "so"; hain (L,LN,Z,U) (adv.) so; so much; such; hoin (L,LN,Z) /BasqueUralic
-nk
plural suffix/FU ??annyi as much as /Hungarian
{Hungarian /ny/ similar to Basque or Spanish /ñ/}
hány (interrogative pronoun) "how many?" /Hungarian
ahány (rel. pron.) as many /Hungarian
{/a-/ prefix forms rel. pronouns from int. pronouns.}
Sumerian
ene
pluralAltaic/Khakas
änjä so much as {I:747 Sagay dialect} [kl]
Indo-European/Slavic
onoliko as much, so much, as many, so many /Serbo-Croatian
Yuki
haymas, hain-mas how (much or many) [y84]
![]()
Plural marker
-ak
suffix expresses the plural of the definite article /BasqueUralic
guolek (plur.) fish /Lapp
"The 2Psg suffix -k of the Lapp conjugation belongs here, too, thus the derivation of -k from the common Finnic form -t is absurd". [Künnap]
halak (plur.) fish /Hungarian
The plural marker -k is the exception rather than the rule in the Uralic family. It apparently only occurs in Hungarian and Lapp. [see Künnap]
(I) Plural of Nouns in Hungarian
(a) Elision
(i) in a few bisyllabic nouns the second vowel is dropped in the plural for example, torony 'tower' -> tornyok 'towers'
(ii) in words ending in the suffix -alom, -elem the second vowel (of the suffix) is dropped in the plural.
(b) Shortening
A few words with a long vowel in the final syllable shorten it in the plural case, e.g. egér 'mouse' -> egerek 'mice'
(II) Adjectives in Hungarian
(a) Front Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -e-
kék 'blue' -> kékek 'blues'
(b) Back Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -a- with a few exceptions.
piros 'red' -> pirosak 'reds'
Some exceptions include nagyok, boldogok etc.
{also see Basque -ok and Hungarian suffix -ék}
Austro-Asiatic/Munda,South
-ki plural suffix /Kharia [mw3]
Iberian (?)
The "primary" suffix -k-, seems to have been a pluralizing suffix. [jrr1]
Dravidian [sva]
In Brahui, the plural can be formed by adding suffixes -k, -âk and -âsk to the singular form.
Etruscan
-cva suffix formed a so-called 'collective adjective' [lb]
Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
-k' plural suffix
duk' -- pronoun; nominative plural of <du> thou -- Ye; nok'a -- pronoun; nominative plural of <na> he, she, it -- they; ordik' -- noun; nominative plural of <ordi> son -- the children; vardzk' -- noun; nominative plural of <vardz> reward -- rewards
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
-ha the plural termination, formerly mostly of things inanimate, as sang "a stone," sang-ha "stones," while the plural of animated beings was generally (not exclusively) formed by -an, as adami "man," pl. adamiyan "men, mankind." In modern Persian, however, the ending -ha has almost entirely superseded -an both for inanimated and animated beings. /Persian
Na-Dene
Athabaskan-Eyak
Dakelh (Carrier) [yd]
-ke suffix is the plural marker for a smaller number of nouns; (this is the usual way of marking the plural of kinship terms)
-ne suffix is the most common plural marker
Algic/Algonquian
Cree [gn]
-(w)ak suffix expresses the plural
e.g. sisip duck; sisipak. ducks
atim dog; atimwak dogs
Ojibwe [ob]
the plural suffix for animate nouns always ends with -g
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Potawatomi [pl1]
the plural suffix of animate nouns always end in -k
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Duality
kide (C) member,colleague, fellow,associate /Basque
-kide (C) suffix signifying companionship /Basque
Uralic
*-kè(-) meaning "dual" in Proto Uralic [lc]
later becomes plural for Hungarian, két two (things)) but also in most Uralic languages for two.
két, kettő two (a pair); ketten two, the two of us; together /Hungarian
*kakte- (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
kydy two /Mator; kavto two /Erzya [fv]
kaksi (Finnish); kät, katn (Khanty); kyk (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Basque
kidego (C) companion; kidetu (C) (vi) to be similar, be alike, resemble; to pair (up)
Altaic
*ke/t`o (~k`-, g-, -o-,-t-) similar /Altaic [ss]
*ka>\th- to be similar, resemble /Korean [ss]
kat(h)- /Modern Korean; ka>\th-, ka>/t- /Middle Korean
*k@/t@/ resemblance, similarly /Japanese [ss]
koto, RJ -go/to/ku /Old Japanese; -gotoku /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
go∫a two, a pair /Turkmen [glnp]
katmar two together (Kyrgyz - -mar is a suffix); katmär double (Osman) / qatîn repeatedly (Old Turkic) / xat double (Sakha) [Chong]
Tungus
katak companion (-k is a suffix); katlin in tandem (-lin is a suffix) (Ewen) [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
ki- 'two'
Caucasian
*q.Hwa": two /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.i- two /Andian [ss]
k.i-go /Avar; ĉ.e-gu /Andi; k.e-da /Akhvakh; eĉ.i-da /Chamalal; k./e-ja /Tindi; k.e-da /Karata; k.e-da /Botlikh; k./e-ra /Bagvalal; k./e-da /Godoberi [ss]
*q.w|y-nV A two /Tsezian [ss]
q.Iano /Tsezi; q.ono /Ginukh; q.Iw|ene /Khvarshi; q.Iune /Inkhokvari; q.ona /Bezhita; q.anu /Gunzib [ss]
k.i=a two /Lak [ss]
*k.w|i two /Dargwa [ss]
k.e-l /Akusha; ĉ.w|a-l /Chiragh [ss]
*q.Iw|a" two /Lezghian [ss]
q.w|e-d /Lezghi; q.Iu /Tabasaran; q.Iu-d /Agul; q.Iw|ad /Rutul; q.Io-lla" /Tsakhur; q.w|ad /Kryz; q.a-b /Budukh; q.Iw|e /Archi; p:aI /Udi [ss]
k.u two /Khinalug [ss]
*tqI:/w|A two /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
?|w|-ba/ Abkhaz; ?|w|-ba Abaza; t.w|@ Adyghe; t.w|@ Circassian; t.q.w|a Ubykh [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
-que suffix represents the so-called enclitic conjunction "and" /Latin
repeated as -que....-que means 'both....and" /Latin
Committing heresy by including this suffix here for comparison!
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*quli another (другой) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN287]
*quli , *quttą another, the second (другой, второй) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN723]
qul(i), quttą-
/Chukchee; qu*qula /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN292]
qula, Poss. qula(n) another (другой) /Sedank dialect; kalo-tumx (< kola-) vicinus /West Itelmen [ss]
Niger-Congo (?)
xaaj (v.) to divide, separate; xaaji (v.) to divide; xaajo (n.) part,portion /Wollof [pc2]
Group marker
-ok
suffix used with articles and nouns to express being part of a group /BasqueUralic
-ék suffix /Hungarian
Hungarian suffix -ék when
1) attached to names of persons and professions denotes somebody's family and corresponds with the English suffix -s;
2) can be added to other words (not only persons) to denote a group
Burushaski
-ek suffix is added to the singular or plural of the word to form the group plural (also called ‘double plural’) [dg]
![]()
alai
happy, joyful, merry /BasqueUralic
*elä live /Uralic
él-énk, eleven lively, quick, frisky, wantonly frolicsome /Hungarian
ele-ve archaic name for the holy spirit /Hungarian
él to live; él-et life; él-ö living /Hungarian
vala to be /Hungarian
Sumerian
alad
life forceAustric
ora alive /Moriori [mor]
ora alive /Mäori [ua]
Dravidian
ul.an-, neut. ul.atu, 3 pl. m. ul.ar, neut. ul.a); un.t.u is, are (existence); ul.l.a who is, which is, true, actual; ul.l.atu, ul.atu that which is, truth, soul; ul.l.avan- he who has, rich person; ul.l.a_r those who are present, those who possess; ul.amai truth, reality; ul.avu real nature; un.mai existence, reality, state of being, nature, truth (Tamil); ul. to be there, exist; un.t.u there is, exists; ul.l.a existing, true, real, in or to which there is; ul.avu coming into existence; ul.l.avan rich; un.ma reality, truth; on.t.u has; ol.l.a having; ol.l.ama, on.ma existence (Malayalam.); ol. (3 pers. neut. od.o.) to exist, be in a place; od. truth (Kota); wil.d- (3 pers. wid.-i) to exist, be in a place (Toda); ul. (3 pers. un.t.u), ol. to be, have; adj. that is, that is true; ul.l.a being, having, being able; ul.l.atana state of being or having; un.t.u that is or exists, existence, existing; ol.(u)pu, ol.uhu essence, possession, trueness; un.mu to arise, come into existence (Kannad.a); ul.l.- (3 pers. un.d.i) to be, be in a place, have (Kod.agu); ul.l.- (3 sg. neut. un.d.u; pres. tense) to be, exist, have (Tulu); lohpa (loht-) to abide, remain, reside (Kui); loy-, lo_i- to remain (Kuwi); anning to be (pres. 1 sg. ut., 2 sg. us, 1 pl. un, 3 pl. ur)(Brahui) [sk]
Etruscan
ala vital, lively, moving, boldly [az96]
elusisnia agitation, movement [az96]
eluva the (two) Animators (i.e. the Dioscuri) [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
iallach jaunty, lithe /Gaelic /[mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
e_la_yati
to be merry or frolicsome; to be wantonly mischievous in behaviour /Sanskritama
(C) mother /BasqueUralic
eme
mother, wife /UralicSumerian
ama
mother [jh]Afro-Asiatic
з
m mother /Phœnician [cgj]Altaic
ama
/Altaic [fh16]Dravidian
*am- female relation /Dravidian [ss]
ammâ mummy, mother /Brahui
Etruscan
amake married, spouse < joined [az96] /Etruscan
Indo-European
Germanic
amma `mother, nurse' /Old High German [bd]
Albanian
*am(m)a:> mother /Proto Albanian [bd]
e'me' / a~me' mother /Albanian [bd]
anka
(B,G) leg; hanka leg, foot; paw (of an animal); zango (L,LN,Z,U) leg /BasqueBasque
Basque anka is seen as deriving from Romance < Frankish hanka "haunch" [lt]
Uralic
sonka ham /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*?i(n)gi/ur- foot /Semitic Protoform [ss]
*(?Vn-)gur- /or *(?Vn-)gw|ir-?/ 'knee; foot' /Semitic Protoform [ss]
$q N $q) /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim thigh 2 Syr shank 3 Syr clan 4 Syr charnel house 5 Syr tongue of shoe 6 JBA shaft
LS2 765
LS2 v: $AqA)
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #603> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
s@nkwaa, sankwaa nape back shoulder carrier /Bedawiye, Beja
Cushitic, East
sank-, sink- (san/ mane /Yaaku; sinku hip /Afar) /Proto East Cushitic
sunku (pl sunkuuka) back shoulder-blade /Afar
san/ mane /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
dzink-+ buttocks hindquarters /Proto South Cushitic
Caucasian
*?a:nqV thigh; knee-bone, knee-cap /North Caucasian [ss]
*Hne>gV: leg, knee /North Caucasian [ss]
*?ãgV knee, knee-cap /Tsezian [ss]
ãga /Bezhita; ãga /Gunzib [ss]
ĉ:an foot, leg /Lak [ss]
*nik:a foot, leg; foot bone /Dargwa [ss]
nik:a /Chiragh [ss]
ank: foot, leg /Khinalug [ss]
Indo-European
Germanic
Schinken ham /German
This is part of the postulated non-IE substrate in the Germanic languages. [mc1]
Slavic
šunka ham, smoked ham /Serbo-Croatian
šunka ham /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
zañgem [zañga] bone of the leg; ankle-bone /Avestan
zang `ankle, shank' /Middle Persian [al]
zan thigh, front portion of the upper leg /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
jáňghā
"lower half of the leg, from knee to ankle; shin /SanskritQuechua
changa leg [q1]
ano
portion, food supply; wine; animal feed /Basqueenni to eat; enni-való food /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian enni is of FU origin [Chong]
Uralic *sewe
sävï-, sëve- (Erzya); syö- (Finnish); te-, tew- (Southern Khanty) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
'nhw victuals /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Basque
ano portion, food supply; wine; animal feed
Said to derive from Latin annōna "yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living".
Dravidian
a_nu to eat, drink (Telugu); anna eaten; food; boiled rice; un.ike taking a meal; un.n.i taking a meal, a meal (Kannad.a); un.t.i food, boiled rice, food of birds and beasts; un.a food; un.avu, un.a_ food, boiled rice, foodstuffs (Tamil); u_n. food, boiled rice, meal (Malayalam); u.n. food, food eaten after dry funeral (Kota) [sk]
Indo-European
Latin (??)
annōna
"yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living"Albanian
*un- hunger /Proto Albanian < *uenH- to love, desire, request /PIE [bd]
uri; ũ(n) hunger /Albanian [bd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
ánna food /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern (?)
anooli 1. to finish, finish off, get through with, use up; to devour, eat up (of one) 2. to finish doing, do completely, do thoroughly, be totally /Alabama [tm]
apa
kiss /BasqueUralic
ap-
to kiss /Old Hungarian, TurkicHungarian ápol (originally meant "kiss") is of unknown origin [Chong]
babus-gat-ni
to fondle, to caress; bába midwife /Hungarianóv
to protect, guard, shield; óvóda infant school, kindergarten /Hungarianwhile óv is thought to be possibly of FU origin though not for certain. [see Chong]
api (n) help, aid /Vaddja [fv]
avittaa (v) to help /Vaddja [fv]
Sumerian
ubara patronage, protection [jh]
Altaic
Turkic
öp-mek to kiss; öpüç-mek to kiss each other; öpü∫ kiss /Turkmen [glnp]
ebe midwife /Turkish
Japanese
uba a nurse; wetnurse
Austric
eve /Rapanui [anon]
1. buttocks; taki eve coccyx; uho eve part between coccyx and anus.
2. figuratively: protection. Ana oho au, e hoki koe ki raro ki te eve o to'u matu'a When I go, go back under your father's protection.
awhina help, helpful; awhina(tia) to help /Mäori [ng]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*'γ
we-s- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN686]*ụwwạt- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1008]
ukwέt-
/Chukchee; uwwat- (III) /Koryak; uwwet- /Palan; uvvat- /Alutor [ss]*'owa- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN702]
'ow(w)a-s SO to kiss (целовать) /Sedank dialect; 'ov'al-kaz ; 'ov'alit-kaz 1 osculari; oscula jungeo 1 /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
o_vu
to take care of, guard, protect, cherish; uppu being, abiding; protection (Kannad.a); to be; to abide; to support; to protect (Tulu) [sk]Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
avô [avañh] assistance, support, protection /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
upas'in:ghati kisses /Sanskrit [sk]
upasthAyika, upamAtR, upasthAtR nurse /Sanskrit
papu a protector; a nurse /Sanskrit
av (chiefly said of kings or princes) to guard, defend, protect, govern /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
apiila to be on the side of, to support, help /Alabama [tm]
![]()
apaiz
(G,U) priest /BasqueUralic
*ic'a ancestor /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
isemucut "our ancestor" /Old Hungarian , 12th. Century {Modern, õsünket} [gzb1]
õs
ancestor, old; õs-i ancestral /Hungarianapa, pap
father, priest /Hungarianapós father-in-law /Hungarian
ap-ó
grandfather; see avul {b>v} get old, obsolete [fh] /HungarianThe word APA is found in Uralic, Altaic, Sumerian, Hurrian, Chinese, Elamite etc. It is definitely not a Semitic loanword which is constantly mentioned for no good reason, while its great extent of use is too often casually dismissed as being simply "a child's word". [fh16]
Yuki
os father's father, mother's father [y84]
Sumerian
ğes
> aš one,1stAfro-Asiatic
Egyptian
is old; iswt old times; antiquity /Old Egyptian [cgj]
as old /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
з
bt family, kindred /Old Egyptian [cgj]Semitic
)s adj. "old" /Aramaic [cal]
{where /)/ = aleph}
abu father /Akkadian [oi3]
Altaic
*ač`E
ancestor /Altaic [ss]*eččV
/Turcfuso ancestors; forefathers /Japanese
so ancestor; a progenitor; the father, pioneer, founder, the originator /Japanese
aski
old /AncTurk; ab very old/Soron Turk; see [fh]*
apuši elder-in-law /Altaic [ss]*Abuč-ka
/Turc*ep`V grandfather /Altaic [ss]
*ebü-gen /Mongol
*epu /Tungus
*òp- /Korean [ss]
Dravidian
*ap- male relative [ss] /Dravidian
appan
father /Drav-TamilEtruscan
apa
father [az96]Indo-European
Germanic
afe man, husband /Old Icelandic [sc2]
aba man, husband /Gothic [sc2]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
∂ppo daddy, papa (term of familiar address) /Baluchi [mab]
Abbá A. Br. father, papa. (Used by children.) /N. Baluchi [mld]
Indo-Aryan
Avuka
father /Sanskritalso see *awo-, *awio- mother's brother /PIE [cb1] and its cognates include
Greek aia ground, motherland
Latin ăvus, -i grandfather, an ancestor
Common Celtic *avios (related to grandfather); > Old Irish aue, haue (grandson), Irish ó (grandson), Welsh ewythr (mother's brother), Cornish euitor, Breton eontr
Armenian hav, gen. havu grandfather
Common Germanic *awón-, *awé-, *awun-
Lithuanian ava mother's brother's wife, avynas mother's brother, Old Prussian awis
Common Slavic *ujï mother's brother
"The PIE term is rather dark, and its origin and exact meaning are not quite clear yet. It is obvious, however, that it denoted kinship". [cb1]
Muskogean/Eastern
awo grandfather /Alabama [tm]
awosi uncle, aunt's husband, especially, grandmother's sister's husband /Alabama [tm]
apal
shelf /BasqueUralic
polc shelf, stand /Hungarian
pál-ca small branches, slips of wood /Hungarian << *puwe wood
{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}
Altaic/Turkic
polk 1. regiment 2. shelf /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] suggests polk is found in Russian.
Indo-European/Slavic
polica shelf /Serbo-Croatian
polica shelf /Slovak
polica shelf /Bulgar
polka shelf /Russian
![]()
Foam, wave, roll; wash out, river, bay
(B,G,U); habuin (L) foam /BasqueUralic
hab foam; hab-ok billows; the ocean; hab-leány mer-maid /Hungarian
hab-oz waver, hesitate, be reluctant /Hungarian
hemper-eg to wallow, roll about /Hungarian
himbál to swing; to roll; to rock, to balance /Hungarian
Hungarian hab is thought to derive from FU. [Chong]
*kumpa
wave /UralicFinno-Ugric
kumboldo- undulate (Erzya); kumpua- (Finnish); kump- (Khanty); hump- (Southern Khanty); gybav float (Komi); kombõldõ- bubble up, undulate (Mokša) [Chong]
Samoyedic
kaba wave (En'ec'); haamba wave (N'en'ec'); kongfu wave (Nganasan); komba- (Šölqup) [Chong]
pára
mist /HungarianDravidian
kampam < kampa vibration, shaking, motion (Man.i. 17,63); kampitam quivering, quaking, trembling, shaking (Tiruva_ta. Pu. Man.cumanta. 56)(Tamil.lex.) kampan-am motion, vibration, shaking; quaking, trembling with fear (Ka_cippu. Tar..uvak.); kampalai trembling, quivering, quaking; uproar, tumult, quarrelling; kampittal to shake, toss (Kampara_. Paracura_map. 8); to tremble, quake (Tiruva_ca. 4,61); to shake, vibrate (Pirapo_ta. 23,12) (Tamil.lex.); kampa-va_tam shaking palsy, paralysis agitons (Tamil.lex.) tun.ukkam trembling, palpitation of the heart through fear (Kampara_. U_rte_t.u. 97); vibration; tun.un:ku-tal to fear (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
Sumerian
_ab
lake, sea; ab-zu sentient sea; ab- window, depressionAfro-Asiatic
Semitic
qbh N qbt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr foam of juice
LS2 640
LS2 v: qeb.t_A)
qwpy#2 N qwpy) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr mass floating on water 2 Syr foam
LS2 682
LS2 v: quwpyA)
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 152 #3> [oi4]
Bedawiye, Beja
hebib, hubbaat foam (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
h!embo foam /Saho; hinboo /Afar; humbi /Kambata; omac#a /Oromo; h!umbo(f.) /Somali
Altaic
*k`o/p`i (~-e) foam /Altaic [ss]
*ko"p- to swell, foam /Turkic [ss]
ko"pu"k 'foam' /Old Turkic; ko"pik 'foam' /Turkmen; kúw|búw|k 'foam' /Chuvash; ko"p- /Yakut [ss]
*ko"g|e- to foam, swell up /Mongolian [ss]
ko"gege-, ko"ge- /Written Mongolian; ke|he|- (IM), ku- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; xo":- /Khalkha; ko":- /Kalmuck; xue:- , xue:re-; xue:s 'foam' /Dagur; ko:-; ko:rs@ 'foam' /Monguor [ss]
*xapu- ~ *xopu- foam /Tungus [ss]
x|ofon ~ x|afun /Manzhu [ss]
*k@\phu/m foam /Korean [ss]
k@\phu/m Middle Korean [ss]
k@phum Modern Korean [ss]
*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]
*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]
ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]
*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]
obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]
a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]
kawa river; a stream; brook /Japanese
Austric
apa to move (things), to place, to put. /Rapanui [anon]
Ka apa te kumara ki roto ki te kete Put the sweet potatoes inside the basket [anon]
awa channel, river /Moriori [mor]
ip- water /Mendi; ipa- water /Kewa, Enga, Ipili; iba- water /Huli; ibo- rain /Awa; obe- water /Dorig; ebe- rain /Nengone; ubata- rain /New Georgia; abo-abo- rain /Tagalog; afa- storm /Samoa; afu- waterfall /Samoa [pkm]
Etruscan
ipas, ipase oscillating, wavering [az96]
Indo-European
Greek
aphro-s "foam"
{Greek aphro-s "foam" resembles the Basque apar, but the Greek is without an explanation within the frame of Indo-European [mo]}
Celtic
òb a creek /Gaelic; from NNorse hóp, small land-locked bay, Scottish hope, Anglo-Saxon hóp, valley. [mcb]
tabh the sea, ocean /Gaelic; from Norse haf, Swed. haf, Danish hav, the open sea, Anglo-Saxon haef. From Norse also comes the Scottish (Shet.) haaf, open sea [mcb]
Anatolian
hapa a river /Hittite [cb]
Slavic
para steam, vapour /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
âpa [ap] water /Avestan
kaf (S. kapha), Froth, foam, scum, soap-suds, spittle; a small quantity; a black tincture with which the eyebrows of a bride are dyed /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
ap- water /Sanskrit
kup (1) become moved or agitated; boil (2) be angry; boil with rage /Sanskrit
Quechua
para rain; paray to rain /Quechua [q2]
ubil
(B,U) whirlpool /BasqueUralic
öböl
bay (Bay of Biscay) /HungarianOfficially, Hungarian öböl is of unknown origin. [Chong]
öbl-ít
to wash out, to rinse /HungarianOfficially, Hungarian öblít is thought to be possibly onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
'uwbal river, canal /Hebrew (Old Testament Strong No: 0180)
Altaic
*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]
*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]
ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]
*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]
obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]
a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]
Muskogean/Eastern
oowila to overflow its banks (of a creek or lake), flood /Alabama [tm]
Var: oowiila Var: oowihla [from tm]
![]()
apo
toad; hoof /BasqueUralic
ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian
The second part -hal means "fish", what is the first part ebi- ?
béka frog /Hungarian
kala n fish /Vaddja [fv]
hal fish /Hungarian
Sumerian
ubi ku6 a marine and fluvial fish
ha / ku6, kua fish [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
kel fish /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Dravidian
kappa frog (Telugu, Kuwi); kappe id. (Kannad.a,Kod.agu,Tulu,Gondi); kepak frog, toad (Kota); kopin frog (Toda); kappe, keppe id. (Kannad.a); kappe toad (Kod.agu) [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Germanic
see Pugge, Pogge frog, toad [< ?Vasconic; see Basque puga toad] {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [from mc1]
Note :- Gorka Aulestia's Basque-English dictionary does not list Basque puga toad, but has Basque apo, sapo, zapo "toad" ??
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bak, Wild cucumber; a retreat, an asylum; (S. bheka) a frog; a forest; a wild uncultivated country; name of a city in Transoxania /Persian [fjs]
bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
bhe_ka
frog /Sanskrit(2) Indo-European
Romance
sapo /Spanish
Slavic
žaba
frog; toad; tree-frog; green-frog /Serbo-CroatianQuechua
challhua fish [q1]
apurtu
(B,U) to break, to destroy, to grind /Basqueapró
small,tiny; aprít to mince, chop, break up /HungarianUralic
apró
small,tiny; aprít to mince, chop, break up /HungarianHungarian apró is possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
prţ
to break, rend /Northwest Semitic [ahd]pāraţ
to break /Mishnaic Hebrew [ahd]Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*'u(j)lu- small (маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN681]
*ą.pp-ụjlụ-
small (маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN1605]ąppąlu-
, ąplú- /Chukchee; ąppuĺu- (III) /Koryak [ss]*'ulu- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN697]
Dravidian
par-iya piece, fragment, bit, slice; par-iga gleanings of corn (Telugu); par-ikka to pluck off (Malayalam); par-y- to pluck, (string) breaks (Toda); har-ita, har-ata, harta cutting, sharpness (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4027).[sk]
Altaic
[*opra¥ (ProtoTurkic) / ufak small (Osman, Turkish) / õuak, uak small (Tatar) / ufra¥ worn out clothing (Uigur)] [Chong]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
proš∂g to break (transitive); prošen∂g to cause to break /Baluchi [mab]
prwš∂g to break (intransitive); prwšaen∂g to cause to be broken, cause (someone) to break (something) /Baluchi [mab]
parányi tiny; piriny small, tiny /Hungarian
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
paranj a grain smaller than wheat /Persian [fjs]
parhanj a grain smaller than wheat /Persian [fjs]
![]()
Corrections and additions by
Fred Hámori in red.![]()
Basque Dialects:-)
B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects
![]()
Copyright © 2000-2008
The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008