Euskara Magyar
Word List
Ab-Ap

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates!
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abarka (C) leather (or rubber) shoe famous in the Basque Country /Basque

bőr skin, hide, leather /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bőr is possibly of FU origin.

? p@r reddish membrane inside the outer birch bark (Eastern Khanty); šašpoår birch bark (Man's'i - šoåš birch bark. This may be identical to -poår bit, piece.) [Chong]

varga shoemaker /Hungarian

Etymology?

Some terms from the Leather Trade. (site1, site2)

barka-réteg 'the upper layer of the skin or hide which becomes visible after separation of the fur from the hide after processing' /Hungarian

barka-hasíték 'skiver' /Hungarian

Has two meanings :- (a) a paring-tool for leather; (b) a thin leather split from a sheepskin, used for book-binding.

barka-sajtolás 'embossing'; préselt barka 'embossed grain (on leather)' /Hungarian

(Thanks to those two kind Magyar souls who brought them to my attention.)

Sumerian

bar n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

*par- skin, fur, husk, etc. /Semitic Protoform [ss]

pa:ru, parru, ba:ru skin /Akkadian [ss]
parta: {pl. parre:} /Syriac [ss]

{dh.r (be) bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian [cgj]}

Altaic

{deri skin /Turkish}

Basque

abarka ‘rustic sandal’, in historical times of rawhide with soles of rope [lt5]

The semantic basis is presumably the long-standing European practice of making sandals from bast, the fibrous inner layer of tree-bark (phloem)...the same word is widespread and fairly ancient in the Iberian Peninsula, and recorded also north of the Pyrenees: Hispano-Arabic pargha ~ bargha ‘sandals’, sg. parghat (mod. Arabic and Berber bálgha ‘slipper, shoe’), Mozarabic probable *parca, Portuguese alparca ‘sandal’, an apparent Old Cast. alparga ‘sandal’, Arag. and SE Spain albarca id., Valencia abarca {avarca}, Bearn. abarque id. Cast. alpargata id. derives from the same ult. source via Arabic. This is thus apparently a rare case of a Bq. word borrowed widely. [lt5]

Caucasian

*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]

*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]

q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]

see Hungarian kabát, guba "cloak etc."

barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]

*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]

p.arq. /Akusha [ss]

*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]

q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]

Iberian

abarca - leather shoes (also Gascon abarque) part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]

Dravidian

puran.i skin; flesh; pura_n.i, pur-an.i outer bark of a tree; skin, rind, peel, coat; flesh; hilly, pastoral tract (Tamil lex.) pur-an.i outer bark, skin, anything that is outside /Tamil; pir-i, pir-u flesh /Kannad.a; perasu id. /Telugu [sk]

{turutti < dr.ti skin, leather; bellows (Akana_. 224); id. (Malayalam) [sk]}

[fh] has looked at several languages and he believes that the word for "skin, fur, hide, leather etc." is often related to the name for "wolf" in the respective language.

farkas wolf /Hungarian

Uralic

*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]

[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s

Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.

The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."

Huh?

Sumerian

ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]

Altaic

böri one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]

Caucasian

*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]

*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]

borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]

*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]

bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]

*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]

boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]

barc. wolf /Lak [ss]

*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]

bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]

*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]

Germanic

varg "wolf" /Swedish

ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish

Indo-Iranian

*vŗka-s wolf /PIIR [mw2]

Iranian

vehrka wolf /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

vr.ka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit

fark, farok tail /Hungarian << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol

Caucasian

*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]

*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]

mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]

*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]

buq-muj /Akusha [ss]

This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]

also see Hungarian birka "sheep" - another source of wool, hide, meat, leather etc.

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit

abe (C) column, pillar, support; (fig.) supporter of the family; stanchion; (fig.) cross /Basque
habe
(L,LN,Z,U) beam; column, pillar; cross /Basque

Uralic

ép healthy, sound; intact, unbroken, unharmed, whole /Hungarian
ép-ít
, ép-ül to build, make, construct, erect; ép-ül-et building /Hungarian

The root of the Hungarian is ép, and is of unknown origin, while -ít and -ül are deverbial suffixes. -et is a denominal suffix. [see Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

epēśu do, make, build /Akkadian [oi3]
`bd servant of a god, slave /Phœnician [cgj]

cbd to serve, work /Central Semitic Root [ahd]

cōbad alternate form of cebed servant, slave /Hebrew [ahd]

(bd V /Aramaic [cal]

011 passim to make 012 passim to do 013 Syr to write 014 Syr to create 015 Syr to prepare 016 Syr to repair 017 Palestinian,Syr to put in charge 018 Syr to ordain 019 Syr to force 0110 Syr %)ap:e)% to give authority 0111 Syr %parcowpeh% to act in someone's place 0112 Syr %)eblA)% to mourn 0113 Syr to suffer 0114 Syr %xuwb.A)% to make friends 0115 Syr %xewArA)% to grow gray 0116 Syr %baktAbA)% to commit to writing 0117 Syr %meltA)% to speak 0118 Syr %nap$eh% to simulate 0119 Syr %(uwhdAnA)% to commemorate 0120 Syr %txeyt )iydA)% to subjugate 0121 Syr to worship 0122 Syr to celebrate 0123 JLAGal,Syr to pass (time) 0124 Syr to be suitable 0125 Syr grammatical term to rule 0126 Palestinian to have made 0127 Palestinian to produce 0128 Palestinian to act 0129 JLAGal to provide 0130 JLAGal to fulfill 0131 JLAGal to do magical practice 0132 JLAGal to determine the law 0133 JLAGal to fare, to prosper 0134 Palestinian to be, to become 0135 JLAGal to amount to, to be equal to 0136 Palestinian %grm% to pretend 0137 Palestinian %xwbh% to commit a sin 0138 Palestinian %prnsh% to make a collection 0139 Palestinian %$wbh% to make the Sabbath 041 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to be done 042 Syr to be prepared 043 JLAGal,CPA,Sam to become 044 JLAGal to occur, to happen 031 Syr to do 032 Syr to operate 033 Syr to stir up 061 Syr to be made 062 Syr to be stirred 063 Syr to be constrained 064 Syr to be formed

LS2 504

(bd#2 N (bd) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,Syr labor 2 Palestinian,Syr work 3 Syr operation 4 Palestinian,Syr fiction 5 Syr edification 6 Syr administration 7 Syr thing 8 Syr reality 9 Syr creature 10 Syr wealth 11 Syr baggage 12 Syr burden 13 Syr grammatical term predicate of verbal sentence 14 JLAGal,JBA case 15 JLAGal legal decision 16 JBA act

LS2 504

LS2 V: (bAdA) abs. voc: (bAd

(bdh N (bdt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,CPA work

(bdn N (bdn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr work

LS2 505

LS2 V: (bAdAnA)

Cognate Set < Ehret (1980) , #1.09b102> [oi4]

Cushitic, South

aab-, baab- "carry child on back" /Proto South Cushitic

bab- "carry child on back" /Alagwa; b/aab*- /Dahalo; awaw- /Iraqw; babu- "baby sling" /Kwa'dza

Altaic

*ebe to carry on the back /Altaic [ss]

(????) *eg|u"re- to carry on the back /Mongolian [ss]

u'ur- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u":re- /Khalkha; u":r- /Kalmuck; urgu- /Monguor [ss]

*ebe- carry (on oneself) /Tungus [ss]

i.wari.- 'to unload' /Nanai; ewe- /Evenki [ss]

*@\p- to carry on the back /Korean [ss]

@p- Modern Korean; @\p- Middle Korean [ss]

*@\p- to carry on the back /Japanese [ss]

o\p- Old Japanese; o\- Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

ep, ev house, building /Turkic

Etruscan

ep to do; epl work, labor; eple, epule worker [az96]
"Opes, god of resources, strength, power" [az96]
< *ep strength, work, labor [az96]

Indo-European

*h3ep-os- work /PIE [al]; {also see IE *op- work [cg2]}

Italic

opus 'work,action' /Latin [al]

Germanic

efnen `to perform' /Old English [al]
uoben
`to start to work, to practice, to worship' /Old High German [al]

Indo-Iranian

*Hapas- 'work' /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]

Iranian

Avestan

huua:pah- `doing good work, masterly' /Avestan; hauuapan|ha- [n] `creativity' /Old Avestan [al]

Old Persian

hwp /xu:b/ `good' /Middle Persian; xu:b `good' /New Persian [al]

Indo-Aryan

a/pas- work, action, sacrificial act /Sanskrit [al]

Mayan Languages

yib strong /Chuj; ai-yip "has strength"; ip' strength /Jaca; ayi!p /Kanj; 'ip force, power /Moto [jd]

Muskogean/Eastern (????)

saapoka burden carried on the back, backpack Usage: Older word. {/saapo-ka1 (?)} /Alabama [tm]
saapola burden, pack, backpack {/saapol-a} /Alabama [tm]

saapoli /Alabama [tm]

1. to carry on the back

Usage: For some speakers this can be used only as a variant for the noun saapola.

2. burden, pack, backpack

Quechua

apaq (adj.) carrier; apay to carry [q2]
apu (adj.) mighty; powerful; rich; wealthy [q2]

Yuki

?ąp- carry on the back2 [y84]

adin (C) age /Basque

Uralic

kuNke moon, month /Uralic

ódon old, ancient, archaic; ütem time, rythm, beat /Hungarian
idõ time, weather; idõ-s aged; idõ-tlen ageless /Hungarian

Hungarian idő is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

ud, u4 sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [jh]
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4, id4 moon; month; moonlight [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Central Semitic: wcd to fix a time; *cid(at)- fixed time, appointment, meeting (*-at- feminine suffix). [ahd]

^t time /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

*odi day, time /Altaic [ss]

*öd /Turkic
*üde, *üdür /Mongol [ss]

Tungus

ucuri time, season /Manchu [as]

Japanese

itoma time

Dravidian

ed.a place, spot; ed.amu place, space, room, opportunity, time, occasion (Telugu); it.am place, room, spot; it.ai place, space, suitable time; it.aviya wide, extensive, spacious (Tamil); it.a, et.a, it.am, et.am, e_t.am place, spot, house, time (Malayalam); er.m place (Kota); ir.n. place (Toda); id.e, ed.e, ed.a place, spot, ground (Kannad.a); ed.e the company or proximity of a person (Kod.agu); id.e place, room, space, abode (Tulu)(DEDR 434) [sk]

it.ai middle in space or time, interval, gap, unfilled space, waist (Tamil); it., et.a interval, place between, interval of time, middle, waist (Malayalam.); er. place or time between, interval (Kota); ir. kwa.y intermediate kwa.y vessel (Toda); ed.a, ed.e place or time between, interval, distance, middle, waist (Kannad.a); id.e interval, space between, interval of time (TU.); ed.avat.t.u middling, indifferent (Tulu); ed.a space, interval, distance, difference; ed.amu intervening space, distance (Telugu)(DEDR 448) [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstructed

*uetos year /PIE [bd]

Greek

étos `year' [bd]

Celtic

oed [-au, m.] age, period of time; oedran [-nau, m.] full age; oes [-oedd, -au, f.] (n.) age /Welsh [md]

Italic

edad age /Spanish; idade age; idoso aged /Portuguese

Albanian

*uet- year /Proto Albanian; vit year /Albanian [bd]

vjet `last year' < uet-es-i or uetes [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

uDunAtha, uDupati moon /Sanskrit

afaldu dine /Basque

Uralic

*pala(-) small piece food/ Uralic

fal-at a bite of food; fal-ni to wolf/scarf down /Hungarian

Sumerian

pad break off, small repast

Dravidian

o·fil desire to eat [bur] /Toda

aga (B,G) beam; long pole /Basque
haga (L,LN,Z,U) long pole, stick /Basque

Uralic

ág (tree) branch; (river) branch, arm /Hungarian

The origin of Hungarian ág is uncertain. Two postulates abound:

1) *sange, *šange /Proto Ugric [see Chong]
2) *šangka /Proto FU [see Chong]

Sumerian

áhi, ah5, á arm; wing; horn; side; strength; work performance; wages; moment [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

'hmw branches /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set < Sasse (1983) , p. 268 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hak'a?'a tree, wood /Burji; hakk'a /Sidamo; hakk'a /Hadiyya; hak'a /Kambata; hak'a /Alaba; hak'- /Darasa

h!ak branch /Saho

Omotic

haag*o tree, wood /Dime; aag*o /Ari; haaqa /Bana (Hamer); aka /Karo

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 11a #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

agadaa arm /Saho
agedaa arm /Afar

Semitic

agada_ thigh/shin bone /Geez

Altaic

agacˆ "branch etc." /Turkish [Chong]

∫aha branch; ∫ahalak branchy; ∫ahalamak to branch out /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ad.aru twig; ad.iri small and thin branch of a tree; ad.eri small branches (Kannad.a); ad.aru twig (Tulu) (DEDR 67) [sk]

ege small branch, sprout; en:kli thin branch (Kannad.a); egg a branch, bough; eggelu a small branch (Tulu); en:kili branch (Kor.ux); rivva, rivat.a a twig (Telugu); irg kindling (dry plants with leaves still on)(Kota) (DEDR 826) [sk]

Plow, farmer, to hoe, cultivate; field, pasture

agirre (n.) pasture; place of heather; (adj.) manifest, obvious /Basque < Romance

Uralic

eke plow, plough /Hungarian

Hungarian eke "a plow, plough" is supposedly of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

agar (2,3), ugar field; commons [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

kr pasturage /Phœnician [cgj]

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

erk, gee place /Afar; rikee place /Saho; irge place /Oromo; hag, hal place /Somali

Semitic

?'kr cultivate /Proto Semitic [oi4]

ikka_ru farmer /Akkadian
?'kr plow, till, cultivate; h!aql field /Arabic
hgr country /Old South Arabian
h!aql field /Geez
?'ikka_r farmer, husbandman /Hebrew
hawana /Tigre
hagar city /Geez
h!aqla field /Aramaic

Egyptian

?'kr earth god (Aker) /Old Egyptian

Berber

.kl earth god; akaal land; ig@r field /Berber

Cognate Set <Bergsträsser (1983), #76> [oi4]

Semitic

eqlu field /Akkadian
h!eleq field /Hebrew
h!aqla_ field /Syriac
h!aql field /Geez
h!aql field /Arabic

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 202b #5> [oi4]

Cushitic, Bedawiye, Beja

garha field, arable land (Bedawiye, Beja)

Semitic

garaaht, garh field, arable land /Geez

Altaic

*agula uninhabited place, wilderness /Altaic [ss]

*aglak 1 lonely, uninhabited (place) 2 unemployed, out of work 3 field /Turkic [ss]
*ag|ula mountain /Mongol [ss]
*agula:n meadow, plain /Tungus [ss]

*àk`u to dig, delve /Altaic [ss]

*uku- /Mongol
*akiri- /Tungus
*ùkàt- /Japanese [ss]

ugatsu to dig; cut through; pierce; excavate /Japanese

aGa (Chuvash); ik- plow, sow (Bašqort); äk- plow, sow (Chagatai, Uigur); ek- plow, sow (Osman) [Chong]

Caucasian

*qwy>?rV: / *r?y>qwV: field, arable land /North Caucasian [ss]

*qaw arable land, field /Nakh [ss]

qa /Chechen; qa /Ingush; qaw /Batsbi [ss]

*qurHV field /Andian [ss]

x|ur /Avar; x|ur /Andi; quri /Akhvakh; x|uja /Chamalal; x|uja /Tindi; x|ure /Karata; x|uri /Botlikh; huri /Bagvalal; x|uri /Godoberi [ss]

*G|u- ( ~ *G|:-) field /Tsezian [ss]

G|udu /Khvarshi; G|Iudul /Inkhokvari [ss]

qu field /Lak [ss]

*qu field /Dargwa [ss]

qu /Akusha; qu /Chiragh [ss]

*x|uj field /Lezghian [ss]

x|u-t.al Tabasaran; x|u Agul; x|uj Rutul; ux| Archi [ss]

*r@q:(w|)a 1 (arable) field 2 steppe 3 valley /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/-rx|a 3 /Abkhaz; rqa 1,2 Abaza; tx|w|a 1 /Ubykh [ss]

Dravidian

a.ka biggest flat land of a man's holdings (Kod.agu) (DEDR 336).[sk]
et.a_r plain, open field (Tamil) (DEDR 781) [sk]

ug- (ur.t-) to plough, be ploughed; ukl act of ploughing (Kota); ur..ata, ur..uvike, ur..ike, ur..uke, ur..ke, ukke ploughing (Kannad.a); dukki ploughing, tillage (Telugu); ugta_ a plough, ploughshare (Kur.ux) (DEDR 688). [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Armenian [cao]

erkir earth

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

Oldest form *aĝro- field /Proto IE [ahd]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

agros, ou, ho, field, mostly in pl., fields, lands; tilled land, opp. fallow !!!!!

Italic

ager, agrī field /Latin < earlier *agros district, property, field [ahd]

Germanic

æcer field /Old English < *akraz /Proto Germanic [ahd]

(3) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*h2ok/-et-i- 'harrow' /PIE [rd]

Italic

occare (v.) 'to harrow' /Latin

Germanic

egida `harrow' /Old High German [rd]
eg(e)t|e `harrow' /Old English [rd]

Balto-Slavic

*es/-et-i- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]

ake`/ĉios, eke`/ĉios (dial.) `harrow' /Lithuanian [rd]
ecě(k)ŝas `harrow' /Latvian [rd]
aketes `harrow' /Old Prussian [rd]

Barren, unproductive, unfruitful, wasteland, wilderness

agor dry; unproductive, barren, sterile; hard; agorra (n.) drought; (adj. fig.) exhausted /Basque

Basque

Basque agor is applied to land which fails to produce crops, to springs which have ceased to flow, and to women and female animals which fail to produce offspring. [lt]

Uralic

gyér scanty, scarce, thin /Hungarian

Expert source says this one is of unknown origin. [Chong]

ugar fallow; fallow farm land, waste land /Hungarian

Hungarian ugar is believed to be another loan from Slavic. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic (?)

yqr V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr to be heavy 012 Syr to be laden 013 Syr %(al% to be difficult 014 Syr to be honored 015 Syr,JBA to be precious 016 Syr to be rare 017 Syr to be dull 018 JLAGal,CPA,Sam to go up in price 021 Palestinian,Syr to honor 022 Syr to esteem 023 Syr to grant 051 Syr,JBA to be honored 052 JBA to rise in value 031 Syr to make heavy 032 Syr to be honored 033 Palestinian,JBA to honor 061 Syr to be laden

LS2 307

(gr A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr thick 2 Syr heavy 3 Syr frequent 4 Syr crude 5 Syr terrible 6 Syr wild

LS2 510

LS2 V: (gar

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #45> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

kurir- sterile /Bilin

Egyptian

ac#re_n sterile /Copic Egyptian

Berber

tigg@rt sterile female /Berber

Altaic

*agula uninhabited place, wilderness /Altaic [ss]

*aglak 1 lonely, uninhabited (place) 2 unemployed, out of work 3 field /Turkic [ss]
*ag|ula mountain /Mongol [ss]
*agula:n meadow, plain /Tungus [ss]

Austro-Asiatic

kharkhan.d. barren, unfruitful as certain kinds of soil; kharna saline soil, an unproductive kind of clayey soil; kharnat.ia clayey soil (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Caucasian

*q_wVre: fallow /North Caucasian [ss: 1631]

*rV-k:w|VrV fallow /Andian [ss: 1019]

rak:u/ri /Avar [ss]

q:ur arable field, q:uruqu fallow /Lak [ss: 629]

*=iGwA>r dry, to dry /North Caucasian [ss]

*=aq.- dry /Nakh [ss]

=eq.a /Chechen; =eq.a /Ingush; =aq.i~ /Batsbi [ss]

*=iq.:w|V- dry /Andian [ss]

=aq.:w|arab /Avar; =eq.:u-b /Andi; =uq.:ada /Akhvakh; =eq.:u-b /Chamalal; =eq.:u-b /Tindi; =eq.:u-b /Karata; =eq.:uq.:i-b /Godoberi [ss]

*qoqV- A dry /Tsezian [ss]

quqqa":si /Tsezi; quqes /Ginukh; quqqa /Khvarshi; quqqu /Inkhokvari; qoqoro /Bezhita; qoqoru /Gunzib [ss]

q.a-q.-s:a dry /Lak [ss]

*=erG|w|V- dry /Dargwa [ss]

=erub-si /Akusha; =erG|ub-ze /Chiragh [ss]

*?iq.:w|ar- dry /Lezghian [ss]

q.uraj /Lezghi; q:uru /Tabasaran; ruq:uf /Agul; q:urud /Rutul; q:urna /Tsakhur; q:uru /Budukh; q.ure /Archi; q:ari /Udi [ss]

q.i dry, to dry (out) /Khinalug [ss]

*G|w|V to dry out, get dry /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-?|w|a-ra/ (Abkhaz); ?|w|a-ra (Abaza); G|w|@-n (Adyghe); G|w|@-n (Circassian); G|@- (Ubykh) [ss]

Dravidian

ka.r. (obl. ka.t.-) jungle without trees, uncultivated ground, unfenced field (Kota)(DEDR 1438)[sk]
ed.a_ri a desert (Telugu) (DEDR 781) [sk]

karuntarai waste land; karuntit.ar high mound, hillock; karunilam barren soil; useless, waste land; karat.t.u-t-tarai rugged, uneven ground; hard, clayey soil (Tamil.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1] {?}

aerg-ia, Ion. -iê [i_], hê, anot-working, idleness 2. of a field, a lying fallow or waste; argeô (argos, aergos):-- to be unemployed, do nothing II. Pass., to be left undone; to be fruitless

Celtic

gort , goirt famine, Irish gorta, Old Irish gorte; Indo-European gher, desire, want; Greek @Ghréos, necessity, @Ghrcï/zw, wish; English yearn. [mcb] (????)

Slavic

ugar fallow /Serbo-Croatian
úhor fallow /Slovak
ugar fallow /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

`aqir barren (woman); not procreating (man); unfruitful (tree); one who hamstrings; a high sand-hill, where nothing grows /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says this is a loan from Semitic/Arabic

ahantzi (L,U) to forget /Basque

Uralic

hany-ag negligent, forgetful /Hungarian

Hungarian is of unknown origin. [Chong]

aharratu (L,LN,Z,U) to argue; to get angry /Basque
herra (L,LN,Z,U) hate, rancour, hatred /Basque
gorroto (C) hatred, rancour, ire, animosity /Basque
gordin raw, uncooked (C); obscene,offensive(B,G); cruel, ruthless (Z) /Basque

Uralic

*kore(-) anger /FinnUgor

horoguvec "got angry" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, haragudott) [gzb1]
harag anger, bad feelings; harag-szik to be cross; to be angry /Hungarian

gar arrogant, disdainful, haughty, presumptuous /Hungarian
garázda wild, savage; garázd-álkodás brawling; riot; havoc /Hungarian
goromba harsh, rough; raw /Hungarian

The origin of Hungarian gar is unknown while goromba is thought to be of Slavic origin.

Sumerian

gir10, gi9, ge9 anger, fury; kúr hostile, belligerent [jh]

Elamite

harikka hostile /Elamite [oi2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h'r rage /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

k)r V /Aramaic [cal]

021 Syr to trouble 022 Syr to shame 023 Syr to accuse 024 Syr to punish 051 Syr to be put to shame 052 Syr to be reproached

LS2 315

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 79 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

kwal- angry /Awngi; kar- angry /Qwara; kwar- kar- angry disturbed /Xamir

Cushitic, East

kw@ray- angry /Saho

Semitic

*kry *krh angry /Proto Semitic

Chadic

kwar hatred /Sura

Omotic

kaar- angry /Kafa; kaara- angry /Mocha

Austric

horiri enemy /Moriori [mor]
hara, mahie crime /Mäori [ng]

Austro-Asiatic

kala jhagr.a, kala jhogr. to quarrel, to wrangle; kharhia kharhi to quarrel with each other; kharhiau to quarrel (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

Turkic

hyrawa wild; hyrsyz evil, malicious, spiteful, angry /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

haradachi anger; wrath; displeasure

Dravidian

*kir- (*-d-) anger, angry; displeased .Dravidian [ss]

*kir- angry /South Dravidian [ss]

cirukku (cirukki-) to be angry with /Tamil; ki:ru to rage, burn with rage or great desire /Kannad.a [ss]

*cirr- anger, displeasure /Telugu [ss]

kir-e:ng abuse /Brahui [ss]

*ku:r.- wicked, cruel; rude /Dravidian [ss]

*ku:r.- bad, vulgar, rude /South Dravidian [ss]

ku:r.ai dullness of intellect, stupidity /Tamil; ku:r.a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; vulgar, etc. /Kannada; ku:r.e; ku:r., ku:ra fierce, cruel; ku:r.a-na:yi a ferocious, mean dog /Kannada; ku:l.a, khu:l.a bad, mean, cruel /Tulu; ku:r-na:yi a fierce dog /Tulu [ss]

*ku:k- foolish man /Nilgiri [ss]

ku:kn /Kota [ss]

*ku:l.- a wicked man, a cruel man /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: ku:l.a; Dialect forms (1): ku:l.u~d.u [ss]

ku_r..a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; ku_r.., ku_ra fierce, cruel (Kannad.a); ku_l.a, khu_l.a bad, mean, cruel (Tulu); ku_l.a, ku_l.u~d.u a wicked man, a cruel man (Telugu)(DEDR 1913). [sk]

cir-ukku (cir-ukki-) to be angry with; cer-u (-v-, -nt-) to hate, dislike, detest, be angry with; cer-r-am love-quarrel; cirar-r-u (cirar-r-i-) to be angry with /Tamil; cirv- (cirt-) id. /Kota; kir-k violent anger, madness; kir- tot.-. kir-k 0ot.- to become mad with anger (lit. anger strikes him); ker-n gwil.- to murmur in protest /Kota; ki_r-u to rage, burn with rage or great desire; keral. to become angry, begin to rage; keral.cu to enrage /Kannad.a; cir-r-a, cir-r-u anger, displeasure; cir-acir-a sullenness, ill-humour; cer-acer-al-a_d.u to be angry or furious; keralu to be angry or enraged /Telugu; kireni sullen, surly, out of temper /Kui [sk]

kar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to resent, get angry with; n. rancour, vengeful enmity; kar-ukar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to rage; kar-utto_r enemies; kar-uppu anger, displeasure; kar-umu (kar-umi-) to show signs of anger, be enraged; kar-uvam anger; kar-uval sign of anger; kar-uvu (kar-uvi-) to exhibit signs of displeasure; to rankle, entertain malice, implacable hatred; n. anger, wrath; enmity, hostility, hatred /Tamil; kar-ukka to rage; kar-ukar-ukka id., be beside oneself; kar-ukar-e_ fiercely, intensely; kar-avu rage /Malayalam; kar- enmity, anger /Toda; kar-upu, kar-uhu envy; kar-ubu, kar-umbu to envy; n. envy; kar-uba an envious man; fem. kar-ubi; kar-ubatana the state of being an envious person, envy /Kannad.a; kar.vita_na_, kar.wita_na_ to envy /Gondi; ka_r.bi anger; kar.bigattasi a bad-tempered man (r. = r)(Kuwi); xar angry /Bra_hui_ [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

orgê anger, wrath, orgêi chrêsthai to be in a passion
org-ilos [i^], ê, on, inclined to anger, irascible
org-izô make angry, provoke to anger, irritate

Albanian

urrej to hate

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghwer- wild beast [ahd]
*gher scratchy, rough, tearing. /PIE [see mcb]

Celtic

garbh rough /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish garb, Welsh garw, Breton garu, hard, cruel: *garvo-; Indo-European gher, scratchy, rough, tearing. [see mcb]

Amenian

gor noise, yelling; gorahl boast, brag, dare, have the audacity (to do sg);
goroz arrogant, proud /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [see Chong]

Slavic

graja uproar, riot, clamour; noise, hubbub; alarm, outcry, commotion, fuss /Serbo-Croatian
ogorčiti to embitter, irritate, provoke; gall, sour /Serbo-Croatian
goropad rage, fury, fierceness; grub rude, uncivil; brutal, vulgar /Serbo-Croatian
hrubý rude /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

gram (past part. adj.) enraged, angered, to growl in rage /Avestan
ghrrumbem roar /Pashto [tr]

harr abhorring, detesting /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

hirar detesting, expressing abhorrence of anyone before his face /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

karih one who abhors, detests, loathes, or abominates; loath, averse, unwilling /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

khára (adj.) harsh /Sanskrit
garh blame, reproach; garhita despised /Sanskrit
ghorá awful, dreadful, horrid /Sanskrit

Weak, faint; sick; fall, reduce, diminish; cool, cold

ahul (L,LN,Z,U) weak, in poor health /Basque

hülye imbecile, dotty /Hungarian

Uralic

hullu adj crazy, stupid /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian hülye imbecile, dotty is thought to derive from hül- "cool, get cool" which in turn derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

*hll to be imbecile, weak-minded, mad; mocked at /Semitic Protoform [ss]

ula:lu '(geistig) Schwacher' /Akkadian; hll 'to be infatuated', 'to make look foolish; to make a mockery of', 'to pretend to be mad; to act like a madman', ho:le:lu:t 'foolishness, blindness' /Hebrew; hll (Af.) 'illusit, irrisit; despexit, contempsit' /Syriac; halhal 'injure; sottise' (SUD); halhil 'to upbraid, disgrace' (EGYP ) /Arabic [ss]

*h.ly to be sick, infirm /Semitic Protoform [ss]

(?) h_alu^ 'to be sick' /Akkadian; h.a:la: 'to grow weak, tired; to fall sick, to be ill' /Hebrew; HLA 'to be weak, sick' /Mandiac; h.ll 'to be sick' /Arabic; h.@lla 'agony, last hour of a dying person', h.alla"la" 'to render unable' /Tigre; h.@yu:l 'to be afflicted with senile dementia' /Mehri; h.e|/l 'to be senile' /Jibbali; h.a/yil 'senile' /Soqotri [ss]

*h.ls. {} *h.lc. to feel pain, be sick /Semitic Protoform [ss]

HLS. 'to feel pain, give pain, cause pain' /Mandaic
SAB h.ls. 'sickness, malady' /Epigraphic South Arabian [ss]

Altaic

Turkic/Khakas

elää stupid, silly {Kacha dialect RI:810} [kl]

Tungus

hûlhi stupid; slow-witted, slow of wit /Manchu [as]

Austric

kuare stupid /Moriori [mor]
rorirori, heahea silly, stupid /Mäori [ng]

Etruscan

hele "sad, angry, sullen" [az96]
helu "to get sad, mad" [az96]
helucu "sad, mournful" [az96]
helusnei "(one who) gets sad" [az96]

Indo-European/Anatolian

hallina- `be sick, hurt' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
halliŝ- `sickness, pain' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]

Muskogean/Eastern

hoyoopa to be mad, crazy, mean (of an animal), vicious Var: hoyòopa /Alabama [tm]

Yuki

hilyu? sick1 [y84]

halk soft, low; halk-ul become faint; hal-vány weak, faint /Hungarian

Uralic

?cf. gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

xl$ A /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,Syr weak 2 Syr vile 3 Syr magician 4 Syr wretched 5 Syr humble 6 Syr weak (grammatical)

LS2 239

LS2 V: xalA$

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 649a #9> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

k'all, ?'- thin /Proto East Cushitic

Semitic

qll light /Geez

Dravidian

hala_ku oppressed, overcome, spent through sickness, labour etc., ruined, destroyed, lost (Kannad.a, Telugu); ala_kku (Tamil.) [sk]

ula (-pp-, -nt-) to become diminished, be wasted, be devoid of, die, terminate; ulakkai end, ruin, death; ulappu wasting, perishing, defect, death, limit; ulai (-v-, -nt-) to perish, be ruined (as houses, land, crops); (-pp-, -tt-) to ruin; ulaivu ruin, destruction, defeat, poverty, trouble (Tamil); ulakkuka to shrink up; ulayuka to be impoverished, ruined; ulaccal, ulavu ruin (Malayalam)(DEDR 671). [sk]

alku (alki-) to shrink, diminish, lessen; alkal deficiency, poverty; akku (akki-) to be reduced, shrink, be dejected, become closed (as a flower); nalku_r (-v-, -nt-) to be poor, indigent, destitute; n. poverty (Tamil); akkud.isu to become small, wane (Kannad.a)(DEDR 252). [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

khall (v.n.), being diminished, extenuated, lean; becoming poor; weak (man); an old garment; a rent in a garment; thinly plumaged (bird) /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says khall is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

Indo-Aryan

hal.u_, halka_ light weight/ Mara_t.hi_; hal.u, hal.ve light/ Gujara_ti_; halu_ lightly/ Hindi_; halkum. lightly/Gujara_ti_; halko lightly/ Sindhi_; halka_ light /Bengali, Punja_bi_, Hindi_; halua light /Prakrit [sk]

kala dumb, indistinct, low, soft (of sounds) /Sanskrit [iits2]

Yuki

hulk'ilal ghost2; hulk'·le(l) ~ hulk'i·la(l), hulk'ilal, hudl-k.í-lŭl white people [y84]

galdu (C) /Basque

v.t. to lose (money, a war, a bet, etc.), to mislay, misplace; to waste;
v.i. to become corrupt, become spoiled (food, people); to be shipwrecked, to sink;
v.i. to get lost, to lose one's way, to be lost; to disappear
v.i./v.t. to become evil; to pervert, corrupt, spoil
adj. perverse, corrupted, depraved, wicked, lost.

hull-ani to fall, to diminish; hull-at to shed (leaves, tears) /Hungarian

Uralic

*kulle separate, come off /Uralic

Hungarian hull- is thought to have two origins :-

--> (?) *kul3 (Proto FU) [Chong]

gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi); xul- break/come/work away/off (of bark) (Sosva Man's'i) [Chong]

--> kuluma to be consumed, wear away (Estonian); kulua id. (Finnish); kòþ- cease, come to an end (Jugan Khanty); xååli cease, come to an end; disappear, vanish (Northern Man's'i) [Chong]

[also see Hungarian hal "to die"]

Sumerian

hul3 destroy, ruin, hostile

Altaic/Turkic

il-mek to be fallen /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ku_lu to fall down, be overturned, be destroyed, ruined; ku_lisu to cause to fall, destroy (Kannad.a); ku_lu to fall down, sink, drop, die, fall dead; ku_l(u)cu to cause to fall, fell, bring to the ground, knock down, kill; ku_la~bad.u to fall down suddenly, sink, drop; ku_r.a_na_ to topple over (of a vessel, boulder on hillside), founder (of a bullock); ku_d.a_na_ to topple down; kura_na_ to roll over; gu_r.- id., spill, lie down to sleep; ku_r.- tree to fall; ku_r.h- to fell (Gondi); gu_r- (-it-) to lie down, sleep, roll on floor (Kond.a); gu_r- (-t-) to fall down; gru_t- (-t-) to fell (Pengo); ku_ra (ku_ri-) to fall over, fall down, tumble, prostrate oneself, lie down; n. a fall, tumble. prostration (Kui); kuriyu to rain, shower, fall, leak, rain down (fire, arrows) (Telugu) (DEDR 1907).[sk]

Etruscan

kalem "ready to fall, to lower oneself" [az96]

helenaia "(which) bends, lowers" [az96]
helene "one who descends upon, lowers oneself" [az96]
hels "to fold, recline?" [az96]
helSc "reclined" [az96]
helzunia "(which) folds" [az96]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

elass-oô make less or smaller, diminish, reduce in amount 2. in early writers, lower, degrade

Indo-Iranian

gal drip; fall; galita fallen out, gone (claws, teeth) /Sanskrit

hül cool, get cool /Hungarian

Uralic

Expert source says Hungarian hül derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]

Sumerian

hal-ba frost,freezing

Altaic

*gi>\l/o\ cold /Altaic [ss]

*Kyl/ winter /Turkic [ss]

qyŝ (Orkh., OUigh.) /Old Turkic; qyŝ (MK) /Karakhanid; qyŝ (Abu H., Pav.C.) /Middle Turkic; kyŝ /Turkish; Gyŝ /Azeri; qyŝ /Gagauz; Gyŝ /Turkmen; qyŝ /Khaladzh; qys /Sary-Yughur; qyŝ /Tatar; qyŝ /Kirghiz; qys /Kazakh; qys /Noghai; qyŝ /Balkar; qyŝ /Kumyk; qys /Karakalpak; qiŝ /Uzbek; qiŝ /Uighur; qyŝ /Bashkir; xys /Khakassian; qy`ŝ /Tuva-Tofalar; qyŝ /Altai; qyŝ /Shor; x@l /Chuvash; kys, kyhyn /Yakut; kyhyn /Dolgan [ss]

*gil- cold /Tungus [ss]

gildi /Evenki; gi.lrú. /Even; gi.li.gdi. /Negidal; Gi.ĉi.si. /Nanai; Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si. /Ulcha; Gi.ĉu.li. /Orok; giĉi-si /Oroch; gilihi /Udighe [ss]

*ki\sa\ra-(n)ki second month of the lunar calendar /Japanese [ss]

k(j)isarag(j)i (Old Japanese); ki\saragi (Tokyo); ki/sa/ra/gi/ (Kyoto); kisaragi/ (Kagoshima) [ss]

Dravidian

*kul.- cool /South Dravidian [ss]

*kul.- /Nilgiri [ss]

kul.ir (-v-, -nt-) to feel cool (as breeze), be cool, refreshing, get numbed (as in death); n. coldness, chilliness, ague, shivering; kul.ircci, kul.irtti, kul.utti coolness, cold, act of cooling or refreshing, numbness (as in death); kul.irppu, kul.irmai, kul.umai coolness, kindness; kul.iri a fan; kul.l.a-k-kul.ir- to be intensely cool and refreshing (Tamil); kul.ir, kul.ur coldness, cool, refreshing; kul.iruka to be chilly, refreshed; kul.irma freshness; kul.irppu, kul.uppam chilliness; kul.irppikka to chill, quiet, refresh, comfort; kul.ukul.u intense cold (Malayalam); kul.ak in-, kul.kul. in- (hands, feet, body) feel cool, (mind) feels calm and peaceful (Kota); kul.ir to be cool or cold; n. coldness, coolness, cold, snow, frost (Kannad.a); kul.i- (kul.ip-, kul.it-) cold feeling is; kul.iri ka.a cold season (Kod.agu)(DEDR 1834).[sk]

Indo-European/Germanic

kela cool down, compensate /Old Frisian [db]

Quechua

ila cold [q2]

ain (B,G) (adv.) "so"; hain (L,LN,Z,U) (adv.) so; so much; such; hoin (L,LN,Z) /Basque
aina (B,G) (adv.) as much as; haina (conj.) as much as /Basque

Uralic

-nk plural suffix/FU ??

annyi as much as /Hungarian

{Hungarian /ny/ similar to Basque or Spanish /ñ/}

hány (interrogative pronoun) "how many?" /Hungarian
ahány (rel. pron.) as many /Hungarian

{/a-/ prefix forms rel. pronouns from int. pronouns.}

Sumerian

ene plural

Altaic/Khakas

änjä so much as {I:747 Sagay dialect} [kl]

Indo-European/Slavic

onoliko as much, so much, as many, so many /Serbo-Croatian

Yuki

haymas, hain-mas how (much or many) [y84]

Plural marker

-ak suffix expresses the plural of the definite article /Basque

Uralic

guolek (plur.) fish /Lapp

"The 2Psg suffix -k of the Lapp conjugation belongs here, too, thus the derivation of -k from the common Finnic form -t is absurd". [Künnap]

halak (plur.) fish /Hungarian

The plural marker -k is the exception rather than the rule in the Uralic family. It apparently only occurs in Hungarian and Lapp. [see Künnap]

(I) Plural of Nouns in Hungarian

(a) Elision

(i) in a few bisyllabic nouns the second vowel is dropped in the plural for example, torony 'tower' -> tornyok 'towers'

(ii) in words ending in the suffix -alom, -elem the second vowel (of the suffix) is dropped in the plural.

(b) Shortening

A few words with a long vowel in the final syllable shorten it in the plural case, e.g. egér 'mouse' -> egerek 'mice'

(II) Adjectives in Hungarian

(a) Front Vowel Adjectives

The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -e-

kék 'blue' -> kékek 'blues'

(b) Back Vowel Adjectives

The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -a- with a few exceptions.

piros 'red' -> pirosak 'reds'

Some exceptions include nagyok, boldogok etc.

{also see Basque -ok and Hungarian suffix -ék}

Austro-Asiatic/Munda,South

-ki plural suffix /Kharia [mw3]

Iberian (?)

The "primary" suffix -k-, seems to have been a pluralizing suffix. [jrr1]

Dravidian [sva]

In Brahui, the plural can be formed by adding suffixes -k, -âk and -âsk to the singular form.

Etruscan

-cva suffix formed a so-called 'collective adjective' [lb]

Indo-European

Classical Armenian [cao]

-k' plural suffix

duk' -- pronoun; nominative plural of <du> thou -- Ye; nok'a -- pronoun; nominative plural of <na> he, she, it -- they; ordik' -- noun; nominative plural of <ordi> son -- the children; vardzk' -- noun; nominative plural of <vardz> reward -- rewards

Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]

-ha the plural termination, formerly mostly of things inanimate, as sang "a stone," sang-ha "stones," while the plural of animated beings was generally (not exclusively) formed by -an, as adami "man," pl. adamiyan "men, mankind." In modern Persian, however, the ending -ha has almost entirely superseded -an both for inanimated and animated beings. /Persian

Na-Dene

Athabaskan-Eyak

Dakelh (Carrier) [yd]

-ke suffix is the plural marker for a smaller number of nouns; (this is the usual way of marking the plural of kinship terms)

-ne suffix is the most common plural marker

Algic/Algonquian

Cree [gn]

-(w)ak suffix expresses the plural

e.g. sisip duck; sisipak. ducks
atim dog; atimwak dogs

Ojibwe [ob]

the plural suffix for animate nouns always ends with -g
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n

Potawatomi [pl1]

the plural suffix of animate nouns always end in -k
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n

Duality

kide (C) member,colleague, fellow,associate /Basque
-kide (C) suffix signifying companionship /Basque

Uralic

*-kè(-) meaning "dual" in Proto Uralic [lc]

later becomes plural for Hungarian, két two (things)) but also in most Uralic languages for two.

két, kettő two (a pair); ketten two, the two of us; together /Hungarian

*kakte- (Proto Uralic) [Chong]

kydy two /Mator; kavto two /Erzya [fv]
kaksi (Finnish); kät, katn (Khanty); kyk (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]

Basque

kidego (C) companion; kidetu (C) (vi) to be similar, be alike, resemble; to pair (up)

Altaic

*ke/t`o (~k`-, g-, -o-,-t-) similar /Altaic [ss]

*ka>\th- to be similar, resemble /Korean [ss]

kat(h)- /Modern Korean; ka>\th-, ka>/t- /Middle Korean

*k@/t@/ resemblance, similarly /Japanese [ss]

koto, RJ -go/to/ku /Old Japanese; -gotoku /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

go∫a two, a pair /Turkmen [glnp]

katmar two together (Kyrgyz - -mar is a suffix); katmär double (Osman) / qatîn repeatedly (Old Turkic) / xat double (Sakha) [Chong]

Tungus

katak companion (-k is a suffix); katlin in tandem (-lin is a suffix) (Ewen) [Chong]

Yukaghir [emas]

ki- 'two'

Caucasian

*q.Hwa": two /North Caucasian [ss]

*k.i- two /Andian [ss]

k.i-go /Avar; ĉ.e-gu /Andi; k.e-da /Akhvakh; eĉ.i-da /Chamalal; k./e-ja /Tindi; k.e-da /Karata; k.e-da /Botlikh; k./e-ra /Bagvalal; k./e-da /Godoberi [ss]

*q.w|y-nV A two /Tsezian [ss]

q.Iano /Tsezi; q.ono /Ginukh; q.Iw|ene /Khvarshi; q.Iune /Inkhokvari; q.ona /Bezhita; q.anu /Gunzib [ss]

k.i=a two /Lak [ss]

*k.w|i two /Dargwa [ss]

k.e-l /Akusha; ĉ.w|a-l /Chiragh [ss]

*q.Iw|a" two /Lezghian [ss]

q.w|e-d /Lezghi; q.Iu /Tabasaran; q.Iu-d /Agul; q.Iw|ad /Rutul; q.Io-lla" /Tsakhur; q.w|ad /Kryz; q.a-b /Budukh; q.Iw|e /Archi; p:aI /Udi [ss]

k.u two /Khinalug [ss]

*tqI:/w|A two /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

?|w|-ba/ Abkhaz; ?|w|-ba Abaza; t.w|@ Adyghe; t.w|@ Circassian; t.q.w|a Ubykh [ss]

Indo-European

Italic

-que suffix represents the so-called enclitic conjunction "and" /Latin
repeated as -que....-que means 'both....and" /Latin

Committing heresy by including this suffix here for comparison!

Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)

*quli another (другой) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN287]

*quli , *quttą another, the second (другой, второй) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN723]

qul(i), quttą- /Chukchee; qul(i), quccą- /Koryak; qulle, quli- /Palan; qul(i), quttą- /Alutor [ss]

*qula /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN292]

qula, Poss. qula(n) another (другой) /Sedank dialect; kalo-tumx (< kola-) vicinus /West Itelmen [ss]

Niger-Congo (?)

xaaj (v.) to divide, separate; xaaji (v.) to divide; xaajo (n.) part,portion /Wollof [pc2]

Group marker

-ok suffix used with articles and nouns to express being part of a group /Basque

Uralic

-ék suffix /Hungarian

Hungarian suffix -ék when

1) attached to names of persons and professions denotes somebody's family and corresponds with the English suffix -s;

2) can be added to other words (not only persons) to denote a group

Burushaski

-ek suffix is added to the singular or plural of the word to form the group plural (also called ‘double plural’) [dg]

alai happy, joyful, merry /Basque

Uralic

*elä live /Uralic

él-énk, eleven lively, quick, frisky, wantonly frolicsome /Hungarian
ele-ve archaic name for the holy spirit /Hungarian
él to live; él-et life; él-ö living /Hungarian
vala to be /Hungarian

Sumerian

alad life force

Austric

ora alive /Moriori [mor]
ora alive /Mäori [ua]

Dravidian

ul.an-, neut. ul.atu, 3 pl. m. ul.ar, neut. ul.a); un.t.u is, are (existence); ul.l.a who is, which is, true, actual; ul.l.atu, ul.atu that which is, truth, soul; ul.l.avan- he who has, rich person; ul.l.a_r those who are present, those who possess; ul.amai truth, reality; ul.avu real nature; un.mai existence, reality, state of being, nature, truth (Tamil); ul. to be there, exist; un.t.u there is, exists; ul.l.a existing, true, real, in or to which there is; ul.avu coming into existence; ul.l.avan rich; un.ma reality, truth; on.t.u has; ol.l.a having; ol.l.ama, on.ma existence (Malayalam.); ol. (3 pers. neut. od.o.) to exist, be in a place; od. truth (Kota); wil.d- (3 pers. wid.-i) to exist, be in a place (Toda); ul. (3 pers. un.t.u), ol. to be, have; adj. that is, that is true; ul.l.a being, having, being able; ul.l.atana state of being or having; un.t.u that is or exists, existence, existing; ol.(u)pu, ol.uhu essence, possession, trueness; un.mu to arise, come into existence (Kannad.a); ul.l.- (3 pers. un.d.i) to be, be in a place, have (Kod.agu); ul.l.- (3 sg. neut. un.d.u; pres. tense) to be, exist, have (Tulu); lohpa (loht-) to abide, remain, reside (Kui); loy-, lo_i- to remain (Kuwi); anning to be (pres. 1 sg. ut., 2 sg. us, 1 pl. un, 3 pl. ur)(Brahui) [sk]

Etruscan

ala vital, lively, moving, boldly [az96]
elusisnia agitation, movement [az96]
eluva the (two) Animators (i.e. the Dioscuri) [az96]

Indo-European

Celtic

iallach jaunty, lithe /Gaelic /[mcb]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

e_la_yati to be merry or frolicsome; to be wantonly mischievous in behaviour /Sanskrit

ama (C) mother /Basque
eme (C) female; feminine; smooth; coward, shy /Basque
-eme (C) suffix meaning 'female' /Basque

Uralic

eme mother, wife /Uralic

Sumerian

ama mother [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

зm mother /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

ama /Altaic [fh16]

Dravidian

*am- female relation /Dravidian [ss]
ammâ mummy, mother /Brahui

Etruscan

amake married, spouse < joined [az96] /Etruscan

Indo-European

Germanic

amma `mother, nurse' /Old High German [bd]

Albanian

*am(m)a:> mother /Proto Albanian [bd]

e'me' / a~me' mother /Albanian [bd]

anka (B,G) leg; hanka leg, foot; paw (of an animal); zango (L,LN,Z,U) leg /Basque
xingar (L,LN,Z) ham /Basque

Basque

Basque anka is seen as deriving from Romance < Frankish hanka "haunch" [lt]

Uralic

sonka ham /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

*?i(n)gi/ur- foot /Semitic Protoform [ss]
*(?Vn-)gur- /or *(?Vn-)gw|ir-?/ 'knee; foot' /Semitic Protoform [ss]

$q N $q) /Aramaic [cal]

1 passim thigh 2 Syr shank 3 Syr clan 4 Syr charnel house 5 Syr tongue of shoe 6 JBA shaft

LS2 765

LS2 v: $AqA)

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #603> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

s@nkwaa, sankwaa nape back shoulder carrier /Bedawiye, Beja

Cushitic, East

sank-, sink- (san/ mane /Yaaku; sinku hip /Afar) /Proto East Cushitic

sunku (pl sunkuuka) back shoulder-blade /Afar
san/ mane /Yaaku

Cushitic, South

dzink-+ buttocks hindquarters /Proto South Cushitic

Caucasian

*?a:nqV thigh; knee-bone, knee-cap /North Caucasian [ss]

*Hne>gV: leg, knee /North Caucasian [ss]

*?ãgV knee, knee-cap /Tsezian [ss]

ãga /Bezhita; ãga /Gunzib [ss]

ĉ:an foot, leg /Lak [ss]

*nik:a foot, leg; foot bone /Dargwa [ss]

nik:a /Chiragh [ss]

ank: foot, leg /Khinalug [ss]

Indo-European

Germanic

Schinken ham /German

This is part of the postulated non-IE substrate in the Germanic languages. [mc1]

Slavic

šunka ham, smoked ham /Serbo-Croatian
šunka ham /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

zañgem [zañga] bone of the leg; ankle-bone /Avestan
zang `ankle, shank' /Middle Persian [al]

zan thigh, front portion of the upper leg /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

jáňghā "lower half of the leg, from knee to ankle; shin /Sanskrit

Quechua

changa leg [q1]

ano portion, food supply; wine; animal feed /Basque

enni to eat; enni-való food /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian enni is of FU origin [Chong]

Uralic *sewe

sävï-, sëve- (Erzya); syö- (Finnish); te-, tew- (Southern Khanty) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

'nhw victuals /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Basque

ano portion, food supply; wine; animal feed

Said to derive from Latin annōna "yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living".

Dravidian

a_nu to eat, drink (Telugu); anna eaten; food; boiled rice; un.ike taking a meal; un.n.i taking a meal, a meal (Kannad.a); un.t.i food, boiled rice, food of birds and beasts; un.a food; un.avu, un.a_ food, boiled rice, foodstuffs (Tamil); u_n. food, boiled rice, meal (Malayalam); u.n. food, food eaten after dry funeral (Kota) [sk]

Indo-European

Latin (??)

annōna "yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living"

Albanian

*un- hunger /Proto Albanian < *uenH- to love, desire, request /PIE [bd]

uri; ũ(n) hunger /Albanian [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

ánna food /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern (?)

anooli 1. to finish, finish off, get through with, use up; to devour, eat up (of one) 2. to finish doing, do completely, do thoroughly, be totally /Alabama [tm]

apa kiss /Basque
babestu to protect, to take care of /Basque

Uralic

ap- to kiss /Old Hungarian, Turkic
áp-ol to nurse /Modern Hungarian

Hungarian ápol (originally meant "kiss") is of unknown origin [Chong]

babus-gat-ni to fondle, to caress; bába midwife /Hungarian
baba baby {very common} /Hungarian

óv to protect, guard, shield; óvóda infant school, kindergarten /Hungarian

while óv is thought to be possibly of FU origin though not for certain. [see Chong]

api (n) help, aid /Vaddja [fv]
avittaa (v) to help /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

ubara patronage, protection [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

öp-mek to kiss; öpüç-mek to kiss each other; öpü∫ kiss /Turkmen [glnp]
ebe midwife /Turkish

Japanese

uba a nurse; wetnurse

Austric

eve /Rapanui [anon]

1. buttocks; taki eve coccyx; uho eve part between coccyx and anus.

2. figuratively: protection. Ana oho au, e hoki koe ki raro ki te eve o to'u matu'a When I go, go back under your father's protection.

awhina help, helpful; awhina(tia) to help /Mäori [ng]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*'γwe-s- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN686]

*ụwwạt- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1008]

ukwέt- /Chukchee; uwwat- (III) /Koryak; uwwet- /Palan; uvvat- /Alutor [ss]

*'owa- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN702]

'ow(w)a-s SO to kiss (целовать) /Sedank dialect; 'ov'al-kaz ; 'ov'alit-kaz 1 osculari; oscula jungeo 1 /West Itelmen [ss]

Dravidian

o_vu to take care of, guard, protect, cherish; uppu being, abiding; protection (Kannad.a); to be; to abide; to support; to protect (Tulu) [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

avô [avañh] assistance, support, protection /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

upas'in:ghati kisses /Sanskrit [sk]
upasthAyika, upamAtR, upasthAtR nurse /Sanskrit
papu a protector; a nurse /Sanskrit
av (chiefly said of kings or princes) to guard, defend, protect, govern /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern

apiila to be on the side of, to support, help /Alabama [tm]

apaiz (G,U) priest /Basque
as-aba (B,G,U) ancestor; -aba suffix meaning "kindred" /Basque

Uralic

*ic'a ancestor /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]

isemucut "our ancestor" /Old Hungarian , 12th. Century {Modern, õsünket} [gzb1]

õs ancestor, old; õs-i ancestral /Hungarian
õs-apa ancestor, ancestral father /Hungarian {suffix -apa means "father,ancestor,title of respect"}
ős-idő (ős "old" + idő "time") old(en), ancient times; long ago /Hungarian

apa, pap father, priest /Hungarian
suffix -apa means "father,ancestor,title of respect" /Hungarian

após father-in-law /Hungarian

ap-ó grandfather; see avul {b>v} get old, obsolete [fh] /Hungarian

The word APA is found in Uralic, Altaic, Sumerian, Hurrian, Chinese, Elamite etc. It is definitely not a Semitic loanword which is constantly mentioned for no good reason, while its great extent of use is too often casually dismissed as being simply "a child's word". [fh16]

Yuki

os father's father, mother's father [y84]

Sumerian

ğes > one,1st
abba father, elder, ancestor

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

is old; iswt old times; antiquity /Old Egyptian [cgj]
as old /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

зbt family, kindred /Old Egyptian [cgj]
apa 'title of respect' /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

)s adj. "old" /Aramaic [cal]

{where /)/ = aleph}

abu father /Akkadian [oi3]

Altaic

*ač`E ancestor /Altaic [ss]

*eččV /Turc
*(x)ači /Tungus [ss]

fuso ancestors; forefathers /Japanese
so ancestor; a progenitor; the father, pioneer, founder, the originator /Japanese

aski old /AncTurk; ab very old/Soron Turk; see [fh]

*apuši elder-in-law /Altaic [ss]

*Abuč-ka /Turc
*(h)abisu-n /Mongol
*abusi /Tungus [ss]

*ep`V grandfather /Altaic [ss]

*ebü-gen /Mongol
*epu /Tungus
*òp- /Korean [ss]

Dravidian

*ap- male relative [ss] /Dravidian

appan father /Drav-Tamil
abâ 1) papa, father; 2) grandfather (respectful term of address) /Brahui

Etruscan

apa father [az96]
avula grandfather [az96]

Indo-European

Germanic

afe man, husband /Old Icelandic [sc2]
aba man, husband /Gothic [sc2]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

∂ppo daddy, papa (term of familiar address) /Baluchi [mab]
Abbá A. Br. father, papa. (Used by children.) /N. Baluchi [mld]

Indo-Aryan

Avuka father /Sanskrit

also see *awo-, *awio- mother's brother /PIE [cb1] and its cognates include

Greek aia ground, motherland
Latin ăvus, -i grandfather, an ancestor
Common Celtic *avios (related to grandfather); > Old Irish aue, haue (grandson), Irish ó (grandson), Welsh ewythr (mother's brother), Cornish euitor, Breton eontr
Armenian hav, gen. havu grandfather
Common Germanic *awón-, *awé-, *awun-
Lithuanian ava mother's brother's wife, avynas mother's brother, Old Prussian awis
Common Slavic *ujï mother's brother

"The PIE term is rather dark, and its origin and exact meaning are not quite clear yet. It is obvious, however, that it denoted kinship". [cb1]

Muskogean/Eastern

awo grandfather /Alabama [tm]
awosi uncle, aunt's husband, especially, grandmother's sister's husband /Alabama [tm]

apal shelf /Basque

Uralic

polc shelf, stand /Hungarian
pál-ca small branches, slips of wood /Hungarian << *puwe wood

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Altaic/Turkic

polk 1. regiment 2. shelf /Turkmen [glnp]

[glnp] suggests polk is found in Russian.

Indo-European/Slavic

polica shelf /Serbo-Croatian
polica shelf /Slovak
polica shelf /Bulgar

polka shelf /Russian

Foam, wave, roll; wash out, river, bay

apar (B,G,U); habuin (L) foam /Basque

Uralic

hab foam; hab-ok billows; the ocean; hab-leány mer-maid /Hungarian
hab-oz waver, hesitate, be reluctant /Hungarian
hemper-eg to wallow, roll about /Hungarian
himbál to swing; to roll; to rock, to balance /Hungarian

Hungarian hab is thought to derive from FU. [Chong]

*kumpa wave /Uralic

Finno-Ugric

kumboldo- undulate (Erzya); kumpua- (Finnish); kump- (Khanty); hump- (Southern Khanty); gybav float (Komi); kombõldõ- bubble up, undulate (Mokša) [Chong]

Samoyedic

kaba wave (En'ec'); haamba wave (N'en'ec'); kongfu wave (Nganasan); komba- (Šölqup) [Chong]

pára mist /Hungarian

Dravidian

kampam < kampa vibration, shaking, motion (Man.i. 17,63); kampitam quivering, quaking, trembling, shaking (Tiruva_ta. Pu. Man.cumanta. 56)(Tamil.lex.) kampan-am motion, vibration, shaking; quaking, trembling with fear (Ka_cippu. Tar..uvak.); kampalai trembling, quivering, quaking; uproar, tumult, quarrelling; kampittal to shake, toss (Kampara_. Paracura_map. 8); to tremble, quake (Tiruva_ca. 4,61); to shake, vibrate (Pirapo_ta. 23,12) (Tamil.lex.); kampa-va_tam shaking palsy, paralysis agitons (Tamil.lex.) tun.ukkam trembling, palpitation of the heart through fear (Kampara_. U_rte_t.u. 97); vibration; tun.un:ku-tal to fear (Tamil.lex.) [sk]

Sumerian

_ab lake, sea; ab-zu sentient sea; ab- window, depression
bír mistiness (of the eyes) [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

qbh N qbt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr foam of juice

LS2 640

LS2 v: qeb.t_A)

qwpy#2 N qwpy) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr mass floating on water 2 Syr foam

LS2 682

LS2 v: quwpyA)

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 152 #3> [oi4]

Bedawiye, Beja

hebib, hubbaat foam (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, East

h!embo foam /Saho; hinboo /Afar; humbi /Kambata; omac#a /Oromo; h!umbo(f.) /Somali

Altaic

*k`o/p`i (~-e) foam /Altaic [ss]

*ko"p- to swell, foam /Turkic [ss]

ko"pu"k 'foam' /Old Turkic; ko"pik 'foam' /Turkmen; kúw|búw|k 'foam' /Chuvash; ko"p- /Yakut [ss]

*ko"g|e- to foam, swell up /Mongolian [ss]

ko"gege-, ko"ge- /Written Mongolian; ke|he|- (IM), ku- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; xo":- /Khalkha; ko":- /Kalmuck; xue:- , xue:re-; xue:s 'foam' /Dagur; ko:-; ko:rs@ 'foam' /Monguor [ss]

*xapu- ~ *xopu- foam /Tungus [ss]

x|ofon ~ x|afun /Manzhu [ss]

*k@\phu/m foam /Korean [ss]

k@\phu/m Middle Korean [ss]
k@phum Modern Korean [ss]

*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]

*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]

ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]

*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]

obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]

a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]

kawa river; a stream; brook /Japanese

Austric

apa to move (things), to place, to put. /Rapanui [anon]

Ka apa te kumara ki roto ki te kete Put the sweet potatoes inside the basket [anon]

awa channel, river /Moriori [mor]

ip- water /Mendi; ipa- water /Kewa, Enga, Ipili; iba- water /Huli; ibo- rain /Awa; obe- water /Dorig; ebe- rain /Nengone; ubata- rain /New Georgia; abo-abo- rain /Tagalog; afa- storm /Samoa; afu- waterfall /Samoa [pkm]

Etruscan

ipas, ipase oscillating, wavering [az96]

Indo-European

Greek

aphro-s "foam"

{Greek aphro-s "foam" resembles the Basque apar, but the Greek is without an explanation within the frame of Indo-European [mo]}

Celtic

òb a creek /Gaelic; from NNorse hóp, small land-locked bay, Scottish hope, Anglo-Saxon hóp, valley. [mcb]

tabh the sea, ocean /Gaelic; from Norse haf, Swed. haf, Danish hav, the open sea, Anglo-Saxon haef. From Norse also comes the Scottish (Shet.) haaf, open sea [mcb]

Anatolian

hapa a river /Hittite [cb]

Slavic

para steam, vapour /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

âpa [ap] water /Avestan

kaf (S. kapha), Froth, foam, scum, soap-suds, spittle; a small quantity; a black tincture with which the eyebrows of a bride are dyed /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

ap- water /Sanskrit

kup (1) become moved or agitated; boil (2) be angry; boil with rage /Sanskrit

Quechua

para rain; paray to rain /Quechua [q2]

ubil (B,U) whirlpool /Basque

Uralic

öböl bay (Bay of Biscay) /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian öböl is of unknown origin. [Chong]

öbl-ít to wash out, to rinse /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian öblít is thought to be possibly onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

'uwbal river, canal /Hebrew (Old Testament Strong No: 0180)

Altaic

*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]

*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]

ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]

*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]

obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]

a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]

Muskogean/Eastern

oowila to overflow its banks (of a creek or lake), flood /Alabama [tm]

Var: oowiila Var: oowihla [from tm]

apo toad; hoof /Basque
sapa (B,G) small black inedible saltwater fish /Basque
sapo (B,G) toad /Basque [sapo "toad" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]]
zapo toad; (fig.) traitor; angler see itsasapo /Basque

Uralic

ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian

The second part -hal means "fish", what is the first part ebi- ?

béka frog /Hungarian

kala n fish /Vaddja [fv]
hal fish /Hungarian

Sumerian

ubi ku6 a marine and fluvial fish
ha / ku6, kua fish [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

kel fish /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

kappa frog (Telugu, Kuwi); kappe id. (Kannad.a,Kod.agu,Tulu,Gondi); kepak frog, toad (Kota); kopin frog (Toda); kappe, keppe id. (Kannad.a); kappe toad (Kod.agu) [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Germanic

see Pugge, Pogge frog, toad [< ?Vasconic; see Basque puga toad] {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [from mc1]

Note :- Gorka Aulestia's Basque-English dictionary does not list Basque puga toad, but has Basque apo, sapo, zapo "toad" ??

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

bak, Wild cucumber; a retreat, an asylum; (S. bheka) a frog; a forest; a wild uncultivated country; name of a city in Transoxania /Persian [fjs]

bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

bhe_ka frog /Sanskrit
kacchapa frog (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

(2) Indo-European

Romance

sapo /Spanish

Slavic

žaba frog; toad; tree-frog; green-frog /Serbo-Croatian
žaba frog /Slovak (not likely the source !)

Quechua

challhua fish [q1]

apurtu (B,U) to break, to destroy, to grind /Basque

apró small,tiny; aprít to mince, chop, break up /Hungarian

Uralic

apró small,tiny; aprít to mince, chop, break up /Hungarian

Hungarian apró is possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

prţ to break, rend /Northwest Semitic [ahd]

pāraţ to break /Mishnaic Hebrew [ahd]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)

*'u(j)lu- small (маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN681]

*ą.pp-ụjlụ- small (маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN1605]

ąppąlu- , ąplú- /Chukchee; ąppuĺu- (III) /Koryak [ss]

*'ulu- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN697]

Dravidian

par-iya piece, fragment, bit, slice; par-iga gleanings of corn (Telugu); par-ikka to pluck off (Malayalam); par-y- to pluck, (string) breaks (Toda); har-ita, har-ata, harta cutting, sharpness (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4027).[sk]

Altaic

[*opra¥ (ProtoTurkic) / ufak small (Osman, Turkish) / õuak, uak small (Tatar) / ufra¥ worn out clothing (Uigur)] [Chong]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

proš∂g to break (transitive); prošen∂g to cause to break /Baluchi [mab]
prwš∂g to break (intransitive); prwšaen∂g to cause to be broken, cause (someone) to break (something) /Baluchi [mab]

parányi tiny; piriny small, tiny /Hungarian

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

paranj a grain smaller than wheat /Persian [fjs]
parhanj a grain smaller than wheat /Persian [fjs]

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Corrections and additions by Fred Hámori in red.

Basque Dialects:-)

B = Biscayan (bizkaiera); G = Guipuzcoan (gipuzkoera)
L = Labourdin (lapurdiera); LN = Low Navarrese (benafarrera)
Z = Souletin (zuberoera, xiberoera); U = Unified Basque (Euskara Batua)
C = common to five or more dialects

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The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.

Last updated 25 June 2008