![]()
Sanskrit Hungarian
Word List 8
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]
![]()
ud
, und (unátti; unná, uttá; -údya) spring, boil; flow; wet, bathe /SanskritUralic
õj (n) brook /Vaddja [fv]
ügy river, stream /Székely Hungarian
Although this word is now apparently archaic/obsolete in Hungary proper, it is still used by the Hungarian Székely nation in Transylvania once a part of the kingdom of Hungary.
[fh] thinks that the archaic/obsolete Hungarian word ügy may be related to Hungarian üde "fresh, blooming"
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}
One official thinks ügy is of debated origin but could be related to Hungarian víz water. [Chong]
ügy is used mainly as an element in place names but might also be considered as an obscure base in some derivatives. [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}
Etelköz (Atelcuzu, Atelköz) was the name of the Magyar/Hungarian homeland circa 887-895 A.D. located directly in the foreground of the Carpathians, along the Dnieper, the Dniester, and the Sereth.
Accordingly, Etel-köz consists of etel "great waters" (archaic) + suffix -köz "between" that is, "the area between rivers".
Sumerian
ída, íd, i7 river; main canal; watercourse [jh]
šìta channel, small canal [jh]
sed(4,5,6), šed7,10,11,12, še4,5,17,18,23 (n.) cold water; coolness [jh]
dùg, du10 (adj.) sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Austro-Asiatic
*-da' , *-da'k `water' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a , gar.a `pit, trench, grave, water course, stream, river' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a `hollow, pit, excavation, trench, river'; etc. /Santal [mw1]
Basque
iz- prefix which means "water, sea" used in a few words
The ancient Basque word for water is ur and is well-attested in place names and surnames. The great Basque linguist Azkue tried to make a case for a lost word *iz- meaning `water', but his case is rejected today as unsubstantiated. [lt]
iturri (C) spring, fountain
Dravidian
u_d- (-it-) to become wet, be soaked; u_t- (-t-) to wet, soak (Kond.a); u_d- (u_tt-) to become wet; caus. u_di ki-; u_t- (-t-) to urinate (Pengo); u_d- to get wet (Mand.a); u_d- id. (Kui); u_dali to become wet; u_thali to moisten; u_th'nai to wet; u_d- (-it-) to become wet, damp; u_t- (-h-) to make wet, damp (Kuwi) (DEDR 743).[sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
ujë water
Paleo-Balkan
Utus (Plin.) - the Vit river; Utos (Prok.) - fortress on its mouth. /Thracian [id]
The name is explained from the IE *ūdo-s from the IE stem *ŏd-, ųed-: *ųod- ‘water’ in the Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, the Greek hydos ‘water’, etc. The IE d was converted into the Thracian t. The initial Utus led to the New Bulg. Vit. according to [id]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
ud , und (unátti; unná, uttá; -údya) spring, boil; flow; wet, bathe /Sanskrit
uda, udaká water < ud /Sanskrit
uDunAtha
, uDupati moon /SanskritUralic
kuNke
moon, month /Uralicidő
time; weather; idő-s aged; idő-tlen ageless /HungarianHungarian idő is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
ud, u4 sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [jh]
dutu the sun as a god [jh]
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4, id4 moon; month; moonlight [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
itn sun; sun's disc /Egyptian [cgj]
Central Semitic: wcd to fix a time; *cid(at)- fixed time, appointment, meeting (*-at- feminine suffix). [ahd]
^t time /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
*odi day, time /Altaic [ss]
*öd /Turkic
*üde, *üdür /Mongol [ss]
Tungus
ucuri time, season /Manchu [as]
Japanese
itoma
timeAustric
Meaning: Sun
ad- (Gedaged, Bilbil, Takia); aad- /Biliau; ake-ake- /Kuanua; adaw- /Kadai; adraw- /Indonesia; aldo- (Kapampangan, Ifugao); adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illonggo) [pkm]
Meaning: noon
udtroadlaw- /Aklanon; udto- (Bikol, Cebuano); ugto- /Illongo [pkm]
Meaning: morning
aga- (Illonggo, Bikol); agahon- /Aklanon [pkm]
Meaning: day
ange- /Loda ; ari- /Bacan; adaw- /Kadai; andaw- /Manobo; adraw- /Indonesia; adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illongo); aldo- /Kapampangan; andro- /Malagasy [pkm]
ad- /Papuan (Austronesian) [pkm]
Basque
adin
(C) ageDravidian
ed.a place, spot; ed.amu place, space, room, opportunity, time, occasion (Telugu); it.am place, room, spot; it.ai place, space, suitable time; it.aviya wide, extensive, spacious (Tamil); it.a, et.a, it.am, et.am, e_t.am place, spot, house, time (Malayalam); er.m place (Kota); ir.n. place (Toda); id.e, ed.e, ed.a place, spot, ground (Kannad.a); ed.e the company or proximity of a person (Kod.agu); id.e place, room, space, abode (Tulu)(DEDR 434) [sk]
it.ai middle in space or time, interval, gap, unfilled space, waist (Tamil); it., et.a interval, place between, interval of time, middle, waist (Malayalam.); er. place or time between, interval (Kota); ir. kwa.y intermediate kwa.y vessel (Toda); ed.a, ed.e place or time between, interval, distance, middle, waist (Kannad.a); id.e interval, space between, interval of time (TU.); ed.avat.t.u middling, indifferent (Tulu); ed.a space, interval, distance, difference; ed.amu intervening space, distance (Telugu)(DEDR 448) [sk]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*uetos year /PIE [bd]
Greek
étos `year' [bd]
Celtic
oed [-au, m.] age, period of time; oedran [-nau, m.] full age; oes [-oedd, -au, f.] (n.) age /Welsh [md]
Italic
edad age /Spanish; idade age; idoso aged /Portuguese
Albanian
*uet- year /Proto Albanian; vit year /Albanian [bd]
vjet `last year' < uet-es-i or uetes [bd]
urabhra
ware ewe; vra_n.a sheep /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
ürü sheep; wether /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian ürü is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
irik young ram (Altai); örük young castrated ram (Kipchak); irik 3 year old castrated ram (Kyrgyz); irk young castrated ram (Turkish - dialectal); irk four-year old lamb (Turkish - Kashgari); ürü (Turkmen); irt young castrated ram (Tuvan) [Chong]
irge castrated ram (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Dravidian
kuri sheep (Tulu); kur-y sheep (Toda); kor-i sheep (mil); kur-i sheep, ram (Kannad.a); kor-r-i ewe, female cat, bandicoot (Malayalam) [sk]
Indo-European
Proto Form
*urh1-n- sheep, lamb [bd]
Greek
arên sheep [lsj]
Italic
vervex ewe /Latin [sk]
Germanic
waru ewe /Anglo-Saxon = ware (originally, sheepskin) /English = /German [sk]
Albanian
berr small cattle, ram, tup [bd]
[A compound with be `imitation of a sheep's sound'] from [bd]
![]()
Strength; huge, extensive, wide, great;
u_rjas
vigour, strength /Sanskriterő-
force, power, strength; erő-s strong; erő-szak-os aggressive /HungarianUralic
nyer to win; gain; profit, get /Hungarian
Sumerian
uru16 (-n) valiant; strong, mighty; clever [jh]
Altaic
*n|o:\r/a to surpass, win, contest /Altaic [ss]
*or/- to surpass, win /Turkic [ss]
oz- /Old Turkic; oz- /Turkmen [ss]
*uri-ldu- to contest /Mongolian [ss]
uralda- /Khalkha; ur@ld- /Kalmuck [ss]
*n|o:r-ĉa- to contest, to wrestle /Tungus [ss]
mo:jĉan- /Negidal; wa:ĉa- /Nanai; wa:ĉa- /Ulcha; wo:to- / n|o:to- /Orok; n|o:rĉa- /Evenki [ss]
*a\ra\suap- to contest /Japanese [ss]
a\ra\swop- /Old Japanese; araso/u /Tokyo [ss]
arasu
to devastate, raze, ravage, ruin; arasou dispute, argue /JapaneseJapanese
erai strong, hard, violent; great, grand, famous; erasō important-looking; masterful
Basque
era- "to cause, make someone do something"
eraso to attack, rush on; eraso-kor aggressive
Dravidian
ā
rru (ārri-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, sufficient; ārral strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; ārra greatly, exceedingly, entirely /Tamil //// ārruka to grow richly, thrive; ārram much / Malayalam //// ār (ārt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able; āru power, daring, self-will /Kannad.a [bur]a_r-r-u (a_r-r-i-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, be sufficient, accumulate (as wealth), sustain, carry; a_r-r-al strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; a_r-r-a greatly, exceedingly, entirely; a_n-r-a excellent, grand, splendid; a_n-r-al greatness, dignity, abundance, copiousness; a_n-r-avar, a_n-r-a_r, a_n-r-o_r erudite, wise persons; a_n-r-o_l. lady of exalted character (Tamil); a_r-r-uka to grow richly, thrive; a_r-r-am much; a_r-r-al growing; healthy, magnificent growth; a_nr-a wide, excellent (Malayalam); a.r- (only in negative, following S -ul.) not to be willing to do so-and-so; (only in negative, following S -l) cannot do so-and-so (Kota); o.xar-e- you will not be (Toda); a_r- (a_rt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able, or competent, be possible, can, may, be adequate, be able for, be able to endure; a_r-u power, daring, self-will; a_rpu might, force, daring, valour; a_ke power, valour; a_pa being strong, being able, being possible (Kannad.a); a.t- (a.ti-) (body) attains maturity (at about 21 years), (fruit, grain) becomes mature but not yet ripe; a.ti full-grown but not yet ripe (guava, jack, coconut)(Kod.agu); a_t.u, a~_t.u to be adequate, sufficient, be capable of, endure (Telugu)(DEDR 407). [sk]
urat.u, urat.a, urut.a, ur(u)t.u, ut.t.u, orat.u, ort.u coarseness (of cloth, thread, hari), thickness, stoutness; orpu strength, firmness, durableness, coarseness (of cloth); urku, ukku power, valour (Kannad.a); ura (-pp-, -tt-) to become firm, hard (as the soil), become thick, coarse (as paper); urappu hardness (as of rice that is not well boiled), coarseness or roughness (as of paper or cloth), resoluteness, strength; uram strength, hardness, compactness, resolution, heart of a tree, manure (as strengthening the soil); uran- strength of will, support; uran-ar persons of strong will; uravu (uravi-) to become vigorous, get strong; uravam strength, force; uravan-, uraviyan-, uravo_n- strong man; uravu strength, firmness, strength of mind, increasing (Tamil); urakka to be strong; urattan strong man; uram strength, firmness (Malayalam); orp- (orpy-) to excel (Kota); u.n. pith; ut-ir, utin-ir, us'tin-ir best buffalo in herd; ut-ox best woman (Toda.)(DEDR 649) [sk]
Etruscan
arus ame to encourage; arusia exhortation, push [az96]
arvasa having pushed, driven, raised [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
urrainn power, is urrainn, can /Gaelic; Irish urra, power, urrain, stay [mcb]
urrail forward, bold, urranta /Gaelic, Irish urránta, bold, confident in one's might [mcb]
earail an exhortation /Gaelic; Old Irish eráil, iráil, *air-áil; from àill desire. Hence earal provision, caution. [mcb]
furail incitement, command /Gaelic; Irish furáil, Early Irish uráil, furáil, Old Irish iráil; the same as earail above, q.v. [mcb]
Armenian
ahros powerful, strong (16th cent. Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Slavic
oružan
armed in arms; oružana armory, arsenal; oružar armourer; oružati to arm /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
u_rjas vigour, strength /Sanskrit
úr lord, gentleman (title of respect); male, lead-male (archaic meaning) /Hungarian
úr-i, úr-i-as grand, noble, distinguished /Hungarian
ural-kod to reign; to rule, govern; to master, subdue; to control /Hungarian
Uralic
uras
lead male, buck /Uralic; *ur-us leader of the herd (the head/strong male) /FinnUgoryrko
man /FinnishHungarian férj "husband" is of FU origin [see Chong]
ér to be of value; ér-dem to deserve; ér-t-ék value /Hungarian
Hurrian-Urartian
iuri
, erwi lordAfro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 201 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
ara *P husband /Awngi
Cushitic, East
are male /Bayso; are wife /Darasa; ar male /Dasenech; aretee wife; aro'o husband /Hadiyya; or male; he-camel; bull /Rendille; aree wife; aroo husband /Sidamo; oori wife /Somali
Omotic
aroo husband /Anifllo
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 203 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
wuhir ox /Bilin
Cushitic, East
wa`r wa'r "you fellow" /Somali
Semitic
weher leader ox /Tigre
Chadic
ura male /Mandara
Omotic
uuroo male man /Kafa; woro male /Mocha; uraa man male /Wolamo; uraa man male /Zala
Altaic
*ö're
man /Altaic [ss]*er, er-kek /Turc
*ere /Mongol
*ur /Tungus
*òràpì /Korean [ss]
er
man /TurkishBasque
ar; -ar male; remorse, regret
Dravidian
*er-
lord, master /Dravidian [ss]er-e
master or husband/Kannad.a; ere anyone who is great/ Kannad.a; er-eya a master, a king; a husband /Tamil; ir-ai anyone who is great /Tamil; ir-a_n, er-e master or husband /Kannad.a; ere anyone who is great/ Kannad.a; er-eya a master, a king; husband /Tamil /Malayalam; /Kannad.a ; sire, princes /Malayalam; er-e state of being a master or a husband; er-eya master, king, husband /Kannad.a; er-a lord (Telugu 7th-8th cent. inscr.) [sk]e_lu to rule, govern, control, manage; (inscr.) e_l.u to rule; e_lika ruler, king, lord, master; e_liki government; e_lubad.i, e_lbad.i rule, government; (inscr.); a_d.avan.d.u ruler, master (Telugu); a_l. (a_l.v-, a_n.t.-) to rule, reign over, control or manage (as a household), cherish, maintain, keep or maintain in use (Tamil); (inscr.) ya_l. to rule; a_l.an-, a_l.i one who rules; a_l.ukai rule, dominion, control; a_l.va_r the Deity, as supreme ruler; a_t.ci lordship, ownership, government, rule, reign, use, possession; a_t.cai weekday; a_t.al ruling, reigning; a_n.t.a_r owner, master, lord; gods; a_n.t.avan-, a_n.t.ai master, lord; a_n.mai controlling power, possession (Tamil); a_l.uka to rule, possess, have; a_r..ca day of the week, week (Malayalam); a.n.- (a.d.-) to possess, rule, keep, own (Kota); o.l.- (o.d.-) to own (buffaloes), rule (Toda); a_l. (a_l.d-) to get, have, possess, govern, rule, manage; a_l.ike, a_l.ke obtaining, ruling, reign, government; a_l.isu to cause to obtain or get, cause to rule; a_l.utana, a_l.tana ruling, rule, sovereignty; a_l.ma, a_n.ma, a_n.ba ruler, lord, master; a_n.d.a_ri rulers, masters (Kannad.a); a.l.- (a.l.i-) to rule; a.ce week, day of the week (Kod.agu); a_l.uni to rule, govern, reign; a_l.ik, a_l.uvike, a_l.vike reign; a_d.al.ite, a_d.al.te administration, management, government (Tulu)(DEDR 5157). [sk]
e_r-u bull; Nandi, the chief of Siva's hosts; pouncing upon, as an eagle; male of certain animals (pig, deer (pul-va_y antelope), tiger, yak (kavari), bull or buffalo (per-r-am [Tol. Po. 594; 400, Urai]), buffalo (erumai), Indian elk, sambur, bison (marai : Tol. Po. 571), goat, lion; male shark; male conch (Tamil); e_r-r-ai male of any animal remarkable for physical strength (Tol. Po. 604)(Tamil lex.); e_t.t.ai id. (Tamil); e_ran bull (Malayalam); e_r-u bullock (Ma.); e.r- bull (Toda) [sk]
Etruscan
er; erce to honour; "honour, respect" [az96]
eris name "Honour, Respect" [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
IE *wiro- "a man" [cb]
Celtic
airidh worthy /Gaelic; airigh (Ulster), airigh, nobleman / Irish; aire(ch), primas, lard / Old Irish; árya, good, a lord; ârya, Aryan, âryaka, honourable man /Sanskrit [mcb]
urradh, urrainn authority, guarantee, author /Gaelic, Irish urra(dh), surety, author, defendant, urrain, stay, prop, Middle Irish errudus, responsibility; from ràth, ràthan, surety. Urradha were a chief's "gentlemen" paying rent or service [mcb]
urram honour, respect /Gaelic, Irish urram, urraim, honour, deference, submission, Middle Irish urraim, homage: *air-réim? [mcb]
firionn male /Gaelic, so Irish; firend /Early Irish; from fear a man /Gaelic; c.f. Latin vir; Anglo-Saxon wer, Norse verr, English werwolf; Lithuanian wy/ras; Sanskrit vîra [see mcb]
ari-os nobleman /Gaulish [cg1]
uiro- a man, a husband /Gaulish [cb]
Italic
ěrus
-i master, owner, lord /LatinGermanic
see Herr man, gentleman, lord /German {see Postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages [see mc1]}
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
arsha male; brave, valiant /Avestan
iri (in Zand and Pazand) a man; manliness, bravery /Persian [fjs]
urú
extensive, wide, great /SanskritUralic
*erä big, many /Uralic [ryan]
óri-ás, óri-ás-i giant, huge /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
ouhr great, how great, many, much? /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Dravidian
iru
greatness, spacious, vast /DravidianIndo-European
Celtic
ueramos supreme, the highest /Gaulish [cb]
Anatolian
ura- big /Luwian [cb]
uraí large /Hittite [cb]
Slavic
orijaš giant, colossus /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
urú extensive, wide, great /Sanskrit
Quechua
aran upper; top; superior [q2]
![]()
Around, spin, roll, revolve, circular; wander circularly, return
val
to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]bál-a bale (rolled up and round) /Hungarian
boly-ong to wander circularly; boly-g-ó wandering; planet, satellite /Hungarian
Uralic
vaalia (v) to roll /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian boly- and ballag are thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]
Sumerian
bala('), bal
to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi
Cushitic, East
ollaas-uy- roll /Harso
Cushitic, South
wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic
Altaic
Tungus
foro- turn /Manchu [Chong]
forobumbi to turn something toward; forombi to spin, to turn, to turn around; to face, to turn toward; foron hair whorl (of the head), cowlick; top (of head), top, tuft, forelock; curl of hair; swirl, whirl; the testing of the rotation of an arrow between the fingers /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
pol.e to roll, roll about, to move about, to move to and fro, to wallow, to welter, to move in a circle (Kannad.a) [sk]
valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]
*val.-ai- to turn, to surround [ss]
val.ai to surround; circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet; val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard (Tamil); val.aiyam bracelet (Malayalam); ring, circle, bracelet (Tamil); val.aiyal bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam.); val. bangle (Kota); pal. ring at head of churning stick (Toda); circle, bangle (Toda); bal.e ring, armlet, bracelet (Kannad.a); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); balayu to surround, besiege (Telugu) [sk]
vallai circuit, circle; fort, fortress; valattal to encircle, surround (Pur-ana_. 52)(Ta.lex.) val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard, compound (Tamil); val.appu enclosure of a house, compound (Malayalam); val.ai to surround; n. circle, surrounding region, bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam); val.aiyam bracelet (Tamil, Malayalam); val. bangle (Kota); bal.e bracelet, armlet, ring (Kannad.a); bangle, ring (Kod.agu); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); val.aivu circle, circumference; house-premises val.aiyam ring, circle; val.a_kam enclosing, surrounding; balepuni to enclose, surround, besiege (Tulu); balayu to surround (Telugu); valayu to turn around (Telugu); van.an:ku to surround, encompass (Tamil); val.ayuka to surround; val.accal enclosing; val.ekka to enclose; val.ayal surrounding; val. ca.rymk all around (Kota); bal.asu act of surrounding or encompassing, one round or turn (as of a rope, etc.)(Kannad.a) [sk]
Etruscan
pala roundness, rotundity [mp68: 55, 371]
Indo-European
Slavic
bala bale, package, pack; roll /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]
Yuki
pa?alič
circle2 [y84]pály-a course, profession, track, rink, racetrack /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian pálya expresses "circularity" not just the idea of a flat plain or field/meadow.
Nevertheless, the word
pálya is seen as a loan from Slavic? It may not even be of IE origin if you look at the Altaic, Dravidian and the Afro-Asiatic possibilities.{The Hungarian word for a "field" is mező which is supposed to be from FU}
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 51 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*bal- field, plain /Proto East Cushitic
bala'w-a zebra /Burji
Altaic
*p`a:\la field, level ground /Altaic [ss: 1723]
*ala-n / *ala-n| level ground, plain /Turkic [ss: 352]
alan| Old Turkic; alan Turkish; alan|, a:la Turkmen; olúx Chuvash; ala:s, aly: Yakut
*pa:la-n 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor /Tungus [ss: 383]
palan 2 ( < South.) /Negidal; fala(n) 2 /Manchu; pala~ 2 /Nanai; pala(n) 2 /Ulcha; pa:lla(n) 2 /Orok; ha:linrú. 1 /Even
*p@/r(h)- fields, meadows /Korean [ss: 202]
ph@/ri/ Middle Korean
p@l, ph@l Modern Korean
*pa\ra\ level ground, plain /Japanese [ss: 270]
pa\ra\ Old Japanese; ha/ra Tokyo
Tungus
hali meadow /Manchu [as]
In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.
Caucasian
veli ‘field’ /Georgian [pjh]
From Russian?
Dravidian
*pal.- plain, valley /Dravidian [ss: 1168] [DED: 4016]
*pal.- pit; low land /South Dravidian [ss: 3367]
pal.l.am lowness, low land, valley, ditch, dimple /Tamil; pal.l.am pit, hole, low ground, low shore /Malayalam; pal.l.a depth, pit, low ground, stream Kannada; pal.l.a, palla, palla: shallow stream, pond, ditch, hollow, low spot, hole, pit Tulu
*pal.-a" valley, plains /Nilgiri [ss: 618]
pal. im "buffalo from the plains" /Kota; pal/. "valley" /Toda
*pall- pit, low ground, dale, (B also) wet land, wet crop /Telugu [ss: 1969]
Basic form: pallamu
*paL- east, low /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 924]
palla:m "(Haig) east" /Kolami; palam "downslope" /(Kondekor Gadba)
*po\l- field, rice-field /Dravidian [ss: 1312] [DED: 4303]
*pUl-am field, land /South Dravidian [ss: 3607]
pulam arable land, rice field; place, region, quarter /Tamil; pulam cornfield; place /Malayalam; pola a plough-field; place, direction /Kannada; pula pasturage /Tulu
*polam- field, place of cultivated land /Telugu [ss: 2112]
Basic form: polamu; Inscriptions: pulambu, pulombu "field"; Derivatives: Also polamari cultivator
*polam field, village /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 1040]
polam "(Br.) field" /Kolami; polub (pl. polbul) "village" /Parji; polub "village" /Ollari; pollu:b "village" /Salur
Iberian
páramo "empty plain, valley" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]
Indo-European
Raeto-Romance (?)
pala meadow /Ladin [jr: 58]
Slavic
polje field, plain, campus /Serbo-Croatian
pole field /Slovak
pole field /Bulgar; pole /Russian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
pal a field with a raised border;convalescence /Persian [fjs]
Khoisan (?)
*//hara field, garden /Central Khoisan [ss: 432]
*//ha/ra\ field, garden /West Central Khoisan [ss: 443]
Naro //ha/da\ ; |Gui //ha/da\ ; //Ganakwe //ha/da\ ; #Haba //ha/da\
*//ha\ra/ field, garden /East Central Khoisan [ss: 409]
|Xaise //ha\da/ ; Deti //ha\da/ ; Cara //a\da/ ; Tsixa //ha\da/ ; Danisi //ha\da/
for-og to turn, twist, spin /Hungarian
forgó-szél, fergeteg whirlwind, hurricane /Hungarian
forgó joint (anat.); eddy (current); turning, revolving; whirpool /Hungarian
forgalmas busy; forgalmaz to put into circulation; forgalom traffic /Hungarian
per-eg to spin/whirl round, twirl; per-get to roll /Hungarian
perdít start turning an axle quickly /Hungarian
Uralic
Vogul poBrit, Votjak porjal to revolve, Mordvin puvrams wind, Samojed puroldam unwind
fel-borít to capsize /Hungarian {see the Basque}
{fel "up,above" + bor-ít "to cover (over); cast/spread over; overturn, throw (into)}
Hungarian perdít- is claimed to be onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to
puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]
Sumerian
bala('), bal
to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 42 #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
wareer- be giddy /Somali; waar- circulate /Yaaku
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi
Cushitic, East
ollaas-uy- roll /Harso
Cushitic, South
wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #583> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
wareeg- wander about /Somali
Cushitic, South
wirik-+ turn about /Proto South Cushitic
Sino-Tibetan
*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]
{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]
a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]
phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]
*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]
pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]
burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]
siunu /Nepali [ss]
Altaic
*p`ö'ru to spin, plait /Altaic [ss]
*ar- /Turc
*horiga-, *horči- /Mongol
*por- /Tungus
*pòròkí /Korean [ss]
*bo/ru (~ -a,-o) dust; smoke, whirlwind /Altaic [ss]
*bur(u:) 1 dust 2 smoke /Turkic [ss]
buruo /Yakut [ss]
*bur-gi- / *bu"r-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) /Mongolian [ss]
burqalix 'whirlwind' (SH) /Middle Mongolian; burgi- /Khalkha; bu"rgn-, bu"rg@n/- /Kalmuck; puz|/ira:- /Monguor [ss]
*bure-ki 1 dust 2 fresh snow /Tungus [ss]
buraki 1 /Manzhu; burexi~ 1 /Nanai; burexi 1 /Ulcha; /pu-le-k'i/ 1 /Zhurzhen; bu.rqu. 2 /Even; burki 2 /Evenki [ss]
*pa>\ra>\m wind /Korean [ss]
param /Modern Korean; pa>\ra>\m /Middle Korean [ss]
see Hungarian por "dust etc."
Turkic
burgac, girdap whirlpool, vortex /Turkish
pyrla-mak 1. to twist, twirl 2. to roll up; pyrlan-mak to twist oneself /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
forko well pulley; forgošombi to transfer; to turn, to rotate; foršombi to transfer, to change; forgon season; forhon season; forohon season /Manchu [as]
Austric
balik- "to return," /Philippines [pkm]
Meaning: to turn
perik- /Shark Bay I [pkm]
vila- /Kiriwina; vi-viri- /Anuki; vira- /Proto-Milne Bay; baling- /Philippines; fariu- /Makatea; -bilih- /Vinmavis; -bil- (Bonga., Tonga., Makura); -bilo- /Lameno; firiu- (Fila, Mele); poria- (Morouas, Penatsiro); fuli- /Proto-Polynesian; baliq- , pulih- /Proto-Austronesian [pkm]
Basque
bir- (C) prefix which indicates repetition or duplication
bira (B,G,U) quick maneuver, quick turn
bira-tu to turn, revolve, rotate; tirabiratu (B,G,U) to capsize
Caucasian [ss]
*p.Vrk.V / *p.Vrk.VCV whirligig, humming-top /North Caucasian
*marq.V- /Nakh
*birk.u /Avaroandian
*p.Vz(:)Vk.-/k.Vp.Vz(:)- /Tsezian
*c.iripan /Dargwa
*p.Vk.VrCV- /*k.Vp.VrCV- /Lezghian
All the listed variants seem to share a vague resemblance to the sound type *PVRKV / *PVRKVCV- (sometimes with metatheses), but of course it is impossible to make a precise reconstruction for an expressive "nursery word" like this. [ss]
[c.f Hungarian perget to spin which is not a nursery word]
Dravidian
*pir- to twist, turn /Dravidian [ss]
puri, huri twisting; that is twisted: twist, twine, string, pack-thread (of cotton thread or fibres) (Kannad.a, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam.); piri, puri to twist (Malayalam)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
felequ "turned (on the lathe)" [am91]
(0) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*wer- turn, bend /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Paleo-Balkan
vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ /Thracian [cb2]
{cf Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’, Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’} [cb2]
Celtic
piorradh a squall, blast /Gaelic; from L.Middle English pirry, whirlwind, blast, Scottish pirr, gentle breeze, Norse byrr, root bir, pir, of onomatopoetic [mcb]
Slavic
vir eddy, whirlpool, vortex, whirl /Serbo-Croatian
priasť, vírenie spin /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
ber∂g to turn (something) back toward; to bring together under one's control, get control of, take possession of /Baluchi [mab]
peR∂g to wind around /Baluchi [mab]
var (n.) time, occasion, turn /Baluchi [mab]
vari (n.) turn, time /Baluchi [mab]
Muskogean/Eastern
bolokta to be circular, ringlike, round; to double (e.g. a recipe);
boloktachi to circle, make a circle around, surround; to make round, make in a circle /Alabama [tm]
Ulwa
puruka, wirika whirlpool [ud]
vri_
to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]ball-ag to stroll /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ballag is thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]
Altaic
*p`el/o walk /Altaic [ss]
*e.l/- to walk, trot /Turkic [ss]
eŝ- /Old Turkic; eŝ- /Turkish; is- /Yakut [ss]
*hu"lde- to chase /Mongolian [ss]
xulde- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u"lde- / o"ldo"- /Khalkha
see Hungarian üldöz "to pursue, chase, prosecute, to hound"
*puli- / *peli- walk /Tungus [ss]
xul- /Negidal; fel'e- /Manzhu; ful'i- /Nanai; pulikte- /Ulcha; puli- /Orok; ful-ĉwi /Zhurzhen; ho"l- /Even; helde- /Evenki [ss]
*pa:>rb- to tread, trample /Korean [ss]
pa:>rb- /Middle Korean [ss]
Basque
ibili
to walkDravidian
po_li, po_lu (contraction of po_kali) going, strolling; stray (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vri_ to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
Mayan
Meaning "walk/go" :-
belal /Huas; s#im-bal /Laca; s#i>imbal /Yuca; bel /Itza; be-el /Tzel; bel /Jaca; bel /Mam [jd]
vRt
to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskritfordít to turn around, over; to translate (language) /Hungarian
fordul to turn around, revolve /Hungarian
Uralic
veerettea to roll /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to
puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]
Austric
porotiti disk; porotititanga roundness /Mäori [ng]
porotiti, tähurihuri, täwhirowhiro spin; porotiti circle, spin, wheel /Mäori [ua]
Dravidian
bo_rala, bo_ralu, bo_rla a turning over, a roll; upside down, topsyturvy (Kannad.a); bo_rle (Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) pural. (pural.v-, puran.t.-), piral. (piral.v-, piran.t.-) to roll over, tumble over, be upset, slip off, roll (as waves), overflow, be deranged or changed (as times, customs or laws), be overturned (as a state), go back on one's word, be refuted, die; pural.i, piral.i lying, deceit, insurrection; purat.t.u (purat.t.i-) to turn a thing over, roll, turn up (as the soil in ploughing), fry (as vegetable curry), nauseate, deceive, pervert, smear, fould with dirt; n. turning over, overturn, prevarication, deceit, treachery, nausea, colic; purat.t.an-, pirat.t.an- deceiver, liar; purat.ci upsetting, disorder, anarchy; pirat.t.u deceit (Tamil); pural.uka to roll; purat.t.uka to turn about; pural.ikka to revolve in the mind; piral.uka to wallow, roll, turn, be smeared, overflow; pirat.t.uka to roll about, distort words, deceive, rub as ointment, soil; pirat.t.u deceit, lewdness; pirat.t.an fraudulent; pirat.t.i confusion, consternation; piral.ca turning about, wallowing (Malayalam); porn.- (pord.-), po.n.-(po.n.d.-) to roll backwards and forwards; port.- (port.y-), po.t.- (po.yt.-) id. (Kota); pord., porn.l. act of rolling backwards and forwards; pern.- (perd.-) to turn upside down, (person) does opposite of what was promised; pert.- (pert.y-) to turn upside down (Kota); pi.l.- (pi.d.-) to tumble over or down; pi.t.- (pi.t.y-) to push over or down (Toda); poral., purul. to roll, welter, wallow; hod.d.u to roll about (Kannad.a); pureluni, pureyuni, poreluni, pored.uni to roll, turn; purepuni, porepuni, porelpuni to roll, turn over, recant, impute, attribute; porelu reeling; porn:kuni to roll, run over; pered.uni to roll, move, wallow (Tulu); por(a)lu to roll, roll on the grond, overflow; n. rolling, overflowing; poral(u)cu, por(a)lincu to roll or roll over; por(a)lika rolling, overflow; porupu to roll, as in a powder, mix up (Telugu.)(DEDR 4285). [sk]
Etruscan
velathri round, turning [az96]
velethia, veletha, velithana, velisina express, rotation, roundness [az96]
Indo-European
Italic
verto (vorto) vertĕre verti versum to turn, turn round, turn up /Latin [Cassell]
Slavic
pohrvatiti to translate into Croatian; vrtjeti to turn around, spin round, rotate, revolve, twirl; vrtnja rotation, gyration, revolving, spinning round, revolution /Serbo-Croatian
vrtenie spin /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
vRt to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskrit
Ulwa
purunaka vt. (puruti) move in circular motion; scrape inside walls of cavity in circular motion [ud]
ferde bent, crooked; slanting, oblique /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source thinks Hungarian ferde is possibly derived from fordít- [Chong]
Indo-European/Celtic
fiar crooked /Gaelic; fiar /Irish; fíar /Ealy Irish; gwyr /Welsh; goar, gwar /Greek [from mcb]
![]()
vár
, vāri water /SanskritUralic
*c'ore
drip,running water; *ŝere river, watercourse; *ŝäre- originate, source /Uralic*ŝare
csor
-og (s>cs / -og verbal suffix) drip, leak ooze, flow /Hungarian{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}
er-ed
spring (stream); er-ed-et source, origin /HungarianNiger-Congo (?)
coroti (v.) to drip /Mandinka [pc1]
tuur (v.) to pour, spill /Wollof [pc2]
Sumerian
šur, sur to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip [jh]
ur (2,3,4) to surround; to flood etc. [jh]
uru 2,5,18 n., devastating flood; thunderstorm [jh]
ra
(-g/h) n., inundation; (v.) to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from the side of a canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta-) [jh]ùr
root; trunk of a tree; etc. [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*s/or flow, pour /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ãc/hor (p. s/or) escape; flow out; run over; come out; go over. /Tibetan
swan to pour out, spill, shed. /Burmese
ŝon1 to flow, as tears, sweat. /Kachin
ĉho/r the pouring of water /Lepcha
*z|ho\r ( / ?c-) leak, ooze, drop /Kiranti [ss]
*z|/hV:r rain /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ĉhar rain. Tibetan
fu:r the rainy season. Lushei [ss]
(1) Altaic
Turkic
syrykmak to flow, leak, stream /Turkmen [glnp]
∫ire juice /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
šeri spring, well /Manchu [as]
Japanese
ōryū (-suru)
overflow the bank(2) Altaic
*orusi river, to flow /Altaic [ss]
*o"rs, *o"rsen 1 river, river bed 2 to flow /Turkic [ss]
o"z- 2 Azeri; o"zen 1 Turkmen; vazan 1 Chuvash; o"ru"s 1 Yakut [ss]
*urus- to flow /Mongolian [ss]
ursa- /Khalkha; orsu-, orso- /Dagur; uros@ /Monguor [ss]
*sarkV to drip, splatter /Altaic [ss]
*sark- to overflow, drip /Turkic [ss]
sarq- (MK) Old Turkic; sarq- Tatar; s@rx-@n- Chuvash [ss]
*sark- to sprinkle, drip /Mongolian [ss]
sarkira-, sarkaji- /Written Mongolian [ss]
sarkr-, sarkl- /Kalmuck [ss]
*sargi- to splatter (of water, rain) /Tungus [ss]
sarGi.- (Nkh) /Nanai; sargi- /Evenki [ss]
*ŝiur/i to flow, drip /Altaic [ss]
*su"r/- 1 to strain, filter 2 to swim, float /Turkic [ss]
u"z- 1 /Old Turkic; so"z- 2 dial. /Tatar; su"z- 1 /Turkmen; s@w|r- 1 /Chuvash; uhun- 2 /Yakut [ss]
*su"r- to rain in small drops, sprinkle /Mongolian [ss]
su"rĉi- /Written Mongolian; ŝu"rŝi-, su"rŝi- /Khalkha [ss]
*ĉurgi:- ( ~ ŝ-) to flow, drip /Tungus [ss]
ĉorz^|u.- /Ulcha; ĉu.rgú.- /Even; ĉurgi:- /Evenki [ss]
*hy\ry\- to flow /Korean [ss]
hy\ry\- Middle Korean [ss]
*si\ta\-t- to drop, leak /Japanese [ss]
si\ta\-t- Old Japanese [ss]
Austric
turu drip, leak /Moriori [mor]
tuturu, turuturu leaky; turuturu drip /Mäori [ng]
Basque
eredu (B,L,U) n. model, ideal, example
erreka (C) creek, stream, brook
erro (C) root; stem; cause; origin; tentacle
ur water; ur-aldi (C) flood, inundation
jario (B,G,U) (n.) spill, secretion, drip, emanation; (v.i.) to spill, drip, ooze, flow
isuri (C) (v.t.) to flow, spill; to inspire; (n.) flowing, spilling (G); (n.) slope (G,L,Z)
Caucasian
*ŝVrV lake, river /North Caucasian [ss]
*ŝVrV ( ~ s-) river, stream /Andian [ss]
ŝuru Akhvakh [ss]
*ŝara lake /Dargwa [ss]
ŝara /Akusha; ŝara /Chiragh [ss]
Dravidian
*cor- to flow; *z^|o:r- to leak /Dravidian [ss]
*ūr-
to leak, ooze [ss] /Dravidianer-e to pour any liquids; to pour; to overflow; ircilu fine drops of rain; ; or..ku to flow; n. torrent or strong current of a stream /Kannad.a; or..ukal leaking, dripping, leak; or..ukku (or..ukki-) to cause to drop, drip; or..ukkal pouring (as into the mouth); or..uku (or..uki-) to flow, leak, trickle down; u_r-u (u_r-i-) to spring, flow; ya_r-u, a_r-u river, brook/Tamil; ir-uka to drip, drop; or..ukkuka to flow, run down or off (of blood, water); o_r..uka to flow; u_r-uka to spring, ooze, ur-akka to spring, ooze out /Malayalam; ir to ooze /Gondi; u.r.- (u.r.y-) to spring forth /Kolami; u_r- to leak, drip /Naikr.i; u_r-e_r to ooze /Gadba; urpa (urt-) to ooze, spring up, sweat /Kui; war.f- (war.t-)(po.x blood) flows /Toda [sk]
ve_r root, anything rootlike, foundation /Tamil; root, origin, cause /Malayalam; ve.r root (Kota); p.r id. /Toda; be_r(u) root; be_ruga a man who deals in or sells roots /Kannad.a; be.ri root (Kod.agu); be_ru root; origin, cause /Tulu; ve_ru root /Telugu [sk]
si_r., s'i_r, hi_r, i_r root (Gondi); ci_ra id. (Pengo); si_ru pl. roots; si_rka id. (Kui); hi_ru, hi_ru_ id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2626). [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
sruth [sru] stream, flow, current /Irish //// Old Irish "srúaim" comes from Common Celtic *srô-men, from Indo-European *sru-men-s, from the root *sreu- (to flow). English "stream" is a cognate. [dk]
fearthuinn rain /Gaelic, fearthuinn /Irish, ferthain, inf. to feraim, I pour, give/Early Irish, *veraô, rain [from mcb]
uar waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.) /Gaelic, úarán, fresh spring /Irish, Early Irish; also uaran, fresh water [see mcb]
Romance
a curge (vi) to flow, (vi/vt) to drip /Rumanian
Germanic
úr a drizzle /Norse, wär sea /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]
Paleo-Balkan
sara current, stream /Thracian [cb]
Albanian
rrjedh to flow, stream /Albanian [bd] < *sr-ed(h)- to whirl, bubble, stream /PIE [bd]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ghzhârayatbyô [ghzhar] to flow; to milk /Avestan (????)
irith- to flow; ooze out/Avestan
vâra rain /Zend. [mcb]
'urud arising, springing up, growing (plants or teeth). /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists 'urud as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
[h]ar (n.) flood /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
sarít stream; sáras lake, pool; orig. 'water' {The root of the last two is sr. (run)}; sru flow, stream /Sanskrit
vár, vāri water /Sanskrit
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
ch'uhr (from ch'ur) 'anything protruded, drop of a liquid; numeral classifier'
in ch'uhr ha' 'a (one) drop of water'
ch'uhr ik'ar (ikar : wind, aigre) '"drops" of aigre (said to enter the body and cause sickness)'
inch'uhr ik'ar 'a (one) drop of aigre (gota de aigre)'
ch'uhr ch'ah 'drop or fall in drops, trickle, seep, dripping' (cl.3)
ch'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'dripping water'
ach'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'the water drips'
war ach'uhr ch'ah 'it is dripping'
ch'uhrch'es 'drip water, allow to seep thru' (cl.2a)
Quechua
suruy to pour; to pour out; to drip [q2]
![]()
vas
to cut /Sanskritvé-s to cut, engrave; vés-ő chisel; vés-és engraving /Hungarian
ács carpenter; ács-ol to cut /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian vés is officially of FU origin
*wän'gc'e- cut, slash (Proto FU) [Chong]
Two sources suggest a Turkic origin for Hungarian ács.
from the Turkic agacˆ "branch etc." [Chong]
Dravidian
*vas- sharp /Dravidian [ss]
va_cci, va_ycci, va_t.ci
adze (Tamil); va_cci adze, scraper (Malayalam); po.d.c adze (Toda); ba_ci id. (Kannad.a); ba_ci, ba_ji (Tulu) (DEDR 5339).[sk]acc- to split, saw; acca_na_ to cut off (hand, foot, etc.)(Gondi); asye to chisel (Malt.o); haccu, heccu to cut in pieces; hacci to divide (vegetables and fruits)(DEDR 46). [sk]
u_c- to scrape, plane; us- to pare; oochana a carpenter's plane (Gondi) [sk]
Etruscan
vuisi- "sharp" [az96]
Indo-European
Italic
vōmis
, *vos-mis, vōmer plow-share, colter /LatinIndo-Iranian/Iranian
vîs- to pierce /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vas to cut /Sanskrit
vAsi a carpenter's adze; vAzI also written {vAsI} ; accord. to some connected with {vrazc} a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel /Sanskrit [iits1]
vá-j
hew /HungarianDravidian
vij- (-it-) to break into small pieces (Kuwi)(DEDR 5411).[sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
vajar sculptor, engraver; vajati to sculpt, engrave; cut, emboss /Serbo-Croatian
![]()
Sunday = market day?
vasar
dawn in: vasar-han (RV.); va_sra day; vas shine /Sanskrit [sk]vasár-nap Sun-day /Hungarian
Uralic
vasár-nap Sun-day /Hungarian
Etymology?
Dravidian
va_sara a day (Kannad.a); va_sara-pati the sun; va_sara-man.i the sun (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vasar dawn in: vasar-han (RV.); va_sra day; vas shine /Sanskrit [sk]
vâsará, early shining, morning /Sanskrit [mcb]
vásár market /Hungarian
Uralic
vásár fair; market /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian vásár is from Iranian [Chong]
bazár "miscellaneous goods shop, bazaar" /Hungarian
Another loan. A bit of duplication, it seems.
Altaic/Tungus
puseli shop, store /Manchu [as]
Austro-Asiatic (?)
basut property; tij basut, cij basut goods and chattels (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Armenian
vahĉahr; vahĉahrel- give away (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Slavic
vašar fair, market /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
bazar a market; a market-day; a bargain; usage, currency; beauty, splendour /Persian [fjs]
waazaar (Pehlevi) [Chong]
![]()
va:sa/yati
`to dress, clothe' /Sanskrit [bd]Uralic
vis-el to wear (clothes); to bear, carry; undertake /Hungarian
In ancient times one used various articles hung on one's person as adornments or embellishments made of fur, cloth, metal, shells, feathers and so on.
But, of course, Hungarian visel has to be a loan.
Altaic
*p`a>/si to hang /Altaic [ss]
*as- to hang /Turkic [ss]
as- (OUigh.) /Old Turkic; as- (MK) /Karakhanid; as- (Sangl., Houts.) /Middle Turkic; as- /Turkish; as- /Azeri; as- /Gagauz; as- /Turkmen; has- /Khaladzh; as- /Sary-Yughur; as- /Tatar; as- /Kirghiz; as- /Kazakh; as- /Balkar; as- /Kumyk; as- /Karakalpak; o|s- /Uzbek; as- /Uighur; at|- /Bashkir; a's- /Tuva-Tofalar; us-, os- /Chuvash [ss]
*(h)asa- to climb up; to stick, cling to /Mongol [ss]
asa- /Written Mongolian; asa- /Khalkha; aha /Buriat; as- /Kalmuck [ss]
The Mongol parallel is somewhat dubious semantically. [ss]
*pasi- to hang /Tungus [ss]
pasi.- /Nanai; pasi.- /Orok; xasi- /Oroch [ss]
*pi/sa\(n)ka- to hold in hands /Japanese [ss]
p(j)i/sa\(n)ka- (Old Japanese); hisage- (Tokyo) [ss]
Dravidian
hucc- to put on cloth (Kui); hu_cali to put on clothes; hucinai to dress; hoc-, oc- (-it-) to put on, wear (loincloth)(Kuwi) [sk]
c.f Hungarian huz 'to pull, draw'; huz-at 'a cover one pulls on' etc.
pacca (Tadbhava of pracchada or prasa_dhana) dressing; dress; embellishing, adorning; an ornament; pacca-ga_r-a a man whose occupation is embellishing or adorning, a dresser, a master of the robes; paccad.a, accad.a, haccad.a, paccavad.a (Tadbhava of pracchada) a large wrapper; a stout cotton cloth, generally twenty-four cubits long and two cubits broad; to make it broader, it is cut crosswise, and the two haves are sewn together; it is used as a wrapper or cover at night (Kannad.a); pacca (Telugu); paccavat.am (Tamil,Malayalam); paccad.isu, haccad.isu to dress, to adorn; paccavad.ati a woman whose occupation is dressing or adorning, a mistress of the robes; pacca_yla, paccayila, pacca_yila, pasa_yita a master of the robes (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ues- to dress /PIE [bd]
Germanic
wasjan `to dress' /Gothic [bd]
Albanian
*uas/ei- /Proto Albanian [bd]
vesh to dress, wear /Albanian [bd]
Anatolian
waŝŝ(a)- wear /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian
Indo-Aryan
va:sa/yati `to dress, clothe' /Sanskrit [bd]
va_sana covering dress /Sanskrit [sk]
Iranian
pošaen∂g to cause to wear, cause to put on /Baluchi [mab]
pošak (n.) garments, dress /Baluchi [mab]
poš∂g to put on, wear /Baluchi [mab]
vat.hara
dull, stupid; vat.ara wicked, unsteady; bas.t.a fool /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
buta stupid, silly /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian buta is of unknown origin. [Chong]
bolond fool, lunatic, idiot, stupid, silly /Hungarian
Etymology?
Niger-Congo (?)
fuuta (adj.) aimless, foolish /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
bwd A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr stammering, stupid
LS2 59 LS2 v: buwd
Altaic
balama reckless, mad, crazy /Manchu [as]
beli silly; beliyen shiftless, stupid /Manchu [as]
budala silly, imbecile (Turkish) {Chong]
bidagu (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Dravidian
pe_t.i fear, cowardice (Malayalm); he_d.i, he_d.e, e_d.i coward, timid (Tulu)(DEDR 4434). [sk]
bad.d.u bluntness, dullness (Kannad.a); blunt, edgeless; dull, stupid, obtuse (Tulu)(DEDR 3883) [sk]
be_l., be_l.uve bewilderment, infatuation, madness (Kannad.a); bi_t.ana state of being bewildered etc. (Kannad.a); be_la simpleton; simple, ignorant (Telugu)(DEDR 4445). [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
baoth foolish, so Irish, Old Irish báith, baeth; root bai, fear, as in baoghal; Cornish bad, Breton bad stupidity, are not allied, nor is Goth. bauths, dumb, as some suggest. Hence baothair fool [mcb]
Slavic
bedak blockhead, simpleton, idiot; bedast foolish, silly, stupid, simple /Serbo-Croatian
bluna blockhead, dullard, idiot, noodle /Serbo-Croatian
Armenian
but, buth dull, stupid (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bet∂var silent, speechless, mute, voiceless /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
vat.hara dull, stupid; vat.ara wicked, unsteady; bas.t.a fool (Sanskrit) [sk]
![]()
Spin
veNi
weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]fonal thread, yarn (-ál is a deverbial suffix) /Hungarian
fon to spin (thread, yarn, wool), plait, braid /Hungarian
Uralic
*puna spin, twist /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
puno- /Finnish; pyn- braid, twist /Komi; bâdne- spin, twist /Lapp; pun- twist /Man's'i; põne-, pune- braid, spin, twine, twist /Mari; pun- /Udmurt; pün'o- twine, twist /Kamas; fonu- to braid /Nganasan [Chong]
väntüä (v) to wind; to braid /Vaddja [fv]
Niger-Congo (?)
woñ (n.) thread /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
pwwne turn, change /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
pny (v.) /Aramaic [cal]
011 passim to turn 012 Syr to be turned 013 Syr to return 014 JLAGal to release 015 Syr %lwAt nap$eh% to recover one's senses 016 Syr %xzA)% to see again 017 JBA to ease oneself 041 Syr to turn 042 Syr %(al% to care for 021 Syr to give back 022 Syr to pay back 023 Syr %petgAmA)% to reply 024 Syr to hear 025 Syr to satisfy 026 Syr to turn s.t. 027 JLAGal,JLATg,JBA to remove 028 JLAGal,JLATg to empty out 029 JLAGal to dismiss (from school) 0210 JLAGal to complete 051 Syr to be made to return 052 Syr to be returned 053 Syr to be repaid 054 Syr to be replied 055 JLAGal to be removed 056 JLAGal to be at leisure 057 JLAGal to be released 058 JLAGal to be dismissed (from school) 059 JLAGal to be completed 0510 JBA to relieve oneself 0511 JBA to be completed 031 Syr to turn s.t. 032 Syr to avert 033 Syr to convert 034 Syr to give back 035 Syr to lead back 036 JLAGal,JBA to free for interpretation
LS2 578
Austric
miro(a), whenu(a) to spin /Mäori [ng]
Sino-Tibetan
*[ph]a>n|H twist, spin, spindle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "twist, spin"
fang 3 /Modern (Beijing) < phwa/n| /Middle Chinese < phan|? /Old Chinese
Tibetan phan| spindle. [ss]
Kachin g@ban|3 a hand-spindle. [ss]
*phuan cloth, garment /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "long garment"
fen 1 /Modern (Beijing) < phu"n /Middle Chinese < ph@n /Old Chinese [ss]
Kachin: phun3 put on and wear, as a coat. [ss]
Lushei: puan, pon cloth, a garment, KC *puan. [ss]
Kiranti: *bha"\n wear [ss]
ban-, bha(t)- wear, put on (as ornament) /Thulung [ss]
*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]
{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]
a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]
phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]
*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]
pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]
burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]
siunu /Nepali [ss]
Dravidian
*pin.-/*pi:nd.- to entwine, twist /Dravidian [ss]
*p_en. -: *pen. -V- `to twine, twist' /Dravidian [mw1: DEDR 4160a]
pe~_d.u, pe_d.u to twist, twine; pe_nu to twist, entwine; twist tow or three single threads into a thick thread (Telugu); pe_nd. to twist, twine (rope)(Naikri); pen.e to intertwine, twist, plait, braid (Toda); pin.ai to entwine; being knit together (Tamil); pin.i fastening, plait; pin.akku twisting, interlacing (Tamil); pin.a tying (Malayalam); pi.n. to become entangled (of ropes)(Kota); pena a twist of ropes; pena_cu to twist, twist together; pinning to be twisted (Brahui) (DEDR 4160). [sk]
ban.d.e, ban.d.a wool; ad.i-ban.d.a the wool at the belly of a sheep (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
vanth "demoness or fury associated with Xarun" [am91, glb, EM]
"Parca" [az96]; "one who turns" > "spin" [az96]
venzile "servile, client" [az96] root of vanth [az96]
Altaic
*p`u/n/e hair; feather /Altaic [ss]
*hu"-su" hair /Mongol [ss]
*pun/e- hair /Tungus [ss]
fenix@ 'hair, fur', funig|e /Modern Manchu; fun-ir-xie /Zhurzhen [ss]
*pa/na/i feather /Japanese [ss]
pa/ne/ (Old Japanese); ha\ne (Tokyo); ha/ne\ (Kyoto); ha/ne (Kagoshima) [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*pan fabric /PIE [js]
Greek
see wánax [am91]
Slavic
vuna wool /Serbo-Croatian [p>v] (meaning totally different to Hungarian!!!)
vlna wool /Slovak
Muskogean/Eastern
paanałi
to put in with, mix (one object) in /Alabama [tm]paanałka
1. to intermingle with, mix with (of one or one group) 2. to be mixed together (of different kinds of things); to be racially integrated /Alabama [tm]panayka to have a sprained or turned ankle; to warp (as new lumber left out in the weather); to be curled up (as a cat or dog) {/panay-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
panayli to wind, twist, turn, make (one object) crooked {/panay-li} /Alabama [tm]
pànkachi to be twisted, turned, coiled, crooked, gnarled, curved, warped, spiraled, wrung, serpentine {/pan(ay)-ka1-chi2} /Alabama [tm]
pànnichi to keep twisting, coil {/pan(ay)-li-chi2} Var: pannichi /Alabama [tm]
bonyo- complicate, confuse /Hungarian
Uralic
puna distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle /Finnish; poˆn'- roll up, wrap up; poˆn't' a kind of tress used by men /Khanty; bodnje twist (also in rope); bending; cross-grain in wood of tree; warp; bodnjâ screw, turn, twist; change direction, change course for; tangle, disarrange, make a mess of; etc. /Lapp; [? põn'em plait, tress /Mari; bin'- roll up; wind up, wind /Udmurt] [Chong]
Hungarian bonyo- is a descriptive word according to one source. [see Chong]
also see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian forr- "to heal,join,knit"
![]()
vi_j, vyaj
fan; vi_jana fanning /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
fúj to blow /Hungarian << Uralic *puwe blow
vihar storm; vitorla sail /Hungarian
Altaic
*pul-gi
to blowfūha
wind and waves; storm, tempest /Japanesefirtina gale, storm /Turkish
Austric
puhi blow /Moriori [mor]
Indo-European
Slavic
vjetar wind; breeze; storm, gale /Serbo-Croatian
vietor wind /Slovak
vihar, vihor, vijor hurricane gale, whirlwind, storm /Serbo-Croatian
vihar /Slovene
víchrica hurricane /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vi_j, vyaj fan; vi_jana fanning (Sanskrit) [sk]
![]()
Assure, trust, lead; secret, mystery, wiseman, witch
viz
, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskritbíz to trust, assure, have confidence in /Hungarian
bizomány commission, consignment /Hungarian
bizt-os, bizony-os assured; bizt-os-ít to assure /Hungarian
vez-ér chief, commander; vez-et to lead, guide /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bíz is possibly of FU origin.
? baz- (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Hungarian vezet is officially derived from
*wetä- /Proto FU [Chong]
Sumerian
buzur
(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
pyzmh N /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLAGal trust, security
Dravidian
besa command, order (Kannad.a); viyam id. (Tol. Col. 67); viyan:ko_l. command; viyan:kol.l.utal to obey orders, to submit (Cilap. 9,78); viyavan- commander, person in authority; headman (S.I.I. ii,352); strong, bold man; servant; besadavan (Kannad.a) (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
besana (Tadbhava of vidha_na) order, command; besanam pe_r.. = besani_; besanam sa_r to get an order; besana he_r..isi kol. to obtain permission; besani_, besani_-i_ to give an order; besambad.e, besavad.e to get an order, to obtain permission; besave_r.. to give an order, to command (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
fes to make accounts, assure [az96]
Indo-European
Albanian
bese' faithfulness, faith; besoj to believe /Albanian < *bh(e)idhi- persuasion, oath /PIE [bd]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vaz
to guide; to fly /Avestanbózem take, lead away (somebody) /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
viz
, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskritboszor-kány witch, sorceress /Hungarian
Uralic
busturgan /Udmurt {Chuvash loanword} [Chong]
Hungarian boszorkány is believed to be of Turkic origin.
[A second official source says the Turkic might derive from bas- "to press, step (on)"] [Chong]
Sumerian
buzur
(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]Afro-Asiatic
bs introduce (K5); (be) initiated... ...{r into; (det.) mystery /Old Egyptian [cgj]
basar [ba'sar] to augur /Maltese [gf]
Altaic
basõr¥an goblin, kobold, sprite; nightmare (Uzbek) [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bwzwrg pious person, saint; pious, saintly /Baluchi [mab]
buzurg great, large, immense; powerful, grand, magnificent; adult, elder; a saint; name of a note in music; -- buzurg shudan, To grow up; -- buzurg dashtan, To honour, to revere, magnify./Persian [fjs]
buzurgan (pl. of buzurg) grandees, nobles; doctors, wise men, philosophers /Persian [fjs]
bizeŝk `healer, doctor' /Middle Persian [al]
bzyŝk `healer, doctor' /Parthian [al]
biziŝk `healer, doctor' /New Persian [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy' /Old Avestan [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy'; biŝaziia- `to cure, to heal'; bae:ŝaza- `healing, medicinal'; bae:ŝaziia- `medicinal, curative' /Late Avestan [al]
Indo-Aryan
bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
pos (pos) 'black magic, sorcery'
posi (posi) 'work magic against, bewitch' (cl.1)
posmah 'practice sorcery' (cl.3)
posmaar 'practice of sorcery'
poson 'act of magic or sorcery'
![]()
vyadh
or vidh hit with a weapon /Sanskritvad wild, savage, uncultivated, uninhabited /Hungarian
vad-ász hunter /Hungarian
viad-al fight; combat; viad-or gladiator /Hungarian
Uralic
*wanta
wild /UgorHungarian vad is officially thought to be of FU origin
wont forest, wilderness (Khanty); unt forest, wilderness (Southern Khanty); vuow'de forest, wood (of big trees) (Lappish) [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic
? vah$i brutal; savage, wild (Turkish) [Chong]
Tungus
butaha hunt /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
*ve:nt.- hunting /Dravidian [ss]
*ve:nt.-/*ve:d.- hunt /South Dravidian [ss]
ve:t.t.am, ve:t.t.ai hunting, chase, murder /Tamil; ve:t.t.a hunting, chase /Malayalam; be:t.e, be:n.t.e hunting, the chase, animals pursued by sportsmen; be:t.ey a:d.u to hunt; be:d.a huntsman; be:d.u multitude of huntsmen; be:n.t.iga hunter /Kannada; bo:t.e hunting, hunt /Kodagu; be:n.t.e\, bo:n.t.e\, be:t.i hunting, chase /Tulu [ss]
*ve:t.-a", *ve:d.- /Nilgiri protoform [ss]
*ve:nt.- hunting, the chase /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: ve:~t.a
Dialect forms (1): ven.t.a
Derivatives: Also [1] ve:~t.aka:~d.u, [2] ve:~t.agiri, [3] ve:~t.ari hunter, fowler; ve:~t.-a:d.u to hunt [ss]
*ve:t.- to hunt /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
ve:t. a:d.- /Kolami; ve:t.a "hunting" /Naikri [ss]
*ve:t.- hunting /Gondwan [ss]
*ve:t.-a: /Gondi protoform
ve:t.a /Konda form
*be:t. /Pengo-Manda protoform
*be:t.-a /Kui-Kuwi protoform [ss]
bad bad, evil /Brahui
Dogmatists love to use this word to show that, although it is similar to English 'bad' it does not necessarily follow that the two are even remotely related.
vatai < vadha murder (Te_va_. 965,8); affliction, torment (Tiv. Na_yc. 8,9); vatittal, vataittal to kill, murder; to torment; vatai-tal id.; vanti compulsion (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3, Arum.); vanti-par-r-u to obtain by force (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3) (Tamil lex.);
vadha, vadhe striking, killing; slaughter, murder; vadhisu to strike, to kill, to slay, to murder /Kannad.a; vadhya to be killed (Skt.Ka.)(Kannad.a lex.)
ve_t.t.a-k-kat.a_ ram trained for hunting (Tamil lex.); cf. xar. ram (Br.) ve_t.an- hunter, fowler /Tamil; man of the pa_lai tract (Tamil lex.); ve_t.t.uvan- fowler, hunter /Tamil(Kur-al., 274); man of the kurici tract (Tol. Po. 21)(Tamil lex.); ve_t.an id. /Malayalam; be_d.a huntsman /Toda; be_d.ave fowler /Tulu; ve_t.a hunting (Nk.Go.Kond.a.); ve~_t.a, ven.t.a id. /Telugu; be_t.a id. /Kuwi; be_t. (Pe.Mand..); ve_t. /Or.iya_ ve_t.t.am hunting, chase /Tamil; ve_t.t.a id. /Malayalam; be_t.e, be_n.t.e id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.u hunting, hunter /Tamil; ve.r.n. id. (Ko.); be_d.a id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.ari id. /Telugu; ve.t. hunting (Ko.); be_t.a id. /Kuwi ve_t.t.u the occupation of hunting (Tol. Po. 21, Urai.); ve_t.t.am hunting, chase (Akana_. 182); ve_t.a (Ka.Te.); ve_t.t.ai hunt, game killed in hunting (Tiruva_lava_. 44,38); ve_t.uvan- hunter (Te_va_. 485,4); ve_t.u hunting (Akana_. 318); be_d.a /Kannad.a; ve_t.u the caste of hunters (Tiv. Iyar-. Na_n-mu. 47)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
fiat, fiata wild /Gaelic; [mcb] lists this as a participial formation from fiadh a deer /Gaelic; veiðr, hunting /Norse [mcb]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
b∂d (adj.) bad, evil /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
vadh strike, harm; vyadh or vidh hit with a weapon /Sanskrit
vyādha hunter /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
owwatta to hunt (owwattatiska, owwattatilka, owwattataska) /Alabama [tm]
véd to protect, defend /Hungarian
vitéz soldier, hero, knight; brave, gallant /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian véd is officially of FU origin.
*wänte- protect (Proto FU)[Chong]
wÅn'tÅ catch sight of, notice; see (KnO) [Chong]
Hunnish (500-700AD) [csd]
viti(I) battle, war
vitesi(I) warrior, battler, soldier
Altaic/Turkic
vit- to cover /Chuvash [ss]
Indo-European
Anatolian
faTa- defense /Lydian (IE) [cb]
Slavic
vitez knight; (fig.) chivalrous (gallant) person /Serbo-Croatian
![]()
vRka
the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit[fh] has looked at several languages and he believes that the word for "skin, fur, hide, leather etc." is often related to the name for "wolf" in the respective language
.bőr
skin, hide, leather /HungarianUralic
Hungarian bőr is possibly of FU origin.
? p@r reddish membrane inside the outer birch bark (Eastern Khanty); šašpoår birch bark (Man's'i - šoåš birch bark. This may be identical to -poår bit, piece.) [Chong]
varga "shoemaker" /Hungarian {/b/ > /v/}
Etymology?
Some terms from the Leather Trade.
(site1, site2)barka-réteg 'the upper layer of the skin or hide which becomes visible after separation of the fur from the hide after processing' /Hungarian
barka-hasíték 'skiver' /Hungarian
Has two meanings :- (a) a paring-tool for leather; (b) a thin leather split from a sheepskin, used for book-binding.
barka-sajtolás 'embossing'; préselt barka 'embossed grain (on leather)' /Hungarian
(Thanks to those two kind Magyar souls who brought them to my attention.)
Sumerian
bar n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*par- skin, fur, husk, etc. /Semitic Protoform [ss]
pa:ru, parru, ba:ru skin /Akkadian [ss]
parta: {pl. parre:} /Syriac [ss]
Egyptian
{dh.r (be) bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian [cgj]}
Altaic
{deri skin /Turkish}
Caucasian
*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]
*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]
q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]
see Hungarian kabát, guba "cloak etc."
see *kápa bark, skin /Altaic; *kápuk/o/ bark, skin; kepe-neg fleece coat /Turkic [ss]
barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]
*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]
p.arq. /Akusha [ss]
*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]
q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]
Basque
abarka (C) leather (or rubber) shoe famous in the Basque Country; ‘rustic sandal’, in historical times of rawhide with soles of rope.
The semantic basis is presumably the long-standing European practice of making sandals from bast, the fibrous inner layer of tree-bark (phloem)...the same word is widespread and fairly ancient in the Iberian Peninsula, and recorded also north of the Pyrenees: Hispano-Arabic
pargha ~ bargha ‘sandals’, sg. parghat (mod. Arabic and Berber bálgha ‘slipper, shoe’), Mozarabic probable *parca, Portuguese alparca ‘sandal’, an apparent Old Cast. alparga ‘sandal’, Arag. and SE Spain albarca id., Valencia abarca {avarca}, Bearn. abarque id. Cast. alpargata id. derives from the same ult. source via Arabic. This is thus apparently a rare case of a Bq. word borrowed widely. [lt5]Iberian
abarca - leather shoes (also Gascon abarque) part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]
Dravidian
puran.i skin; flesh; pura_n.i, pur-an.i outer bark of a tree; skin, rind, peel, coat; flesh; hilly, pastoral tract (Tamil lex.) pur-an.i outer bark, skin, anything that is outside /Tamil; pir-i, pir-u flesh /Kannad.a; perasu id. /Telugu [sk]
{turutti < dr.ti skin, leather; bellows (Akana_. 224); id. (Malayalam) [sk]}
farkas wolf /Hungarian
Uralic
*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]
[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s
Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.
The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."
Huh?
Sumerian
ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]
Altaic
böri
one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]Caucasian
*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]
*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]
borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]
*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]
bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]
*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]
boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
barc. wolf /Lak [ss]
*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]
bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]
*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]
Indo-European
*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]
Germanic
varg "wolf" /Swedish
ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish
Indo-Iranian
*vŗka-s
wolf /PIIR [mw2]Iranian
vehrka wolf /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vRka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit
fark, farok tail /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian fark "tail" << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol; böri one name for wolf! wolf totem. [fh]
also see Hungarian irha "hide,pelt"
Caucasian
*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]
*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]
mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]
*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]
buq-muj /Akusha [ss]
This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]
c.f. Hungarian birka "sheep" - another source of wool, meat, leather etc.
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit
![]()
Blossom, bloom, flower
vRdh
(1) elevate, make to grow, make greater, strengthen; (2) elevate inwardly, cheer; (3) to grow, thrive; vRddhá (ppl.) grown, become great; increased (of wealth); (adj.) grown up; old, aged /SanskritUralic
vir-ág flower, a bloom /Hungarian
vir-it to bloom, blossom /Hungarian
Perhaps also c.f. virr-ad to dawn, shine /Hungarian
Niger-Congo (?)
firi to flower; firoo (n.) flower /Mandinka [pc1]
falu to be elected, germinate /Wollof [pc2]
firi to spread, undo, flower /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Diakonoff () , #23> [oi4]
Cushitic
faar(R) blossom/flower/bud (Bedawiye, Beja)
Semitic
pry, pr?' fruit /Proto Semitic
Egyptian
pr.t fruit etc. /Old Egyptian
Austric (??)
pua flower; pu-rakau blossom /Moriori [mor]
pua, blossom; pua, putiputi flower /Mäori [ua]
Sino-Tibetan
*pha:r flower /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ãbar to open, begin to bloom. /Tibetan [ss]
panh flower. /Burmese [ss]
pan1- a flower, cf. also (Mat.) ban1 plant, as in a nursery. /Kachin
pa:r a blossom, a flower, par? to open (as a flower). /Lushei [ss]
*ba>rH to open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
phran? spread (wings), pran? spread (a carpet). /Burmese
phjan2 to spread the wings, to open, as the fist ( < Burm.?). /Kachin
phar? to open (the hand, flower, etc.); be wide open. /Lushei [ss]
Dravidian
*vĭr- to grow, overflow; proud, arrogant /Dravidian [ss]
vir.p to spread out/Gondi; viri to expand, spread out/Tamil; virikka to expand/ Malayalam; biri to expand, open, blossom/ Kannad.a; viri-ttal to cause to expand; to open, unfold /Tamil (Tamil lex.); berrna_ to overflow, as leaven when fermenting (Kur.ux); virra_na_ to grow, increase /Gondi; vir-r-avi~_gu to be proud, or haughty; swell, be puffed up /Telugu; vle_nda, vle_nd.a to rise, expand, swell, distend; vle_pka (< vle_k-p-; vle_kt-) to cause to exapnd, stretch, widen out (Kond.a); velng to spread (Parji); velkip to spread, expand (Parji); vir.p to spread out (Gondi); viriyal blossoming (Tamil); virikka to expand (Malayalam); vringa to be loosened (Kui); viriccal hatching (Malayalam) [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
wariq becoming leafy; green, flourishing, verdant /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
belaq a flower; a garden; a cool grotto /Persian [fjs]
Leading /b/ can become /v/ in Hungarian
(2) Indo-European
*werdh to grow /Proto IE
*uerdh-, *uredh- to grow; high /PIE [pok: 1167]
*bhreu-, *bhreu-d- to swell, sprout /PIE [pok: 169]
*perth- pole; sprout /PIE [pok: 823]
Italic
vĭrĕo -ĕre, to be green, vigorous, healthy, fresh /Latin [Cassell]
vĭrĭdans -antis, green; vĭrĭdis -e, green (fresh, young) /Latin [Cassell]
The unattested PIE root is seen as *weis "sprout"?
see *ueis-1 to sprout, grow /PIE [pok: 1133]
Indo-Iranian
vRdh /Sanskrit
(a) elevate, make to grow, make greater, strengthen
(b) elevate inwardly, cheer
(c) to grow, thrive
vRddhá /Sanskrit
(ppl.) grown, become great; increased (of wealth);
(adj.) grown up; old, aged
yugá
yoke /Sanskritiga yoke /Hungarian
Etruscan
uxumsna one who yokes, binds
Indo-European
ok yoke /Old Norse [ep: 322]
see *yug- to bind, to harness /PIE [cb1] whose cognates include
Greek dzugon 'yoke' //// Latin jungere 'to bind', jugum 'yoke' //// Common Celtic *con-yungi- 'to bind', *yougo- 'yoke' > Irish & Scottish cuing 'yoke', Welsh iau 'yoke', Old Welsh iou, Old Cornish ieu, Breton geo, ieo, Gaulish Ver-iugo-dumnus (a personal name) ////Sanskrit yugam 'yoke', yuñjati 'binds' //// Avestan yaoj-, yuj- 'to harness', Persian juHittite iukan 'yoke' //// Armenian luc 'yoke' //// Common Germanic *jaukiz 'yoke' > Gothic juk 'yoke', Old English géoc, Old Icelandic eykr, Old Saxon uk, Old High German juh //// Lithuanian jungti 'to harness', jungas 'yoke' //// Common Slavic *jïgo 'yoke' > Russian & Bulgarian & Polish & Slovene igo, Kashubian jigoe, Polabian jeigü [cb1]
Since most domesticated plants are not common in distant Indo-European languages, it is unlikely that they practiced agriculture before their separation and resettlement. However the yoke may simply imply a crude hitch to an oxen without any connotation of agricultural usage. Gimbutas arguments about the Anatolian origin of Indo-Europeans is very unlikely and full of flaws. The most central and best supported origin is from near the northern shores of the Black Sea. North and East of them were Uralic and Altaic peoples. Even northern Europe had Uralic people before the arrival of Indo-Europeans. [fh]
jó good, fine, nice, fit, proper /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
yз fine, fair /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
iyi good, well; the good /Turkish
yoi good; fine; nice /Japanese
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
jo proper time for ploughing or sowing /Bengali, Or.iya_; yo_gya fit for yoking /Pa_n..; draught animal (AV.); yogga fit /Pali; yo_je_ti yokes, ties /Pali; jo_e_i yokes, joins /Prakrit; joenda_ to yoke, harness /Lahnda_; jon.a_ to yoke /Punja_bi_ [sk]
zak
to help, aid, assist others/SanskritUralic
seg-ély help; aid; relief; seg-ít to help, assist, aid /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian segély is derived from a FU origin. [Chong]
? cˆanggode-, šanggõd@- (Mordvin) [Chong]
Sumerian
suhuš support, foundation; to lift, support [jh]
Altaic
suke help; aid; assistence; sukui rescue; relief; help /Japanese
Indo-European
Italic
see Latin succurrěre to come to aid, succour, help, assist
zAkhA
branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]Uralic
szak age, era, period; branch, profession, subject; division, part, section; stanza, strophe, verse /Hungarian [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian szak- is of FU origin.
(?) *s'ukk3 (Proto FU); *s'akk3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
szak-ma trade; profession; szak-ács cook /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian szakma is from szakmány "contract" which is possibly related to szakad- "rip". which is considered a derivative of szak "age", "era", etc. [Chong]
Altaic
shoku an office; a post; duties; service; employment; work; a job; profession; a trade /Japanese
shokugyō an occupation, a calling; a profession; a trade /Japanese
suku to make, manufacture /Japanese
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
shakh a branch, bough, shoot, sucker, twig; a horn, antler; the arm, from the tip of the finger to the shoulder; the leg, from the groin to the foot; a small cut from a main stream; the spur of a cock; a rib; a bit, piece; a gusset, gore; the forehead; the main beam in the roof of a house; etc. /Persian [fjs]
shákh branch. P. /N. Baluchi [mld]
Indo-Aryan
zAkhA branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]
![]()

![]()
|
Back to Sanskrit List |
Additions in
red were supplied by Fred HámoriCopyright © 2000-2008
The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008