sanskrit5

Sanskrit Hungarian

Word List 5

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
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Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]

kantha_ rag, cloth /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

kendő kerchief; shawl, scarf /Hungarian

Altaic

Turkic

kendirik special table cloth (oilcloth) for making dough or sifting flour on /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

kamtun head kerchief /Manchu [as]
? kanda dewlap /Manchu [as]

{A dewlap is the flesh that hangs loosely from the throat of an ox or cow; the wattle of a turkey}

Austro-Asiatic

khan.d.a, khan.d.i a piece of cloth suitable for the dress of a woman, a sar.i twelve cubits long by two in width; khan.d.uak (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Caucasian

*k.a>nzV> shawl, kerchief /North Caucasian [ss]

*k.anzi kerchief /Andian [ss]

k.az /Avar; k.azi /Andi; k.a~zi /Akhvakh; k.anz /Chamalal; k.aze /Karata; k./azi /Godoberi [ss]

*k.as@ shawl, kerchief /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-k.as@/ Abkhaz; k.as@ Abaza [ss]

Dravidian

kanthe, kante a rag, a patched garment, especially one worn by certain ascetics or mendicants; a thick cloth made of quited rags used as a cover at night; kavudi (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

kan.t.ai a small cloth for wear (Tamil); kan.d.uva_ upper garment (Telugu); khand.va cloth; kandva_ dhoti, garment (Kol.ami); khand.a, khand.va cloth (Naikri); gand.a id. (Parji); garnd.a id. (Gadba); gar-n.d.a garment, piece of cloth (Kond.a); ganda_ cloth (Kuwi); gand.a cloth (Parji) (DEDR 1180). [sk]

Indo-European [pok: 917 (page 567)]

*kenth(o)- 'rag, cloth' /Proto Indo-European

Ai. kantha: `geflicktes Kleid'; arm. k`ot`anak `Kleid (dress), Decke (blanket, cloth)';

Greek κέντρωυ (kéntrou) 'skirt from rag, `Rock (skirt) aus Lumpen (rag), Flickpoem' ist Bedeutungslehnw. aus dem Lat.;

Latin cento: `aus Lappen zusammengena"htes Kleid oder Decke, Flickwerk';

Without Nasal ahd. hadara f. `Lappen, Lumpen' (*haÞro:, idg. *kotra:), nhd. Hadern; dazu mit l-Ableitung mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, davon hudeln `schmieren'.

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

kantha_ rag, cloth /Sanskrit [sk]

kapa_li_ a beggar's bowl; kUpa a flask , bottle /Sanskrit
kapa_la a jar in general; a cup; a cover, lid; kapa_lika_ a potsherd (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
kharpara skull /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

kupa cup [probably a loanword] /Hungarian
koponya skull /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

qb' goblet /Phœnician [cgj]

kwb#2 N kwb) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLAGal pitcher 2 Syr cup 3 JBA cash

LS2 320, J 616

LS2 v: kuwbA)

kp N kp) /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArEgOst,Palestinian,Syr,JBA palm, hand 2 ImpArEg hand: 1/3 of a cubit 3 Syr handful 4 ImpArEg spoon, ladle 5 Syr cup 6 Syr,JBA dish 7 JLATg pan of a scale 8 Syr,JBA sheaf, bundle 9 Syr %ddabrA)% plant name 10 JBA shoulder

LS2 339, J 657

LS2 v: kap.A) abs. voc: kap

Austro-Asiatic

khapri the skull; khapra pit.ha bread made from flour and water and baked in a piece of broken earthenware; khapra a large piece of broken earthenware (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Basque

kopa (B,G,U) cup, goblet, glass

Caucasian

*q_wa:p.a: pot, vessel /North Caucasian [ss]

*qa:p.a earthenware pot /Nakh [ss]

qa:ba /Chechen; qaba /Ingush [ss]

*q:apa ( ~ o) pot /Andian [ss]

q:aba/ /Avar; q:apa /Bagvalal [ss]

*x|:upa ( ~-o-,x|:w|i-) scoop /Tsezian [ss]

x|Iupa /Inkhokvari [ss]

*qaba vase /Dargwa [ss]

qaba /Akusha [ss]

*x|(:)w|ap: sack, bag /Lezghian [ss]

x|w|ab /Rutul; x|ab-g/a" /Tsakhur; x|eb /Kryz [ss]

*G@ba ( ~ -p:-) boat, vessel /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/-G|ba Abkhaz; G|ba Abaza; G|@ba/ Ubykh [ss]

Dravidian

kapa_l skull (Tiv. Tiruccan. 42); kapa_lam skull, cranium (Tiva_.); beggar's bowl; kapa_lakkuttu severe headache, acute meningitis, cephalalgia, sometimes causing blindness (In.. Vai. 217); kava_lin S'iva (Patin-o. Paran.a. Civa. Tiruvan. 12)(Tamil) [sk]

kharpara a beggar's bowl or dish; the shell of a tortoise; the half of a skull; the skull (Kannad.a lex.); gorpa shell of tortoise; skull (Kuwi); kipri skull; shell of snail, etc.(Pengo); kirpi shell (Mand.a); kirpa_, girpa skull (Kuwi) [sk]

Etruscan

cupa cup

Indo-European

Greek

kephale (Greek) [sk]
kúpē /Greek [lb]

Italic

? caput the head; the top, summit, extremity /Latin [listed in sk]
? cupa /Latin [lb]
cūpa cask, butt /Latin [Cassell]

Germanic

kopf cup or drinking bowl /Old High German
kopf skull /Middle High German
Kopf head /Modern German

Anatolian

hupalla/i- `cranium' or 'scalp' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Slavic

kupa bowl, brimmer, cup, goblet, chalice, beaker /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kapa_la skull, cranium (Avestan) [sk]

Indo-Aryan

kUpa a flask , bottle; kapa_li_ a beggar's bowl /Sanskrit
kapa_la a jar in general; a cup; a cover, lid; kapa_lika_ a potsherd (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

kharpara skull (Sanskrit); khappara shard, begging bowl, skull (Prakrit); kapa_la skull, begging bowl, frying-pan (usu. iron), potsherd (Pali); kopara_ a skull-like earthen vessel (Or.iya_) [sk]

Dardic

k^uo_pe_ top of head (Tira_hi_) [sk]

kará (1) doing; making, or causing or producing (2) the hand [lit. the busy one] /Sanskrit
kr.t making; doing; causing /Sanskrit

Uralic

gyár factory, mill < gyárt- to make, build manufacture /Hungarian

Sumerian

ğar to make

Ainu

kar to make [sm]

Altaic/Turkic

s'u_rat- create /Chuvash; yarat manufacture, produce /Osman, Tatar [Chong]

gur-mak 1. to build, create 2. to set /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ghaRa to make, to manufacture /Brahui

Etruscan

car-, cer- to build, make

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kar- do, make, build /Old Persian [oi1]

Indo-Aryan

kará (1) doing; making, or causing or producing (2) the hand [lit. the busy one] /Sanskrit

c.f. Hungarian kar "arm"

kr.t making; doing; causing /Sanskrit

kara ray, beam /Sanskrit
gharmá warmth, heat < ghr. glow, be warm /Sanskrit

Uralic

gerj- to blaze up, take fire; be induced (of an electrical current); to kindle, heat etc. /Hungarian
haragra gerjed fly into a rage {where harag anger} /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian gerjed is of unknown origin and is unrelated to harag [Chong]

Sumerian

kára, kár, guru₆ to shine, illuminate, to be bright [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 60 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Cushitic, East

diratu fire (Tambaro = Qabena); ji?'ira /Burji; gira /Sidamo; giira /Hadiyya; gira /Darasa; gira /Kambata; gira /Saho; gira pl girar /Afar; qoyra wood /Konso

Cushitic, South

waginimo pl magiru firewood /Alagwa; magiirmo pl maagir /Gorowa; magino pl magidu /Burunge; migirmo pl migir /Iraqw

Semitic

gir-um girr-um fire god of fire /Akkadian

Egyptian

d_r fire /Old Egyptian

Omotic

ge?'a fire /Janjero

Austro-Asiatic

kere to prepare charcoal, to carry out the process by which charcoal is made (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

*giola ( ~ -l/-, *gi_alo) to burn, fire /Altaic [ss]

*gal fire /Mongolian [ss]

qal (HI, SH), qal (IM), g|al (MA) /Middle Mongolian; gal /Khalkha; g|al /Kalmuck; gali, gal/ /Dagur; Gar /Monguor [ss]

*gul- 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth /Tungus [ss]

golo-wun 3 /Negidal; Golon tuwa 3; gulgin 'flame' /Manzhu; Gola- 2, Golz^|o~ 4 /Nanai; Gol-z^|o(n) 4 /Ulcha; gu.l- 2 /Even; gul- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*giu:l/o ( ~ -e) to smoke, fume /Altaic [ss]

*golu-mta hearth /Mongolian [ss]

golomt /Khalkha; g|ulm.t /Kalmuck [ss]

*gu":l- to smoke, fume /Tungus [ss]

gulu- (On.) /Nanai; gi:l- /Even [ss]

*k@r- to be smoked /Korean [ss]

k@l- /Modern Korean [ss]

*ku\su\-(m)p- to smoke, fume /Japanese [ss]

kusuba- /Old Japanese; kusubu/r- /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

hararet heat, fever /Turkish
köre-mek to begin to burn properly /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

gerhen bright; gerhen (mukiyembi) dawn; geri sparks /Manchu [as]

Basque

gar (C) flame

Dravidian

kerj- to warm oneself by the fire; kercip- (kercit-) to warm somebody else (Parji); re_s- to warm by the fire (aphaeresis of k-)(Kond.a); grehpa (greht-) to warm, warm by the fire, broil, foment; n. act of warming by the fire, fomentation (Kui); ke_r.njali to warm oneself in the sun; krenj- (-it-) to warm oneself; kreh- (krest-) to warm another (Kuwi)(DEDR 1967).[sk]

karw-, karv-, kar-, kar.- to burn; karv-, karsahta_na_, kar.ih- to burn; kar.ha field fit for burning cultivation (Gondi) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

gorjeti to burn, be consumed by fire; be lighted; blaze, flame /Serbo-Croatian
gorući burning, on fire /Serbo-Croatian
kuriti to burn (fuel); heat, warm /Serbo-Croatian
horieť burn /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

kara ray, beam /Sanskrit
gharmá warmth, heat < ghr. glow, be warm /Sanskrit

?Ears; handles; government?

karna [ kárna ] m. ear; handle; rudder /Sanskrit [aam]

Uralic

Hungarian kormány is seen as yet another loan from Slavic notwithstanding a possible Eastern origin.

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

hrmn N hrmn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JBA appointment 2 JBA authority 3 JBA office

J 368

(1) Indo-European

Classical Armenian [cao]

hraman 'order'; hramanatu 'ordering, commanding; (subst.) commander'

Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]

qahraman a valiant warrior, an invincible hero; name of a celebrated fabulous hero of Persia; power, authority; an administrator, curator, prefect /Persian

(2) Indo-European [rd: 738]

*k^wr-m- /Proto Indo-European reconstruction

Slavic

kъrma /Proto Slavic

Old Church Slavic: krъma `stern, helm'; Russian: korma/ `stern'; Serbo-Croatian: kr/ma `stern, helm'; Slovene: kr/ma `stern'

kormilar steersman, helmsman, pilot; kormilo helm, rudder; control, government; krma (ship) stern; krmaniti to steer /Serbo-Croatian; kormidlovat to steer /Cheh; kormidlovať to steer /Slovak; krmariti to steer /Slovene; kormilo steering-wheel ; kormchiia steersman /Bulgar

(3) Indo-European [aam]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

karna [ kárna ] m. ear; handle; rudder /Sanskrit

Altaic

see Turk ? Mongol also qurultai assembly

kŗc to grow lean; kŗc,a' lean, haggard /Sanskrit

karcsú slim, slender, lean /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

krs! (i) pinch /Akkadian [oi4]
qrs' pinch /Hebrew [oi4]
qrs!a_ne_ frost /Syriac [oi4]
qrs! (a, @) incise /Geez [oi4]
qrs! (a, u) pinch /Arabic [oi4]

karcsú derék "slender/slim waist" /Hungarian

Indo-European

kr.s'o_dara slender-waisted /Sanskrit [sk]

girhes lean, thin /Hungarian
kura diet, abstinence /Hungarian

Altaic

*go:r/a to starve, be empty /Altaic [ss]

*Ko:r/- become hungry /Turkic [ss]

qozy- Old Turkic [ss]

*guri- hungry, starving /Mongolian [ss]

guriad- /Khalkha; g|ur/a":, g|or/u:, g|or/u": /Kalmuck [ss]

*ko\rh- to be hungry; to be empty /Korean [ss]

kophy-, kol(h)- /Modern Korean; ko\r-pha>/-, ko\rh- /Middle Korean [ss]

*ka/ra\ empty /Japanese [ss]

kara /Old Japanese; kara/ /Tokyo [ss]

Basque

gihar (L) muscle; giharre (U) lean part of meat
gihar-tu (U) to become lean

Indo-European

kahira_ thin /Punja_bi_ [sk]

Knife, sword, spear, stake; twig, stick, loppings, branch

kartya, krtya_ knife /Sanskrit

kard sword /Hungarian

Uralic

har knife; kar dagger /Forrest-Nenets [fv]

Also cf. Hungarian kar-ó pointed stake (also used to impale)

Afro-Asiatic

qorte knife, sword /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*ga>\r/[a\] sharp edge /Altaic [ss]

*ger/ 1 notch of an arrow, arrow 2 aim (of a gun) /Turkic [ss]

kez (MK) 1 /Karakhanid; kez 'arrow shaft' (Abush., Pav.C.) /Middle Turkic; gez 2 /Turkish; ga"z 1 /Azeri; ke:z 2 /Gagauz; gezlik 'small knife' /Turkmen; kez 1 /Kazakh; kid|e (dial.) 1 /Bashkir; kes 1 (Tuv., Tof.) /Tuva-Tofalar [ss]

*gara bough, stick /Tungus [ss]

gara /Evenki; gar /Even; gaja /Negidal; gar, gara /Solon; Gar@x@n 'branch' /Modern Manchu; gar /Zhurzhen; Gara /Nanai; Gara /Ulcha; Gara /Orok; ga: /Oroch; ga: /Udighe [ss]

*ka/rh knife, sword /Korean [ss]

khal (Modern Korean); ka/r (ka/rh-) (Middle Korean) [ss]

*ka\ta\na\ knife /Japanese [ss]

ka\ta\na\ (Old Japanese); katana/, kata/na (Tokyo); ka/ta\na\ (Kyoto); katana/ (Kagoshima) [ss]

Turkic

kertik cut; incision; kertmek 1. to cut slightly; make an incision 2. to eat away 3. to leave (something) /Turkmen [glnp]

Caucasian

*k.irV knife, axe /North Caucasian [ss: 2187]

*k.irV big knife, hatchet /Andian [ss: 1441]

Avar: k.erelo (Unt.); Akhvakh: k.eru (Tlan.)

*k.ira 1 hook,stick with a hook 2 fang 3 hatchet, small axe /Lezghian [ss: 1477]

Lezghi: k.ir 1,2; Tabasaran: k.ir 2; Rutul: k.iruw 3 (Khnov.); Tsakhur: k.era 3; Kryz: k.ir 1; Budukh: k.ir 1; Archi: k.iri 3

Dravidian

kartari a knife; a dagger; a small ; ku_rahu sword (Kannad.a); kirtalagu a drawn blade of a knife or sword; kittalagu a small blade (Kannad.a lex); kartana cutting, clipping, shearing (Kannad.a, Sanskrit.)(Ka.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

ćorda sword /Serbo-Croatian
kord sword /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kareta, kareti knife /Avestan] [sk]

kard a knife /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

karč knife /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

*kr.taka, *kartta_ra, *karta knife [sk]; kartya, krtya_ knife /Sanskrit
kr.ti knife or dagger (RV.) [sk]

kar-ó pointed stake (also used to impale) /Hungarian

Altaic

*ga>\r/[a\] sharp edge /Altaic [ss]

*gara bough, stick /Tungus [ss]

Caucasian

*k.ara ( ~ -@) stick, log /North Caucasian [ss]

*k.aru ( ~ -o-) log /Andian [ss]

k.aru /Akhvakh; c^.aw /Chamalal; k./aru /Tindi; k.aru /Karata [ss]

*k.ara 1 rolling pin 2 battledore, roller 3 stick /Lezghian [ss]

k.ar 1 Lezghi; k.ar 2 Tabasaran; k.ar 3 Agul; k.ar 3 Rutul [ss]

*go:rV ( ~ -y:-) pole, piece of log /North Caucasian [ss]

*ga:ra 1 a piece of cloven log 2 block /Nakh [ss]

ga:ra /Chechen; gar /Ingush [ss]

*gVrV-lV rolling-pin, beater /Andian [ss]

gere/lo /Avar [ss]

*gerV (~@,y,o|,-l-) 1 pole 2 log /Tsezian [ss]

giri 1 /Tsezi; giri 2 /Ginukh; giri /Khvarshi [ss]

*k:or(a) ( ~ -y-) pole /Lezghian [ss]

gor, gorgor Udi [ss]

Dravidian

ka_r..u stake for impaling criminals (Tamil,Malayalam); kar..uku id. /Malayalam; ka_r..u sharp-pointed pieces of wood strung around cow's neck, trident /Tamil; ko.w point, pointed stick, wooden skewer used by Kotas, peg /Toda; kar.., kar..u an instrument for perforating an elephant's ear /Kannad.a [sk]

gar.., gar..a, gar..u, gar..uvu, gar..e, gad.e, gad.i bamboo rod or stake, bamboo, pole, staff, bamboo pole on which Kollat.igas or Dombas tumble, churning stick /Kannad.a; kari bar with which a door is fastened /Tulu; kare, gare the pole to which a bucket is attached in a country water-lift /Tulu; gar.a pole, long stick (Kond.a); kar..ai elephant-goad /Tamil; garud.agamba a pillar of wood before a ca_vad.i to which culprits used to be tied /Kannad.a; a high stone-pillar before a tempe, on which, at festivals, a flambeau is put; its base bears an image of garud.a /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European (?)

Proto Indo-European *gw|eru- [pok: 723]

English meaning: pole, pike ; German meaning: `Stange, Spies|'

ger-ely spear, lancet /Hungarian

Uralic

Also cf. Hungarian karó "pointed stake (also used to impale)"

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

gharil a man of a loosely-built frame; a long spear /Persian [fjs: 885]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

(2) Indo-European

Proto IE *g^haiso- (*g^h@iso- : *g^he:iso-) [pok: 610]

English meaning: stick; dart; German meaning: `Stecken, auch als Wurfspies|'

Germanic

Apparently we had Proto Germanic *gaisa 'spear' [db: 572]

Where /z/ changed into /r/

Proto-Frisian: *ge:r [db: 572]

-ger spear /Old Frisian

Germanic cognates: ON geirr, OE ga:r, OS,OHG,MHG,MLG ge:r, MDu. geer `spear' [db]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic (?)

gyr N /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArMesop,Palestinian,CPA,Syr,JBA arrow

LS2 100

LS2 v: ge)rA)

gally twig, sprig; loppings /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 68 #3> [oi4]

Omotic

k'ulloo stick w. spherical end /Kafa; kalloo stick /Koyra (=Kore?); kulloo wood /Shinasha; kalloo stick /Zayse

Cushitic, East

k'al- sacrifice slaughter /Oromo

Altaic

*goli log, wooden block /Altaic [ss]

*Ko"l- 1 wooden board, support for a gun 2 woodblock 3 cross-bar (over fire) /Turkic [ss]

ko"lo" 3 /Yakut [ss]

*go"le- ( ~ -u"-) (wooden) crane, wooden log for lifting logs to a carriage /Mongolian [ss]

*gola 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood /Tungus [ss]

golo 1 /Negidal; Goldon, Golton 2 /Manzhu; Golon|qo 2 /Nanai; Golon|qo 2 /Ulcha; Golo 1, 2 /Orok; gol 2 /Even; golo 1 /Evenki [ss]

*kura-i log with unpeeled bark /Japanese [ss]

kure /Old Japanese [ss]

Caucasian

*ga>lV ( ~ -l/-) stick /North Caucasian [ss]

*gala 1 wooden skittles 2 birch-tree /Nakh [ss]

gala 1 /Chechen; gal 2 /Batsbi [ss]

*gelV (~-@-,-o|-,-r-) pole /Tsezian [ss]

gilu /Tsezi; gelu /Khvarshi [ss]

ĉ:ala bayonet /Lak {The original meaning was 'long stick' [ss]}

*ga>l(V)gV stick /Caucasian [ss] < *ga>lV ( ~ -l/-) stick [ss]

Dravidian (Number in DED: 2587)

*cil.- branch, bifurcation /Dravidian [ss]

*cil.- branch, bifurcation /South Dravidian [ss]

cilla (Tiyya, Calicut) small branch of a tree /Malayalam; cil.l.e bifurcation, a fork (as that formed by two branches) /Kannada; gellu. (?) (B-K) branch, twig /Tulu [ss]

*Sil branch of a tree, tine of antlers, tributary of river /Nilgiri [ss]

cil /Kota [ss]

*cil.l.- bifurcated /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: cil.l.a (B)
Derivatives: Also cil.l.u a fork (as that formed by two branches) [ss]

*SeL- (*z^|-) branch /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

cella, jella "branch, bough" /Parji [ss]

ka_s'i the clenched hand, fist; a handful (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

Uralic

*katte hand /Uralic

kacsó, kéz {-t > z} hand /Hungarian

Sumerian

kùš forearm ; ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [šu-si] = distance from elbow to fingertips; channel;
kišib₍₃₎ (n.) hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt; (v.) to seal [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Bender (1988) , #37> [oi4]

Omotic

Proto North Omotic kuc# hand

kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee hand /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kuc# /Gimira; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; ku(t)s /Mao

Proto North Ometic kuc# kus# hand
Proto South Ometic kuc# kus# hand

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 306 #1> [oi4]

Semitic

qa_tum hand /Akkadian

Omotic

kuts'i hand /Anifllo; kuc# /Benche; kus#aa /Basketo; kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kus#ee (Dokko/Dokka); kuc# /Gimira; kus#ee /Gofa; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; kuc#c#aa /Koyra (=Kore?); kus#e /Kulla; kus#ee /Malo; kis#o /Mocha; kuc#c#u /Nao; kus#a , kus#e /Ometo; kuc# /She; kuc# /Sheko; los#ool , kiso /Shinasha; kus#ee /Wolamo; kus#ee /Zala; kus#ee /Zayse

Basque

esku hand

Caucasian

*gw@c/V arm /North Caucasian [ss]

*G|w|VĉV-n shoulder, arm /Andian [ss]

G|e~ĉa /Akhvakh; G|ar-G|aĉan /Karata [ss]

*go|ŝ:a (~-e-,-ŝ-) arm; foreleg /Tsezian [ss]

geŝa /Khvarshi; geŝa /Inkhokvari [ss]

*guĉ arm /Lezghian [ss]

guĉ /Tsakhur [ss]

ĉigin shoulder /Khinalug [ss]

*kwa>s/V paw /North Caucasian [ss]

*kw|aŝV (~-o-) 1 paw 2 foreleg /Andian [ss]

kw|aŝi 1,2 /Akhvakh; koŝa 2 /Chamalal; kw|aŝa 1 /Karata [ss]

*kw|aŝV (~-ŝ:-) paw /Tsezian [ss]

kw|aŝu /Khvarshi; kw|aŝu /Inkhokvari [ss]

*kw|aŝ handful, hollow of hand /Dargwa [ss]

kaŝ Akusha [ss]

*kw|Vŝ- hoof (of artiodactyla) /Lezghian [ss]

kuŝ-mul /Agul [ss]

*qa>rc./wV> shoulder, arm /North Caucasian [ss]

*phars(s) (~-a:-) arm /Nakh [ss]

phars /Chechen; phars /Ingush; phars /Batsbi [ss]

*G|az^u arm /Andian [ss]

*c.aG|:a (~-G|-) shoulder /Tsezian [ss]

c.aG|a /Inkhokvari [ss]

qaĉ. shoulder /Lak [ss]

*qarc.(w|)al(a) shoulder /Dargwa [ss]

quc.ar /Akusha; qac.ara /Chiragh [ss]

x|a(r) ĉ. side (of body) /Lezghian [ss]

x|aĉ. /Agul [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*kĕγą-t' hand (рука) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN209]

*keγąt-mą-n , *-ką-n hand, palm (кисть руки, ладонь) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN615]

kέγąnmą-n /Chukchee; keγątką-n (I) /Koryak; keγ- , keγąt-ląŋą-n /Palan; kaγ- /Alutor [ss]

*xk'i-č /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN213]

xk'i-č hand (рука) /Sedank dialect; xkič manus /West Itelmen; kxida digiti /SIT [ss]

Dravidian

? kusuku, kusaku, kusiku, kusun:ku to strike, beat, wash by slightly beating /Kannad.a [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghes-r, *ghes-to- hand /PIE [cg2]

Anatolian

keššar hand /Hittite

Indo-Iranian

Iranian/Avestan

gheez wrestling, embrace, armful /Pashto [tr]

Yuki

hą·s, hahs', hüss, haⁿs arm [y84]

How, in what way, where to, whither?

kathám [Vedic kathā'] (interr. adv.) how?, in what way? /Sanskrit

Uralic

hotj (conj) although /Vaddja [fv]

hog how; that /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]
hoģ how; that /Old Hungarian (16th. Century) [bm]
hogy how, that /Modern Hungarian

Hungarian hogy is derived from some FU root

*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]

kuze how (Mari); koda how (Mordvin) [Chong]

kõda' how; koj@t what kind of... (Kamas); hunc'er' how; hun'angy which (N'en'ec'); kutar how (Šölqup) [Chong]

{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

Yukaghir [emas]

quode 'how?'

Niger-Congo (?)

kaatu (conj) because /Mandinka [pc1]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

hôs (relat. and interrog.), how
hôs (conjunction) with Substantive clauses, to express a fact, = hoti, that.

Italic/Latin

ŭt (or ŭti)

(1) with indic. verb how (interrog. and exclam.)
(2) with subjunctive: in indirect question, how etc.

quod (conj.) the fact that, whereas; because; etc; quŏt (indecl.) how many

Anatolian

kuit (conj.) because, since /Hittite [ho]

kot 'how' /Lydian [cb2]

{IE *kw- (interrogative pronoun stem), Hittite kuwat (how)}[cb2]

Indo-Iranian

kathám [Vedic kathā'] (interr. adv.) how?, in what way? /Sanskrit

kvà, [Vedic kúa], (adv.) where? whither? /Sanskrit

hova whither?, where to? /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hova and hol officially derive from FU. [Chong]

*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 262 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

haba'lla where /Burji
ha'ba where /Darasa

Altaic/Tungus

aba where? /Manchu [as]
ai ba where? /Manchu [as]
ya ba, yaba where? what place?; yabade where? to what place? /Manchu [as]

Indo-European

Italic/Latin

ubi

(1) rel. adv. and conj., where, when
(2) interrog. adv. and conj., where?

Indo-Iranian

kvà, [Vedic kúa], (adv.) where? whither? /Sanskrit

hol where? /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hol and hova officially derive from FU. [Chong]

*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]

Yukaghir [emas]

qol- where?

khára (adj.) harsh /Sanskrit
garh blame, reproach; garhita despised /Sanskrit
ghorá awful, dreadful, horrid /Sanskrit

Uralic

gar arrogant, disdainful, haughty, presumptuous /Hungarian
garázda wild, savage; garázd-álkodás brawling; riot; havoc /Hungarian
goromba harsh, rough; raw /Hungarian

The origin of Hungarian gar is unknown while goromba is thought to be of Slavic origin.

*kore(-) anger /FinnUgor

harag anger, bad feelings; harag-szik to be cross; to be angry /Hungarian
horoguvec "got angry" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, haragudott) [gzb1]

Sumerian

gir₁₀, gi₉, ge₉ anger, fury; kúr hostile, belligerent [jh]

Elamite

harikka hostile [oi2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h'r rage /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

k)r V /Aramaic [cal]

021 Syr to trouble 022 Syr to shame 023 Syr to accuse 024 Syr to punish 051 Syr to be put to shame 052 Syr to be reproached

LS2 315

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 79 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

kwal- angry /Awngi; kar- angry /Qwara; kwar- kar- angry disturbed /Xamir

Cushitic, East

kw@ray- angry /Saho

Semitic

*kry *krh angry /Proto Semitic

Chadic

kwar hatred /Sura

Omotic

kaar- angry /Kafa; kaara- angry /Mocha

Austric

horiri enemy /Moriori [mor]
hara, mahie crime /Mäori [ng]

Austro-Asiatic

kala jhagr.a, kala jhogr. to quarrel, to wrangle; kharhia kharhi to quarrel with each other; kharhiau to quarrel (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

Turkic

hyrawa wild; hyrsyz evil, malicious, spiteful, angry /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

haradachi anger; wrath; displeasure

Basque

gordin raw, uncooked (C); obscene,offensive(B,G); cruel, ruthless(Z)

aharratu (L,LN,Z,U) to argue; to get angry
herra (L,LN,Z,U) hate, rancour, hatred
gorroto (C) hatred, rancour, ire, animosity

Dravidian

*kir- (*-d-) anger, angry; displeased .Dravidian [ss]

*kir- angry /South Dravidian [ss]

cirukku (cirukki-) to be angry with /Tamil; ki:ru to rage, burn with rage or great desire /Kannad.a [ss]

*cirr- anger, displeasure /Telugu [ss]

kir-e:ng abuse /Brahui [ss]

*ku:r.- wicked, cruel; rude /Dravidian [ss]

*ku:r.- bad, vulgar, rude /South Dravidian [ss]

ku:r.ai dullness of intellect, stupidity /Tamil; ku:r.a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; vulgar, etc. /Kannada; ku:r.e; ku:r., ku:ra fierce, cruel; ku:r.a-na:yi a ferocious, mean dog /Kannada; ku:l.a, khu:l.a bad, mean, cruel /Tulu; ku:r-na:yi a fierce dog /Tulu [ss]

*ku:k- foolish man /Nilgiri [ss]

ku:kn /Kota [ss]

*ku:l.- a wicked man, a cruel man /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: ku:l.a; Dialect forms (1): ku:l.u~d.u [ss]

ku_r..a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; ku_r.., ku_ra fierce, cruel (Kannad.a); ku_l.a, khu_l.a bad, mean, cruel (Tulu); ku_l.a, ku_l.u~d.u a wicked man, a cruel man (Telugu)(DEDR 1913). [sk]

cir-ukku (cir-ukki-) to be angry with; cer-u (-v-, -nt-) to hate, dislike, detest, be angry with; cer-r-am love-quarrel; cirar-r-u (cirar-r-i-) to be angry with /Tamil; cirv- (cirt-) id. /Kota; kir-k violent anger, madness; kir- tot.-. kir-k 0ot.- to become mad with anger (lit. anger strikes him); ker-n gwil.- to murmur in protest /Kota; ki_r-u to rage, burn with rage or great desire; keral. to become angry, begin to rage; keral.cu to enrage /Kannad.a; cir-r-a, cir-r-u anger, displeasure; cir-acir-a sullenness, ill-humour; cer-acer-al-a_d.u to be angry or furious; keralu to be angry or enraged /Telugu; kireni sullen, surly, out of temper /Kui [sk]

kar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to resent, get angry with; n. rancour, vengeful enmity; kar-ukar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to rage; kar-utto_r enemies; kar-uppu anger, displeasure; kar-umu (kar-umi-) to show signs of anger, be enraged; kar-uvam anger; kar-uval sign of anger; kar-uvu (kar-uvi-) to exhibit signs of displeasure; to rankle, entertain malice, implacable hatred; n. anger, wrath; enmity, hostility, hatred /Tamil; kar-ukka to rage; kar-ukar-ukka id., be beside oneself; kar-ukar-e_ fiercely, intensely; kar-avu rage /Malayalam; kar- enmity, anger /Toda; kar-upu, kar-uhu envy; kar-ubu, kar-umbu to envy; n. envy; kar-uba an envious man; fem. kar-ubi; kar-ubatana the state of being an envious person, envy /Kannad.a; kar.vita_na_, kar.wita_na_ to envy /Gondi; ka_r.bi anger; kar.bigattasi a bad-tempered man (r. = r)(Kuwi); xar angry /Bra_hui_ [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

orgê anger, wrath, orgêi chrêsthai to be in a passion
org-ilos [i^], ê, on, inclined to anger, irascible
org-izô make angry, provoke to anger, irritate

Albanian

urrej to hate

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghwer- wild beast [ahd]
*gher scratchy, rough, tearing. /PIE [see mcb]

Celtic

garbh rough /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish garb, Welsh garw, Breton garu, hard, cruel: *garvo-; Indo-European gher, scratchy, rough, tearing. [see mcb]

Armenian

gor noise, yelling; gorahl boast, brag, dare, have the audacity (to do sg);
goroz arrogant, proud /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [see Chong]

Slavic

graja uproar, riot, clamour; noise, hubbub; alarm, outcry, commotion, fuss /Serbo-Croatian
ogorčiti to embitter, irritate, provoke; gall, sour /Serbo-Croatian
goropad rage, fury, fierceness; grub rude, uncivil; brutal, vulgar /Serbo-Croatian
hrubý rude /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

gram (past part. adj.) enraged, angered, to growl in rage /Avestan
ghrrumbem roar /Pashto [tr]

harr abhorring, detesting /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

hirar detesting, expressing abhorrence of anyone before his face /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

karih one who abhors, detests, loathes, or abominates; loath, averse, unwilling /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

khára (adj.) harsh /Sanskrit
garh blame, reproach; garhita despised /Sanskrit
ghorá awful, dreadful, horrid /Sanskrit

kīţa worm; caterpillar /Sanskrit

Uralic

*kije (PF-U) [Chong]

kyy adder (Finnish); k@šk@, kišk@ (Mar i- derivative); kuj, kijov (Mordvin); kyj (Udmurt) [Chong]
gaada snake /Vaddja; kijov snake /Erzya [fv]

kigyó snake, serpent, viper /Hungarian

{/gy/ palatised /d'/}

Altaic

uji a worm, grub, maggot, larva /Japanese

Iberian

gaso "worm" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]

Indo-European

Slavic

guja venemous serpent, viper, adder, snake /Serbo-Croatian
gujavica earthworm [glista] /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

ki_d., kid.a_ worm, maggot, insect; kid.e~ any small creature of the serpent kind (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]

kīţa worm; caterpillar /Sanskrit

kīrķ praiser; kīrtķ mention; good report, fame < kr. mention with praise /Sanskrit

Uralic

hír news /Hungarian
hir-telen sudden, abrupt, without warning {root hír "news"} /Hungarian

The origin of Hungarian hír is officially unknown. [see Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

kiilaa messenger /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

hr about something; send message /Old Egyptian [cgj]
h.r' , h.r'wy immediately /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

hirō announcement; hiromeru spread, disseminate; hiromeya town crier /Japanese

Austric

kerere messenger /Moriori [mor]
karere, kaiwaewae, matarere messenger /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

a_ra, ha_ra taking, conveying; seizing; carrying away or off; removing; retaining; offering; ha_raka taking; bringing; conveying; seizing; hara bringing, conveying, carrying; haraka_ra a courier /Kannad.a; harika_r-a, parika_r-a a courier, a runner; a swift, fleet man; a hawker, a chandler; haravu to spread; harad.u to spread; haravad.i the state of becoming public or manifest; manifestation; display, parade; he_r-u to spread about, to display, to manifest (Kannad.a) [sk]

he_raka, he_rika, he_riga, ho_rika, ho_riga a spy, a secret emissary or agent (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 5691]

Indo-European

Greek

kêrussô to be a herald, officiate as herald; to be an auctioneer; make proclamation as a herald / c. acc. pers., summon by herald /Classical Greek [lsj1]

Germanic

âr messenger /Old English [sc1]
áirus messenger /Gothic; ârr /Old Icelandic [sc2]

English herald derives from Middle French heralt (var. heraut, whence French héraut), earliest as hirauz from Frankish *hariwald "the chief of an army" [ep: 286]

Indo-Iranian

ar- to go, to send, to bring; to move; to excite /Sanskrit < *h₃er- to rise /PIE [al]

kīrķ praiser; kīrtķ mention; good report, fame < kr. mention with praise /Sanskrit

Household, Family, Community; Common, Shared

ku_t.a a house, dwelling (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
kut.umba household; family /Sanskrit

ház house, home, dwelling, residence /Hungarian
ház-i household, house-, domestic /Hungarian
ház-as married; ház-as-ok married couple /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian ház is of FU origin.

*kota hut (Proto FU) [Chong]
*kat house; home; clan; (nest) /Proto Uralic [fh]

Ainu

kotan village [sm]

Altaic

*kad' house/place /Altaic [fh]

Turkish kent town; (settlement) . Turkish kat apartment; flat . Turkish konut residence . Azeri kend country . Mongol kota city . Uzbeg kota house . Chagatai kotan "wiestall" ? stable of somekind? [fh]

Turkic

ketek bird-house (i.e. chicken coop, hen coop, pigeon loft); öÿ house /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus/Manchu [as]

haša small storage house?

hecen wall; city, town
hethe property
hoton town, city

Dravidian

kud.l. front room of house (Kota); gud.il, gud.alu, gud.isalu, gud.asalu, gud.asala hut with a thatched roof (Kannad.a); kut.i house, abode, home, family, town, tenants; kut.ikai hud made of leaves, temple; kut.ical hut; kut.icai; kut.iai small hut, cottage; kut.il hut, shed, abode; kut.an:kar hut, cotage (Tamil); gud.i central room of a house, living room (Kui); gud.d.i temple (Gondi); kot.ika hamlet; gud.i temple (Telugu) (DEDR 1655) [sk]

ku_da cage (made of bamboo); ku_d.a hen-coop, pig-sty; cage (Kuwi); kut.gle the hoop or spring of a kind of mouse-trap (Malto); ku_t.u nest, birdcage, coop, hive, pen, sty, kennel, receptacle for grain, dome; cage; ku_t.a_ppu plaited coop for fowls, etc.; ku_n.t.u hen-coop (Tamil); gu.r. (obl. gu.t.-) nest, large hollow (Kota); ku.d. nest; kwa.t.-a.s- calf-shed; cowshed of Badaga village (Toda); gu_d.u nest, dove-cot, fowl-house, lodging, trap for catching wild animals, cage, pit of the stomach, hollow in bones (Kannad.a); nest, cocoon, bird-cage, hollow (Tulu); gu.d.i nest, pig-pen, fowl-house (Kod.agu); gu~_d.u nest, cage, niche in the wall, sheath (Telugu); gu_d.a nest, wooden trap (Parji); gu_d.e, gu_d.u nest (Gadba); gu_d.a_ bird's nest; ku_t.ini a stone-fall trap for birds; goda_ nest (Gondi)(DEDR 1883) [sk]

kot.t.il workshop, house, shed, cowhouse (Malayalam); hut, shed, cow-stall; kot.t.am cattle-shed (Tamil); kot.t.age stall or outhouse (esp. for cattle), barn, room (Kannad.a); kot.t.i shed (Kod.agyu; kot.t.a hut or dwelling of Koragars; kot.ya shed, stall (Tulu); kot.t.a_mu stable for cattle; kot.t.a_yi thatched shed (Telugu); kor.ka cowshed (Kolami Naikr.i Gondi); khot.a id. (Naikr.i); kot.am id. (Gondi); kot.a hamlet (Malto)(DEDR 2058) [sk]

Indo-European

Germanic

house /English; Haus /German

(1) Slavic [rd]

*ko,tja /Proto Slavic

Old Church Slavic ko,ŝta `hut, tent'; Old Russian kuĉa `hut, cabin'; Ukrainian ku/ĉa `bird-cage, pig-sty'; Bulgarian ka>/ŝta `house'; Serbo-Croatian ku\ \c/a `house'; Slovene ko,/ ĉa `peasant hut, shack'

(2) Slavic [rd]

*kotъ II /Proto Slavic

Old Czech kot `booth, stall (market)' [m o]; ko/t `booth, stall (market)'; Serbo-Croatian ko:t (dial.) `sty for domestic animals, young animals'

Old English head|or `incarceration, jail' is a cognate according to [rd]

(3) Slavic [rd]

*kotъcъ /Proto Slavic

Church Slavic kotъcъ `cage'; Russian kote/c (dial.) `(fish-)trap made from brushwood'; Czech kotec `sty'; Old Czech kotec `booth, stall (market)'; Old Polish kociec `enclosure for domestic animals'; Serbo-Croatian ko\tac `cattle-shed, weir'; Slovene ko/t@c `sty, bird-cage'

Curiously, Old English head|or `incarceration, jail' is also listed as a cognate of these according to [rd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kad house (Iranian) [Chong, fjs]

hazar town residence, a settled abode, home; presence; remaining in a place (opp. to travel) /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

gys house, home /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

gus' house (Savi); gos. house (Shina); ge_s'in, gus'i_n, ges'in house; go_s'in:g (Pas'ai) [sk]

ku_t.a a house, dwelling (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
kut.umba household; family /Sanskrit

köz- common, shared; public; "together with" /Hungarian

Uralic

*kite, kiteppe central /Proto FU [Chong]

köˆt interspace; (the) middle /Khanty; kwät'l middle /Man's'i [Chong]

kooza (adv.) together, jointly; kooza (prp.) together (+com) /Vaddja [fv]

köz-igaz-gat-ás administration; local government; köz-jog common law; köz-kincs public property; köz-rend public order; köz-társaság republic; common wealth; közön-ség public; audience; közön-es common; general; usual; köz-ös common, national közös-ség community; köz-ép middle, centre /Hungarian

Japanese

kozoru to bring together; kozotte in a body; en masse; as one man; unanimously; as a unit; solidly

Basque

-gaz 'with' comitative suffix found in the Bizkaian dialect in the west /Basque

"Interestingly, the Bizkaian dialect in the west has the quite different comitative suffix <-gaz>, which behaves in an anomalous way among case-suffixes and looks very much like a formerly independent element which has been abruptly glued onto a preceding noun phrase with no case-marking. The origin of this is unknown, but it seems to contain the suffix <-z> (phonetic [-s]). This thing is today the ordinary instrumental suffix in all varieties, but, in early Basque, it appears in a variety of forms in which it arguably has a comitative function. Some of us therefore suspect -- but cannot demonstrate -- that this <-z> was once the ordinary comitative suffix, but that it has become specialized as an instrumental with the rise of the new comitative formations." [lt3]

Etruscan

ceus "family, companion" [az96]
ceusn "family, community" [az96]
< *kiw-is [az96]
cisuita, cisvita "belonging to the clan, community" [az96]
cisum "(part) of the family" [az96]

Indo-European/Anatolian

kTTãna, kTTa (A) relatives /Lycian [cb]

kŗ'mi worm /Sanskrit

Uralic

hernyó worm [that which chews grooves] /Hungarian

Officially, thought possibly to be related to hornyol- "groove", "notch". [Chong]
See Basque haran "valley" or Hungarian garan "valley", horony "groove" etc.

Altaic

*o:\re worm, snake /Altaic [ss]

*o"ren snake /Turkic [ss]

vereni (Bulg.) /Old Turkic; v@w|re(n) /Chuvash [ss]

*u:re 1 worm 2 snake /Tungus [ss]

uje 1 /Negidal; weren 2 /Ulcha; u:re 1 /Evenki [ss]

*b@\r@\ti\ big snake /Japanese [ss]

wo\ro\ti\, wo\ro\di\ /Old Japanese; o/rochi /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

gurçuk worm /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

iro maggot /Moriori [mor]
iro maggot; noke, toke worm /Mäori [ng]

Basque

har worm

Dravidian

*er- worm /Dravidian [ss]

*Ir-ai worm /South Dravidian [ss]

irai intestinal worm /Tamil; ira bait, worms /Malayalam; ere a worm that lives in orts, a worm in general, bait /Kannada; ere, ere pul.u worm (earthworm, tapeworm) /Kodagu; eru moth, worm /Tulu [ss]

*er- earthworm /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: era; Dialect forms (1): erra [ss]

*er- (*-r-) earthworm /Gondwan [ss]

*er.-/*er- earthworm /Gondi [ss]

er.e pur.uk "earthworms" /Koya; erad /Maria [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

eulê, hê, worm, maggot, the larva of the fly; of common worms

(2) Indo-European

Greek

helmins -minthos (which is cognate with helix ?)

Germanic

helminth a worm esp. a parasitic intestinal worm /English

Indo-Iranian

kŗ'mi worm /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern (????)

oya maggot, screw worm, larva (Cochliomyia hominivorax) /Alabama [tm]

kşāra pungent, saline < kşā burn /Sanskrit
kşúdh, kşudhā hunger < kşudh be hungry /Sanskrit (?)

Uralic

*kVc'e bitter /Ugrian; *kän'c'e thin, meager /Ugrian

keser-gő plaintive; keser-ű bitter; keser-eg to grieve, mourn /Hungarian
keshed wear out, fall apart /Hungarian

Sumerian

kaš beer ??

Altaic

*gusa bitter, sour /Altaic [ss]

*gasi-gun /Mongol
*goši- /Tungus [ss]

*kesV to suffer /Altaic [ss]

*Keset- to order, threaten /Turkic
*keseg|e- to punish, correct /Mongolian
*kese:- 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture, lacerate 5 sad /Tungus
*kj@\s- to suffer, experience /Korean [ss]

Basque

kexa-tu (L.LN,Z,U) complain

Dravidian

*kas- bitter /Dravidian [ss]

*kas- bitter South Dravidian [ss]

kaya (-pp-, -nt-) to be bitter; abhor, loathe, detest /Tamil; kaikka, kas/akka to be bitter, be disliked /Malayalam; kay, kam.yi, kayi, kayyi, kaypu, kaype bitterness /Kannada; kay- (kayp-, kayc-) to be bitter /Kodagu; kaipe\, kayipe, kaipelu. bitterness; bitter, envious /Tulu [ss]

*kas-/*ce:- raw, unripe (kasu~ga:ya unripe fruit) /Telugu [ss]

*ke:- bitter /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

se:nd /Kolami; ke:p- (ke:t-) "to be sour or bitter" /Parji; ke:mbur, keymbur /Salur [ss]

*kai- to be bitter /Gondwan [ss]

*kaj- /Gondi
*ke- /Pengo-Manda
*ka-mbli, *kac- /Kui-Kuwi [ss]

*qas- to become bitterish, insipid or vapid /North Dravidian [ss]

qase /Malto [ss]

kassa sour /Kuwi; kasa, kasaku, kasaru, kasi, kasu, kasuru astringency /Kannad.a [sk]

kusuri, kusri, kosaru anything given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tulu); kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Telugu; kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332). [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

casaid a complaint, accusation /Gaelic; casoid /Irish; cossóit /Old Irish {The Gaelic is a compound, beginning with con, and seemingly of the same origin as Gaelic faosaid "confession"} //// ceasad a complaint /Gaelic; ceasacht, grumbling /Irish; cesnaighim, complain, ces, sorrow /Middle Irish [see mcb]

Slavic

kiselina acid, sour substance; kiseliš sour liquid (wine) /Serbo-Croatian
kiseliti make sour; kiseo sour, tart /Serbo-Croatian
kyslý sour /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

kşāra pungent, saline < kşā burn /Sanskrit
kşúdh, kşudhā hunger < kşudh be hungry /Sanskrit (?)

Muskogean/Eastern

kaskaha sour (as a lemon or orange), tart, tangy /Alabama [tm]

kunda round vessel; round hole in the ground for water or sacred fire /Sanskrit

Uralic

kandalló fire place; kondér large cooking pot /Hungarian

Sumerian

gun kiln + dillen = fireplace; dalla beam,ray

Altaic

kün sun <fire? /Turkic; til heat /Mongol

Caucasian

*gh|wa>ndV> ( ~ -e>-,-y>-) hole, pit /North Caucasian [ss]

*gw|andV ( ~ -o-) pit /Avarandian [ss]

gw|end Avar; gw|andi Akhvakh; gann Chamalal; g/andu Tindi; ganda Karata [ss]

kuInt.a small pit /Lak [ss]

*gw|@d@ ( ~g/w|-,-dw|-) vulva /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

gw|@d@ Adyghe; gw|@d Circassian [ss]

Dravidian

ka_ntu to burn (Tamil, Malayalam) [sk]

kanda small trench for fireplace (Kui); trench made as a fireplace during weddings (Kond.a); fire-trench (Pengo); kanduka, kandaka ditch, trench (Tulu); kandakamu id. (Telugu); kandri a pit (Malt.o) (DEDR 1214). [sk]

kandal a small earthen water-vessel (Kannad.a); kandelu pitcher, large pot (Tulu); kan-n-al earthen vessel, waterpot (Tamil)(DEDR 1415).[sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

khandaq a ditch, fosse, moat /Persian [fjs]

The word is common to both Persian and Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]

kand_.. "ditch, hole" /Baluchi [ak1]

[ak1] suggest that this is probably to be connected to New Persian kan- / kand "dig", cf. kand "cutting".

konD (n.) cave, hole, den; konD∂g to dig, excavate, pick at /Baluchi /mab]

Indo-Aryan

kunda round vessel; round hole in the ground for water or sacred fire /Sanskrit

Foam, wave, roll; wash out, river, bay

kup (1) become moved or agitated; boil (2) be angry; boil with rage /Sanskrit

hab foam; hab-ok billows; the ocean; hab-leány mer-maid /Hungarian
hab-oz waver, hesitate, be reluctant /Hungarian
hemper-eg to wallow, roll about /Hungarian
himbál to swing; to roll; to rock, to balance /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hab is thought to derive from FU. [Chong]

*kumpa wave /Uralic

Finno-Ugric

kumboldo- undulate (Erzya); kumpua- (Finnish); kump- (Khanty); hump- (Southern Khanty); gybav float (Komi); kombõldõ- bubble up, undulate (Mokša) [Chong]

Samoyedic

kaba wave (En'ec'); haamba wave (N'en'ec'); kongfu wave (Nganasan); komba- (Šölqup) [Chong]

pára mist /Hungarian

Dravidian

kampam < kampa vibration, shaking, motion (Man.i. 17,63); kampitam quivering, quaking, trembling, shaking (Tiruva_ta. Pu. Man.cumanta. 56)(Tamil.lex.) kampan-am motion, vibration, shaking; quaking, trembling with fear (Ka_cippu. Tar..uvak.); kampalai trembling, quivering, quaking; uproar, tumult, quarrelling; kampittal to shake, toss (Kampara_. Paracura_map. 8); to tremble, quake (Tiruva_ca. 4,61); to shake, vibrate (Pirapo_ta. 23,12) (Tamil.lex.); kampa-va_tam shaking palsy, paralysis agitons (Ta.lex.) tun.ukkam trembling, palpitation of the heart through fear (Kampara_. U_rte_t.u. 97); vibration; tun.un:ku-tal to fear (Ta.lex.) [sk]

Sumerian

_ab lake, sea; ab-zu sentient sea; ab- window, depression [jh]
bír mistiness (of the eyes) [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

qbh N qbt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr foam of juice

LS2 640

LS2 v: qeb.t_A)

qwpy#2 N qwpy) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr mass floating on water 2 Syr foam

LS2 682

LS2 v: quwpyA)

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 152 #3> [oi4]

Bedawiye, Beja

hebib, hubbaat foam (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, East

h!embo foam /Saho; hinboo /Afar; humbi /Kambata; omac#a /Oromo; h!umbo(f.) /Somali

Altaic

*k`o/p`i (~-e) foam /Altaic [ss]

*ko"p- to swell, foam /Turkic [ss]

ko"pu"k 'foam' /Old Turkic; ko"pik 'foam' /Turkmen; kúw|búw|k 'foam' /Chuvash; ko"p- /Yakut [ss]

*ko"g|e- to foam, swell up /Mongolian [ss]

ko"gege-, ko"ge- /Written Mongolian; ke|he|- (IM), ku- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; xo":- /Khalkha; ko":- /Kalmuck; xue:- , xue:re-; xue:s 'foam' /Dagur; ko:-; ko:rs@ 'foam' /Monguor [ss]

*xapu- ~ *xopu- foam /Tungus [ss]

x|ofon ~ x|afun /Manzhu [ss]

*k@\phu/m foam /Korean [ss]

k@\phu/m Middle Korean [ss]
k@phum Modern Korean [ss]

*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]

*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]

ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]

*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]

obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]

a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]

kawa river; a stream; brook /Japanese

Austric

apa to move (things), to place, to put. /Rapanui [anon]

Ka apa te kumara ki roto ki te kete Put the sweet potatoes inside the basket [anon]

awa channel, river /Moriori [mor]

ip- water /Mendi; ipa- water /Kewa, Enga, Ipili; iba- water /Huli; ibo- rain /Awa; obe- water /Dorig; ebe- rain /Nengone; ubata- rain /New Georgia; abo-abo- rain /Tagalog; afa- storm /Samoa; afu- waterfall /Samoa [pkm]

Basque

apar (B,G,U); habuin (L) foam

Etruscan

ipas, ipase oscillating,wavering [az96]
*ep-/*ip- to vacillate, doubt [az96]

Indo-European

Greek

aphro-s "foam"

{Greek aphro-s "foam" resembles the Basque apar, but the Greek is without an explanation within the frame of Indo-European [mo]}

Celtic

òb a creek /Gaelic; from NNorse hóp, small land-locked bay, Scottish hope, Anglo-Saxon hóp, valley. [mcb]

tabh the sea, ocean /Gaelic; from Norse haf, Swed. haf, Danish hav, the open sea, Anglo-Saxon haef. From Norse also comes the Scottish (Shet.) haaf, open sea [mcb]

Anatolian

hapa a river /Hittite [cb]

Slavic

para steam, vapour /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

âpa [ap] water /Avestan

kaf (S. kapha), Froth, foam, scum, soap-suds, spittle; a small quantity; a black tincture with which the eyebrows of a bride are dyed /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

ap- water /Sanskrit

kup (1) become moved or agitated; boil (2) be angry; boil with rage /Sanskrit

Quechua

para rain; paray to rain [q2]

öblít to wash out, to rinse /Hungarian
öböl bay (Bay of Biscay) /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian öblít is thought to be possibly onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian öböl is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

'uwbal river, canal /Hebrew (Old Testament Strong No: 0180)

Altaic

*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]

*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]

ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]

*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]

obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]

a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]

Basque

ubil (B,U) whirpool

Muskogean/Eastern

oowila to overflow its banks (of a creek or lake), flood /Alabama [tm]

Var: oowiila Var: oowihla [from tm]

kútas from what place? whence? wherefore? why? how? /Sanskrit
kútra where? whither? /Sanskrit

kut-at investigate, search, explore /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian kutat is officially onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Altaic

göz eye {t>z}/Turk

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*γi>te>- "to search (for), seek", "to look" (искать, смотреть) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN526]

*γite- "to look" (смотреть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN395]

γitε'- /Chukchee; γite- /Koryak; γite- /Palan; γita- /Alutor [ss]

*in-xt- (~ *-ft-) /Proto Itelmen [ss]

'in-ft- "to search (for), seek" (искать) /Sedank dialect [ss]
'in'-γtyz "quaerere" /West Itelmen [ss]

Basque

-keta suffix meaning 1) search; 2) large amount of; 3) activity; 4) season, weather 5) competition /Basque

Etruscan

cath, cathin to grasp, perceive [az96] /Etruscan
cathe shrewd, intelligent, sly [az96] /Etruscan
cathna perception [az96] /Etruscan
cati, cathni, catni examination, perception [az96] /Etruscan
esxath, esxathce to investigate, interrogate, to seek [az96] /Etruscan

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

katha how,how, much, when; kutha how, when; kuthra where, how /Avestan

Sumerian

ki where; kid to open; ki-n look for; kig', kin seek

kot-or to dredge, to dig up; to poke about /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian kotor is thought to be 'possibly' onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

xtr N /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLAGal shovel

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #199> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

gwa"d- till, dig /Bilin; gwoz- plough /Qwara

Cushitic, East

qod- dig /Somali

Egyptian

c#o_o_je (Sah), jo_ji (Boh) cut /Coptic Egyptian

Cognate Set < Newman et al. (1966) , #134> [oi4]

Chadic

huudee to hoe /Hausa
ghud/@ to hoe /Tera

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #4.12> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

k'ot- dig /Proto East Cushitic

Semitic

q@ta_ya_ q@ta_ta_ pit /Syriac

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 406 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

k'ot- dig /Proto East Cushitic

k'ot- dig /Burji; qod- /Somali; xut- /Rendille; od- /Boni; ot- cultivate /Bayso; g'ot%z- dig /Dasenech; ot- /Elmolo; k'ot- /Oromo; qot- /Konso; k'os#- /Gidole; qot- /Dullay

Cognate Set <Appleyard (1984) , p. 46 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

g@s#-, g@'s# (?) till, dig /Awngi; gwa"z- till, dig /Kemant; gw@z- till, dig /Xamir; gwa"d- till, dig /Bilin

Altaic/Turkic

gaz-mak to dig /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

tuki(a), kutoro(tia), puhaka(ina) root up; kutoro(tia) to grub /Mäori [ng]

Austro-Asiatic

hatr.a hatr.i, hutr.a hutr.i groping; t.amd.ao, hat.rao to grope (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Caucasian

*gaz|a: hoe, mattock /North Caucasian [ss]

*gaza hoe, mattock /Avaroandian [ss]

gaza/ (Avar); gaza (Andi); goza (Chamalal); gaza (Karata); g/aza (Godoberi) [ss]

k:ac:a hoe (for digging graves) /Lak [ss]

*k:ac:a hoe, mattock /Dargwa [ss]

gaza /Akusha [ss]

*k:ac:aj 1 hoe, mattock 2 pick, pickaxe /Lezghian [ss]

k:ac:a 1 (Lezghi); gazu 2 (Tabasaran); gaza (Burk.) 2 (Agul); gaz|aj 2 (Rutul); gazaj 1,2 (Tsakhur); g@z@j 1,2 (Budukh) [ss]

Dravidian

*kot.- to dig; to peck; to break; *kot- to peck /Dravidian [ss]

kutar_u (kutar_i-) to dig up and scatter (Tamil); kodaru to be scattered (Telugu)(DEDR 1704).[sk]

goodar hoe; guddar. spade, hoe; kudar. spade, axe (Gondi); guddali hoe with spade-like blade (Kod.agu); guddali, guddoli, guddol.i a kind of pickaxe; guddolipuni to dig with a pickaxe (Tulu); guddali, guddili, guddela, gudde_li, gudde_lu a hoe; guddalincu to hoe (Telugu); kudal. spade (Naikri.) (DEDR 1722).[sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

kat-a^roô, plough up

Anatolian

hattari(ya)- `to hoe' (or sim.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

kodal a hoe; a ditch, a well /Persian [fjs]

also c.f. Hungarian kút "a well"

khatar, khutar weeding (a garden) /Persian [fjs]

Quechua

qataray to uncover [q2]

Yuki

k'o·t-, k'ot'- scratch₁ [y84]

köször-ül to grind, file, scratch /Hungarian

Uralic

*k8"s'3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Altaic

kasuri-kizu scratch; abrasion; graze; kasuru to graze /Japanese

Indo-European/Anatolian

kiša to scratch /Hittite [cb]

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Additions in red were supplied by Fred Hámori

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Last updated 25 June 2008