Sanskrit Hungarian
Word List 3
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]
catúr
(num.) four /SanskritUralic
csütör-tök Thursday, "4th" day of the week /Hungarian
Hungarian csütörtök derives from Slavic or Iranian
Hungarian csütörtök seems to be "closer" to the weak form of the Sanskrit - catúr while the Slavic mimics the strong form catvār
Indo-European
Slavic
četvrtak
Thursday /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian
Iranian
č∂tr
four-year-old; young and strong. (Term applied to camels but occasionally used in poetry to refer to a vigorous young warrior.) /Baluchi [mab]Indo-Aryan
catúr (num.) four /Sanskrit
catvār (strong form of catúr) four /Sanskrit
Heart, kind, friendly; Pretty, pleasing, lovely
çéva
kind; dear /SanskritUralic
*sid'ä(me)
heart /Uralic; *sim heart Ugriansüä heart /Vaddja [fv]
szív-es kind, friendly < good hearted!kind /Hungarian
szív-el to like /Hungarian
szív (m>v) heart /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian szív is of FU origin.
Sumerian
šag 4
heart; sig sweet, goodAfro-Asiatic
sfn (be) gentle, kind /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Indo-European
Celtic
sìobhalta civil, peaceful, Irish sibhealta, from Irish síothamhuil, peaceable, Early Irish sídamail. Borrowing from English civil has been suggested (Celt.Mag.@+12 169). [from mcb]
Germanic
sefa heart [ws]; mind, mood, spirit [sc1] /Old English
brêost-sefa mind, heart [sc1] /Old English
Indo-Iranian
Iranian [fjs]
sababat love, desire (especially tender or vehement); a fog; [lahibi sababa, ardour of love] /Persian
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
sipas kindness, grace, favour; praise, thanksgiving; consent, approval; prayer; -- sipas burdan (danistan), To acknowledge a favour, to be grateful; -- sipas dashtan, To thank, to give thanks; -- sipas kardan (guzashtan), To offer thanks, to thank; -- sipas nihadan bar, To put an obligation upon, to claim thanks /Persian
sipasa, supasa kindness, humanity; an obligation, a favour by which one is bound to gratitude; gratitude, thanksgiving /Persian
shafaq (v.n.) compassionating, pitying, condoling; the crepuscule, twilight; the red glow of dawn or sunset (construed with rekhtan); pity, condolence, kindness, affection; fear; shafaqat (often pronounced shafqat) compassion, pity, mercy, commiseration, clemency, indulgence, kindness, affection; condolence; favour /Persian
Loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
çéva kind; dear; çivá kind; friendly; gracious /Sanskrit
çubh
adorn; look beautiful, shine /SanskritUralic
szép beautiful, pretty, lovely /Hungarian
szép-ít to adorn, beautify /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian szép is 'possibly' of FU origin. [Chong]
? sepp craftsman, smith, etc. (Estonian) [Chong]
? seppä artisan, master, smith; ? söpö cute(Finnish) [Chong]
? cˆæp'pe clever, smart, etc. (LpNr) [Chong]
? šeper pretty /Vogul
Sumerian
šuba
(2/3) (adj.) pretty, shining [jh]Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
sbk. (be)excellent, successful /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
$pyr A /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim beautiful 2 Syr,JBA suitable 3 Syr %$apiyr )ap.e)% talcum 4 Syr %$apiyr gensA)% noble 5 Syr %$apir zabnA)% opportune 6 Syr %$apiyr Tar:pe)% spinach
LS2 797
LS2 v: $apiyr
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #249> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
s#eboob(R) good(to be)/beautiful (Bedawiye, Beja)
s#oob(R) good/beautiful/pleasing/lovely (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
s#op- sweet(to be) /Hadiyya
Cushitic, South
s#eba beer /Proto East Rift
Altaic
Turkic
c'ibär
pretty /Turkish; ĉebär master /Kazah; šep pretty /Chuvash; säb love /Uygursap 1. pure, clean 2. morally pure /Turkmen [glnp]
ceber "pleasant, amiable"; ceber "pure, sober" /Cuman [pbg]
Japanese
sōbi
magnificence; sublimity; sublime beauty; grandeurDravidian
saubha_gya beauty, grace, charm /Kannad.a; subhaga, sobagu beautiful, lovely /Kannad.a [sk]
(1) Indo-European [from various sources]
Celtic
seabhach trim, neat /Gaelic [mcb]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian [mab]
zeb (n.) beauty, handsomeness /Baluchi
zeba (adj.) pretty, beautiful /Baluchi
Iranian [fjs]
sabahat (v.n. of Q) being handsome, beautiful, comely; beauty, comeliness, grace; fairness of complexion /Persian
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
sabih beautiful, handsome /Persian
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
ziba beautiful, elegant; adorned, arranged; consistent; a woman's name; ziban beautiful, elegant; decked; ziba'i beauty, gracefulness; zibad it is worthy, it becomes, behoves; fit, proper, becoming /Persian
Indo-Aryan
çubh adorn; look beautiful, shine /Sanskrit
(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction: *k/eu-bh-
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*su(m)p/b- ? to make up, "beautify" /Proto Iranian
Middle Persian: (+ *ni-) MMP nhwmb-1, BMP nhwmb- /nihumb-/ `to hide, conceal, cover up, guard', (nomin.) MMP nhwmb'g'n (pl.) `guardians'
New West Iranian: (nomin.) ? NP sufrah `anything on or in which victuals are placed', table-cloth'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: s/obh- `to be/make beautiful, make up, adorn' (RV+)
Roof; tent, cover, shelter, refuge; shade
chAda
a roof /Sanskrit [iits1]tető
roof; lid, cover /HungarianUralic
Hungarian tető is supposedly derived from tet(ik) "appear", "seem" which is of unknown origin [see Chong]
Dravidian
ta_t.u
the sloping frame of a roof /Kannad.a; tat.t.u deck as of a ship, kappar-r-at.t.u; upper storey of a building; platform, balcony; mat to sit on (Te_va_. 439,10)(Tamil lex.); tot.t.u id., point /Kannad.a [sk]Etruscan
teta to cover, protect [az96]
Indo-European
Italic/Romance
tectum -i, roof; (tecto) tegĕre (v.) to roof, cover /Latin
Which, according to the theory of "regular sound correspondences", is related to
Italian tetto 'roof'; Spanish techo, tejado; French toit
and perhaps
Portuguese teto "ceiling"
Indo-Iranian
chAda a roof /Sanskrit [iits1]
sátor tent /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian sátor is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
çadýr tent /Turkish
çatma hut, tent /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
chatra, catra a parasol, an umbrella (Kannad.a) [sk]
sa_t. to cover up, block out light (Kuwi); sa_t.u hiding, secret place (Kond.a); ca_t.u a refuge, shelter (Kannad.a); cover, shelter, screen (Telugu) (DEDR 2441). [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
čador
tent, pavillion; šator tent /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian/Iranian
čad∂r
sheet, mantle /Baluchi [mab]chadar a tent, pavilion; a mantle, scarf; a veil; a sheet; a shroud, windingsheet; a table-cloth; chatr an umbrella, parasol (especially as an ensign of royalty); a tent; a tuft of hair on the crown of the head /Persian [fjs]
sadil the awning or canopy over a camel's litter; a veil stretched across a tent or in front of a female apartment./Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists sadil as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
söt-ét dark, gloomy /Hungarian
Uralic
*¢ett3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
çytyk 1. gloomy, sullen, cloudy (personal) 2. gloomy, dark (weather) /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
sa_t. to cover up, block out light (Kuwi); sa_t.u hiding, secret place (Kond.a); ca_t.u a refuge, shelter (Kannad.a); cover, shelter, screen (Telugu) (DEDR 2441). [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
chatu a veil, a covering /Persian [fjs]
(2) Indo-European
Germanic
You might think that English shade, shadow has a place here, but that would be heresy as the unattested IE root is apparently derived as *skot- "shade. shadow, darkness" according to [ep: 611-2]
Yuki
soot', sut shade, shadow [y84]
Deceive, trap
chal
stumble; deceive /Sanskritcsa-l
cheat, to bait on /HungarianUralic
es
fall down /HungarianHungarian csal "to cheat" is of unknown origin. [Chong]
While csel is officially thought to derive from csal. {Chong]
Mesopotamia
sa
net,cord; sa-g'a captive /SumerianAltaic
jalidambi to cheat /Manchu [as]
*t`a:la to plunder, seduce /Altaic [ss]
*ta:la- 1 to rob, plunder 2 to harm, slander /Turkic [ss]
tala- 1 /Old Turkic; tala- 1 /Turkish; ta:la- 1 /Turkmen; tola- 2 /Chuvash [ss]
*tala- to rob /Mongolian [ss]
tala- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; tal- /Khalkha; tal@- /Kalmuck [ss]
*ta\r'a/i- to lure, seduce /Korean [ss]
ta\r'a/i- Middle Korean [ss]
*ta/ra/-s- to deceive, lure /Japanese [ss]
ta/ra/-s- Old Japanese; taras-u Tokyo [ss]
dabh-
`to deceive' (RV+) /Sanskrit [Cheung]csa-p
trick, trap /HungarianUralic
One official source says Hungarian tév- is derived from a F-U root.
*tep3- (PUg) [Chong]
Another source says téved- is derived from an earlier tév- which is the root of Ugric origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 578 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*sab- deceive /Proto East Cushitic
sibaabbo'o spider /Burji; sab- sasab- flatter /Somali; sisob- deceive /Boni; sosob- deceive /Bayso; sob- lie /Oromo; sassap- deceive /Konso; sob- deceive /Burji; sosob- slip slide /Afar; sapsapic#c#e spider /Harso; sapsapic#c#e spider /Dobase; saapsapitte spider /Gollango; sasapate spider /Elmolo; s#aazi spider /Dasenech
Altaic
*t`apV to trick, caper /Altaic [ss]
*Teb trick, device /Turkic [ss]
teb /Old Turkic [ss]
*tebede- to fuss, dither; hurry /Mongolian [ss]
tebede- /Written Mongolian [ss]
tevde- /Khalkha [ss]
*tabsa- to caper /Tungus [ss]
tapsi.ĉi.- /Orok; tawsa- /Even; tawha-, tapsa:n- /Evenki [ss]
*ta/pa/- to caper /Japanese [ss]
tapa-k-, tapa-r- (RJ ta/pa/bu/r-) /Old Japanese [ss]
tawake/ru, tawamure/ru /Tokyo [ss]
Dravidian
tappu (tappi-) deception, falsehood; fault, error (Tamil); tappar-ai < dabbar-a (Telugu) falsehood, deception, irregularity, error (Tamil); tap- (tapy-) to make mistake (Kota); tappal stumbling, erring (Kannad.a); tabbarisu to slip, stumble (Kannad.a); tappu fault (Tulu); tappu error, mistake (Telugu); tappud.u erring (Telugu); dabbar-a a lie; false, dishonest; dabbu to lie; n. deceit, lying (Telugu); tap- (-t-) to miss or fail, falter (Kond.a); dapa lie; false (Kui); tappu ki_nai to misdo; tapu wrong, sin, error (Kuwi)(DEDR 3071). [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1] (?)
apa^taô cheat, deceive // Pass., to be self-deceived, mistaken
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*dab- to deceive /Proto Iranian [Cheung]
Avestan dab- `to deceive' ; Parthian: (nomin.) db `trick, ruse' ; Sogdian: (+ *pari-) (nomin.) CSogd. prdbn `deceit' ; Chorasmian: (+ *pari-) prd|bs- `to be deceived', (caus.) prd|'by- `to deceive', (nomin.) brd|'b `deceit' ; New East Iranian: Oss. I. davyn/davd, D. davun/davd `to steal', Wa. d|ûv(û)y-/d|ovoyd, d|ûw(û)y-/d|owoyd `to steal', also bûw-/bowd `to deceive', ?? Yi. lou:-/lowa/i `to graze'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: dabh- `to deceive' (RV+) [Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction: *dhebh- `to deceive, harm (someone), belittle, lessen' [Cheung]
cint
(1) think, reflect (2) set one's thoughts upon; think upon; (3) call attention to /SanskritUralic
gond care, worry, anxiety, concern; gond-ol to think /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian gond is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*gu:\no think /Altaic [ss]
*guni- be sad, anxious /Mongolian [ss]
guni- /Khalkha; g|un/@- /Kalmuck; guni- /Dagur [ss]
*gu:n- 1 to say 2 to think /Tungus [ss]
gu:n- 1 /Negidal; Guni- 2 /Manzhu; un(de)- 1 /Nanai; wembuwu 1 /Ulcha; un- 1 /Orok; xen-duru 1 /Zhurzhen; go":n- 1 /Even; gu:n- 1 /Evenki [ss]
{ Loss of *g- in Ulch., Orok. and Nan. is unclear.} [ss]
*ky\ny\r- to take care of, to look after /Korean [ss]
ky\ny\r'u\- /Middle Korean [ss]
kynyly-da /Modern Korean [ss]
*k@\n@\-m- like, wish /Japanese [ss]
ko\no\m- /Old Japanese [ss]
kono/m- /Tokyo [ss]
Basque
kontu (C) charge, responsibility, care, caution, precaution; account, bill, check; difficulty, problem; story
Dravidian
co_ntai interest, concern, connection; advance in coin or kind given by a land-owner to his cultivating tenant in order that the latter may remain continually attached to him (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Iranian
gynd∂g to see; gynd-w-č∂ar see-and-look: deliberation, consideration /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
cint (1) think, reflect (2) set one's thoughts upon; think upon; (3) call attention to /Sanskrit
cintā thought; anxious or sad thought; sorrow; plans < cint /Sanskrit
Give, take, exchange
dā
give, bestow, grant /Sanskritad
to give; elõ-ad to perform {elõ- prefix meaning 'before; in front of'}/HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian ad- is believed to be of FU origin.
*amta /Uralic
anda- /Estonian; anta- /Finnish; oˆntas /Khanty; ud- give to drink /Komi; vuow'de- /Lapp; ando- feed, nourish /Mordvin; ud- give a drink /Udmurt; // ati- lend /Nganasan - F-U loanword? [Chong]
Altaic
*iát`a
to give /Altaic [ss]ataeru
to give /JapaneseAustric (?)
oatu offering /Moriori [mor]
Caucasian
*=VtV'
to give [ss]Dravidian
*od-
to give [ss]Etruscan
ut-
to give [pa]; to carry out, to perform [lb](1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*dó- to give, to take, exchange /proto IE [cb2]
Celtic
doenti (they give; 3st pl. pres. Celtiberian) [cb2]
Italic
dirsa, dida- (Pelignan) I give /Umbrian [cb2]
do, dăre, dĕdo, dătum (1) to offer, give, grant, lend, bestow; to hand over, commit, devote; (2) to cause, bring about, put /Latin [Cassell]
Paleo-Balkan
tón 'a present' /Thracian [cb2]
Anatolian
da - to give /(Hittite, Luwian, Lycian B, Lydian) [cb2]
Indo-Iranian
dā
give, bestow, grant /Sanskrit(2) Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
tam I give; permit, let /Classical Armenian [cao]
c.f. the definite form (first person singular) of
Hungarian adom 'I give (it)' = ad 'give' + -om 'I'
et verb; 3rd. singular aorist of tam /Classical Armenian [cao]
c.f. the 3rd. singular indefinite form of Hungarian ad verb 'to give'
{Aorist (n.) a Greek tense expressing indefinite past time; Aoristic (adj.) indefinite in point of time.}
dattá
given [ppl. of root dā give, bestow, grant] /SanskritUralic
odutta vola "gave" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]
adta "gave" /Modern Hungarian
Old Hungarian had odutta (past tense) with an auxiliary verb vola, now obsolete in modern Hungarian [gzb1]
ottada v to take /Olonets; ottaa /Karelian [fv]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*dó- to give, to take, exchange /Proto IE [cb2]
Italic
deded he gave /Oscan [cb2]
Anatolian
dadón they gave /Phrygian [cb2]
Indo-Iranian
dattá given [ppl. of root dā give, bestow, grant] /Sanskrit
dam
(1) be tame (2) to tame, conquer; become master; control /SanskritUralic
dumotå- battle / Nganasan [Chong]
tám-ad to arise; attack, assail /Hungarian
Hungarian támad is officially of unknown origin. [see Chong] and is supposedly the origin of Hungarian támasz - see under Hungarian tám "to support etc."
Sumerian
du14...mú to start a quarrel ('quarrel' + 'to ignite') [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
deema (v.) to hunt /Mandinka [pc1]
tuumi to accuse /Mandinka [pc1]
tam (v.) to accuse, accuse someone of witchcraft /Wollof [pc2]
tuumal to accuse (wrongly) /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Tmm V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to close 012 Syr to stupefy 013 JBA to fill up 041 Syr to be closed 021 Syr to shut up 022 Syr to tame 023 JLAGal,Sam to block, to stop up 051 Syr to be closed 052 Syr to be tamed 031 Syr to close 032 Syr to tame
LS2 279
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 639b #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
jimi military expedition /Kemant
Semitic
zmt go on a military expedition /Geez
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #60> [oi4]
Omotic
daam-i war; dam bab warrior /Ari
deem-u war /Dime; dami war(big raiding party) /Hamer
Altaic
Mongol
tumturi- /Classical Mongol [Chong]
Tungus
jaman argument, quarrel; jamarambi to argue; jamaran quarrel /Manchu [as]
temšembi to contend, to quarrel, to compete /Manchu [as]
Etruscan
temamer to rebuke, assail [az96]
zimuthe "(one who) lowers, strikes, trusat" [az96]
Indo-European
Anatolian
tamaš to torment /Hittite [cb]
Classical Greek [lsj1]
damazô overpower
I. of animals, tame, break in 2. of metals, work; of land, clear
II. of maidens, make subject to a husband
III. subdue, conquer; to be subject to another b. of the gods, bring low c. subdue, gain the mastery over 2. lay low, kill, esp. in fight 3. of the powers of nature, etc., overcome, overpower
IV. agôna damassai ergôi win
Italic/Latin
dŏmo dŏmare dŏmŭi dŏmĭtum, to tame, break in, conquer, subdue [Cassell's]
Germanic
tame /English
zähm (adj.) tame; zähmen (vt) to tame /German
Slavic
tamaniti to destroy, exterminate, annihilate /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
dam (1) be tame (2) to tame, conquer; become master; control /Sanskrit
damá, damana conquering < dam /Sanskrit
tham ambush. Si. /N. Baluchu [mld]
Sino-Tibetan
*ti:m to throw down, suppress /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Meaning "to submerge" [ss]
dian 4 Modern (Beijing) < ti\em Middle Chinese < ti:ms Old Chinese
nê.m Vietnamese {see Hungarian nyom "press"}
*ti/m / *ti/p step on /Kiranti [ss]
dám
house; dáma house, home /SanskritUralic
tám to support, make fast, stable /Hungarian
tám-asz support; támasz-fal retaining wall; támasz-kod to rely on /Hungarian
tám-la back; tám-o-gat to support, help /Hungarian
Hungarian TÁMASZ is supposedly related to TÁMAD "to arise, attack" [see Chong]
Sumerian
dim to make fast; bond {d>t}; temen foundations [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
tmk to support /Phœnician [cgj]
Sino-Tibetan
*[t]a:m carry on the shoulder, support /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Meaning "to carry on the shoulders"
dan 1 /Modern (Beijing) < tâm Middle Chinese < ta:m Old Chinese
da`m /Vietnamese
stem (p. stems) to hold, to support. /Tibetan
thamh to bear or carry on the shoulder. /Burmese
do:m to support (from below), dom to hold, hold up. /Lushei
Altaic
*t`a:ma wall, roof /Altaic [ss]
*da:m wall 1: house 2: roof /Turkic [ss]
tam /Old Turkic; dam 2 /Turkish; dam 2 /Azeri; ta:m 2 /Turkmen [ss]
*tama wall /Mongolian [ss]
tam /Khalkha; tam@ /Kalmuck [ss]
*tamV- shed, cover (for a hut) /Tungus [ss]
tami.xi. /Nanai [ss]
*ta/m wall /Korean [ss]
tam /Modern Korean; ta/m /Middle Korean [ss]
*ta\mu\rua/ plot; camp /Japanese [ss]
tamura, RJ ta\mu\ro/ /Old Japanese [ss]
Tokyo: tamuro/, ta/muro
Kyoto: ta/mu\ro\
Kagoshima: tamuro/ [ss]
Etruscan
tham-
to build; to foundIndo-European
Reconstruction
*demH build; *dom- house /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Slavic
temelj foundation, basis, base; substructure, bottom /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
dám house; dáma house, home /Sanskrit
dhara_
earth /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
tér space, area, a field; terep ground, land, terrain /Hungarian
Hungarian tér is possibly of F-U origin.
*tär3 (Proto Ugric)
tiir@ng deep (of a fishing net, etc.), high (KnVah, KnVasjugan); tir definite width of the net (KnVasjugan) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Twr N Twr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim mountain 2 Palestinian,CPA,Syr field
LS2 272
LS2 V: TuwrA) abs. voc: Tuwr
Twryh N Twryt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr mountainous region 2 Syr field
LS2 272
LS2 V: TuwrAytA)
Cognate Set<Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 57 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Cushitic, East
duul place, country /Saho; d/ul(-kii) (d/u(u)l) earth, ground, land,world /Somali; tirri earth, land /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
teri dust /Iraqw
Omotic
c#'ure dust /Gidicho (Haruro); tulo dust /Janjero; turu ground /Nao
Altaic/Turkic
tarap 1. direction 2. place, land 3. side 4. part 5. group, side /Turkmen [glnp]
ÿer 1. place 2. land 3. earth, ground 4. Earth 5. place, position, duty 6. sleeping area /Turmen [glnp]
Dravidian
terapu space, room (Tulu); ter-a open; ter-acu to open, set open, uncover, expose, exhibit, display, unfasten, unlock; ter-apa open, exposed; ter-api intermission, cessation, pause, break (Telugu); tir-a (-pp-, -nt-) to cut open; tir-appu open, unfortified place; cleft, opening; tir-avu opening, unveiling; open space (Tiruva_ca. 37,6); tur-appu a key (Tamil); tirp key (Toda); ter-a an opening, clearing, state of being clear or bright; ter-apu, ter-ahu opening, an opening, gap, an interval, cessation, intermission (of sounds, rain), interstice, room, place; ter-avu opening; ter-ave opening, becoming manifest, appearing; ter-e to be unclosed, be uncovered, open; make open, open, uncover, unfold; n. oipening, state of being open (Kannad.a); tora- (torap-, torand-) to open (Kod.agu) (DEDR 3259) [sk]
tarai the earth (taraiyot.u tiritala nalitaru...calataran- : Te_va_. 568,2); soil, land, ground (Ko_yir-pu. Pataca. 43); tarai-p-par-r-u plains; taraiyar people on the earth, earthly beings (Marutu_. 98); tarai-va_ram owner's share of agricultural produce; tarai-k-ka_ran- owner of the land, distinct from: ceykai-k-ka_ran- (Tamil lex.) taram earth /Tamil; tara_talam earth (Kampara_. Kat.iman.a. 47); tarai the earth (Te_va_. 568,2); soil, land, ground (Ko_yir-pu. Pataca. 43); tarai-k-ka_ran- owner of the land, dist. fr. ceykai-k-ka_ran-; tarai-p-par-r-u plains; tarai-va_ram owner's share of agricultural produce (J.); tarai-p-pan:ku id. (J.)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
tír land, country /Irish //// Old Irish "tír" and Welsh "tir" derive via the reconstructed Insular Celtic "tíros" from the Indo-European root *ters- (to dry),with a simple dichotomy at work: water is wet and land is dry. Cognates include "terra", "terrain" and "terrace". [from dk]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
d∂r out, outside; open fields, area outside a city /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
dhara_ earth /Sanskrit [sk]
dhr.
(1) hold, bear, support; make firm; carry; wear (2) hold fast; hold in check, bear, withstand /Sanskritder-ék 1) waist; 2) honest; tall; well-built, fine; well done; handsome /Hungarian
örök eternal, perpetual, everlasting /Hungarian
törzs trunk (tree); tribe; ship's hull /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian derék (meaning 2.) is possibly derived from derék "waist" which is believed to be a loan from Slavic? [Chong]
Sumerian
dára, dár belt, sash; to bind, pack [jh]
da-rí [URU] long-lasting, enduring, eternal [jh]
dirig superior, outstanding [jh]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
dr perpetuity /Phœnician [cgj]
Trq A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr fat 2 Syr honest 3 Syr noble 4 Syr strong 5 Syr hero 6 Syr distinguished 7 Syr expert
LS2 291
pl: Tar:qAne)
LS2 V: Treq
Austric
turu permanent /Moriori [mor]
toitu, pumau, tuturu, auki permanent /Mäori [ng]
Austro-Asiatic
d.ora a string round the waist with which every Santal child is provided immediately after birth (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Hurrian-Urartian
tara-(g)e/i powerful, strong [ryan]
tara-iuhi powerful, strong [ryan]
Sino-Tibetan
*tu:r ( ~ d-) thick /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be thick, ample, generous" [ss]
dun Modern (Beijing) < ton Middle Chinese < tu:r Old Chinese
ãdur thick and clammy, thor the growing fat of cows etc. /Tibetan; thu be thick, not thin, LB *thu. /Burmese; dau1 thick ( < Burm. ?). /Kachin [ss]
Altaic
*darV(mV) back, waist /Altaic [ss]
*jaryn shoulder, shoulderblade /Turkic [ss]
jaryn Old Turkic [ss]
saryn Yakut [ss]
*dere(me) pillow /Mongolian [ss]
*darama waist, back /Tungus [ss]
dajama /Negidal; dara, darama /Manzhu; darama /Nanai; darama /Ulcha; darama /Orok; darúm /Even; darama /Evenki [ss]
*ti:ri thick, plenty /Altaic [ss]
*di:r- to live /Turkic [ss]
tir- /Old Turkic; di:ri 'alive' /Turkmen; c^@r@ 'alive' /Chuvash [ss]
*c^irgag|u taut, hard, stiff /Mongolian [ss]
c^irgag|u /Written Mongolian; c^argu: /Khalkha [ss]
*dir- 1 thick 2 plentiful 3 gullet /Tungus [ss]
*(d)ita- plentiful, strong /Japanese [ss]
ita- Old Japanese [ss]
Dravidian
*to:r- large, stout, mature /Dravidian [ss]
*to:r- large, stout /South Dravidian [ss]
to:ra bigness, largeness, plumpness, stoutness, greatness, dignity, a stout man, a great man [derivates: to:ritu that which is big; to:rida a big man] /Kannada; to:ra stoutness, thickness; thick, stout, large /Tulu [ss]
*to:r- thick, stout, large /Telugug [ss]
Basic form: to:ramu [ss]
*to:r-z^|- to grow, mature /Gondwan [ss]
*tro:z^|- (< *to:rz^|-) to grow in body, become mature and well-developed /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
tro:ja (tro:ji-) /Kui [ss]
to_ra bigness, largeness, plumpness, stoutness, greatness, dignity, a stout man, a great man; to_ritu that which is big; to_rida a big man (Kannad.a); to_ra stoutness, thickness; thick, stout, large (Tulu); to_ramu thick, stout, large (Telugu); tro_ja (tro_ji-) to grow in body, become mature and well-developed; pl. action tro_ska (tro_ski-) (Kui)(DEDR 3557) [sk]
dar.ya_ stout, thick (Kur.ux); tur-u to be thick, crowded, full, be closed (Tamil) [sk]
Eutruscan
tur the robust one > bull, ox [az96] < *taur- [az96]
tura robust, solid (fem.) > cow, heifer [az96]
tura, ture to reinforce, swell, make firm [az96]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*deru- firm, solid /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ta:>uro-? bull /PIE [bd]
{This is a non IE word according to [bd]}
Italic
taurus bull /Latin
Albanian
*taur- bull /Proto Albanian [bd]
ter bull [bd]
tar-t to hold, keep /Hungarian
tűr to bear, to suffer /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian tart- is 'possibly' of F-U origin. [Chong]
tarttua to grab hold of; to keep; to hold on to; to stay /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian tűr is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*tör-, *tür- /Old Chuvash [Chong]
*t`o:\re (~-u:-,-r/-) hold, lift; take /Altaic [ss]
*tu:ri:-n hold, support 1: support (n.) /Tungus [ss]
tuju 1 /Negidal; turi-n-,turu:- /Nanai; turu-wen- /Ulcha; toro-n|olo- /Orok; tu:ri:-n /Evenki [ss]
*ty/r- hold, lift /Korean [ss]
tyl-da /Modern Korean [ss]
ty/ri/-r (the infinitive is ty\r-, with a generalized low tone) /Middle Korean [ss]
*t@\r- ( ~ -ua-) take 1:(caus.) give /Japanese [ss]
t(w)o\r- /Old Japanese [ss]
to/r-u /Tokyo [ss]
Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction: *dher- `to hold'
Anatolian
Hittite /dar-/ `to hold, to say (?)',
Italic
(nomin.) Latin firmus `firm, steady'
Baltic/East
Lithuanian deru\ `to be good for'
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*dar- to hold, keep; [intr.] to dwell /Proto Iranian
Avestan: da:>r- `to hold, keep' ; Old Persian: dar- `to dwell', (form. caus.) da:r- `to hold' ; Middle Persian: MMP d'r-, BMP d'l- (YH.SNN-) /da:r-/ `to hold, keep', (nomin.) BMP d'ls^n, (YH.SNN)s^n /da:ris^n/ `maintenance' ; Parthian: d'r- `to hold, keep' ; Khotanese: (+ *pati-) OKhot. pader- `to maintain' ; Sogdian: SSogd. d|'r, BSogd. d|'r, CSogd. d'r, MSogd. d|'r `to have, hold, keep' (also aux.), (nomin.) (Asg.) CSogd. d'r'mntw (m.) `keeping' ; Chorasmian: d|'ry- `to hold, have' ; Bactrian: lhr- `to have, hold, keep, etc.'
etc........
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: dhar- `to hold, to keep, to preserve' (RV+)
dhvr.
(dhvárati) bend or make crooked; harm by deceit; cause to fall /Sanskritcsavar to turn, twist, screw, wind; braid, plait /Hungarian
kavar to stir, churn; kever to mix, blend /Hungarian
cifra ornamented, decorated /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian csavar is officially thought to be 'possibly' related to kavar. [Chong]
Hungarian cifra is supposed to be a loanword. from IE
Niger-Congo (?)
debe (v.) to plait; deberilaa (n.) one who plaits; deberoo plaiting /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #1.02c028> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
t'uub-+ squeeze out /Proto South Cushitic
tsobo?'ot- to melt /Alagwa; t'uub*-, t'uub*it_- squeeze(?); to milk /Dahalo; si'bi *P wring /Maa
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
c#'irf- braid /Gidole; jirf- braid /Konso
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #13> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*c#'irf- braid /Proto Konso-Gidole
c#'ifr-aa hairdo(woman's) /Oromo
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 29 #4> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*d/lifr- braid /Proto East Cushitic
dafarri clothes /Dasenech; d!afar braid /Rendille; dful- *P plait /Saho
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #12.09> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
c#'ifr- braid plaited smth /Proto East Cushitic
c#'irf- braid /Gidole; jirf- braid /Konso; c#'ifr-aa hairdoo (womens') /Oromo
Semitic
d!pr plait /Proto Semitic
d!fr plait /Arabic; d!fr plait, twist /Geez; s!@pa_r Geflecht (network, weave, wickerwork) /Hebrew
Altaic
*s^i_u:bo to twist, twisted threads /Altaic [ss]
*sub-luk turban /Turkic [ss]
*subu- to unravel, unstring /Mongolian [ss]
subu-, suba-, subi- /Written Mongolian; suva- /Khalkha [ss]
*s^u":ba 1 to spin, twist (threads) 2 thread 3 fringe /Tungus [ss]
c^i.wa- 1, c^i.wa 2 /Negidal; s^uwase 3 /Manzhu; se^wa 2 (Arm.) /Even; c^i:wa- 1, c^i:wa 2 /Evenki [ss]
*č`ibe
to twist, turn /Altaic [ss]*čebir-
/Turcçevirmek translate /Turkish
*kabari oar /Altaic [ss]
*kajigur /Mongol
*kabri /Tungus
*kapiara /Japanese [ss]
Dravidian
caval. (caval.v-, cavan.t.-) to bend, be supple (as the arms of a fencer); cavat.t.u (cavat.t.i-) to bend, twist (Tamil); caval.uka to be flexible (Malayalam)(DEDR 2393). [sk]
kavari chowrie (Tamil); kavaram hair-plait (Malayalam); kavari id., woman with fine hair; yak; yak's tail, chowrie (Malayalam); kabari, kavari braid of hair, knot of braided hair (Kannad.a); kabari tufted hair of females (Tulu); kavara, kabara, kavari_, kabari_ braid of hair (Skt.)(DEDR 1327). [sk]
kavar to churn (Tamil); kavvare, kavval.e, kauvare, ko_vari, kaval.i a turning or whirling round, agitation, confusion (Kannad.a); kapparamu agitation of mind, confusion; kappara-pad.u to be confused, agitated (Telugu)(DEDR 1340) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
čvor
knot, hitch; bow, tie; node, gnarl; Gordian knot /Serbo-Croatiancifran ornate, decorated /Serbo-Croatian
nula; arabska cifra; [ifyr cipher /Bulgar
shifr cipher /Russian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian [fjs]
zafr (v.n.) plaiting, braiding (the hair of the head); twisting a rope; jumping, running; throwing provender into a horse's mouth; a rope for binding camels or pack-saddles; a large pile or hill of sand; any structure of stone without clay or mortar; -- zufur (pl. of zafar) ropes with which camels are bound. /Persian
[fjs] says zafr is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
zafir a braided or plaited lock of hair /Persian
[fjs] says zafir is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
Iranian [mab]
tab (n. and adj.) twist, turn /Baluchi
∂var (adv.) together; mixed with /Baluchi
givar plait (the plait on one side of the central part in a woman's hair) /Baluchi
Indo-Aryan
dhvr. (dhvárati) bend or make crooked; harm by deceit; cause to fall /Sanskrit
kavara mixed , intermingled , variegated; a braid , fillet of hair /Sanskrit [iits1]
kabara a. speckled, brindled; f. {I} a braid of hair /Sanskrit [iits2]
Quechua
qiwiy to twist [q2]
Ulwa
kawatnaka vt. (kawatpi) stir (liquid) [ud]
Yuki
č'i·p-
wring1 [y84]c
sűr-ni-(csavar-ni) to twist about, wring out /HungarianUralic
in several F.U. languages t'ser /Zurj, ĉers to spin, braid /Votj
Sumerian
ŝer-im
part of a loomAfro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #64> [oi4]
Omotic
?'ur twist (v.t.) /Ari
t'ur twist (v.t.) /Dime
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
t∂rr∂g to turn (physically: the face, the body, etc.); to turn (a colour); to wander. /Baluchi [mab]
t∂rren∂g to turn (transitive); to stir (a liquid); to translate /Baluchi [mab]
du_s.ya
fine cotton cloth /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
busás ? rich, ample; dús thick, rich, abundant, opulent /Hungarian
Etruscan
tusiu, tusnu swollen, jammed, rich, smug, excited [az96]
Dravidian
tu_cu cloth, garment, cotton (Tamil); du_su, du_sa, du_s.ya cloth, cotton, calico (Kannad.a) [sk]
Indo-European
Greek
da^sus, eia, u, Ion. fem. dasea /Calssical Greek [lsj1]
I. with a shaggy surface
1. hairy, shaggy 2. thick with leaves 3. generally, rough, thick 4. d. oura cloudy
II. 1. hoarse 2. aspirated
Indo-Iranian
du_s.ya
fine cotton cloth /Sanskrit [sk]
Shine, spark, glitter, bake, burn, catch fire, flame, sun etc.
dyut
gleam, lighten, shine /SanskritUralic
se_d'
coal /Mordvinsoojõa (trans.) to heat; soojõtaa (intr.) to heat /Vaddja [fv]
süt shine, bake; sütõ oven; sül to bake /Hungarian
Sumerian
šun
shine,brightlySino-Tibetan
see Chinese "burn or scorch earth around the grave; masonry" [ss]
ji 2 /Modern (Beijing) < cjit /Middle Chinese < c/it /Old Chinese [ss]
*cu burn, bake /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ăchod
(p. bcos, f. bco, i. chos, chod) to bake; to cook in boiling water. /Tibetanc/hu to boil (intr.), bubble. /Burmese
z^|u2 to burn, as wood. /Kachin
thu dry (as fish); be half burnt. /Lushei
*c@/ ( ~ ?c-) burn, roast /Kiranti
'co-ca roast /Sunwar
ca- bake, burn, scorn /Thulung
Afro-Asiatic
šw sun, sun light; sh.dj illumine, make clear /Egyptian [cgj]
sate fire; site beam of light ? /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
iss-ik
heat, hot /Turk*ŝia:\t`i\ to set fire, burn /Altaic [ss]
*sita- to catch fire /Mongolian
*ŝa:ta (~ĉ-) burned coals, ashes /Tungus
*sta:i-, *st@/k 1 to solder, tinker; to make fire 2 rice cake /Korean
*sit@-ki rice cakes offered to gods /Japanese [ss]
Basque
su, sute
fire; sutegi (C) fireplaceCaucasian
*c.a>jy> fire /North Caucasian [ss]
*c.e fire /Nakh [ss]
c.e /Chechen; c.i /Ingush; c.e /Batsbi [ss]
*c.a?i fire /Andian [ss]
c.a /Avar; c.a /Andi; ĉ.ari /Akhvakh; c.a: /Chamalal; c.a: /Tindi; c.aj /Karata; c.aj /Botlikh; c.aj /Bagvalal; c.aji /Godoberi [ss]
*c.@ A fire /Tsezian [ss]
c.i /Tsezi; ĉ.e /Ginukh; c.a /Khvarshi; c.o /Inkhokvari; c.o /Bezhita; c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
c.u fire /Lak [ss]
*c.a fire /Gargwa [ss]
c.a /Akusha; c.a /Chiragh [ss]
*c.aj fire /Lezghian [ss]
c.aj /Lezghi; c.a /Tabasaran; c.a /Agul; c.aj /Rutul; c.a /Tsakhur; c.a" /Kryz; c.@ /Budukh; oc. /Archi; arux| /Udi [ss]
ĉ.a" fire Khinalug [ss]
*mAc.w|a fire /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/-mca /Abkhaz; mca /Abaza; ma:s.^a /Adyghe; ma:f.a /Circassian; m@z^|/a/ /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
cut.ar burning lamp; flame; spark; cut.ar-en.n.ai drops of burning oil dripping from lamp, torch, etc. (Tamil lex.) cut.al drops of burning oil falling from a lamp, charred end of a burning stick /Tamil; cut.ar-nilai lampstand; cut.ar-nilai-t-tan.t.u id.(Tamil lex.); cut.u (cut.uv-, cut.t.-) to be hot, burn (Na_lat.i, 89); warm, heat (Kur-al., 267); burn up; roast, toast, bake, fry, cook in steam (Tiruva_lava_. 30,20); to calcine, as medicine (Tamil lex.); burn as bricks in a kiln, cauterize, brand; n. burning, heating, scalding; cut.ar light, brilliance, lustre; sun; sunshine; moon; planet; fire; cut.alai, cut.u-ka_t.u burning-ground; cu_t.u (cu_t.i-) to brand (as cattle), cauterize; n. that which is heated, burnt, roasted; heat, warmth, feverishness, fomentation, hot temper, anger, brand /Tamil; brand /Tamil; cu_d.u id. /Telugu; tu_d.u id. /Kannad.a; cu_t.u scar, callosity; cut.uka to burn, be hot, feel hot; burn, make hot, toast, roast, bake; cut.uvukka to get one to burn; cut.ar fire, brightness; cut.ala the burning place in the southern corner of the compound, burning or burying place; cu_t.u heat, burning /Malayalam [sk]
cu.t.-) heat, a burn, spark thrown off by hammered iron; pair-word with pa.r. hardship (pa.r. cu.r.)(Kota); tur.- (tut.-) to burn /Toda; sud.u (sut.t.-) to burn, roast, bake, fire (a gun); be consumed with fire, burn, feel hot, be roasted; n. burning, etc.; sud.uka who has burned; sud.uvike, sud.uha burning; sud.u-ga_d.u cemetery; su_d.u burning, cauterization; su_t.e a torch of wisps, etc.; sod.a burning; sun.t.age, sun.t.ige roast meat, act of burning or roasting /Kannad.a; cud.- (cud.uv-, cut.t.-) to burn; cud.i gal.a cremation place (Kod.agu); sud.upini, sud.pini, tud.upini to burn, be hot, sultry; burn, bake, toast, roast; sud.al burning a dead body; sud.u, su_d.u act of burning; sud.uga_d.u cemetery; sud.sud.u a burning sensation in the throat /Tulu; cu_d.u heat, warmth, zeal, hot, warm; sod.aru smell of burning /Tulu; cu~_d.u to burn, brand with a hot iron or the like; n. burning, branding, a brand; sud.iyu to burn /Telugu; sud.- (sut.t.-) to cook; cur.- to bake (bread)/Kolami; surra_na_, hurr-, or.- to cook bread /Gondi; sut.- to roast /Naikr.i; sur.-/sud.d.- (sut.t.-) to fry /Naikr.i; cut.aravan- sun, as emitting light; cut.aro_n- id. (Tamil lex.) [sk]
cat.t.- to roast, set fire; cad.ip- (cad.it-) to boil (Parji); sat.- to roast; burn (Gadba)(DEDR 2312).[sk]
Indo-European
Paleo-Balkan
svit- ‘to shine, to twinkle’ /Thracian [cb2]
{cf Lith. švite.ti ‘to shine, to twinkle’, Old-Bulgar svüteti sia) ‘to shine’} [cb2]
titha ‘light, radiance’ /Thracian [cb2]
{cf Greek titó' ‘morning glow; morning, day’, Alb. ditë ‘day’} [cb2]
Anatolian
šittar a star /Hittite [cb]
Slavic
sjati to shine; blaze, dazzle, glare; glow; twinkle /Serbo-Croatian
svit shine /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
soč∂g
V-I-/sotk/ to burn (transitive) /Baluchi [mab]Indo-Aryan
dyut gleam, lighten, shine /Sanskrit
dyuti sheen; lustre; dignity < dyut /Sanskrit
jyut light < dyut /Sanskrit
jyótis light (of sun, dawn etc.); as plural - the heavenly bodies, stars < jyut /Sanskrit
jyotis-kŗ't light-making < jyótis /Sanskrit
jyótişmant full of light; light < jyótis /Sanskrit
jyótsnā moonlight < jyótis /Sanskrit
str'. (pl. only) stars /Sanskrit
Mayan Languages
Meaning "to burn"
c'at /Cakc; c'ajt /Tzut; c'aat /Quic; c'atic /Achi; c'aat /Saca; c'aat /Sipa; c'a>at /Uspa; c'atom /Pmam; c'aht /Pchi [jd]
Quechua
suti clear (day, sky); sutiyay dawn [q2]
zukra
bright, resplendent; clear, pure; light-coloured, white /Sanskritszikra spark; szikráz scintillate, glittler, sparkle /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
zyq#2 N zyq) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLATg flash of fire
2 JLAGal,Syr comet, meteor
3 JLAGal demon
4 Syr,JBA storm
5 JBA wind
LS2 195 J 396 LS2 v.: ziyqA)
Altaic
*ĉ`e/k`a ( ~ -i_a-) to strike fire /Altaic [ss]
*ĉ(i)ak- to strike fire /Turkic [ss]
ĉakyn- /Old Turkic; ĉak- /Tatar; ĉak-mak 'flint' /Turkmen; sax- /Yakut [ss]
*ĉaki to strike fire /Mongolian [ss]
ĉaqi- /Middle Mongolian; caxi-, caxila- /Khalkha; cak-, cakl.-, ca"kl.- /Kalmuck; ĉakil- (ĉakilga:n 'lightning') /Dagur [ss]
*ĉi(k)u- ( ~ -e-) fire steel /Tungus [ss]
ĉiu~ /Nanai; ĉiu(n) /Ulcha; ĉu /Orok [ss]
*ĉha>\- flint /Korean [ss]
ĉhadol /Modern Korean; ĉha>\-to\r /Middle Korean [ss]
*ta/k- to burn, put on fire /Japanese [ss]
ta/k- /Old Japanese; ta\k- /Tokyo [ss]
takibi a blazing fire; takigi firewood, fuel; taki-otoshi embers, charred firewood; takitsuke a fire-lighter, kindling-wood; taki-tsukeru to light, kindle; build (make) a fire; taku to burn, kindle; make (build, light) a fire /Japanese
Caucasian
*c._wy>jVkwo> brand, spark, brilliance /North Caucasian [ss]
*stik.e-l (~st.-) sky /Nakh [ss]
stigal /Chechen; sigale /Ingush [ss]
*c.:w|aka ( ~ o) 1 brilliance 2 spark 3 star /Andian [ss]
c.:w|a/ki 1 /Avar; c.:w|aka 1 /Akhvakh; c.aka 3 (Gig.) /Chamalal; c.akw|a 2 /Tindi [ss]
*c.@k.@- fire-brand /Tsezian [ss]
c.@k.@-t.ma /Gunzib [ss]
*c:ak sky /Dargwa [ss]
zak /Akusha [ss]
*c.uk.(a) 1 fire-brand 2 spark /Lezghian [ss]
c.uk. 1 /Lezghi; c.uk. 2 /Kryz [ss]
*c.V(j@)k.w|a 1 spark 2 fire-brand Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/-k.w|ic 1 /Abkhaz; c^.w|ec 1 /Abaza; px|a-c.a:c^./a 2 /Adyghe; px|a-z|a:c^.a 2 /Circassian [ss]
Indo-European
Slavic
caklen glassy, enamelled; caklenje glitter, glint, shimmer, sparkle /Serbo-Croatian
iskra spark, sparkle; scintilla /Serbo-Croatian
skresati to strike fire (sparks, light) out of flint /Serbo-Croatian
iskra spark /Slovak
izcyklen glassy /Bulgar; zerkal'nyj /Russian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
čykk
fire-steel (steel used to strike against a piece of flint to produce fire) /Baluchi [mab]Indo-Aryan
zukra bright, resplendent; clear, pure; light-coloured, white /Sanskrit
sugár
ray,beam; sugár-zás radiation /HungarianUralic
sax sunny (Man's'i) [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian sugár is derived from súg- "breathe", "whisper"; "prompt" which is ultimately derived from suhan- "fleet", "flit", "glide", "slide". which is considered onomatopoeic. [from Chong]
Sumerian
suku5 'to shine brightly' [jh]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
zyq#2 N zyq) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLATg flash of fire
2 JLAGal,Syr comet, meteor
3 JLAGal demon
4 Syr,JBA storm
5 JBA wind
LS2 195 J 396 LS2 v.: ziyqA)
Altaic/Tungus
šahun lightning, rainbow, light /Manchu [as]
Austro-Asiatic
sukar evening star (Santali.lex.) [sk]
cika~r., cikon oily, greasy, polished, glazed, shiny, slimy, silky, smooth, clean, perfect; bhit jolom cika~r. akatae he has plastered the wall smooth; cikcik shining, polished, glossy (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
sugar flame; sukar (C) fever
sukalde `kitchen'
[lt] says this derives from su 'fire' + alde 'side' and that the k is puzzling, but it might represent the relational suffix -ko. Until not so long ago, a Basque kitchen was indeed built around a large fireplace, and cooking was largely done in kettles suspended over the fire.
Dravidian
sagal.i, segal.i, sekal.e, segal.ike, segal.u heat; hot vapour, steam; segal.i-kadira the hot-rayed, the sun (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
si_ga^loeis, essa, en,
I. glossy, glittering 1. of apparel 2. of horses' reins, glittering with colour or metal work
II. fatty, oily
Celtic
sugan, corra-shugain the reflection of rays of light from any moving luminous body from the roof or wall of a house /Gaelic [mcb] {No etymology given}
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
sugoshak lightning, thunderbolt /Persian [fjs]
Ulwa
suknaka vt. (sukpi) light; ignite; kindle; illuminate [ud]
éka
one /Sanskritegy one /Hungarian {/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/ }
egyén, egyéni individual /Hungarian
Uralic
igg one /Old Hungarian
Officially, egy "one" is possibly related to így "so this, like this" [Chong]
(?) *ükte (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
üks (Estonian); yksi (Finnish); yit (Khanty); @t'ik (Komi) / ok'tâ (Lp) / äkw (Man's'i); ikte (Mari) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
ahd (m), aht (f) one /Ugaritic
yxyd A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr lone, unique 2 Syr adv alone
LS2 300
LS2 V: iyxiyd abs. voc: iyxiyd
yxydy A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr lone 2 Syr hermit, member of a monastic order 3 Palestinian,Syr individual 4 Syr singular 5 JLAGal,JBA single authority
LS2 300
LS2 V: iyxiydAy abs. voc: iyxiydAy
xdny A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr unique 2 Syr singular 3 Syr solitary 4 Syr grammatical term singular
LS2 215
LS2 V: xdAnAy
Cognate Set <Bergsträsser (1983) , #158> [oi4]
Semitic
e_du single, alone /Akkadian
?'e_h!a_d one /Hebrew
h!ad_ one /Syriac
ah!adu one /Geez
ah!adun one /Arabic
Etruscan
thu one [lb]
Sumerian
aš
one {Sumer š > Hung cs > gy}Hurrian
aika
oneSino-Tibetan
Chinese meaning "be one; single; whole"
yi 1 /Modern Chinese < ?jit /Middle Chinese < ?it /Old Chinese [ss]
Altaic
*biuri one /Altaic [ss]
*bir /Turkic [ss]
*büri /Mongol [ss]
*piri /Korean [ss]
*pito' one /Japanese [ss]
pjito /Ancient Japanese [ss]
hitotsu /Tokyo[ss]
itsu- [ = hitotsu] one; a unit /Japanese
Tungus
uda the first of 2 or 3 sons /Manchu [as]
uju (udzˆu) head, first /Manchu [as, (Chong)]
ujulembi to head up, to be in charge /Manchu [as]
Japanese
ichi one
Japanese ichi is supposedly a loan from Chinese.
(1) Indo-European
Greek
ça 'one'; ăTj `one and the same' [bd]
Slavic
один
(odin) 1. num. one; 2. prn. a certain; 3. alone /Russian{f. одна (odna), nt. одно (odno)}
(2) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
éka one /Sanskrit
Quechua
huk // suk // uj // huk; huq; uk // juk "one" [cg2]
egyed individual /Hungarian
együtt together; with együtt-es joint, common, collective /Hungarian
Uralic
Root is Hungarian egy 'one'
{/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
з
gd to gather together; зhdy together /Phœnician [cgj]ahdy alone; ahdh together /Ugaritic
Basque
-ekin {accompaniment `with')}
The case suffix which defines the comitative marker in most varieties of Basque. It has the following origin: it is a reduced form of a full postpositional phrase
*<-e kide-n> or *<-en -kide-a-n> 'in the company of', where
(a) <-e> is an old genitive suffix
c.f Hungarian genitive suffix <-é>
(b) the stem <-kide> is an element which in the modern language chiefly functions as a noun- forming suffix meaning 'fellow', 'mate', 'companion',
c.f. Hungarian ketten 'the two of us' < két 'two', kettő 'two, a couple of'
(c) and the final element is the ordinary locative case-suffix <-n> 'in, on, at'.
c.f. Hungarian locative suffixes -on, -en, -ön, -n 'in, on'
So the whole thing is genitive <-e> or <-en> 'of' + <-kide>, apparently here in the sense of 'company', + locative <-n> 'in'. The ordinary article <-a> 'the' may or may not have been present after <-kide> in the original formation. [lt3]
Dravidian
okut, okti one thing; ok one (Parji); ukut., okut. one woman or thing (Gadba); o_ko_, o_ko_re_ one each (Gondi); onghon once (Kur.ux); okka together (Tamil, Malayalam); oka one (adj.), single; oka~d.u, oko~d.u one man (Telugu); okata, okati, okatuka, okate one woman; okat.i, okot.i one thing (Telugu); okkon one man (Kolami, Naikri); or..gu, oggu, orgu assemblage (Kannad.a); oggad.a oneness, concord (Tulu); orukka for each (Tamil) (DEDR 990) [sk]
ogga_ a mass of seeds sown thickly in one place; ogga_ ha_ku to sow thickly with a view of transplantation; oggu to become one, to unite with, to meet together (Kannad.a, Telugu); ogga_ to become one, be united (Tulu); oggu, orgu, or-gu an assemblage, a mass; oggara a heap, a mass (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
tunur one at a time [lb]
thuta "people" < "entire, whole, one?" [suggested in mc: on page EtruscanTH.html]
(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
ittihad being single, being one; union, concord, intimate friendship /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic ittihad according to [fjs]
(2) Indo-European
*teutā-
tribe /PIE [ahd]Germanic
Dutch, Deutsch, Teuton [ahd]
Italic
Possibly Latin totus all, whole (? < "of the whole tribe") [ahd]
(3) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
ekadā
(adv.) at one time, simultaneously /SanskritNostratic
'UXdE, 'UQdE "one, only" [Dolgopol'skij Etimologija 1967) cit. ag 1978]
[cited in mc: on page EtruscanTH.html]
egész(en)
{egy+ösz+en} all, entire, whole; egész-ség health /HungarianUralic
wec'e
collective,common /UHungarian egész is possibly of Alanic origin. [Chong]
Hungarian egészség literally means "state of completeness" which translates into "health" and is derived from egész + the suffix -ség which means "state/condition of" here.
Sumerian
kiš, keš totality, entire political world (name of the powerful city in the north of Sumer that first bound together and defended the cities of Sumer) [jh]
ğešta, ğeš
2,3,4, ğiš2,3 sixty [jh]In a number system, the base ("60" in the sexagesimal number system in use in Sumer) may be thought of as defining the "whole". Consider the modern notion of 60 seconds making ONE minute and so on, which is said to derive from the Sumerian use of the sexagesimal system. Perhaps the ancients had a similar concept or notion of "completeness" - just speculation.
Afro-Asiatic (??)
Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #404> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
aq- enough (to be), suffice /Bilin
Cushitic, South
?'ax- sated (to be) /Proto Rift
Basque
guzti (B,G,U) (adv.) all, every, whole, entire; guzi (G,L,LN,Z) (adv.) everything
Indo-European
Albanian
gjithe' [pron indef] (tg) each; whole, all, full /Albanian [bd]
Classical Greek [lsj1] (????) < "to make whole, entire" ?
akes-ias (iatros) one who heals, physician or surgeon
akes-is , eôs, hê, healing, cure 2. mending, repair
akes-tos , ê, on, curable; akes-mios , on, curable; akes-ma , to, remedy
cf. Etruscan axu, axunie, acesia "healer, physician" [az96]
Muskogean/Eastern (?)
aissi medicine, pills, drug {poss. a- /hissi} Var: ahissi /Alabama [tm]
|
Continue to Sanskrit List |
Additions in
red were supplied by Fred Hámori
Copyright © 2000-2008
The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008