Sanskrit Hungarian
Word List 2
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
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Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]
Across, a crossing, bridge; road, path, travel
áti
across, beyond, past, over /Sanskritát across, over /Hungarian
gáz-ol to cross shallow water by wading./Hungarian
híd bridge, crossing /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian híd is thought to be of Alanic origin. [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
xuus (v.) to wade /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
gwz V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Palestinian,CPA to go across 031 Palestinian to bring across
LS2 108
gw$#2 N gw$) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr ford, shallow
LS2 110 LS2 v: gaw$A)
g$r V /Aramaic [cal
011 Syr to make a bridge 012 Syr to bridge over 013 Syr %k:E)pe)% to make a heap with stones 041 Syr to be joined by a bridge
LS2 137
g$r N g$r) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr,JBA bridge 2 Syr axle
LS2 137 LS2 v: ge$rA)
xt#2 N xt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr plank (bridge)
LS2 263
LS2 V: xet.A)
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #87> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
kat- , ka-t- cross river /Proto Agaw
Cushitic, South
kaw-' to advance to go forward /Proto South Cushitic
Altaic
*be/ta\ / *pe/da\ sea, ford /Altaic [ss]
*pede:- to ford, cross over /Tungus [ss]
hede:- /Evenki; edelbu:- /Solon [ss]
*pa\ta/-h, *pa\da>/r sea /Korean [ss]
pada /Modern Korean; pa\ta/ (pa\ta/h-), pa\ra>/r /Middle Korean [ss]
*ba/ta/ 1 sea 2 to ford /Japanese [ss]
wata 1, wa/ta/r- (Old Japanese); wa\taru 2 (Tokyo); wa/ta/r- (Kyoto); wata/r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Turkic
a∫-mak to cross; a∫yr-mak to get across /Turkmen [glnp]
ätle-mek 1. to step 2. to cross, transgress; ät-mek to step /Turkmen [glnp]
öt-mek 1. to cross, to go through 2. to burn /Turkmen [glnp]
güzer ford /Turkmen [glnp]
Austro-Asiatic
ghat. a pass through hills; ghat.e ghat. at each pass (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Caucasian, South
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*(h)ucqą-t "
bridge (мост) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN959]utqet /Koryak; husqą " /Palan [ss]
Dravidian
kat.a to pass through, traverse, cross; kat.appu wicket or narrow passage in a wall or hedge (Tamil); kat.avu to cause to go; to ride, drive, as an animal or vehicle (Tiruva_ca. 36,4); way, path, direction (Tamil); kat.akka to pass over, enter; kat.appu passage; kat.avu beach, landing place, wharf; track of wild beasts (Malayalam); kar.v- (kar.d-) to cross (river); (sun, moon) rises; kar.v cattle-path through bushes, ford (Kota); kad.akal wicket or narrow passage in walls or hedges (Kannad.a); kad.a- to cross (Kod.agu); kad.apuni to cross, ford, pass (Tulu); kad.acu, gad.ucu to pass; cross; kad.apa threshold (Telugu); kad.p- to cross (Parji); karp- to cross (Gadba); gr.a_pa to cross, cross over, ford (Kui); gra_ncali to cross over (Kuwi) (DEDR 1109).[sk]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*eti above, beyond /PIE [cg2]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
áti across, beyond, past, over /Sanskrit
(2) Indo-European
Celtic
ùidh a ford, that part of a stream leaving a lake before breaking into a current; also an isthmus (M`Kinnon), uidh, aoi); from Norse eið, an isthmus, neck of land. Hence Eye or Ui near Stornoway, older Ey, Huy, Eie. [mcb]
Slavic
gacati to wade, ford on foot; flounder /Serbo-Croatian
gaz a ford, shallow water; depth of water a ship draws /Serbo-Croatian
gaziti to ford, wade; to cross by wading /Serbo-Croatian
газя
(gazya) to wade /BulgarIndo-Iranian/Iranian
xiid bridge (Eastern Ossetian); xood (Western Ossetian) [Chong]
khadak a bridge /Persian [fjs]
ikhazat making one ford (a river). /Persian [fjs]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
k'aht (from k'at) 'anything laid or placed across, bridge'
k'aht tor e xukur 'bridge over a river'
k'ahtib 'suspension wires (as of a bridge) supporting timbers (as of ..??)
k'at 'cross, crossing of two objects'
k'atar 'crossed, crosswise'
k'atbu ah te' kohn 'bridge a stream'
k'atbu e te' tor e ha' 'lay a timber across a stream'
k'atbu tuuhor 'lay on, lay over'
k'atwan 'lie across or over, be crosswise or crossed' (cl.3)
at-
to travel, wander /Sanskrit [al]út street, path, way; utca street; lane /Hungarian
ut-as traveller, passenger; ut-ász pioneer; ut-az to travel; to journey /Hungarian
töl from /Hungarian
Uralic
*utka
portage road /UralicOfficially, Hungarian út is of F-U origin
og@t (Khanty); Åxt (Man's'i)[Chong]
tee road /Vaddja [fv]
muõtt@, uat path, track, way (Šölqup) [Chong]
Sumerian
tilla
crossroad, market placeAfro-Asiatic
wзt way, road, side /Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic/Turkic
ütü street (Tatar) [Chong]
köçe street /Turkmen [glnp]
Indo-European
Celtic
uidh, uidhe a journey, distance, Irish uidhe, Early Irish ude, Old Irish huide, profectio: *odio-n, root pod, ped, go; Latin pes, pedis, foot; Greek @Gpoús, @Gpodós, foot; English foot; Sanskrit padyâ, footstep. [mcb]
ùdrathad, ùtraid free egress and regress to common pasture; from the Norse - cf. útreið, an expedition, "out-road". [mcb]
utraid district road /Gaelic [mcb]
Albanian
*ud|a: /Proto Albanian; udhe' road, way /Albanian [bd]
Slavic (????)
ulica street /Slovak; akin to Czech ulice, Russian ulica
(1) Indo-Iranian
*Hat- travel /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]
Iranian (????)
xva:qra- `well-being'/ Avestan; apairiia:qra- `unavoidable' /Late Avestan [al]
Indo-Aryan
at- to travel, wander /Sanskrit [al]
(2) Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kucha a narrow street; a lane, slum, row, passage; a street, square, market-place; a thread; migration /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
[fjs] says kucha is the diminutive of KU
kocsi coach, car /Hungarian
Uralic
Common in many European languages; a loan word from Hungarian.
Officially Hungarian kocsi is said to derive from the village name Kocs [Chong]
kaas- race (Man's'i) [Chong]
Altaic
*ko/ĉe to nomadize, transport /Altaic[ss]
*go"ĉ- 1 to migrate, nomadize 2 nomadizing /Turkic [ss]
ko"ĉ- 1, ko"ĉ 2 /Old Turkic; go"ĉ- 1, go"ĉ 2 /Turkish; ko"ĉ- 1, ko"ĉ 2 /Azeri; go"ĉ- 1, go"ĉ 2 /Turkmen; kus/- 1 /Chuvash; ko"s- 1, ko"s 2 /Yakut [ss]
*ko"ske transportation, mount, cart /Mongolian [ss]
xo"so"g /Khalkha [ss]
*k@/si\ palanquin /Japanese [ss]
ko/si\ /Old Japanese; ko/shi /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
kaç- escape, flee, run away; ko$- hitch; ride; run (Turkish) [Chong]
Mongol
xoš car (Kalmuk) [Chong]
Basque
kotxe
(B,G,U) carChukchee-Kamchatkan
*qeRjet sleighs for the children (сани для детей) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN784]
qεcεt-
/Chukchee; qejet (I) /Koryak [ss]Dravidian
kasur, ka_sul, ka_ssul cart (Kolami); kasur, khasur id. (Gondi); kacikai carriage or chariot drawn by horses; palanquin (Tamil.lex) [sk]
Indo-European
Germanic
coach /English
Kutsche coach /German
Slavic
kočija
coach, carriage; vehicle /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian
koch wandering tribe; migration, decamping; marching, setting off /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
kochanidan to cause to march on /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
koch ba-koch travelling one after another; a highwayman's horse /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
av
(chiefly said of kings or princes) to guard, defend, protect, govern /SanskritUralic
api (n) help, aid /Vaddja [fv]
avittaa (v) to help /Vaddja [fv]
óv
to protect, guard, shield; áp-ol to nurse /HungarianHungarian óv is possibly of FU origin though not for certain. [see Chong]
ap-
to kiss /Old Hungarian [and Turkic]Hungarian ápol (originally meant "kiss") is of unknown origin. [see Chong]
bába
midwife; babus-gat to fondle, caress /HungarianSumerian
ubara patronage, protection [jh]
Altaic
Turkic
ebe
midwife /TurkishJapanese
uba a nurse; wetnurse
Basque
apa kiss
babes-tu to protect, guard
Austric
eve /Rapanui [anon]
1. buttocks; taki eve coccyx; uho eve part between coccyx and anus.
2. figuratively: protection. Ana oho au, e hoki koe ki raro ki te eve o to'u matu'a When I go, go back under your father's protection.
awhina help, helpful; awhina(tia) to help /Mäori [ng]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*'γ
we-s- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN686]*ụwwạt- to kiss (целовать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1008]
ukwέt-
/Chukchee; uwwat- (III) /Koryak; uwwet- /Palan; uvvat- /Alutor [ss]*'owa- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN702]
'ow(w)a-s SO to kiss (целовать) /Sedank dialect; 'ov'al-kaz ; 'ov'alit-kaz 1 osculari; oscula jungeo 1 /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
o_vu
to take care of, guard, protect, cherish; uppu being, abiding; protection (Kannad.a); to be; to abide; to support; to protect (Tulu) [sk]Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
avô [avañh] assistance, support, protection /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
upas'in:ghati kisses /Sanskrit [sk]
upasthAyika, upamAtR, upasthAtR nurse /Sanskrit
papu a protector; a nurse /Sanskrit
av (chiefly said of kings or princes) to guard, defend, protect, govern /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
apiila to be on the side of, to support, help /Alabama [tm]
a_ya_ga
a gift given at a sacrifice /Sanskritajándék
gift,present,offering {/j/ same /y/} /HungarianazeSa
entire, whole /SanskritUralic
összes
entire, total, all /HungarianOfficially, Hungarian öszze- is derived from a FU root.
*bec'8", *ben'c'8" (Proto FU) [Chong]
Another source does not consider the Hungarian to be related to the Uralic. [see Chong]
Sumerian
éšša to be satiated, full [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
)sn V. /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to gather, to heap 012 Syr to hide 013 Syr to equip 041 Syr to supply oneself 042 Syr to collect 021 Syr to gather 022 Syr to hide
LS2 35
LS2 v: )esan
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 295 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
as- add to (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
kwod- add to give/do once more /Bilin; kwaz- Qwara
Cushitic, East
os- add to give more augment /Afar
os- add to give more /Saho
Cushitic, South
he?'ees- finish /Iraqw
Semitic
h%zn, h%sn collect /Proto Semitic
Omotic
guj- add to /Wolamo
Altaic
Tungus
sasa (w/genitive) with, together /Manchu [as]
Japanese
issai
all, the wholeBasque
ase to be full, be satiated; asetu to become full
oso (adj.) total, global; whole, entire
Dravidian
asijâ together /Brahui
sa_, saha, saha_ together, with, along with (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
vi_za 'of all' cf.: vi_zu all; vizer all men, all people (Kond.a); vizu all; vizar all men, all people (Pengo); vija all; vijar all men, all people (Mand.a) [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
àasa to be with, be mixed with, be included with, be together with, be added to, be plus; to inherit /Alabama [tm]
Azyai
to become dry, dry up, shrink in drying /Sanskritasz-al to dry; asz-ály drought (-ály is a suffix); asz-ú dry wine /Hungarian
asz-ik to dry up (-ik suffix) /Hungarian
Uralic
*sVŝ
to dry up, sur dry /UgrianSumerian
ša to dry up [jh]
šeğ6, še6 to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field [jh]
ša-ra(-g) to dry up, wither [jh]
sahar dust, sand, sediment [jh]
šér, šír to shine brightly [jh says this is a loan from Akkadian]
sig4 sun-dried unbaked brick [jh]
Altaic
*asra
>asa-ga drought /Anc-TurkicIndo-European
Greek
azô dry up, parch /Classical Greek [lsj]
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Slavic
osušen dried; parched; grown meagre; seasoned; dehydrated /Serbo-Croatian
osušiti to dry up; to drain off; desiccate; wipe; dehydrate /Serbo-Croatian
suša drought /Serbo-Croatian
sušený dried; vysušiť dry up /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Azyai to become dry, dry up, shrink in drying /Sanskrit
s'o_s.a drying up, dryness (MBh.); summer /Sanskrit [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
asaama to scorch, be scorched; to be a bad smell, stink /Alabama [tm]
asaamachi to scorch (food) by letting it cook dry accidentally /Alabama [tm]
Quechua
usyay dry season [q2]
izzani
to glow, to burn; izzó glowing ember /HungarianUralic
Hungarian izz-: izzad sweat (< izz(ik)) ; izz(ik) be glowing, red-hot; izzó fiery (< izz(ik)) possibly derive from a FU root.
? oˆl'- heat; ignite (Khanty); @t- heat; ignite (Southern Khanty); õzjy- catch fire; õzty- fire, ignite, light (Komi); esty- to heat (Udmurt) [Chong]
accâgâs red-hot (Lappish) [Chong]
Sumerian
izi , iz-zi
fire [jh]Afro-Asiatic
з
s fire /Phœnician [cgj]Altaic
Turkic
issi
heat; ocak 1. January; 2. furnace; kiln, hearth, fireplace; quarry, mine /Turkishyssy hot; yssylamak to get hot, heat up /Turkmen [glnp]
isti hot; istilik heat (Azeri); asa hot (Chuvash); issi hot (Karachai); issyk warm (Kyrgyz); esse hot; esselek heat [? kyzun, zˆyly hot] (Tatar); is soot; issi scorching hot; suffocating heat; IsI warm; IsIn- warm; warm oneself; I$Ik lamp, light; I$Il damak to sparkle, twinkle; I$In ray; I$InIm radiation; [? kIzgIn warm] (Turkish); isyk rak warm (Uigur); [? qizigan hot]; issik heat (Uzbek) [Chong]
Mongol
asa- get burning (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Japanese
atsu hot /Japanese [Chong]
ase sweat /Old Japanese; ase sweat /Japanese
Austric
asie- fire, (Arosi), usu- fire, (Asenara, Moni), asuwain- fire, (Ulau-Suain), ahi- fire, (Maori, Teor., Goram), ahu- burnt, scalded, (Tahiti), ahe- fire, (Banjak Is.), ahu- heat, fever; (Tahiti), ahu- fire, (Buru), ahang- fire; (Laul, Lironesa), ahango- fire, (Faulili), afi- fire, (Fila, Mele, Futuna), isa- fire, (Maranomu, Maria, Maiagolo), izi- fire, (Binandere), asu- smoke, (Samoa) aso- smoke, (Tagalog), usa- fire, (Warkay) [pkm]
Basque
izar (C) star
izeki (G) to burn, to burn (oneself), to burn up; izekidura (n.) burn
izerdi (C) (n.) sweat
Dravidian
esa~gu to arise, appear, exist, happen, shine (Telugu); ese to shine, be brilliant (Kannad.a); esaka shine, splendour, beauty, appearance, state of being, fate, delight (Kannad.a); esakamu joy, delight, splendour (Telugu) (DEDR 778). [sk]
Etruscan
usil
sun; az to burn, to sear? [az96]Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment
Germanic
ase
sweat /DanishItalic
asar roast /Spanish; assar bake /Portuguese
Slavic
ožeći
to burn, scorch; užeći to set fire to, kindle, ignite /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian/Iranian
azar, azur Fire; name of the angel presiding over fire, and the day azar; affairs of the month and day azar, the former being the ninth solar month, the latter being the ninth day of any month, but particularly of the fourth month, tir-mah; name of seven celebrated fire-temples dedicated to the seven planets, and called in their respective order: azari mihr, nosh, bahram, a'in (ayin), khurin, barzin (burzin), zardahusht; name of Abraham's father; (met.) love. /Persian [fjs]
Muskogean/Eastern
asohka to be singed /Alabama [tm]
asohli to singe hair off, remove by singeing /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
?
ą sol' hot; ?ą sul' fever / [y84]üz to work hard at a trade; to chase after a woman /Hungarian
Sumerian
áš to desire [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
asik fever? malady /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Caucasian
*=a:c- 1 to mow 2 to work hard, be exploited /Nakh (Caucasian) [ss]
=a:c- 2 /Chechen; =ac- 2 /Ingush; =ac- 1 /Batsbi [ss]
Dravidian
âšik lover; loving; âšikî love, amour /Brahui
Etruscan
*aZ- ardor [az96]; ausaz eager, desirous [az96]
Indo-European
Greek
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment; asê [a^], Aeol. asa, hê, surfeit, loathing, nausea 2. distress, vexation 3. longing, desire /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Celtic
is desire, seek /Gaelic; Greek i@'ótcs, wish, i@`/meros, desire; Church Slavonic iskati, seek; Sanskrit ish, seek, Zend. ish, wish. [from mcb]
Anatolian
asi'- to love /Luwian; assija- to love Hittite [cb]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
us, user 'wish, desire, liking for'
usre 'wish for, like, prefer' (cl.2a)
utz, user 'wish, desire'
utzat 'desirous, good'
utzerbir 'desired, wished for'
utzi 'wish for, adore, worship' (cl.2)
bahu'
much, many; bahula' thick; abundant /SanskritUralic
bõ
wide, full, rich, abundant /HungarianNiger-Congo (?)
baa (adj.) large, big, great /Mandinka [pc1]
Sino-Tibetan
*ba:(H) / *pha:(H) spread, extend; wide, vast /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be vast, wide" [ss]
pu 3 Modern (Beijing) < pho/ Middle Chinese < pha:? Old Chinese
ŝ@pa1 to extend, as a cobra its hood; g@ba2 be big, great. /Kachin
pha? to spread (as cloth, etc.); to place flat on the ground. /Lushei [ss]
*bha"/[p] broad, wide /Kiranti [ss]
*bh@>wH swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
sbo (p. sbos), ãbo (p. a~bos), bo, pho (f. dbo) to swell up (cf. also spo summit of a mountain). /Tibetan; phu? be convex, swollen. /Burmese; bo? an inflammatory swelling. /Lushei [ss]
*phu>H swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be big and fat, ample; big mound, hill" [ss]
fu 4 Modern (Beijing) < b@/w Middle Chinese < bhu? Old Chinese
ãbu (p. ãbus) to open, unfold (of flowers). /Tibetan; phuh to swell, pu to bulge. /Burmese; pu2 to bloom, bud. Kachin; KC *pu bud. /Lushei [ss]
Caucasian
*bV>HV big, many /North Caucasian [ss]
*p:VhIV- /*hIVp:V- 1 big 2 good /Lezghian [ss]
?|aba-ni-r 1 /Agul; bu 1 /Kryz; bo?|lu 1 /Budukh; hiba-t:u-t 2 /Archi [ss]
*bIA 1 many 2 thick 3 thumb, big toe /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
-b 3 /Abkhaz; -ba 3 /Abaza; ba 1 /Adyghe; ba- 1 (in comp.) /Circassian; bI@ 2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
ba_yu, ba_ to swell (Kannad.a); va_cu (Telugu); va_y (Tamil,Malayalam)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
*beu- swell /Proto IE [cg2]
bā
hu' arm, especially the forearm; of beasts, the foreleg - esp. the upper part /Sanskritpacsi paw of an animal /Hungarian
Sumerian
pah leg [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
ps N ps) /Aramaic [cal]
1 BibArDan palm (of hand)
2 JLAGal spade, shovel
32 v: pas
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #148> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
faz' fore-paw /Bilin
emitic
h%bs take with the hand /Arabic
Egyptian
h%ps# strong arm, strength /Old Egyptian
Berber
afu_s hand /Berber
Altaic/Tungus
bethe foot, (lower) leg /Manchu [as]
fatha paw, hoof, foot (of owl), claw /Manchu [as]
Caucasian
*b[@]cV paw, part of arm or leg /North Caucasian [ss]
*bic:V 1 ham 2 knee (of animal), thigh /Andian [ss]
pu/rc:i 1 Avar; becw| 2 Chamalal
*bysV A fist /Tsezian [ss]
besi /Tsezi; beŝi /Ginukh; besa /Khvarshi; buso /Inkhokvari; biza /Bezhita; byza /Gunzib [ss]
*p:ac 1 paw 2 cushions for taking the kettle off fire /Lezghian [ss]
p:ac 1 /Lezghi; bac 1 /Tabasaran; bac-byr 2 /Rutul [ss]
Dravidian
pâca 1) leg (of animal, from knee to hoof); 2) leg (of furniture) /Brahui
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
bāhu'
arm, especially the forearm; of beasts, the foreleg - esp. the upper part /SanskritMayan
Chorti [cw]
pix 'lower leg, paw of animal'
Stross' /x/ = Wisdom's original /š/
pata hoof /Hungarian
patkó horse-shoe /Hungarian
Altaic
Turkic
petek (anat.) inner sole /Turkmen [glnp]
podo∫ (anat.) sole /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] suggests podo∫ is also found in Russian
Tungus
bethe foot, (lower) leg /Manchu [as]
fatha paw, hoof, foot (of owl), claw /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
pat.am instep (Tamil); pat.am flat part of the hand or foot (Malayalam); pat.a key palm of hand (Pengo); pat.a kiy id. (Mand.a); pat.a ka_l sole of foot (Mand.a); pat.a naki palm of hand (Kuwi) [sk]
Indo-European
Anatolian
pata a foot /Hittite [cb]
Greek
pod (??)
Italic
pata paw /Portuguese
Slavic
peta heel /Serbo-Croatian
opätok, päta heel /Slovak
peta heel /Bulgar; pyatka /Russian
potkova horse-shoe /Serbo-Croatian
pätka, podkova, podkuť shoe /Slovak
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
patox (? pat-ox, pat't .ox) 'hoof of animal'
upatox e masa' 'deer's hoof'
upatox e chih (upatox e ch'ix) 'horse's hoof'
chan te upatox (cha'an te' upatox) 'its four hoofs'
bala
a crow /Sanskrit [iits2]Uralic
*vara crow /Uralic [ryan]
varaka crow /Erzya; varõz crow /Vaddja [fv]
warngei crow /Forest-Nenets [fv]
vare crow /Estonian
varis /Finnish
varjú crow, rook /Hungarian
Sumerian
buru 4,5mušen raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers, bir for destructive wreckers, and bur12, bu(3,6) + nominative for anything that harvests or destroys plants) [jh]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*worn- a raven /PIE [cb2]
Celtic
brana a raven /Irish Ogham [cb2]
Tocharian
wraun'a a crow [cb2]
Slavic
*vorna a crow /Proto Slavic [cb2]
vrana crow; vran (adj.) black, raven /Serbo-Croatian
vrana crow /Slovak
Balto-Slavic
varna /Lithuanian [cb2]
(2) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
bala a crow /Sanskrit [iits2]
bhās.
speak, talk, say /SanskritUralic
besz-éd speech, sermon, talk, conversation /Hungarian
besz-él to speak, talk, converse /Hungarian
besz-ély tale, short story /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian besz- is supposedly of Slavic origin {but unlikely) [Chong]
Sumerian
bi,
bé to say, speak [jh]Hurrian-Urartian
bau-še word, command, matter [ryan]
Altaic
Tungus
hese word; order; imperial edict, command, instruction /Manchu [as]
hese be baimbi to request an edict /Manchu [as]
hesebumbi to predict, to prophesize /Manchu [as]
hesei edict /Manchu [as]
In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.
Japanese
washa (n.) the speaker, narrator /Japanese
Austric Languages
bahasa language /Indon., Malay.; basa to read /Phil., also basahin to read; basa language /Kawi; vosa to speak, say , word, language /Fiji; waha mouth, voice /Maori; waha saying, word, mouth, voice, language /common Polynesian; vasa to speak /Sesake; vasana speech, visiena speech /Api; bosa to speak /Florida, Ysabel; bacah language /Proto-Philippine; phaasaa language /Thai; -bisi to say /Visina, Mapremo, Nikaura; basa to speak /Efate [pkm]
Dravidian
ba_se language, promise (Tulu lex.) vacavu scolding (Tamil lex.) ba_siga, ba_ciga, ba_sega a speaker, a talker, a jester (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
pe_cu (pe_ci-) to talk, speak, converse, make noise, roar; tell, say, recite, praise; pe_cal, pe_ccal talking; pe_ccu speakig, speech, language, praise, talk, report, rumour, word (Tamil); speech, language; pe_cuka to speak, chatter (as birds)( Malayalam); pe.c to talk to oneself; per.c to give irrelevant answers, talk nonsense, talk with impropriety in presence of holy man (Kota) [sk]
(1). Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bheh2 speak /PIE [rd]
Greek
fhm…
[phemi] `say' /Greek [rd]Italic
fa:ri: `say' /Latin [rd]
Germanic
bo:ian `brag' /Old English [rd]
Slavic
*basnü; *ba\ \sn,a /Proto Slavic [rd]
basnü `tale' /Old Church Slavic; ba/snja `fable' /Russian; ba/sen^, ba/sn^e [Gens] `tale' /Czech; ba/ti `speak, invent' /Old Czech; bas/n/ `tale' /Polish; ba/snja `fable, fantasy' /Bulgarian; ba:s@n, ba:sni [Gens] `fantasy, fable' /Slovene [rd]
ba\ \jati `practise sorcery, exorcize'; ba\ \san, ba\ \sni [Gens] `tale' /Serbo-Croatian [from rd]
see Serbo-Croatian bajač, bajalac "enchanter, sorcerer, conjurer, magician, wizard" !!
(2). Indo-European
Greek
bazô speak, say /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Slav,South/Serbo-Croatian
besjeda word, utterance, language; speech, oration; besjediti to speak, talk
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vac [-] (v. rt.) to speak, to say; word, phrase /Avestan
vaca [vâc] word, phrase /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
bhās.
speak, talk, say /SanskritÖbha_s. speech /Sanskrit [sk]
bhadraka
good,brave /Sanskritbátor
brave, courageous /HungarianAltaic
Turkic
batyr hero /Tatar; botir hero /Uzbek [Chong]; batyr courageous, bold; batyrlyk courage, boldness /Turkmen [glnp]; matïr hero; bold, courageous /Khakas [kl]
Mongol
bataar hero /Khalkha [Chong]
Tungus
baturu /Manchu [Chong]
Dravidian
bahâdur
brave, gallant /Brahuibaha_da
r, baha_du_r, ba_ha_du_r a hero, a warrior /Kannad.a [sk]Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
baha_dur
brave, bold, courageous, high-spirited; a hero, a champion, a knight /Persian [sk]Indo-Aryan
bhadraka good, brave /Sanskrit
bharma
wages , hire /SanskritUralic
bér
rent, lease, hire; wages /HungarianBelieved to be possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
ber- give (Turkish) [Chong]
Dravidian
bâRa
rent /Brahuiva_rakam press money, advance to soldiers and servants (Malayalam); va_rakam, va_rakkam advance given to cultivators to enable them to carry on cultivation, money lent on agreement to pay interest in kind; va_ram hire, rent (Tamil); share in general, landlord's share, rack-rent (Malayalam); va_ra share, landlord's half-share of the produce of a field in lieu of rent (Kannad.a); va.ra rent (Kod.agu); va_rakamu money advanced to cultivators to be received again without interest when the crop is reaped (Telugu.); va_ri (pl. va_rgil) debt (?Gadba)(DEDR 5359). [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
phora, Ion. phorê, hê: (pherô):-- I. 2. bringing in of money, payment b. ph. ergatou, = latura, perh. a workman's pay c. fare, freight 3. bringing forth, productiveness
Tocharian B
peri 1) (n.)`debt'; 2) (adj.)`to be paid, owing' [tob]
Slav,South
bir parson's fees /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
p'r `debt' /Sogdian [tob]
pa:ra `debt' /Avestan [tob]
? varez- [-] perform, work, act, fulfill /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
bharma wages, hire /Sanskrit (Col)
bha_r.i_
one who lets out oxen, etc. on hire, pack-carrier /Punja_bi_; bhar.iya_ paid servant; bha_r.o wages, hire /Kumauni_; bha_r.o /Sindhi_; bha_r.a_ rent, fare; pa_ra_ (with low rising tone)/Lahnda_; bha_r.a_ rent, hire /Punja_bi_, Bengali; hire, price of labour /Maithili_; hire, fare, freight, rent (of house)/Hindi_; bha_ra_ rent, hire /Assamese; bhar.a_ rent of house, wages of prostitution /Or.iya_ [sk]bhaya
fear , alarm dread apprehension; , dismay , danger , peril , distress ; danger from /Sanskritfél to fear /Hungarian << Uralic *pele- fear
Uralic
Hungarian is officially of FU origin.
*pele- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
pelätä (Finnish) [Chong]
peljims to fear /Erzya [fv]
Sumerian
buluh to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright [jh]
Dravidian
*pal.- to cower, crouch /Dravidian [ss]
*Pal.- to cower /South Dravidian [ss]
pal.ku (pal.ki-), par.ku (par.ki-) to cower, crouch /Tamil; pal.un|n|uka to cower, stoop /Malayalam [ss]
*pal.-g- to crouch, bend /Gondwan [ss]
par.g- (-it-) (tiger) to crouch (BB) /Konda [ss]
*palg- to bend forwards, stoop down /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
palga (palgi-) /Kui [ss]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
bhoiH-eh2-tei fear /PIE [rd]
Italic
bajule cringe /Portuguese
Slavic
Old Church Slavic: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Russian: bojat'sja `fear, be afraid'; Ukrainian: boja/ty sja `fear, be afraid'; Czech: ba/ti se `fear, be afraid'; Slovak: bat' sa `fear, be afraid'; Polish: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Slovincian: bu\oje>c sa, `fear, be afraid'; Upper Sorbian: bojec/ so `fear, be afraid'; Lower Sorbian: bo/jas/ se `fear, be afraid'; Bulgarian: boja/ se `fear, be afraid'; Serbo-Croatian: bo\jati se `fear, be afraid'; Slovene: boja/ti se `fear, be afraid' [rd]
Baltic
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: b(o)i(?)-a?-tei [rd]
Lithuanian: bijo/ti(s) `fear, be afraid'
Latvian: bija^t(ie^s) `fear, be afraid' [verb]; bi^tie^s `fear, be afraid'
Old Prussian: bia:twei `fear, be afraid' [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bhaya fear , alarm dread apprehension, dismay, danger, peril, distress; danger from /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
pìila to be bothered about, worried, distracted {/pila} /Alabama [tm]
baj trouble; baj-nok champion /Hungarian
Altaic
bōi
great violence; havoc; bōjō violence; atrocity; outrage /Japanese < Turkic bal ?Indo-European/Slavic
boj fight, battle; action, skirmish, encounter /Serbo-Croatian
vojnik soldier; private /Serbo-Croatian
boj, fight, war; vojna war /Slovak
boj battle /Bulgar
bal- ill, bad, left, unlucky /Hungarian << FU palj-am (Vote)
Uralic
Hungarian bal- is possibly of FU origin.
palj-am
(Vaddja)? pal'lan (Udmurt - compound?) [Chong]
Sumerian
bal
hostility, enemies, demolishAltaic/Turkic
bela disaster /Turkmen [glnp]
Basque
*bel dark, beltz (C) black
Indo-European
Germanic
balu bad, evil /Old Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: balwa-wesei `wickedness' /Gothic; bo,l `misfortune, damage, sin', also bo,lva `curse (verb)' /Old Norse; bealu `evil, wickedness, misfortune (subst.); evil, bad (adj.)' /Old English; balu `wickedness, misfortune' /OS; balo `destruction' /Old High German; balheit `wickedness', balho"ric `not obedient' /MHG; balstu^rich `rebellious, recalcitrant' /MLG, bal-dadich `bad [lit. doing]', bal-sturich `rebellious, recalcitrant' /M. Dutch [db]
No IE etymology according to [db]
Anatolian
ipala/i- `left (hand)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
balaa monster, calamity /Pashto [tr]
palasak evil, misfortune /Persian [fjs]
palana a bad or indecent action /Persian [fjs]
b∂la[k] monster, ghost; calamity, trouble; huge, monstrous, terrible /Baluchi [mab]
bhe_ka
frog /Sanskritbéka frog; ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian
Uralic
ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian
The second part -hal means "fish", what is the first part ebi- ?
Hungarian béka is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
ubi ku6 a marine and fluvial fish [jh]
ha; ku6, kua fish [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #3.4c05> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
tlembe?`u frog /Alagwa
tlambe?`u frog /Burunge
Altaic
*bek`u
a kind of fish /Altaic [ss]*bEkre
/Turc*miák`o frog /Altaic [ss]
*b(i)aka /Turc
*mekelei, *melekei /Mongol
moko(lV)- /Tungus
*mòkùrí /Korean [ss]
Dravidian
pe_kam
< bhe_ka frog; pe_kan- male of the frog; pe_ki female frog /Tamil(Tamil lex [sk](1) Indo-European
Germanic
see Pugge, Pogge frog, toad [< ?Vasconic; see Basque puga toad] {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [from mc1]
Note :- Gorka Aulestia's Basque-English dictionary does not list Basque puga toad, but has Basque apo, sapo, zapo "toad" ??
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bak, Wild cucumber; a retreat, an asylum; (S. bheka) a frog; a forest; a wild uncultivated country; name of a city in Transoxania /Persian [fjs]
bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
bhe_ka
frog /Sanskrit(2) Indo-European
Romance
sapo /Spanish
Slavic
žaba
frog; toad; tree-frog; green-frog /Serbo-Croatianteknõs-béka
tortoise /HungarianUralic
tekenyő
trough /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)This form can be observed in Hungary proper also.
teknõ
a trough /HungarianOfficially, Hungarian teknő is thought to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Austro-Asiatic
tagar. a trough (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
tekne trough; hull /Turkish
Dravidian
d.e_ka
to carry on the shoulder /Kui; d.ehka act of carrying /Kui; et.ukkal lifting /Tamil; d.e_k to carry on the shoulder /Mand.a; d.e_ to carry /Kuwi; dekali, de_ki'nai id. /Kuwi [sk]Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]
biruda-, viruda-
laudatory poem or panegyric /Sanskrit (DEDR 5414) [sk]bír-ál to judge, criticize; bírás-kod(ík) to judge, to sit in judgement /Hungarian
bíró a judge, magistrate, referee, umpire Hungarian
birodalom empire, realm /Hungarian
birtok possession; estate, land /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bíró, birtok are of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
bara5,6
, bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]Niger-Congo (?)
buur king /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
bar
judge /ChuvashDravidian
birida man of distinction, etc. (Kannad.a); birdu, birdolige badge of honour, show, display, prestige (Tulu); birudamu, birudu a strong, powerful, or capable person; title or mark of honour or distinction, badge, motto, vow, resolution (Telugu); virutan an accomplished warrior (Malayalam); virutu valour, blazon, family device (Malayalam); title, banner, trophy, badge of victory, pedigree, geneaology (Tamil); biridu, biruda, birudu panegyric, praise, an honorary distinctinctive mark, badge of honour, distinction, developed power, valour (Kannad.a) (DEDR 5414) [sk]
porul. thing, matter, property, riches, leadership (Tamil); stores, provisions, utensils; gold (Tamil.lex.); riches, meaning (Malayalam); porut.t.u cause, matter of importance (Tamil); cause (Malayalam); porl thing (Kota); purul. fitness, propriety, power, strength; purul.i a notable, high position; poral. wealth (Kannad.a)(IA 19.143; c. A.D.685); porlu beauty, comeliness; beautiful, handsome, fine; porle a handsome man (Tulu); pon.t.e for the sake of; purulu wealth, honour, nature, valour, beauty (Telugu); pora matter, concern, interest (Kui) (DEDR 4544) [sk]
Etruscan
par, parnix, parxis term dealing with social or administrative conditions [mp68]
"attribute of a magistracy, with equal rights, peer" [dep, pa]
see magistracies zilc parxis, zilath parxis [mp68]
Indo-European
biruda-, viruda- laudatory poem or panegyric (Sanskrit.)(DEDR 5414) [sk]
por-ond
dais /HungarianSumerian
bara5,6
, bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]Dravidian
paran. watch-tower, upper story, rack over a fireplace, loft under the roof of a house (Tamil); loft under the roof, rude ceiling, frame for drying something over the fireplace (Malayalam); paren~ji, pareji scaffold, temporary platform (Tulu)(DEDR 3953).[sk]
bo/dhati
`observe, heed' /Sanskrit [rd]Uralic
figy-el to watch, observe, keep watch over; notice /Hungarian {b > f}
Hungarian figyel is officially believed to be derived possibly from fülel- "listen attentively" [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
vigy-áz to take care; to be careful; to pay attention; to watch; be on one's guard, beware, look out /Hungarian
While vigyáz is officially derived from a F-U root.
viisa- lie in wait for, watch for; viisu- lie in wait, lurk (Estonian); viz'- keep, observe, tend, etc (Komi); vodz'-, vodz'- defend, keep (something somewhere), preserve, protect, etc. (Udmurt) [Chong]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
wis 'care, attention, guardian or protector'
wisi 'tend or see to, look after' (cl.1)
Austro-Asiatic
bhidia, bhiduk spy; bhidi to spy (Santali.lex.) [sk: 5691]
Dravidian
bhidi to keep secret, to keep one's own counsel, to spy, to pry into, to reconnoitre, to search for a clue, to act secretly; bhidikate ja~ha~nake hataoa he will buy something to enable him to spy; bhidia a spy; bhiduk a spy, a pretender (Santali.lex.) bedaku to seek, to search for, look for (Ka.); vetaku, vetuku, vedaku (Telugu); bedaku search (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 6786]
ve_gimpu waking from sleep, keeping awake; ve_gincu to keep awake; ve_gu to watch without sleeping; ve_cu to wish for, hope, expect, watch for (Telugu); be_hu, be_gu spying (Kannad.a); e_gu, ve_gu (Telugu); ve_, ve_y, ve_gu, ve_vu (Tamil); ve_vu (Malayalam); be_gu-ga_r-a, be_hu-ka_r-a a spy (Kannad.a); ve_vuka_ran- (Tamil); ve_gulava_d.u (Telugu); be_hinava a spy, a scout (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) [sk: 5691]
Etruscan (?)
veitha "careful, fair" < "vacillating" [az96]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bheudh-, *bhoudh observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Greek
pšuqomai `give notice' [rd]
Slavic
*bl,usti /Proto Slavic [rd]
bl,usti `watch, guard' [verb] Old Church Slavonic
bljusti/ `guard, observe' [verb], bljudu/ [1sg], bljude't [3sg] Russian
blju\ \sti (archaic) `guard, observe' [verb], bl,u/de:m [1sg] Serbo-Croatian [rd]
Balto-Slavic
*bioud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bo/dhati `observe, heed' /Sanskrit [rd]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bhudh- observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Slavic
*búděti
/Proto Slavic [rd]búděti
`be awake, keep watch' /Old Curch SlavonicBalto-Slavic
*bud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
bude`/ti `be awake, keep watch' Lithuanian [rd]
busa
chaff, any rubbish; bus'a, bu_s.a /Sanskrit [sk]Uralic
búza wheat /Hungarian
Hungarian búza is officially of Turkish origin.[Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
basoo (n.) sorghum /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 287 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
ba"saw , ba"so dish of roasted grain /Bilin
Cushitic, East
bassoo dish of roasted grain /Oromo; bus#a /Saho
Cushitic, South
basoro millett /Iraqw
Semitic
basso meal of roasted barley /Amharic; basso /Tigrinya; basso dish of roasted grain /Tigre
Omotic
buc#'c#'oo bread /Shinasha
Altaic
Turkic
bugˆda (Azeri); bugday (Common Turkic); bodai (Tatar); bugˆday (Turkish) / bughdoy (Uzbek) [Chong]
? bede hay /Turkmen [glnp]
Mongol
boodai (Khalkha) [Chong]
Tungus
buda cooked cereal (Manchu) [Chong]
Dravidian
bu_su a generic term for cereal grains, the grasses, and the esculent culms (Kannad.a); bu_sad.agarige a corn-dealer (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.); busa, bus'a, bus.a chaff and other refuse of grain; refuse, rubbish; dr cow-dung (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European/ Indo-Iranian
busa chaff, any rubbish; bus'a, bu_s.a /Sanskrit [sk]
bhUjambu wheat /Sanskrit
bhusa_ra, bhum.sa_ra, bhu_sa, bhu_m.sa a generic term for cereal grains, the grasses, and the esculent culms (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
can:ga
of good understanding; handsome /Sanskrit) [sk]Uralic
csin-os pretty, handsome; neat, trim, smart; csin-os-ít to beautify /Hungarian
Another word believed to be a loan from Slavic. [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*γaŋŋ[o]-
attractive; to love 1 (привлекательный; любить 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN377]γanŋą
- /Koryak; γanno- 1 /Palan; γanŋą-; γannu-1 /Alutor [ss]Sumerian
šen
clear, pure; shiny [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*si>n / *si>n| new /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Meaning "be new" [ss]
xin 1 Modern (Beijing) < sjin Middle Chinese < sin Old Chinese
tân /Vietnamese
gs/in good, fine. /Tibetan
sac/ new, LB *[s/]ikx. /Burmese [ss]
Altaic
zˆyinak
neat /Tatar; -canlI pretty /Turkish, used in compounds; zˆonon beauty /Uzbek - derivative); sine new /Classical Mongol; šin new /Khalkha [Chong]*ze\jn/a new /Altaic [ss]
*jan|y / *jen|i new 1: just, recently /Turkic [ss]
jan|y /Old Turkic; jeni /Turkish; jan|a /Tatar; jeni /Azeri; jan|y 1 /Turkmen; s/e>ne> /Chuvash; san|a /Yakut [ss]
*sine new /Mongolian [ss]
ŝini (HI, SH), si:ni (IM), ŝina">, ŝini (MA) /Middle Mongolian; ŝine /Khalkha; ŝin@ /Kalmuck; ŝinken /Dagur; ŝ@ni, s/in@ /Monguor [ss]
*sen/e- raw, unripe /Tungus [ss]
seni-xun, sen/e-xun /Manzhu [ss]
*sa/i new /Korean [ss]
sa" /Modern Korean; sa/i /Middle Korean [ss]
Caucasian
*c.a">n?V new /North Caucasian [ss]
*c.in- new /Nakh [ss]
c.ina /Chechen; c.ena /Ingush; c.ini> /Batsbi
*c.inhV- new /Andian [ss]
c.i/ja-b /Avar; c.iw /Andi; c^.i~-da /Akhvakh; c.i~w /Chamalal; c.i~hu-b /Tindi; c.ijo-m /Karata; c.i~u /Botlikh; c.inu-b /Bagvalal; c.i~ju /Godoberi [ss]
*-yc.Vn- A new /Tsezian [ss]
ec.no Tsezi; ec.endiju Ginukh; ec.nu Khvarshi; yc.nu Inkhokvari; ic.ijo Bezhita; y~c.c.u Gunzib [ss]
c.u-s:a new /Lak [ss]
*c.i- new /Dargwa [ss]
c.ize /Chiragh [ss]
*c.enja"- / *c.enwa"- new /Lezghian [ss]
c.iji /Lezghi; c.iji /Tabasaran; c.ajif /Agul; c.indy /Rutul; c.edyn /Tsakhur; c.ija" /Kryz; mac.at:ut /Archi; ini /Udi [ss]
*c./A 1 new 2 young 3 small, little /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-ĉ.@/-c 1 /Abkhaz; ĉ.@-c 1 /Abaza; c.@-k.w|@ 3 /Adyghe; c.@-k.w| 3 /Circassian; c./a 1,2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
canna, cennu straightness, beauty, grace, niceness, properness, elegance; canna, cenna a man of beauty, a handsome man; fem. canni, canne, cenne; cannage handsomely, nicely, properly; canniga a handsome, fine man (Kannad.a); canna handsome, well (Tulu); cennu beauty, grace, elegance, manner, way (Telugu)(DEDR 2423) [sk]
Etruscan
cana something beautiful [az96, am91]
cen gift, pleasing thing; cena to be pleasing [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
cuanna, cuannar handsome, fine /Gaelic; cuanna /Irish; also cuanta, robust, neat [mcb]
Germanic
schön /German
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
can:ga of good understanding; handsome (Sanskrit) [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern (?)
kano 1. to be good, pretty, well, fine; to be good at doing, do well /Alabama [tm]
çāntá
quiet; still; stopped /Sanskritcsend
quiet, peace, tranquility /HungarianUralic
One official source says that Hungarian csend may derive from archaic csendesz "calm" which is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Another source thinks csend is unrelated to anything Finno-Ugric or Turko-Mongolian [Chong]
Sumerian
šil-ig
ceaseAltaic
Tungus
jendu secret, covertly; jenduken rather secretly /Manchu [as]
Japanese
chi peace; chian public peace and order; chinsei calm; quiet; peace
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
suhn 'quiet, calm, soothing, fondling'
suhner 'soothed state, condition of calm or quiet'
suhnbir 'quieted, calmed, solaced (placid, soothed)'
suhnu 'quiet, calm, soothe, con????te, solace' (cl.2)
Quechua
chin silent; silence; barren; desert (adj.); chinyay to keep silent [q2]
szund-ít doze, slumber; szund-ikál sleep, take a nap /Hungarian
szunnyad rest, lie dormant /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian szunnyad- "be asleep, sleep lightly, slumber" is claimed to be onomatopoeic or descriptive by one source. [see Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*wŝn {} *wsn to sleep /Semitic Protoform [ss]
ŝittu (<*ŝintu) 'sleep; also ŝuttu (<*ŝuntu) 'dream (n.) /Akkadian; si-tum /Eblaite; yŝn , ŝnt /Ugaritic; yŝn , ŝe:na /Hebrew; ŝint- , ŝnh /Aramaic; ŝe:nta:, ŝe:na:, ŝinta:; ŝ@na: (ŝa"nta:) 'sleep' /Judaic Aramaic; : ŝenta: 'somnus' /Syriac; ŝinta 'sleep' /Mandiac; wsn ; sinat-, wasnat-, wasanat- ; wasan- /Arabic; s1nt 'sleep' /Epigraphic South Arabain; ŝ@ne:t 'sleep /Mehri; ŝene:t 'sleep' /Harsusi; s~o/nu/t 'sleep /Jibbali [ss]
Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #38> [oi4]
Chadic
s@wn@ dream /Proto Chadic
suni dream /Bura; suwane dream /Logone; sune dream /Nancere; saun@ to dream /Ngizim; c#una dream /Pero; suno sleep /Mubi
Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #116> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
sini sleep /Gidelo
Chadic
*s-n(-) sleep /Proto Chadic
san sleep /Logone; c#@n sleep /Pero; nun sleep /Tumak; shene sleep /Zime
Altaic
Turkic
sön-mek
fall asleep /Turk OsmanDravidian
*cunž-
to sleep /Dravidian [ss]sundu to lie down, repose, sleep, lie with /Kannad.a; sunj- to sleep, lie down /Gondi; sunz- (-it-) id./Kond.a; sunja (sunji-) to sleep; n. sleep /Kui [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
suain sleep /Gaelic, suan /Irish, súan /Early Irish, Old Irish, hun /Welsh, hun /Breton: *supno-s, developing into *sofno-, *sovno, *souno-; Indo-European root svop, svep, sleep; Latin sopor, sleep; Sanskrit svápnas [from mcb]
Italic
sonho dream /Portuguese
Slavic
san sleep, slumber; dream; doze, nap; sanja dream, reverie /Serbo-Croatian
cape_t.a
slap with open hand /SanskritUralic
*c'appe
to hit, strike with a loud bang /Finnugorcsap hit, slap, strike, fling, strike down; csap-kod beat, lash /Hungarian
tappaa (v) to thresh /Vaddja [fv]
csép flail, thresher /Hungarian
[art:1] says Hungarian csép is a loan from Russian cep
Sumerian
dúb
kick, flop, knock down, shakeAfro-Asiatic
tabir.i, tabr.i a slap; a stroke with the palm of the hand (Munda) [sk]
Altaic
*č`ap`a
hit /Altaic [ss]*čap-
/Turcčap
'flail' < *čäp /Chuvash [art:1][art:1] says Chuvash čap is an early loan from Russian cep, Here, however the word came under the influence of the Chuvash word śap- ‘to strike, beat’.
Dravidian
capalâx slap; capânT slap; rebuff /Brahui
cappal.isu, capparisu to slap, pat; cappat.e clapping the hands (Kannad.a); cappat.a a slap of the hand; cappat.incu to clap, slap; camaru, camuru to slap with the open hand (Telugu); capat. a slap (Naikri); capur, ca_pt.a, ca_por. a blow with the hand, slap (Gondi); japka japka ve_pa to slap, beat with open hand (Kui); sapor. a slap (Kuwi)(DEDR 2335). [sk]
tappu (tappi-) to strike, beat, kill; tappai a blow (Tamil); dabbe, debbe, d.abbe, d.ebbe a blow, stroke (Kannad.a); dabbad.incu to slap; debba blow, stroke, attack (Telugu); tapp- to strike, kill; tapor. a slap (Gadba); tapr.i a slap (Gondi); tap- to strike, hit (Kond.a); tapu_r vecali to slap (Kuwi)(DEDR 3075). [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
tup-os [u^], ho, (tuptô) blow II. the effect of a blow or of pressure 1. impression of a seal b. impressions supposed by Democr. and Epicur. to be made on the air by things seen, and to travel through space 2. hollow mould or matrix 3. engraved mark, engraving 4. the depression between the underlip and chin 5. pip on dice
Anatolian
du:pi-/du:pai- `strike' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
tub(e)i- id. /Lycian [hcm1]
Slavic
cijep flail, thresher << Altaic (no explanation in I.E. ?)
cjepač cutter, hewer, chopper; cjepkati hack, split, chop /Serbo-Croatian
cep /Russian [art:1]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian [from Cheung
*ĉap- to seize, attach, stick, strike /Proto Iranian
Middle Persian: (+ *ham-) (pass./inch.) MMP hnzps- `to be joined' ; Khotanese: ? Khot. cev-1 `to get' ; Sogdian: (+ *fra-) MSogd. br'cp- `to press' ; Chorasmian: ĉp- `to attach to, contrive (a lie) against (someone)' ; New West Iranian: NP ĉa:pi:dan/ĉa:p-, Gur. (Kand.) ĉa"pa/u ŝa:n ka"r-, Khuns. ĉa:p-/ĉa:pa: `to plunder, rob' (LW), (inch.) NP ĉafsi:dan, Naini c^a"sb- `to stick, adhere' ; New East Iranian: Oss. c avyn/cavd, D. c avun/cavd `to hit, strike', Yaghn. ĉu>mf-/ĉu>mfta `to push (to)', Sh. ca":p-/ca":pt `to feel, touch', (inch.) Oss. I. c afsyn/c afst, D. c afsun/c afst `to stick, glue' (< inch.), M. c@b-/c@vd `to pluck'
Comments: The connection with Gr. köptw `to grab; to snap, swallow', Lat. capere, etc. (cf. IEW, l.c.) is semantically very attractive. IE "a" would not palatalize the preceding velar in (I)Ir. though: Ir. *ĉ- in *ĉap- is from *ĉak/g- ?
Indo-European reconstruction: ?*k(e)H2p- (*kap-) `to grab, stick to'
Indo-European cognates: Gr. köptw `to grab; to snap, swallow', Lat. capere `to take', Goth. hafjan `to lift', haftjan `to stick, attach', (ppp.) -hafts `stuck with', NHG haften `to stick to', haben, Engl. to have, etc.
Indo-Aryan
cape_t.a slap with open hand /Sanskrit
dhappa_ blow with both hands (Lahnda_); slap (Punja_bi, Kumauni_); dha_p striking the earth with the hand in cursing (Kumauni_); slap (Nepa_li); leap (Bengali); dha_pa oppression, attack; dha_par.a slap (Or.iya_); dhappa_ slap (Hindi_); dhappo, dha_plu~ (Gujara_ti_); dha_p panting (Mara_t.hi_); dhapyon.o to force to run; dhapkan.o to leap (Kumauni_; dha_pinu to be strained (Nepa_li); dhapa_unu to drive away (Nepa_li); dha~_pna_ to be weary (Hindi_); dhapvu~ to proceed (Gujara_ti_); dha_pn.e~ to pant (Mara_t.hi_)(CDIAL 6729). [sk]
Yuki (????)
k'a'ap to be massacred [y84]
çárdha
or zardha troop, host /SanskritUralic
sarja bunch; cake /Vaddja [fv]
csor-da
herd of cattle /HungarianSumerian
sar
to be manyAltaic
suru herd, flock, drove /Turkish
süri 1. herd, flock 2. group, crowd /Turkmen [glnp]
çïïlïgh collection, assembly /Khakas [kl]
Dravidian
ce_rikka to have collected; ce_rkka to make to arrive or join, collect as men, money; ce_rppu joining, assemblage; ce_rppikka to have assembled or collected (Malayalam); ce.r- (ce.d-), ce.d- (ce.dy-) to arrive, join, gather (Kota); so.rc to collect (Toda); se.r- (se.ri-) to join (Kod.agu); s'e_runi to be added or joined to, enter as a member of sect etc.; s'e_rrige, s'e_rve union, inclusion (Tulu); ce_ru be connected or related to, assemble, come to hand, belong; ce_rika union, junction, nearness (Telugu); ce_ruve assemblage, mass (Telugu); to be joined together (Kannad.a); se_rve, se_ruve connection; company; a herd of cattle (Kannad.a); se_r (se_rd-) to enter, be connected with, join, assemble, be collected; se_ruve, se_rve collection, assemblage, mass, herd of cattle (Kannad.a); ce_rvai army; collection, assemblage (Tamil); se_rve, se_ruve id. (Kannad.a); ce_r (-v-, -nt-) to become mixed, blended, be collected, aggregated, join; (-pp-, -tt-) to join, attach, admix, admit to one's society, insert, gather, assemble; ce_rkkai collecting, gathering, combining, mixing, fellowship (Tamil) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
sullog-ê, hê, 1. gathering, collecting 2. raising, levying of soldiers 3. summary, collection of instances
Germanic/English
serried (adj.) pressed or crowded together, especially in rows: troops in serried ranks [ahd]
Past participle of obsolete serry, to close ranks, from French serré, past participle of serrer, to crowd, fasten [ahd]
Slavic
čorda
herd, drove /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
sera together, in company with /Pashto [tr]
sherkat company /Pashto [tr]
çatá
(n.) hundred /SanskritUralic
sata hundred /Finnish
sata hundred; saaz (num.) hundredth /Vaddja [fv]
saat (Man's'i) [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian száz is of FU and ultimately of Indo-Aryan origin. [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic/Khakassian
çüs hundred (< CT *yüüz) [kl]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
çatá (n.) hundred /Sanskrit
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Last updated 25 June 2008