The author, , has tried to acknowledge all sources of copyrighted material here whenever possible, most of which is published on the net. The appropriate cross-reference is a code in square [] brackets which can be used to refer to the source here.
| Of course the choice of references and links reflects my own biases/prejudices and interests, however inclusion of a link on this webpage still does NOT necessarily mean that I agree/disagree with the views expressed in said link. |
References and Links
[aa] Aikio, Ante,
The manuscript is work-in-progress.
[aa2] On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory.
Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 91: 9–55 (2006)
"The purposes of this paper are to examine the strata of old Germanic borrowings in Saami and to discuss the prehistory and formation of the Saami language branch in the light of what is known of its contacts with Germanic as well as other language groups."
[aam] Macdonell, Arthur Anthony.
London: Oxford University Press, 1929
courtesy of the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, Univ. Chicago
[aer] >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Kurdish: An Indo-European Language
Kurdish Language and Linguistics
[ahd] The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language.
[aj] Jebson, Tony,
Learning Old English {old material}
Major Update {need Latin Extended-A characters to see properly}
[ajp] Pfiffig, Ambros Josef,
Die Etruskische Sprache, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsansalt Graz-Austria, 1969
[ak] Korn, Agnes,
[ak1] Towards a Historical Grammar of Balochi. Studies in Balochi Historical Phonology and Vocabulary, (PhD thesis manuscript, Frankfurt a. M. 2003)
[ak2] The Ergative System in Balochi from a Typological Perspective (PDF)
[ak3] Voice and Transitivity in Complex Predicates (PDF)
[al] Lubotsky, A. (ed.)
The online database of the Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University).
Available at:
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
[accessed 1 September 2000]
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/
[alinei] Alinei, Mario, Prof.,
[als] Simon, Andrew L.,* Origini delle lingue d'Europa.
* Vol. I: La teoria della continuitŕ, il Mulino,1996, ISBN: 88-15-05513-4
* Vol. II: Continuitŕ dal mesolitico all'Etŕ del ferro nelle principali aree etnolinguistiche Bologna, il Mulino, 2000, ISBN: 88-15-07386-8* Etrusco: una forma arcaica di ungherese
Bologna, il Mulino, 2003, ISBN: 88-15-09382-6* Ősi Kapocs : A magyar-etruszk nyelvrokonság, Allprint Kiadó, 2005
* Summary: Morris (PDF)
* Etruscan: An Archaic Form of Hungarian - (summary in PDF)
* Summary: link (hungarian)"In what is probably the most interesting account of recent years, the Italian dialectologist, Mario Alinei, suggests in his new book that Etruscan is nothing more than an archaic form of Hungarian with extensive Turkic borrowings. This linguistic proposition rests on two historical/archaeological propositions – an uncontroversial one that the Etruscans came from the Carpathian basin, and a highly controversial one that identifies them as a proto-Hungarian/Uralic people." [Morris]
* Mario Alinei's reply to criticism by Dr. János György Szilágyi (PDF)
* Response to the 'scientific' arguments being used to attack Alinei and his book in Hungary by one academic.
* Colloquium 7.3: Intrusive Farmers or Indigenous Foragers: The New Debate about the Ethnolinguistic Origins of Europe, Coordinator Mario Alinei, in: Proceedings of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Ličge, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001, Section 7, The Mesolithic, BAR International Series 1302, Oxford 2004, pp. 77-114
[als] Hungary in American History Textbooks
Site 1 (HTML), Site 2 (PDF), Site 3 (HTML)
Details the curiously dismissive, biased and sometimes downright wrong information on Hungary and her role in European affairs.
[als1] Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
Published by Simon Publications LLC, 1999
ISBN 0966573420, 9780966573428
456 pages. Also available @ Google Books
[am] Marcantonio, Angela, Dr.,
[am0] The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics
[am1] LINGUISTIC PALAEONTOLOGY: SCIENCE OR FICTION? A Case Study
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the methods of analysis that have been employed to build up the standard Uralic theory – and how the use of these methods has, I believe, so misled researchers. I believe this examination will be relevant to scientists in all disciplines that base their work on these reconstructions, as well as linguists who are responsible for establishing them. I hope to begin the process of a quantitative re-examination of other language families, including perhaps Indo-European."
[am2] Historical linguistics and the origin of the Finns: The debate between ‘traditionalists’ and ‘revolutionaries’
"...the validity of the U language family has not yet been scientifically proven thus far at the very linguistic level, contrary to what is generally claimed. Furthermore, the factual predictions of the theory are consistently contradicted by the results of other disciplines."
Bet that gets up the nose of most dogmatists.
[am91] Morandi, Alessandro.
Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca. Roma: erre emme, 1991
[anon] anonymous,
Rapanui-English dictionary based upon
La Tierra de Hotu Matu'a __ Historia y Etnologia de la Isla de Pascua, Gramática y Diccionario del Antiguo Idioma de la Isla. by Padre Sebastian Englert, O.F.M.Cap. Sixth edition, Editorial Universitaria, Santiago de Chile, 1993.
[ap] Parpola, Asko,
The Nâsatyas, the chariot and Proto-Aryan religion.(PDF)
Journal of Indological Studies 16-17 (2004-2005): 1-63.
Kyoto: Association for the Study of Indian Thought.
[ar] Rubin, Aaron,
[art:] Róna-Tas, András,
[art:0] Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History, Central European University Press, 1999
Gives a recent and detailed exposition of what we 'know', and a good idea of the difficulties encountered in tracing pre-Settlement Magyar history.
[art:1] Nutshell Chuvash PDF
Erasmus Mundus Intensive Program
Turkic languages and cultures in Europe (TLCE)
[as] Shimunek, Andrew., (dead link)
[as1] Szabó, Attila, Babes-Bolyai Tudományegyetem, Kolozsvár-Napoca
HUNGARIAN LOANWORDS OF ROMANIAN ORIGIN (PDF)
"This (very short) article is based on a longer paper read on February 5, 1982 in Budapest at the plenary
meeting of the Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság."
Hungarian Studies Ifl (1985), Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest
The common Mesopotamian substrate of Hungarian and Basque site1, site2, site3
Dr. Alfréd Tóth refers to T. Majláth's Basque/Hungarian lists in this work in which he states that "T. Majláth presented several hundreds of alleged Basque-Hungarian cognates, most of which a (sic) clearly wrong."
But T. Majláth has never alleged nor claimed that his lists of "similarities" were Basque-Hungarian cognates! Any linguist would tell you that one needs to provide all those sound change rules and any necessary linguistic and historical data not to mention one's methodology to justify one's claims for having identified cognates between languages.
The very thing which Tóth fails to do in his publication because he provides no working evidence on how he arrived at his own 209 alleged Basque-Hungarian 'cognates', mostly taken from T. Majláth's pages.
By the way, the colourful map of the Basque dialects claimed to be copyrighted by Wikipedia in Toth's paper was created by the said T. Majláth. :-(
[az] Zavaroni, Adolfo., (dead link)
Etruscan Philology Online (access to the corpus of Etruscan inscriptions)
[az96] Zavaroni, Adolfo.,
I Documenti Etruschi. Reggio Emilio: Sherpa, 1996. 445 pp. 21 figs.
[bd] Demiraj, B. et al.,
The online database of the Albanian inherited lexicon. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University).
Available at:
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
[accessed 1 September 2000]
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/
[bes] Sisauri, Besiki,
Online English-Georgian Dictionary, [accessed 27 March 2001]
[bl] Lukács, B.,
Proto-Magyar Texts from the Middle of the Ist Millenium?
(The article has been removed.)
[bm] Majláth Béla,
MAYLÁD ISTVÁN 1502-1550, [ISTVÁN MAYLÁD 1502-1550]
Magyar Történeti Életrajzok, [Hungarian Biographical Histories], Méhner Vilmos Kiadása, 1889. [Publisher Vilmos Méhner, 1889, page 117]
Letter of Thomas Nádasdy to his wife dated 23 August 1544 - a portion of which follows, where the black text is from 1544 and blue is 1889)
[bo] Obrusanszky, Borbala,
The Hungarian billog and its parallel with paizi
"There was an unique object, the billog, in the early administration of the early Hungarian kingdom, which was used on the field of jurisdiction."
Transoxiana 10 - Julio 2005
[bur] Burrow, T., Emeneau, M.B.,
Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1961
[bur84] Burrow, T., Emeneau, M.B.,
A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, Edition: 2nd ed. 1984
courtesy of the Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, Univ. Chicago
[bw] Biró, Lajos Pál, Dr. and Willer, József, Dr.,
Magyar-Angol, Iskolai És Kéziszótár, Vol. II
[cal] COMPREHENSIVE ARAMAIC LEXICON
Hebrew Union College
[cao] Krause, Todd B., Greppin, John A.C., and Slocum, Jonathan
Linguistics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
[cb] Babaev, Cyril, The Indo-European Database (dead links)
[cb1] An Etymological Database of Indo-European Roots
[cb1] Etymological Dictionary of Indoeuropean Roots
[cb2] Indo-European Glossaries {accessed 24 March 2001}
[cb3] Indo-European Scripts
[cb4] Indo-European Grammars
[cb5] Materials about the Iberians and Iberian Languages
[cbs] Siren, Christopher,
[cdli] Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
******************* Christopher Gwinn's site is not available ************
[cg]
Gwinn,
Christopher,
[cg1] ---------- An Introduction
to the
Gaulish Language (http://members.nbci.com/gaulishweb/)
[cg2] ---------- Proto
Indo-European
Studies - (http://members.nbci.com/piestudies/)
******************* C. Gregorio-Jones' site is not available ************
[cgj] Gregorio-Jones, Charles R.,
Egyptology and Near Eastern Resources {http://home.earthlink.net/~cjones3/}
**************************************************************
[Cheung] Cheung, J.,
A Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University).
Available at:
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
[accessed 19 August 2003]
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/
[Chong] Chong, P.,
Ural Altaic Etymology Dictionary (old site)
Ural Altaic Etymology Dictionary (new site)
The above links have been down for maintenance for a long time.
Ural Altaic Etymology Dictionary (also died)
That's it! No more.
[cm] Gypsy-Hungarian lexicon (1893),
[gm1] http://mnytud.arts.klte.hu/szleng/egyeb/cig_szot.htm
[gm2] http://www.mek.iif.hu/porta/szint/egyeb/szotar/ciganysz.hun
from the Great Pallas lexicon :
"Cigányok. (Külön melléklet a Nagy Lexikon IV. kötetének 360--364. lapján levo Cigánynyelv és Cigányok cikkhez. Három képmelléklettel)" (I--XLVIII. lap): A Pallas Nagy Lexikona. IV. kötet. Bp., 1893. [a 364. és a 365. lap között] "V. Magyar-cigány szógyüjtemény" (XLIII--XLVIII)
[csd] Detre, Csaba Dr.,
Hun Lexicon (in Hungarian)
[cw] Wisdom, Charles,
Chorti Dictionary, 1950
From microfilm of handwritten notes deposited at the University of Chicago by Charles Wisdom, this dictionary was transcribed and transliterated by Brian Stross,
Department of Anthropology,University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
[db] Boutkan, D.,
The online Old Frisian etymological database (the evidence of R1). Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University).
Available at:
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
[accessed 1 September 2000]
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/
[dep] Perrotin, Damien Erwan, (amateur linguist)
Etruscan Etymological Glossary
See his section on "How to become a Crackpot" intended to put you in your place, where he states that Etruscan is "...basically Greek".
I hope he means that the Etruscan alphabet is similar to that of the Phoenicians and/or the Greeks, but the Etruscan language is not Greek?
[df] Frawley, David Dr.,
[dg] Grune, D.,
[dk] King, Dennis, (dead link)
[dlp] Payne, Doris L.,
[dm] Margócsy, Dániel, (dead link)
Nép, Sokaság, Csod, Tömeg, Csodtömeg
Origin of Hungarian words semantically related to "crowd"
[dmlcs]
DICTIONARY
OF MEDIEVAL LATIN FROM CELTIC SOURCES
----------------- CELTIC-LATIN
WORD-LIST
[dss] Debrecen Summer School
Hungarolingua Grammatica {Hungarian Grammar} (dead link)
[dw] Winford, Donald,
An Introduction to Contact Linguistics
Published by Blackwell Publishing,
2003ISBN 0631212515, 9780631212515.
416 pages
[ecq] Quigley, Edward C.,
MA Thesis, University of North Dakota, 2003
[ehh] Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica,
[ehh1] Uhl, Gabriella,
[ehh2] Kakuk, Zsuzsa,
KNIGHT KINGS - THE ANJOU AND SIGISMUND AGE IN HUNGARY (1301-1437)
[ehh3] Hámori, Antónia S.,
[el] Etruscan Language,
On various attempts at decipherment of Etruscan inscriptions, the website author writes "The translations are quite creative, and read like crossword clues. One would have to wonder why any ancient civilisation would write such strange disjointed phrases on their grave stelae etc". Such a statement needs clarification.
Undoubtedly there are many nonsense translations of Etruscan inscriptions, but if Etruscan morphology has some flexional and agglutinative traits then it is quite possible that literal translations will seem 'strange and disjointed' to someone who does not think natively in at least one inflected/agglutinative language. For example,
From [wlg:6-9] Literal
ENGLISHLATIN
'Inflected Language'MAGYAR
'Agglutinative Language'Nominative sing. The Poet Poet-a A költő-Ř Dative sing. girl-to puell-ae leány-nak Adjective large magn-as nagy-Ř Accusative Plur. ros-es ros-as rózs-ák-at Verb, 3rd. person, sing. gives, is giving da-t ad-Ř The sentence in Latin and Magyar is perfectly natural though it is often 'strange and disjointed' as a literal translation in English. In translating such languages there is often a need to juggle words and meanings to produce idiomatic English for example. In Latin and Magyar most of the words may be rearranged for emphasis without stuffing up the overall meaning of the sentence, but that is not possible in English. Just a thought.
This is a great site on Etruscan, but marred by the fact that the anonymous author indulges in such a classic example of bogus skepticism by also resorting to accusations of 'nationalism' and 'crank' scholarship against others offering alternatives to mainstream theories concerning the Etruscans.
If you can't counter those 'crackpot' claims with which you don't agree then you attack 'the person', their qualifications, abilities or their motivation. Fits the spirit of 'Science' to a tee, doesn't it?
[em] Encyclopedia Mythica
[emas] Maslova, Elena, 2003 Tundra Yukaghir, LINCOM, LWM 372
TundraYukaghir.pdf (dead link)
tundra_yukaghir.pdf courtesy of Harald Hammarström
[ep] Partridge, Eric,
Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.
[epsd] The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
[etcsl] The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
[etcsl1] Sumerian Language (brief introduction)
[etcsl2] CuneiformCourtesy of the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford
[fh]
Hámori, F., Sumerian
& Ural-Altaic Rootword Dictionary
--------- Ural
- Altaic
& Dravidian Languages
--------- The
Hungarian
Language
--------- Untenability
of
The Finno-Ugrian Theory (dead link)
[fhc] --------- Chinese
Similarities
[fh16] -------- Correspondence of 16 Feb.
2000
[fh315] The
phonology and sound rules of Sumerian, 2005 (dead link)
[fjs] Steingass, Francis Joseph,
A Comprehensive Persian-English dictionary,
including the Arabic words and phrases to be met with in Persian literature. London: Routledge & K. Paul, 1892.
Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, Univ. Chicago
[fm] Austronesian Languages:
[fv] Válóczy, F.,
[ga] Aulestia, Gorka,
Basque-English Dictionary, University of Nevada Press, 1989
[gdbj] Basque-Japanese Dictionary
This a a Japanese Basque dictionary to bring the Japanese culture and Basque Culture closer together. More than 20.000 entries and growing..., Both cultures have many points in common. There is a lot to learn from each other and a lot to benefit from it. Use it freely to learn Basque and Japanese.
[gdsj] Spanish-Japanese Dictionary
Provides a Spanish Japanese and Japanese Spanish dictionary. This dictionary contains more than 25.000 entries and growing..., and its main objective will be to assist the Spanish Japanese translators when doing direct as well as inverse Japanese Spanish translations.
[gg] Gordon, Glen, (amateur linguist)
(mostly dead links)
[gg0]gLeNny'Z Long-Range Linguistix
[gg1] IndoTyrrhenian Glossary (accessed 22 March 2001)
[gg2] Linguistics for the masses(these work)
[gg3] Gordon's Etruscan Dictionary Poject
Gordon's goal in this project is "...to ascertain workable translations that fit the existing inscriptions without the "linguistic voodoo", ethnopolitical bias, overhyped mystery-mongering and other rhetoric plaguing this field".
Such a lofty goal won't be achieved with all that emotional baggage displayed in his blog below. We have such little information to start with to develop a faulty approximation of the Truth which cannot help but be coloured by current cultural noise. In the case of Etruscology how wide ranging is the entire corpus of known Etruscan inscriptions which will allow one to ascertain the Truth, whatever that is? Do we have any written histories or even one piece of Etruscan literary work not dealing with the dead which can help decide who is right and who is wrong?
[gg4] (Gordon's Blog) Voodoo Linguistics, in Etruscology
The sensationalist title so trendy in Etruscology (and Ugristics!) should be a tip-off that clear thinking is not required in Gordon's article because "...anyone with a bit of grey matter can see that..." what he says is true. If you can't, well then you are stupid. Gordon dismisses the ideas of Alinei and Ballestero with unscientific, vitriolic, personal attacks to highlight some perceived error in order to ignore the entire theory because it is 'jarring' to his currently accepted view of the universe. Just count the number of emotionally loaded words in the blog.
Once again: If you can't counter those 'crackpot' claims with which you don't agree then you attack 'the person', their qualifications, abilities or their motivation. Fits the spirit of 'Science' to a tee, doesn't it?
One would think that such an overreaction and the shunning of Alinei's and Ballestero's theories by their professional colleagues without debate and examination is inconsistent with the spirit and the methodology of Science in which Gordon places such great faith. It isn't skepticism that is lacking in professional and amateur circles as claimed by Gordon but a little bit of objectivity!Such emotional rants are perhaps balanced by Jonathan Morris' favourable review of Alinei's book in Mother Tongue, a journal dedicated to the reconstruction of Paleolithic language, see[Morris1.PDF] and [Morris2.PDF]
Alinei readily admits that there are areas of Etruscan that have not been explained by his theory, such as its words for numbers. His main point about the Turkic origins of Etruscan vocabulary for offices of state is nevertheless a powerful one. His theory also has the distinct virtue of generating testable hypotheses, most notably regarding the separation of the Hungarians from the Obugric group. If one accepts these, one is obliged to accept a causal chain of events that projects the Hungarians back to a Bronze Age presence in the Carpathian Basin, and by extension, to the Kurgan peoples. Alinei’s linguistic conclusions may thus be as important for Uralic studies as Ventris’ decipherment of Linear B was for Greek. [Morris]
If Alinei's theory is 'wrong' then its allegedly testable hypotheses should be falsifiable. Much more so than the unpronounceable proto-words invented in mainstream linguistic circles which can never be historically verified/falsified with actual spoken proto-languages of such remote times. Voodoo science, indeed.
[gk] Köbler, Gerhard,
[gk1] Altenglisches Wörterbuch
[gk2] Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch
[gk3] Altniederfränkisches Wörterbuch
[gk4] Altnordisches Wörterbuch
[gk5] Altsächsisches Wörterbuch
[glb] Bonfante, Larissa & Giuliano,
The Etruscan Language: An Introduction. Manchester and New York, 1983; trans. as Lingua e cultura degli Etruschi, rev. trans. Rome 1985
[glnp] Garrett, Jonathan; Lastowka, Greg; Naahielua, Kimberly; Pallipamu, Meena
Turkmen Dictionary Project © 1996, c/o Peace Corps Turkmenistan, P.O. Box 258, Krugozor, Central Post Office, Ashgabat 744000.
[gm97] Meiser, Gerhard.
Jazyk etruski -poza rodzinŕ indoeuropejskŕ (dead link)
(The Etruscan language -outside the Indo-European family) Postscriptum' Nr. 21, pp. 19-47, spring 1997 (online translation)
[gn] Neufeld, Grant, Cree Lessons
[gp] Perrot, Gildas, (dead link)
[gp98] Price, Glanville,
Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe
Published by Blackwell Publishing, 1998,
ISBN 0631220399, 9780631220398
499 pages
[gzb] Bodroghy, Gabor Z.,Also available @ Google Books
[gzb0] Online articles on Liber Linteus
(A very detailed site on the only surviving Etruscan "book" written on linen which was cut up to wrap a female Egyptian mummy probably in 1 A.D., '...consisting of 230 lines of text and 1200 words that can be read more or less clearly, and 100 more words that can be reconstructed from the context with a high degree of certainty'. )
Site about Old Hungarian runic writing that was perfectly suited to the Hungarian language but was banned by the Church and the Árpád dynasty in order to keep pagan elements under control.
[hcm] Melchert, H.Craig,
[hcm1] Cuneiform Luvian lexicon (Lexica Anatolica, Volume 2), Chapell Hill, N.C. 1993 (conversion into the STARLING format by A. Lubotsky, october-november 2000).[accessed June 2001]
[hcm2] Lycian lexicon (Lexica Anatolica, Volume 1, 2 edition), Chapell Hill, N.C. 1993 (conversion into the STARLING format by A. Lubotsky and S. Starostin, January-February 2001). [accessed June 2001]
Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University).
Available at:
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/
[hcm3] Hittite harp(p)- and Derivatives - PDF
[hgr] Raverty, H. G. (Henry George).
A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans: with remarks on the originality of the language, and its affinity to other oriental tongues. Second edition, with considerable additions. London: Williams and Norgate, 1867.
Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, Univ. Chicago
[hh] Hammarström, Harald
Harald had to take the site down (see explanation)
[hh96] Hámori, Fred., Halloran, John, A.,
Lexicon of Sumerian Logograms with Ural Altaic & Dravidian Comparisons, 1996
[ho] Slocum, J., Kimball, S.E.,
Linguistics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
[id] Duridanov, Ivan,
[ied] The Indo-European Etymological Dictionary at
(old Address) http://iiasnt.leidenuniv.nl/ied/
(new address) http://www.indo-european.nl/[iits] IITS - Institute of Indology and Tamil Studies, University of Cologne
[iits1] Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon
[iits2] Capeller's Sanskrit-English Dictionary
[iits3] Online Tamil Lexikon (OTL)
[iits4] Lexicon of Iranian Languages (LIL)
[ijh] Josika-Herczeg, Imre, Dr.,
This book is quite unique. It was published a long time ago, in 1934. Written
by a Hungarian immigrant, published in New York by a local Hungarian
language newspaper, it was probably sold to the paper’s subscribers, not to
bookstores and libraries. Consequently it has gone entirely unnoticed by those
with professional interest in the political history of Hungary. It is a pity,
because it contains a great deal of information about Hungary that are scarcely
touched in other texts. The treatment of the topic is remarkably untainted by
the vicious anti-Hungarian propaganda that appears in many similar books. It
is written in the friendly spirit that characterized American - Hungarian
relations before World War I. [Prof. Andrew L. Simon]
[il] Laka, Itziar.
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, (University of the Basque Country)
[ils] Iranian Languages and Scripts
English-Persian Dictionary (Modern Persian) (dead link)
[jb] Breen, J., Dr., [j.breen AT csse.monash.edu.au]
WWWJDIC Japanese-English Dictionary Server
[jbcd] Broschart, Jurgen., Dawuda, Carmen,
Beyond Nouns and Verbs: Typological Studies in Lexical Categorisation, PDF
[jd] Dienhart, John M. The Mayan Languages- A Comparative Vocabulary, electronic version, Odense University, 1997.
[1834]
GALINDO, JUAN, Informé de la comisión científica formada para el reconocimiento de las antiguadades de Copán. Photographic copy of manuscript. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum Library, Harvard. 46 pp..
[1893]
CARRILLO Y ANCONA, CRESCENCIO , Pronunciación de las letras del alfabeto en lengua maya. Manuscript. Cambridge, Mass.: Peabody Museum Library, Harvard. 18 pp.
P = Peto (from Manuel A. Valez, Sept. 19)
S = Sotuta (from whom?)
T = Tizimin (from Francisco Rejon Espinola, Aug. 25)
V = Valladolid (from L. Manzano, Aug. 23)
[1897]
SAPPER, CARL, Das nördliche Mittel-Amerika nebst einem Ausflug nach dem Hochland von Anahuac. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. 436 pp.
[1907]
SAPPER, CARL, Choles und Chorties. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congress of Americanists (1906), pp. 423-465.
[jf] Friedl, Jeffrey
Based on the dictionary and work of Dr. Jim Breen
[jh] Halloran, J. A.,
[jl] The Jurchen language and Script Website
[jla] Laakso, Johanna, Dr.,
[jla0] Frequently Asked Questions about Finno-Ugrian Languages
She states that "No serious scholar of the Finno-Ugrian languages has ever doubted the common origin of these languages", That is, if anyone does doubt such a blatantly, obvious fact then they cannot be a 'serious' scholar. Words do hurt and mislead, don't they?
According to Dr. Laakso, "What has been falsified is probably the antiquated idea of Finno-Ugrian cultural or even racial relationship." Sorry, I don't understand the statement. Either the idea has been falsified or it has not. The word 'probably' introduces an element of uncertainty into the statement.
She writes "... there are people possessed by more or less crazy ideas of relating their native language with some very prestigious or exotic language ...", which is clearly designed to put all those crackpot dilettantes and unorthodox professionals in their place who offer alternatives to Finnish mainstream Finno-Ugristics. I'm willing to bet that such a general claim is simply not true in every case. There must be a few much-maligned, unbigoted amateurs and professionals who are open-minded and very intelligent individuals who don't claim to have complete rights to absolute Truth.
Once again: If you can't counter those 'crackpot' claims with which you don't agree then you attack 'the person', their qualifications, abilities or their motivation. Fits the spirit of 'Science' to a tee, doesn't it?
She admits that "... it seems probable that genetic relationship beyond the language families known by now can never be proved." If that is so, then it might also follow that perhaps alternative unorthodox relationships cannot be disproved, especially with such unscientific statements?
[jla1] LINGUISTIC SHADOW-BOXING
Dr Laakso criticises Angela Marcantonio's book "The Uralic language family. Facts, myths and statistics". At least Dr. Laakso is refreshingly honest enough to declare that she did her best to shed her prejudices while reading AM's book. But she still couldn't help getting personal about AM's professional competence :-
"Above all, this book is a sad memento for all Uralists about the looming marginalisation of historical linguistics, Uralistics included. It seems that the principles of diachronic linguistics are known to all too few linguists today. Otherwise it remains a mystery why an obviously honest and industrious, academically trained linguist can misunderstand so many fundamental facts..."
Some might be concerned about this imagined 'looming marginalisation of H.L' but to use Laakso's own words, "AM's book could be (more importantly) regarded as a positive challenge to Uralistics, giving impulses for further discussion...." even though it is hard for her to find much worth in AM's book. As a result, Laakso actually asks honest questions if not with tongue-in-cheek whether it "Could it be that the tradition of Uralistic rhetorics has been too arrogant in trusting the acknowledged nature of linguistic relatedness as a fait accompli? Have Uralists fought for the right cause with wrong weapons? Should something be done to counter AM's claims that the counter-evidence has been systematically minimised and ignored?"
Yeah, critical (self)examination and questioning, not dogma, are supposed to form part of the basis of the much touted Scientific Method, I think.
"The following list is neither comprehensive nor unquestionable. Many words could perhaps be added, some etymologies are uncertain or different linguists have different opinions about them. We should also bear in mind that this is not a comprehensive list of "old Finno-Ugrian words". Some words like Hung. toll 'feather' have cognates in almost all other FU languages but, as it happens, not in Finnish; likewise, Finnish has obviously ancient words whose cognate just happens to be missing in Hungarian."
What an 'exact' science.
[jp] Pashka, Jos.
Virdainas - a dictionary of the Sűdovian language. (RECONSTRUCTED!!)
The Sűdovians were also known by the names -Yotvingians, Yatvingians, or Soudinoi (Ptolemy 2nd Century A.D.)
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/6623/
http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/main.htm
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Intriguing speculation on the origins of the Romans and their language.
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Kanji Networks: Etymologies of Chinese Characters as Used in Japan
The more than 3,700 etymologies in this site illuminate the phonosemantic origins of Chinese characters, and account for the principal meanings the characters bear in modern Japanese.
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1. Introduction -- 2. A thumbnail sketch of the language -- 3. Phonology -- 4. Grammar -- 5. Lexicon -- 6. Connections with other languages.
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[cam] Macartney, C.A.,
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Site 2: Etruscan Glossary
[mc1] Mc Callister, Rick: (No longer available)
On-line dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages {http://www.muw.edu/~rmccalli/subsGerIntro.html}
[mc2] Carrasquer Vidal, Miguel and Mc Callister, Rick, (No longer available)
Illyich-Svytich Dictionary of Nostratic Roots
11. (descript.) *biC'a "small" {http://www.muw.edu/~rmccalli/IS11.html}
25. *büK.a "to bend, bent" {http://www.muw.edu/~rmccalli/IS25.html}
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Eneas MacKay, Bookseller 43 Murray Place, Stirling. 1912.
Out of copyright. Keyed in and verified at Sabhal Mór Ostaig, the Gaelic college on the Island of Skye, by Caoimhín P. Ó Donnaíle and Ruth Melton. HTML version by John T. McCranie, San Francisco State University.
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[mds] de Smit, Merlijn,
Uralic Linguistics Vs. Voodoo Science
Again, the emotionally charged and sensationalist title so trendy in Ugristics (and Etruscology) should be a tip-off that clear thinking is not really required.
de Smit provides a 'critique' of alternate theories, where personal attacks are still necessary to defend the integrity of mainstream Uralic linguistics.
Classic example: If you can't counter those 'crackpot' claims with which you don't agree then you attack 'the person', their qualifications, abilities or their motivation. Fits the spirit of 'Science' to a tee, doesn't it?
[mhn] Nodine, Mark H.,
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License.
[mn] Noonan, Michael, (Papers) at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
[mn0] The Nar-Phu language (PDF)
[mn1] The Chantyal Language (PDF)
[mnl] MAGYAR NÉPRAJZI LEXIKON
Some ancient but interesting medical terms (in Hungarian only)
THE ”UGRIC-TURKIC BATTLE”: A CRITICAL REVIEW (PDF)
"J. Budenz is generally believed to have been the scientist who established
the existence and uniqueness of the Finno-Ugric node and family beyond doubt.
Much of the Uralic literature is based on this belief. However, there appears
to be little discussion in the literature actually referring to the original works
of J. Budenz. The purpose of this paper is to review this original work critically."
[mo] Owstrowski, Manfred,
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[mu] Uusküla, Mari,
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Histories of the language
Phonology, morphology and dialectology
Grammar, vocabulary and language theory
Dictionaries, bibliographies and encyclopedias
Literature
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Linguistics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin
[oi] ACHAEMENID ROYAL INSCRIPTIONS, Oriental Institute, Uni. of Chicago
[oi1] ---------------------- Glossary Of The Old Persian Texts
[oi2] ---------------------- Glossary Of The Elamite Texts
[oi3] ---------------------- Glossary Of The Akkadian Texts
[oi4] The Afro-Asiatic / Cushitic Index by Gene Gragg (dead link)
WARNING: "It cannot be emphasized too strongly that each entry is simply a LEXICAL INDEX to a cognate set, and NOT the full, published cognate set itself, nor a substitute for the exact etymological claim . This latter must be consulted in every case to determine the claim being made by the author, and the basis of the interpretation of the evidence." [Gragg]
[osr] Old Spanish Readings.
Edited, with Introduction, Notes and Vocabulary by J.D.M. Ford, Harvard University. Copyright 1906
For any questions or comments please email Alison Gaffney at alison798@hotmail.com.
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[pkm]
Kekai
Manansala, Paul [pkm]
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Austro-Dravidian
Languages Theory,
1996
------------- Austric
Influence in India
------------- Sumerian
and Austric Language
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Although Pokorny's masterpiece is an indispensible tool used by Indo-Europeanists for all kinds of research, it is completely outdated.
[pr] Ryan, Patrick C.,
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[ryan1] Correspondence 14 November 2000
[q]
Quechua/Quichua
Language resources
[q1] -------------- Tuschman,
Avi, Quichua (Ecuador)
Database
[q2] -------------- Runasimi
-
Deutsch - English - Espańol - Français (ANSI
format text)
[q3] -------------- Ancey,
Jean-Luc, Quechua
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[rd] Derksen, R. The online database of the Slavic inherited lexicon. Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project (Leiden University). Available at:
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[rh] Hellie, Richard (The University of Chicago) ,
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[rlt] Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir.
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[rwc] Rgvedic word concordance
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