Magyar
Word List
BI-BU
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
Engraving, writing; stamp, seal, engraving knife
bicsak, bicska pocket-knife; jack-knife /Hungarian
pecs-ét seal, stamp; pecsét-el-ni to seal, stamp /Hungarian
Uralic
? pätki cut to pieces (Finnish); bæs'kedâ to cut off hair or wood (Lappish); pücˆkä- chop off, cut off, trim off (Mari); pecˆke- cut; slaughter (Mordvin) [Chong]
bics-ka small carving knife originally a writing, engraving knife./Hungarian
Possibly of Turkic origin.
pecs-ét seal, stamp; pecsét-el-ni to seal, stamp /Hungarian
Such objects were usually carved from various substances with a specialised knife etc.
Altaic/Turkic
bich-ik writing, writing knife /Uigur-Turk (they had a printing press long before Gutenberg!)
biç- cut (Azeri); biç- cut, mow, reap; býçak knife; buda- lop, prune, trim (Turkish) [Chong]
biçmek to cut, tailor /Turkmen [glnp]
pyçak knife, blade; pyçaklamak to knife, stab /Turkmen [glnp]
pyçgy saw /Turkmen [glnp]
poçerk hand-writing /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] reminds us that poçerk is also found in Russian.
bicqi saw; bicaq knife /Cuman [pbg]
Dravidian
picca_-kkatti combined pocket knife and iron style, long country knife (Tamil); bisatti knife (Tulu) (DEDR 4214).[sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
pečat seal, stamp, signet /Serbo-Croatian; pechat' stamp /Russian
pisac writer; author, poet; pisaći (adj.) writing; pisanje (n.) writing;
pisati to write /Serbo-Croatian; писать (pisat') to write /Russian
Indo-Iranian
pichaq a knife /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Turkic according to [fjs]
Sino-Tibetan
piet writing brush /Old Chinese >> bit-ik writing,letters /Ujgur
bika bull, ökör ox /Hungarian
Uralic
buka ox /Erzya [fv]
Hungarian bika is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*p`ok`i ox, cow /Altaic [ss]
*öküŕ /Turc [ss]
*hüker /Mongol [ss]
*pukur, *pukun /Tungus [ss]
Turkic
okuz ox /Turkish
öküz bull /Turkmen [glnp]
Indo-European
Slavic
bik bull /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
baqar ox, bull; cow, cattle /Persian [fjs]
bill-eg to sway, oscillate billen tilt, tip over; billent to tilt, tip over /Hungarian
Uralic
{Hungarian /-eg/ is a verbal suffix}
Dravidian
bal.aku, bal.iku, bal.(u)ku to shake, tremble; on.aku to tremble (Kannad.a); bal.akuni to quake, shake, quiver (Tulu); vad.a_ku, van.a_ku to tremble, shudder, quiver (Telugu); vad.k- to tremble, shiver (Kolami); var.ak- to tremble (Naikri); var.k- to tremble (Gondi); van:k- to shake, tremble (Kond.a) (DEDR 5307). [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
pallô
I. poise, sway a missile before it is thrown; 2. generally, sway, brandish
II. Pass., swing, dash oneself
III. intr., leap, bound
Wrestle, fight
bir-koz to wrestle, struggle with /Hungarian {-koz suffix forms reflexive verb}
há(d)-ború war, "military fight" /Hungarian
Uralic
purõlõa to fight /Vaddja [fv]
also see Hungarian csata "battle, fight, struggle"
Sumerian
bir to scatter, mix, wreck, to murder [jh]
búru, bur to knap, flake off, to tear out, to despoil [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
bira (v.) to pile, have a confrontation /Mandinka [pc1]
boriŋ (v.) to wrestle, fall on opponent in a wrestle /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
*p`u>/ri to shake /Altaic [ss]
*ur- 1 to beat, hit 2 to pour, strew /Turkic [ss]
ur- (Orkh., OUigh.) 1 /Old Turkic; ur- (MK, QB) 1 /Karakhanid; ur- (Abushk., Pav.C.) 1 /Middle Turkic; vur- 1 /Turkish; vur- 1 /Azeri; ur- 1 /Gagauz; ur- 1 /Turkmen; hur- 1 /Khaladzh; u>r- 1 /Tatar; ur- 1 /Kirghiz; u>r- 1 /Kazakh; ur- 1 /Noghai; ur- 1 /Balkar; ur- 1 /Kumyk; ur- 1 /Karakalpak; ur- 1 /Uzbek; ur- 1 /Uighur; u>r- 1 /Bashkir; ur- 2 /Khakassian; ur- 2 /Tuva-Tofalar; ur- 2 /Altai; ur- 2 /Shor; vúw|r- 1 /Chuvash [ss]
*(h)u"re- to strew, scatter /Mongol [ss]
*por- to hit, strike /Tungus [ss]
f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' /Modern Manchu [ss]
*pu/ru/-p- to shake; to sieve /Japanese [ss]
pu/ru/-p- (Old Japanese); fu\ru- (Tokyo); fu/ru/- (Kyoto); furu/- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Austro-Asiatic
birot. at variance, at enmity with each other; birud opposition, contrareity, against; am birudre in opposition to thee (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
borrokatu to fight; borroka a fight (C)
Dravidian
po_r fight /Tamil; po_ri equal, rival, competitor /Tamil (Tamil lex.); vara_kam battle; va_rava_ram armour (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
fira hostility; firin hostile; farsi hostility /Etruscan [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
palê [a^], hê, wrestling 2. generally, fight, battle
Italic [Cassell]
bellum, -i (n.) war, fighting /Latin
Old form DUELLUM
bello, -are // bellor, -ari to wage war, fight /Latin
bellĭcus, -a, -um of war, warlike /Latin
Celtic
farrach violence /Gaelic; farrach, forrach /Irish [mcb]
farral, farran anger, force /Gaelic; farrán vexation, anger, forrán oppression /Irish; forrán destruction /Middle Irish; forranach, destructive /Early Irish. [mcb]
Germanic
wera to defend (oneself) /Old Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: Goth. warjan, ON verja, OE,OS werian, OHG werien, wer(r)en, MHG wer(e)n, MLG we:ren, MDu. weren `hinder, forbid', cf. also *wari:n-: OS -weri, OHG -wari:, -weri:, MHG -wer(e), MLG -we:re, OFris. were (cf. s.v. 3. were), MDu. -were, -weer `-defence'; *werand-: pres. ptc. to wera, cf. also MLG wa:rent, -ant, OFris. werand (q.v.), werend; OFris. warand to *wara `defendere; *warno:: ON vo,rn `defence', OE wearn `refusal', OHG fure]warna `praeparatio', MHG warne, werne `caution, preparation', OFris. werne `pledge, damage', MDu. waerne `pledge'; *warnjanaN: ON verna, OE wiernan, OS wernian, OHG wernen, MLG wernen, warnen, OFris. werna (q.v.), warna, MDu. wa(e)rnen `refuse'; etc. [db]
Slavic
borac fighter, combatant; (fig.) struggler, contender; warrior /Serbo-Croatian
boriti to fight, struggle (with, against), combat, contest /Serbo-Croatian
prepirati to quarrel, wrangle, bicker, altercate; contest, wrestle for /Serbo-Croatian
borot'sya wrestle /Russian
borq se to wrestle (with, against) /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vârethrakhnish [vârethrakhni] victorious; smiting the enemy (lit.); verethra victory; strength of victory; (alternately) repel, resist; verethrakhnahe [verethrakhna] victoriousness (ahm158); m. victorious, smiting or killing the enemy /Avestan
vaira hostile; enmity /Avestan [sk]
var@qram `defence, shield' /Avestan [db]
*par- to fight, struggle /Proto Iranian [Cheung]
Avestan: LAv. p@r- `to fight, struggle' ; Khotanese: pur(r)- `overcome' ; Other Iranian forms: (+ *u_i-) ? Arm. (LW) goupar `fight'
Indo-European reconstruction: *per- `to strike'
Indo-European cognates: Arm. (aor.) ehar `struck', OCS pürjo, (püre>ti) `to argue, quarrel', Russ. pru (pere/t') `to push, drag', Lith. periu\ (per~ti) `to beat, lash with a besom (in a bath)'
ber revenge /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
pŕ.t fight, battle; pŕ.tanā battle /Sanskrit
viro_dha enmity (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian {b>v, -ked suffix also forms a reflexive verb}
Uralic
veriä (v.) beat /Vaddja [fv]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian
{b>v, -ked suffix also forms a reflexive verb}
Hungarian ver- is 'possibly' of FU origin or is entirely of unknown origin according to two official sources. [see Chong]
[alinei] also states that its etymology or origin is unknown, but from which developed
Middle Magyar veret 'cannon shot' around 1462.
Etruscan
Etruscan vraθ 'you fight, you beat'
which in Hungarian would be vered or ütöd
Judge, king, ruler, empire, realm, estate
bír-ál to judge, criticize; bírás-kod(ík) to judge, to sit in judgement /Hungarian
bíró a judge, magistrate, referee, umpire Hungarian
birodalom empire, realm /Hungarian
birtok possession; estate, land /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bíró, birtok are of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
bara5,6 , bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
buur king /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
bar judge /Chuvash
Dravidian
birida man of distinction, etc. (Kannad.a); birdu, birdolige badge of honour, show, display, prestige (Tulu); birudamu, birudu a strong, powerful, or capable person; title or mark of honour or distinction, badge, motto, vow, resolution (Telugu); virutan an accomplished warrior (Malayalam); virutu valour, blazon, family device (Malayalam); title, banner, trophy, badge of victory, pedigree, geneaology (Tamil); biridu, biruda, birudu panegyric, praise, an honorary distinctinctive mark, badge of honour, distinction, developed power, valour (Kannad.a) (DEDR 5414) [sk]
porul. thing, matter, property, riches, leadership (Tamil); stores, provisions, utensils; gold (Tamil.lex.); riches, meaning (Malayalam); porut.t.u cause, matter of importance (Tamil); cause (Malayalam); porl thing (Kota); purul. fitness, propriety, power, strength; purul.i a notable, high position; poral. wealth (Kannad.a)(IA 19.143; c. A.D.685); porlu beauty, comeliness; beautiful, handsome, fine; porle a handsome man (Tulu); pon.t.e for the sake of; purulu wealth, honour, nature, valour, beauty (Telugu); pora matter, concern, interest (Kui) (DEDR 4544) [sk]
Etruscan
par, parnix, parxis term dealing with social or administrative conditions [mp68]
"attribute of a magistracy, with equal rights, peer" [dep, pa]
see magistracies zilc parxis, zilath parxis [mp68]
Indo-European
biruda-, viruda- laudatory poem or panegyric (Sanskrit.)(DEDR 5414) [sk]
por-ond dais /Hungarian
Sumerian
bara5,6 , bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]
Dravidian
paran. watch-tower, upper story, rack over a fireplace, loft under the roof of a house (Tamil); loft under the roof, rude ceiling, frame for drying something over the fireplace (Malayalam); paren~ji, pareji scaffold, temporary platform (Tulu)(DEDR 3953).[sk]
Assure, trust, lead; secret, mystery, wiseman, witch
bíz to trust, assure, have confidence in /Hungarian
bizomány commission, consignment /Hungarian
bizt-os, bizony-os assured; bizt-os-ít to assure /Hungarian
vez-ér chief, commander; vez-et to lead, guide /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bíz is possibly of FU origin.
? baz- (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Hungarian vezet is officially derived from
*wetä- /Proto FU [Chong]
Sumerian
buzur (2,4,5), puzur (2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
pyzmh N /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLAGal trust, security
Etruscan
fes to make accounts, assure [az96]
Dravidian
besa command, order (Kannad.a); viyam id. (Tol. Col. 67); viyan:ko_l. command; viyan:kol.l.utal to obey orders, to submit (Cilap. 9,78); viyavan- commander, person in authority; headman (S.I.I. ii,352); strong, bold man; servant; besadavan (Kannad.a) (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
besana (Tadbhava of vidha_na) order, command; besanam pe_r.. = besani_; besanam sa_r to get an order; besana he_r..isi kol. to obtain permission; besani_, besani_-i_ to give an order; besambad.e, besavad.e to get an order, to obtain permission; besave_r.. to give an order, to command (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
bese' faithfulness, faith; besoj to believe /Albanian < *bh(e)idhi- persuasion, oath /PIE [bd]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vaz to guide; to fly /Avestan
bózem take, lead away (somebody) /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
viz, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskrit
vis'va_sayati causes to trust, encourages /Sanskrit
boszor-kány witch, sorceress /Hungarian
Uralic
busturgan /Udmurt {Chuvash loanword} [Chong]
Hungarian boszorkány is believed to be of Turkic origin.
[One official source says the Turkic might derive from bas- "to press, step (on)"] [Chong]
See Hungarian basz "to copulate" which is officially seen as having its roots also in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
See Hungarian kolbász "sausage" which is officially seen as having its roots ultimately in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
Just gets sillier and sillier.
Sumerian
buzur (2,4,5), puzur (2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
bs introduce (K5); (be) initiated... ...{r into; (det.) mystery /Old Egyptian [cgj]
basar [ba'sar] to augur /Maltese [gf]
Altaic
basõr¥an goblin, kobold, sprite; nightmare (Uzbek) [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bwzwrg pious person, saint; pious, saintly /Baluchi [mab]
buzurg great, large, immense; powerful, grand, magnificent; adult, elder; a saint; name of a note in music; -- buzurg shudan, To grow up; -- buzurg dashtan, To honour, to revere, magnify./Persian [fjs]
buzurgan (pl. of buzurg) grandees, nobles; doctors, wise men, philosophers /Persian [fjs]
bizeŝk `healer, doctor' /Middle Persian [al]
bzyŝk `healer, doctor' /Parthian [al]
biziŝk `healer, doctor' /New Persian [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy' /Old Avestan [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy'; biŝaziia- `to cure, to heal'; bae:ŝaza- `healing, medicinal'; bae:ŝaziia- `medicinal, curative' /Late Avestan [al]
Indo-Aryan
bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
pos (pos) 'black magic, sorcery'
posi (posi) 'work magic against, bewitch' (cl.1)
posmah 'practice sorcery' (cl.3)
posmaar 'practice of sorcery'
poson 'act of magic or sorcery'
bő wide, full, rich, abundant /Hungarian
bőv- to widen, expand, grow /Hungarian
Niger-Congo (?)
baa (adj.) large, big, great /Mandinka [pc1]
Sino-Tibetan
*ba:(H) / *pha:(H) spread, extend; wide, vast /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be vast, wide" [ss]
pu 3 Modern (Beijing) < pho/ Middle Chinese < pha:? Old Chinese
ŝ@pa1 to extend, as a cobra its hood; g@ba2 be big, great. /Kachin
pha? to spread (as cloth, etc.); to place flat on the ground. /Lushei [ss]
*bha"/[p] broad, wide /Kiranti [ss]
*bh@>wH swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
sbo (p. sbos), ãbo (p. a~bos), bo, pho (f. dbo) to swell up (cf. also spo summit of a mountain). /Tibetan
phu? be convex, swollen. /Burmese; bo? an inflammatory swelling. /Lushei [ss]
*phu>H swell /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "be big and fat, ample; big mound, hill" [ss]
fu 4 Modern (Beijing) < b@/w Middle Chinese < bhu? Old Chinese
ãbu (p. ãbus) to open, unfold (of flowers). /Tibetan
phuh to swell, pu to bulge. /Burmese; pu2 to bloom, bud. Kachin; KC *pu bud. /Lushei [ss]
Caucasian
*bV>HV big, many /North Caucasian [ss]
*p:VhIV- /*hIVp:V- 1 big 2 good /Lezghian [ss]
?|aba-ni-r 1 /Agul; bu 1 /Kryz; bo?|lu 1 /Budukh; hiba-t:u-t 2 /Archi [ss]
*bIA 1 many 2 thick 3 thumb, big toe /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
-b 3 /Abkhaz; -ba 3 /Abaza; ba 1 /Adyghe; ba- 1 (in comp.) /Circassian; bI@ 2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
ba_yu, ba_ to swell (Kannad.a); va_cu (Telugu); va_y (Tamil,Malayalam)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
*beu- swell /Proto IE [cg2]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bhavIyas more abundant or plentiful /Sanskrit
bahuka costing much /Sanskrit
bog-rács cooking cauldron (old fashioned was a pot ) /Hungarian
bög-re a mug /Hungarian
bog- knot, clump, blister, boil, << *bVnke lump, clump, hump
poh-ár cup /Hungarian << bog [g>h]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
bwql) N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr cudgel 2 Syr cup
LS2 87
LS2 v: buwqlA)
bks N bks) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr cup 2 Syr inkstand
LS2 73
LS2 v: baksA)
Sumerian
báh-ar potter; pag to confine
Dravidian
pa_ri a drinking vessel, a cup (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
pehar cup, goblet, jug /Serbo-Croatian
pokal challenge-cup; drinking-cup; goblet /Serbo-Croatian
pohár cup; vínový pohár goblet /Slovak
bogyó berry /Hungarian
bugy-boré-kol to bubble /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian bogyó is thought to be possibly a descriptive word. [Chong]
*puula (Proto FU) [Chong]
While bugy-boré-kol might be considered to be onomatopoeic.
{/gy/ same as palatised /d'/}
Niger-Congo (?)
faji (v.) to boil /Mandinka [pc1]
Basque
baia berry
Dravidian
pokkul.am bubble (Tamil); pogl blister (Kota); pig bubble (Toda); pugul. blister (Kannad.a); pokku id. (Telugu); bugga bubble (Kolami, Telugu); popond.el bubbles (Naikr.i); puka boil (Mand.a); bugga, bu_ga bubble (Kuwi) (DEDR 4455) mugul.i bubble (Tulu); mo_r..ai, mukir.., mokkul. bubble; mokkul.i (-pp-, -tt-) to bubble up (Tamil); mukkilikka id., ferment (Malayalam)(DEDR 4894).[sk]
put.t.a_, put.t.ai swollen testicle (Tamil); bud.d.e swollen testicle (Kannad.a); bud.d.a bubble, testicle, rupture (Telugu); mad.d.a, mod.d.a penis (Telugu); bud.d.e genitals (male or female, esp. penis); testicles (Kolami); bud.d.a genitals (Parji); mod.a penis (Gondi); bu_dda testicle (animal); bud.a testicle, penis (Kuwi) (DEDR 4266).[sk]
Indo-European/Italic
baca, bacula, acinus berry /Latin
baya berry /Spanish; baga berry /Portuguese
bókol- to bow, curtsey; to pay compliments to smbdy /Hungarian
buk to trip, fall, dive, plunge; buk-ás fall /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bókol- is thought to be a descriptive word.
Hungarian buk is possibly a descriptive word. [Chong]
Sino-Tibetan
*bhy>k lie down [ss]
Chinese "to lie down; to put down, submit" Also used metaphorically: 'to lie down (before smb.)' > 'to admire, esteem'. [ss]
fu 2 Modern (Beijing) < bu"k Middle Chinese < b@k Old Chinese
bok (bo?) to lie down or recline (as animals on the stomach). /Lushei [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 282 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
buk- servile /Awngi; fik y- pak'w y- bow /Qwara
Cushitic, East
bu?'- fall /Oromo
Egyptian
p?'h%d, ph%d be turned upside down /Old Egyptian
Altaic
*bökä-/*bükä- "to bend, bent" /Proto Altaic [mc2]
bükmek to bend; bükülmek to be bent, to bend (oneself) /Turkmen [glnp]
*p`ok`i to fall /Proto Altaic[ss]
*ök- /Turc [ss]
*(h)öke- /Mongol [ss]
*puklē- /Tungus [ss]
Austro-Asiatic
baka, ba~ka~ curved, twisted, bent, curved; bakbhen:kor. crooked, zigzag, winding, mixed (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
bokka, boggu with a turn, bend or bow; bok boralu, bokka boralu, bokka bo_rla headlong, flatwise (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
boggu to bend; the state of being bent; boggisu to bend (Kannad.a); boggu hegga_l.e a bent large bull (Kannad.a) (Ka.lex.) ba_ku a bend, a curve (Kannad.a, M.); ba_gu to bend, to bow, to incline, to stoop; to bend; to pour off the water from boiled rice, etc. by inclining the vessel (Kannad.a); bending, incling; a bend, a curve; a bow, an obeisance (Kannad.a) (Ka.lex.) [sk]
va_kku bend, irregularity (Tamil); vag- (vagy-) to be slightly bowed down, crouch, be obedient to orders; vak- (vaky-) to bend, be cowed (Kota); ba_gu to bend, bow, incline, stoop; bending, inclining, curve; ba_gisu to bend, cause to bend; ba_guvatana, ba_guha bending; baggu, boggu to bend, bow, become submissive; baggisu, boggisu to bend; bon:kane in a bending or bent way; bokka with a turn, bend, or bow (Kannad.a); bagg- (baggi-) to stoop, bend down (Kod.agu); ba_guni, ba_n:guni to bow, stoop, lean on one side; ba_n:ga_vuni to cause to bow or stoop; bagguni to bend, bow, stoop, yield, submit; bagga_vuni to cause to stoop, make bend; baggele a bending or crouching man (Tulu); vak-, vang- to bend; vakta crooked, zigzag; vankor, vanko bent, crooked (Gondi); vak- (-t-) to bend; vekor.i crooked (Kond.a); vwa_ngali to be crooked; vwakhali to bend; wanginai to be bent, stoop; vang- (-it-) to bend, be bent; vak- (-h-) to bend (Kuwi)(DEDR 5335).
Indo-European
*bheug-/*bheugh- "to bend" /Proto IE [mc2]
boldog happy, merry, in good spirits /Hungarian
Uralic
bovdug blessed /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
Hungarian boldog apparently once meant "blessed"?
One expert source thinks Hungarian boldog is of unknown origin. Another expert states that it is a compound of bódít-, bódul- "daze", "drug", "overpower" + -g denominative verb suffix. [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
bälçik merry; bälçiremek to make merry; bälçire∫mek to joke around /Turkmen [glnp]
bolha flea; poloska (bed) bug /Hungarian
pillangó butterfly; pille moth, butterfly /Hungarian
Uralic
pillancs moth; butterfly /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
also see Hungarian lepke "butterfly"
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 45 #4> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
fale (pl. fi'lat) flea /Kemant; filuta (pl. filut) flea /Bilin; felta (pl. filit) flea /Xamir; peliya flea /Qwara
Semitic
p, barg?'uut_ flea /Proto Semitic
Egyptian
py flea /Old Egyptian
Omotic, North
pilloo (p'illo) flea /Kafa
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 66 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
c#'@mb@r?`a butterfly /Bilin
Cushitic, East
billa?`-t- butterfly /Proto East Cushitic
billatte?'e butterfly /Burji; billaac#a /Oromo; pilla?`c#e -te /Dullay; baalac#i /Boni; s'imbilaalii?` /Saho
Altaic
*biure flea /Altaic [ss]
*bürče / *bürge flea /Turkic [ss]
*bürge 1 flea 2 louse /Mongol [ss]
*pjorok flea /Korean [ss]
*p`e:/ra bee /Altaic [ss]
*a:ry wasp, bee /Turkic [ss]
*herbekei butterfly /Mongol [ss]
*pere:- bumble-bee /Tungus [ss]
*p@:r- bee /Korean [ss]
*pa/ti/ bee /Japanese [ss]
Austric
kutu-porenga flea /Moriori [mor]
keha, kutu, mororohu, puruhi flea /Mäori [ng]
kutukutu, puruhi flea /Mäori [ua]
purehurehu butterfly /Moriori [mor]
pürerehua butterfly /Mäori [ua]
purehe spider /Moriori [mor]
Caucasian
*po>rV ( ~-l-) bee; butterfly /North Caucasian [ss]
*par-lu (~-o:-,-a:-) butterfly /Nakh [ss]
polla /Chechen [ss]
*pira bee /Andian [ss]
pera /Andi; hera /Akhvakh; pija~ /Chamalal; pera /Tindi; pera /Karata; pera /Botlikh; pera /Bagvalal; pera /Godoberi [ss]
*per B (~-y-,-@-) bee /Tsezian [ss]
par /Khvarshi; por /Inkhokvari [ss]
*pa>rVpa>l/V butterfly, moth /North Caucasian [ss]
*pVrVpV / *pVlVpV butterfly /Avaroandian [ss]
lapla/p /Avar; pirinpa /Andi [ss]
*papa-t.u butterfly /Tsezian [ss]
papat.u /Ginukh; papat.o /Bezhita; papat.u /Gunzib [ss]
*pa(r)pal- butterfly /Lezghian [ss]
pa"pa"la"k: /Udi [ss]
*par@pal@- moth /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-parpal@/k./ /Abkhaz [ss]
Dravidian
*pilpul- butterfly [ss]
pipili moth (Kui); pubuli, pu_bu_li butterfly (Kuwi); pa.pili id., moth (Kod.agu) [sk]
pa_r-r-a moth (Malayalam); puri worm, mite, moth (Tulu) [sk]
pur..u worm, maggot (Tamil); worm, maggot, moth, mite (Malayalam); pu. worm, maggot (Kota); puf worm, intestinal worm (Toda); pur..u, pur..a worm (Kannad.a); pul.u worm (Kod.agu); puri worm, mite, moth (Tulu); pur(u)gu, pur(u)vu, pruvvu worm (Telugu); purre worm (kol.Naikr.i); pur.ut worm (Parji); pud.ut insect (Gadba); pur.i_ (pl. pur.k) worm (Gondi); pliguli insect; pr.iyuli worm (Kuwi); pocgo_ worm, fleshy larva esp. of beetle (Kur.ux); pocru worm (Malt.o); pu_ worm, maggot, caterpillar (Bra_hui_); pul-mak(k)i tapeworm (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 4312) [sk]
pulu worm, insect in general /Kannad.a; pulu mite /Malayalam [bur]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*plou flea /PIE [js]
*plou-s(i)- flea /PIE [bd]
*bhlus-eh2 flea /PIE [rd]
Greek
phúlla flea [rd]
Italic
pulex flea /Latin
pulga flea /Spanish
Germanic
flo:h `flea' /Old High German [rd]
Armenian
low `flea' [bd,rd]
Slavic
Church Slavic: blúxa (RuCS) `flea'; Russian: bloxa/ `flea' [f a:], bloxu/ [Accs]; Ukrainian: bloxa/ `flea'; Czech: blecha `flea'; Slovak: blcha `flea'; Polish: pchl/a `flea'; Slovincian: px|la`~ `flea'; Upper Sorbian: bka `flea'; pcha `flea'; tk(h)a `flea'; Lower Sorbian: pcha `flea'; bcha (dial.) `flea'; Polabian: bla%xa> `flea'; Bulgarian: blúxa/ `flea', búlxa/ `flea'; Serbo-Croatian: bu\ha `flea'; Slovene: bo/lha `flea' [rd]
Baltic
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: blu/s.-aH [rd]
blusa\ `flea' /Lithuanian
blusa `flea' /Latvian [rd]
Indo-Iranian
plu/s.i- `flea' /Sanskrit [bd,rd]
pulus.u flea /Khowar [sk]
(2) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
balush an idol; a louse; impure, nasty; adulterated camphor /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
(3) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
pipIla ant /Sanskrit [iits1, iits2]
Altaic
*p`i:le ( ~ -i) to fly, soar, flap /Altaic [ss]
*hele- to soar /Mongolian [ss]
ele- /Written Mongolian; hilka":n 'smth. drooping' (IM) /Middle Mongolian; ele- /Khalkha; el- /Kalmuck [ss]
*pi:lu- to soar; to drop (of leaves) /Tungus [ss]
f/ele- /Manzhu; pi:luen- /Nanai [ss]
*pi\ru\(n)kap- to flap /Japanese [ss]
pi\ru\gapier- /Old Japanese [ss]
hirugaeru /Tokyo [ss]
Stupid, silly, coward, fool etc.
bolond fool, lunatic, idiot, stupid, silly /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian etymology?
Altaic
balama reckless, mad, crazy /Manchu [as]
beli silly; beliyen shiftless, stupid /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
be_l., be_l.uve bewilderment, infatuation, madness (Kannad.a); bi_t.ana state of being bewildered etc. (Kannad.a); be_la simpleton; simple, ignorant (Telugu)(DEDR 4445). [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
bluna blockhead, dullard, idiot, noodle /Serbo-Croatian
buta stupid, silly /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian buta is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
fuuta (adj.) aimless, foolish /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
bwd A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr stammering, stupid
LS2 59 LS2 v: buwd
Altaic
budala silly, imbecile (Turkish) {Chong]
bidagu (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Dravidian
pe_t.i fear, cowardice (Malayalm); he_d.i, he_d.e, e_d.i coward, timid (Tulu)(DEDR 4434). [sk]
bad.d.u bluntness, dullness (Kannad.a); blunt, edgeless; dull, stupid, obtuse (Tulu)(DEDR 3883) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
baoth foolish, so Irish, Old Irish báith, baeth; root bai, fear, as in baoghal; Cornish bad, Breton bad stupidity, are not allied, nor is Goth. bauths, dumb, as some suggest. Hence baothair fool [mcb]
Slavic
bedak blockhead, simpleton, idiot; bedast foolish, silly, stupid, simple /Serbo-Croatian
Armenian
but, buth dull, stupid (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bet∂var silent, speechless, mute, voiceless /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
vat.hara dull, stupid; vat.ara wicked, unsteady; bas.t.a fool (Sanskrit) [sk]
Skin, fur, leather; wolf; with a tail
bőr skin, hide, leather /Hungarian
Uralic
bőr skin, hide, leather /Hungarian
Hungarian bőr is possibly of FU origin.
? p@r reddish membrane inside the outer birch bark (Eastern Khanty); šašpoår birch bark (Man's'i - šoåš birch bark. This may be identical to -poår bit, piece.) [Chong]
varga "shoemaker" /Hungarian {/b/ > /v/}
Etymology?
Some terms from the Leather Trade. (site1, site2)
barka-réteg 'the upper layer of the skin or hide which becomes visible after separation of the fur from the hide after processing' /Hungarian
barka-hasíték 'skiver' /Hungarian
Has two meanings :- (a) a paring-tool for leather; (b) a thin leather split from a sheepskin, used for book-binding.
barka-sajtolás 'embossing'; préselt barka 'embossed grain (on leather)' /Hungarian
(Thanks to those two kind Magyar souls who brought them to my attention.)
Sumerian
bar n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
*par- skin, fur, husk, etc. /Semitic Protoform [ss]
pa:ru, parru, ba:ru skin /Akkadian [ss]
parta: {pl. parre:} /Syriac [ss]
{dh.r (be) bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian [cgj]}
Altaic
{deri skin /Turkish}
Caucasian
*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]
*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]
q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]
see Hungarian kabát, guba "cloak etc."
see *kápa bark, skin /Altaic; *kápuk/o/ bark, skin; kepe-neg fleece coat /Turkic [ss]
barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]
*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]
p.arq. /Akusha [ss]
*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]
q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]
Basque
abarka (C) leather (or rubber) shoe famous in the Basque Country; ‘rustic sandal’, in historical times of rawhide with soles of rope.
The semantic basis is presumably the long-standing European practice of making sandals from bast, the fibrous inner layer of tree-bark (phloem)...the same word is widespread and fairly ancient in the Iberian Peninsula, and recorded also north of the Pyrenees: Hispano-Arabic pargha ~ bargha ‘sandals’, sg. parghat (mod. Arabic and Berber bálgha ‘slipper, shoe’), Mozarabic probable *parca, Portuguese alparca ‘sandal’, an apparent Old Cast. alparga ‘sandal’, Arag. and SE Spain albarca id., Valencia abarca {avarca}, Bearn. abarque id. Cast. alpargata id. derives from the same ult. source via Arabic. This is thus apparently a rare case of a Bq. word borrowed widely. [lt5]
Iberian
abarca - leather shoes (also Gascon abarque) part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]
Dravidian
puran.i skin; flesh; pura_n.i, pur-an.i outer bark of a tree; skin, rind, peel, coat; flesh; hilly, pastoral tract (Tamil lex.) pur-an.i outer bark, skin, anything that is outside /Tamil; pir-i, pir-u flesh /Kannad.a; perasu id. /Telugu [sk]
{turutti < dr.ti skin, leather; bellows (Akana_. 224); id. (Malayalam) [sk]}
[fh] has looked at several languages and he believes that the word for "skin, fur, hide, leather etc." is often related to the name for "wolf" in the respective language.
farkas wolf /Hungarian
Uralic
*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]
[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s
Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.
The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."
Huh?
Sumerian
ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]
Altaic
böri one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]
Caucasian
*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]
*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]
borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]
*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]
bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]
*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]
boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
barc. wolf /Lak [ss]
*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]
bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]
*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]
Indo-European
*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]
Germanic
varg "wolf" /Swedish
ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish
Indo-Iranian
*vŗka-s wolf /PIIR [mw2]
Iranian
vehrka wolf /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vr.ka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit
fark, farok tail /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian fark "tail" << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol; böri one name for wolf! wolf totem. [fh]
also see Hungarian irha "hide,pelt"
Caucasian
*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]
*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]
mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]
*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]
buq-muj /Akusha [ss]
This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]
Also see Hungarian birka sheep - another source of wool, meat, leather etc.
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit
bor-ít, bur-kol to cover; bur-ok a cover /Hungarian
őr, őr-ség guard, sentry, watchman; őr-iz to guard, protect, watch; /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian borít is thought to derive from a Turkish root. [Chong]
Hungarian <ÕR-IZ> is thought to derive from őröl- "grind". [see Chong]
Sumerian
ùru to guard, protect [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
wršy watchman /Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*bùri to cover, to shade /Altaic [ss]
*bür- /Turc [ss]
*bürü- /Mongol [ss]
*bu- /Tungus [ss]
*bórk`i to cover; a cover /Altaic [ss]
*börk /Turc [ss]
*bürkü- /Mongol [ss]
*bogda /Tungus [ss]
*púk- /Japan [ss]
*ori ( ~ -e) to cover /Altaic [ss]
*o"rt- to cover /Turkic [ss]
o"rt- /Old Turkic; o"rt- /Turkmen ; vit- /Chuvash [ss]
see Hungarian véd "to protect, cover etc."
*o"ru"- 1 top of milk 2 cover of roof-window /Mongolian [ss]
eruge, oruge 2 (SH) /Middle Mongolian; o"ro"m 1, o"rx(o"n) 2 /Khalkha; urum 1 /Dagur; rme:n 1 /Monguor [ss]
? see Hungarian orom "top, peak, summit etc."
*ora- 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk) top, cream /Tungus [ss]
Dravidian
*po:r- to cover /Dravidian [ss]
buraki, buriki a veil; a cover of cloth of a carriage, palankeen etc.; a cloth covering the body and head of a horse; a top to a carriage /Kannad.a [sk]
Etruscan
veru cover < *wer- to guard [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
aire heed /Irish, Old Irish [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
varaka a cloak; n. cloth; the cover or awning of a boat /Sanskrit [sk]
borotva razor; borotvál to shave /Hungarian
Dravidian
*bōr.- bald; to shave [ss]
bo_r..a a man with a bald or shaven head; bald, shaven (Tamil); bo_r..ade_varu a bald or crownless deity or idol; bo_r..u, bo_d.u a bald, close-shaved state; a bare, roofless, treeless state (Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 7899]
vat.ikka to shave (Malayalam); var..i to scrape, shave (Tamil); bar..i, bor..i to scrape together with the hand (Kannad.a); pod.y- (pod.c-) to scrape with finger (Toda); vraccu, vr..accu (inscr.) to efface (the writing in inscriptions), destroy (a gnat); bad.iyu to sweep away the influence of evil spirits on a person (Telugu) (DEDR 5295). [sk: 6419]
here to scrape, shave (Kannad.a); perevuni to be peeled, scraped (Tulu); berad.u bark, rind, shell; barad.u bark of a tree (Telugu) (DEDR 4417) [sk: 6860]
Indo-European
Slavic
britva razor; pen-knife; britvica razor blade /Serbo-Croatian
britva razor; brit'e have a shave, have a close shave /Russian
Indo-Iranian
va_ria barber (Prakrit); ba_ri_ a caste who sells torches and occasionally act as barbers (Hindi_); va_ri_k barber (Mara_t.hi_); kr.tava_pa shaven (Mn.); va_pa shaving the head (Mn.) (CDIAL 11522) . [sk: 6419]
p∂tri N razor, razorblade /Baluchi [mab]
Austric
waru(a) to shave; waru file, grater /Mäori [ng]
waru scrape /Mäori [ua]
Cloudy, gloomy; overcast
ború 1 clouds 2 gloom; borús gloomy /Hungarian
be-bor-úl to get cloudy, become overcast /Hungarian
Hurrian
pawro 'brown' [ss]
Altaic
Turkic
büremek to cloud, obscure /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
boro gray /Manchu [as]
buru bara vague, dim, unclear, hazy, hidden /Manchu [as]
farhûn dark, dark-colored, obscure, unclear, confused, muddled /Manchu [as]
*bor/V grey /Altaic [ss]
*bor/ ( ~ o:) grey /Turkic [ss]
boz (OUig) /Old Turkic; boz /Karakhanid; boz /Middle Turkic; boz /Turkish; boz /Azeri; boz, bo:z /Gagauz; boz /Turkmen; poz /Sary-Yughur; bu"z /Tatar; boz /Kirghiz; boz /Kazakh; boz /Noghai; boz /Balkar; boz /Kumyk; boz /Karakalpak; bu.z /Uzbek; boz, bos /Uighur; bud| /Bashkir; bos /Altai [ss]
*bora grey /Mongolian [ss]
boro, boru /Written Mongolian; boro (HY 42 'ashes coloured', SH), bora> /Middle Mongolian; bora /Khalkha; boro /Buriat; bor@ /Kalmuck; boro /Ordos; boro(n|) /Dongxian; burondog, boro /Monguor [ss]
Mongol cannot be borrowed from Turkic [ss]
Austric
puroro cloudy /Moriori [mor]
poururu, kaurehu, taupuru gloomy /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*bu:rV ( ~ -o:-) grey, brown /North Caucasian [ss]
*bo:ra(-n) brown /Nakh [ss]
bo:ra /Chechen; bora /Ingush [ss]
*burV- brown, dark /Andian [ss]
buri/-ja-b /Avar [ss]
*p:Vr- ( ~ b-) (?) red(-haired) /Dargwa [ss]
berhe /Akusha [ss]
The morphological structure is not quite clear (the word may also contain a root -erh- with a historical prefix b-). [ss]
*p:orV- ( ~ -u-) grey /Lezghian [ss]
bure-r /Agul [ss]
Dravidian (Number in DED: 4325) [ss]
*pul.- grey /Dravidian [ss]
*pul.- to become grey /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
puls- (pulust-) "(hair) becomes grey" /Kolami; pul.s- "(hair) becomes grey" /Naikri; pulc- "(hair) becomes grey" /Parji [ss]
*pil.- (*-r.-) to become grey /Gondwan [ss]
*pir.-c- (hair) becomes grey /Gondi [ss]
pir.ca:na: /Betul-1; pirca:na: /Betul-2; pir.s- /Gommu; pir.c- (pir.?t-) /Maria; pin.sk- (Su.) /Koya; pir.s- /Chhindwara; pir.s-, (SR) pid.ca:na: /Adilabad [ss]
*pon.d.- to become hoary, grey in hair /North Dravidian [ss]
pun.d.na: /Kurukh; pond.e /Malto [ss]
Unclear if NDR really belongs here [ss]
bor-úl to fall on one's knees; to kneel down; to descend, become overcast /Hungarian
be-bor-úl to get cloudy, become overcast /Hungarian
Dravidian
*vir.(i)- to fall /Dravidian [ss]
vir..u (-v-, -nt-), vi_r.. (-v-. -nt-) to fall, fall down, descend (Tamil); to cause to fall down, throw down, cause to die; vir..uttu, vi_r..ttu to cause to fall; vir..al act of falling; vi_r..vu falling, descending (Tamil); vir..uka to fall, fall off; perish; vi_r..ikka to cause to fall; vir..ca fall, failure, ruin (Malayalam); vig- (vir.t-) to fall (Kota); pid. to fall, (animal) dies (Toda); bi_r.. (bir..d-, bird-, bidd-) to fall, die (Kannad.a); bu.l.- to fall (Kod.agu); bu_runi to fall, die (Tulu); bu_l.u, bu_ru to fall (Koraga); biddu to die (Telugu); mi_r.a_na_ to fall (Gondi); bit.ing to descend, to come down, settle; throw down, unload, let drop, shed (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 5430). [sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
*beri- /Proto Albanian < bherH-io- to split; beat /PIE [bd]
bie to fall (down), lay (down); beat /Albanian [bd]
borz badger /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian borz is officially thought to be of Turkic origin.
Another expert source thinks it is ultimately of Iranian origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*borso(k'V) badger /Altaic [ss]
*borsuk, *borsmuk badger /Turkic [ss]
borsmuq (MK), borsuq (MK - Ogh.) Karakhanid; porsuq (Sngl.) /Middle Turkic; porsuq /Turkish; porsuG /Azeri; porsux| /Salar; bursyq /Tatar; borso-l-doj 'young badger' /Kirghiz; borsyq /Kazakh; borsyk /Noghai; borsuq /Balkar; porsuq /Kumyk; porsyq /Karakalpak; borsiq /Uzbek; borsuq /Uighur; burhyq /Bashkir; porsyx, morsyx, (dial.) morŝyx /Khakassian; morzuk (Tuv.), borsuq (Tof.) /Tuva-Tofalar; morsyk /Altai; porsuq /Shor; porúŝ /Chuvash [ss]
*borki old badger /Mongol [ss]
borki /Written Mongolian; bor/x /Khalkha; bork@ /Kalmuck [ss]
*usirk badger /Korean [ss]
u\sy\rk /Middle Korean [ss]
*bosaki, *usaki hare /Japanese [ss]
Old Japanese: usakji (RJ u\sa/gi), OJ East. dial. Wosagji [ss]
Tokyo: u\sagi [ss]
Kyoto: u\sa\gi/ [ss]
Kagoshima: usagi/ [ss]
Caucasian
*bHa>rVnc/V badger /North Caucasian [ss]
*mamaĉ:V (~-o-) badger /Andian [ss]
parĉ:o /Avar; mamac:e /Akhvakh; mamaŝa /Chamalal; mamaĉa /Tindi [ss]
*beru~ŝ:V badger /Tsezian [ss]
biruŝo /Tsezi; biruŝo /Ginukh; beruse /Bezhita; miruŝ /Gunzib [ss]
x:u-wajs:a badger /Lak [ss]
*p:aIrĉ- (~*w-,-ŝ-) badger /Lezghian [ss]
baIrŝu /Archi [ss]
A rare trisyllabic root (expressive and with somewhat irregular reflexes), reconstructed for the PEC level [ss]
Indo-European
Celtic
broc a badger so Irish, Early Irish brocc, Welsh, Cornish, broch, Breton broc'h [mcb]
*brokko-s: *bork-ko-, "grey one"; root bherk, bhork, bright, Greek forkós, grey, Lithuanian berszti, English bright? Thurneysen cfs. the Latin broccus, having projecting teeth, whence French broche (from Latin *brocca, a spike, etc.), a spit, English broach, brooch; he thinks the badger was named broccos from his snout, and he instances the French brochet, pike, as parallet by derivation and analogy. If Greek brúkw, bite, is allied to Latin broccus, the underlying idea of broc may rather be the "biter", "gripper". Bezzenberger suggests Russ. barsúku@u, Turk. porsuk, Magyar borz; or *brokko-s, from *bhrod-ko-s, Sanskrit bradhná, dun. [from mcb]
Slavic
barsuk badger /Russian < Altaic ?
borz-al-m-as, borz-asz-t-ó horrible, terrible; borz-ad shudder, shiver (with horror);
borz-as unkempt,untidy; borzas szőrű rough-haired /Hungarian
Etruscan
perse, pherse horrid, bristling [az96]
Indo-European/Classical Greek [lsj1]
phrissô I. I. to be rough or uneven on the surface, bristle 2. asthmati phrissôn pnoas ruckling in his throat, of one just dying 3. of the rippling surface of smooth water II. freq. of a feeling of chill, shiver, shudder 1. of the effect of cold, shiver 2. of the effect of fear, shudder 3. feel a holy thrill or awe at 4. thrill with passionate joy
phrix, hê, gen. phri_kos: (phrissô):-- ruffling of a smooth surface I. ripple caused by a gust of wind sweeping over the smooth sea II. bristling up, as of the hair
phrixos, ê, on, standing on end, bristling II. phrixos, ho, Comic name for the genius or demon of shivering
bot stick /Hungarian
Uralic
One source says this is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Another official source believes that it is possibly an Old Turkic or Slavic loanword. [Chong]
Dravidian
*bad.-i club, stick [ss]
Dravidian,Southern
bad.i, bad.e, bod.i, bod.e a short thick stick, cudgel /Kannad.a; bad.u stick, cudgel /Tulu; vat.i stick /Tamil; stick, staff, club of armed brahmans /Malayalam [sk]
Dravidian,South-Central
bad.ita, bad.iya, bad.e thick stick, cudgel; bad.ya walking stick /Telugu; bad.d.e, bad.d.i, bad.ga, bar.ga, bar.iya, war.iya_ stick /Gondi; bad.ga stick /Kond.a; bad.iga big walking stick /Kond.a; bad.ge stick, staff /Pengo; bad.ga stick /Mand.a; bar.ga, bar.iya stick; bur.ga stick, club /Kuwi [sk]
Dravidian,Central
bed.ta club /Kolami [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
Slav,West
byť stick /Slovak
boz-ót thicket, fa wood; fás wooded p>f,b /Hungarian
Uralic
*puwe wood /Proto Ugric [Chong]
puu (Finnish); pu (Komi); -på (Man's'i); pu firewood (Mari); -pu (Udmurt) [Chong]
f&&, pä& (En'ec'); på (Kamas); hy (Karagas); pa (Koibal); ha (Motor) / peæ (N'en'ec'); faa (Nganasan); puu (Šölqup); hä forest (Taigi) [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian fa derives from *puwe
Sumerian
pa leaf, bud, sprout; branch; wing; feather [jh]
Altaic
[? falha poplar tree]; [? famha wooden bobbin]; [? fungku block of wood] (Manchu) [Chong]
bassai felling, deforestation; lumber /Japanese
Basque
baso (B,G,U) woods, wilderness
Caucasian
*wy:cV grass /North Caucasian [ss]
*bu:c grass /Nakh; buc /Chechen; buc /Ingush; buc /Batsbi [ss]
*bici ( ~ -s-) 1 grass 2 green /Andian; besi-l^: 2 /Chamalal; besi 1 /Godoberi [ss]
*wVcVn- (~ p:-,-s-) burdock /Lezghian ; bisni Archi [ss]
*w@c:@ ( ~ -c/:-) grass /Abkhaz-Adyghe; w@c@ /Adyghe; w@z| /Circassian [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
bêssa, Dor. bassa, hê, poet. Noun, wooded combe, glen
Italic
bosque /Spanish
Slavic
bus lawn, turf; shrub; busenje shrubbery /Serbo-Croatian
gradinska besedka arbour /Bulgar
besedka arbour /Russian
les wood; forest /Slovak
bačva cask, barrel; wood; bačvar cooper /Serbo-Croatian
by`wa barrel /Bulgar
bochka barrel /Russian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bisha, besha a forest, wood, wild, uncultivated country; a country overgrown with reeds and the like; a shepherd's pipe; -- bisha'i bi-tosha, The nook of poverty /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
bes, ves forest /Romani (Gypsy)
bú, bús sad, sorrowful, gloomy; bús-ul to grieve; búsla-kod-ik to grieve /Hungarian
Uralic
No etymology.
{Hungarian /s/ like English /sh/)
Sumerian
bu sad [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
b)$ /Aramaic [cal]
/)/ = aleph, /$/ = shin
011 Palestinian,Syr,ImpArMesop,Palm,BibAr,CPA to be bad, to be displeasing
012 Palestinian,JBA to be sick
013 Syr to be sad
014 BibArDan,JLA +%(l%: to grieve
041 Syr to be ill 042 Syr to be ill-treated
043 Syr to show oneself evil
031 Palestinian,Syr to do evil
032 Syr to make evil
033 Syr to treat badly
034 Syr to incite to sin
LS2 56,DISO,J 135
Altaic/Turkic
pis miserable (Azeri); pi$manlik remorse (Turkish - derivative) [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
bushudan to wash; to be badtempered; evil-disposed./Persian [fjs]
Boil, bubble, hot, embers, fry, fire, burn, sun
bugy-boré-kol bubble /Hungarian
forr- to boil, bubble /Hungarian
forr-ás source, origin; forr-ás-víz well, spring (root forr to boil, bubble) /Hungarian
Uralic
*pura-,*porV- to rage, to boil, to bubble
Afro-Asiatic
*biDr- well, cistern /Common Semitic [ahd]
*biDr well /Phœnician [ahd]
b'r well /Phœnician [cgj]
b)r N b)r) /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim well 2 Palestinian,Syr,JBA pit
LS2 56
DISO
J 165
LS2 v: bE)rA)
Altaic
*biujri well, spring /Altaic [ss]
*bu"ru"-du" 1 swamp (with a spring) in a river bed 2 well /Mongolian [ss]
bu"ru"du" 1 /Written Mongolian; bu"rd 2 /Khalkha; bu"rd@ 1 /Kalmuck [ss]
*bira 1 river 2 spring /Tungus [ss]
bi.ja 1, 2, bi.jaxa:n 2 /Negidal; bira 1, biraGa, birGan, birx|a 2 /Manzhu; bi.ra~ 2 /Nanai; bi.ra 2 /Ulcha; bi-ra 1 /Zhurzhen; bi.ra 1, bi.raqc^an 2 /Even; bira 1, biraja 1,2 /Evenki [ss]
*u\- well /Korean [ss]
u\-my/r Middle Korean; umul Modern Korean [ss]
*bi\ ( ~ *bu\i, *b@\i) well /Japanese [ss]
wi\ Old Japanese; i Tokyo [ss]
Basque
bor-bor (B,U) (n. onomat.) noise of boiling liquid
borborka adv. boiling, boilingly; borborkatu to bubble, gush, to boil
Dravidian
*pur"- to boil /Dravidian[ss]
varhk- (water) to boil /Kuwi. [sk]
var..i to overflow, flow; to shed, let flow; var..iyal that which overflows or drains off (Tamil); var..iyuka to flow, overflow; var..iccal overflowing; var..ikka to cause to overflow (Malayalam); bal.i to flow out completely (as oil from an inverted pot)(Kannad.a); var.a_na_, war.a_na_, var.-, vara_na_ to leak, drip (Gondi); var.- (-t-) to drip down (as through filter); var.in (pl.) in: pu_s var.in saliva (Kond.a) [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bhreu- to boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with derivatives referring to cooking and brewing /PIE [ahd]
Germanic
English derivatives include brew, bread, broth, brood, breed, ferment, and fervent. [ahd]
(2) Indo-European
Italic
borbulhado bubbled; bolhas bubbles; borbulhando bubbling; borbulhante bubbly /Portuguese
Paleo-Balkan
ver- to spring, to issue /Thracian [id, cb]
Slavic
izvor source, (water)-spring, well, fountain-(head); mineral spring; cause, rise; origin; vrelo well, spring, source; authority, channel /Serbo-Croatian
vreo boiling (hot); seething; vreti to boil, seethe; ferment /Serbo-Croatian
variť (sa) boil; vrieť boil, seethe; bod varu boiling point /Slovak
v'reti v'rion to spring, to boil /Old-Bulgarian [id,cb]
wrq, warq to boil; waren; wyzwrql boiled /Bulgar
Balto-Slavic
vírti (vérdu, viriau) to boil, to bubble /Lithuanian [id,cb]
forró {p>f} hot /Hungarian
pir-ít fries, fry /Hungarian
Uralic
*peje to cook /Uralic
Root of Hungarian adjective forró is supposedly forr- "to boil, bubble"
Sumerian
bír dry up, shrivel up, misty; bir9 blaze up, flame up; bil to roast, to burn
Altaic
*p`o\re fire; burn /Altaic [ss]
*o"rt flame 1: burn (tr.) 2: steppe fire 3: get burnt /Turkic [ss]
o"rt /Old Turkic; u"rt /Tatar; o"rte- 3 /Turkmen; virt 2 /Chuvash; o"rt 2 /Yakut [ss]
*(h)o"rde- burn, flame up /Mongolian [ss]
o"rdo"- /Khalkha; o"rd@- /Kalmuck [ss]
*puri- / *piri- to dry (over fire) /Tungus [ss]
*py/r fire /Korean [ss]
pul Modern Korean; py/r Middle Korean [ss]
*p@\-i fire /Japanese [ss]
pi\ Old Japanese; hi/ Tokyo [ss]
Austric
wera hot; wera, ka burn /Mäori [ng]
Basque
bero (n.) heat, (adj.) hot (C)
Caucasian
*wir@:q._A> sun /North Caucasian [ss] (????)
*bV(r)q.:V sun /Andian [ss]
baq.: /Avar [ss]
*boq sun Tsezian [ss]
buq /Tsezi; buq /Ginukh; buq /Khvarshi; byq /Inkhokvari; boq /Bezhita; boq /Gunzib [ss]
barG| sun /Lak [ss]
*berhi sun; day /Dargwa [ss]
berhi /Akusha; bare /Chiragh [ss]
*wiraq: sun /Lezghian [ss]
raG| /Lezghi; riG| /Tabasaran; raG| /Agul; viryG| /Rutul; viryG| /Tsakhur; viraG| /Kryz; viraG| /Budukh; barq /Archi; beG|I /Udi [ss]
ynq. sun /Khinalug [ss]
*(mV)-r@G|a sun /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/-mra /Abkhaz; mara /Abaza; t@G|a /Adyghe; d@G|a /Circassian; ndG|a /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
bir.na_ (bid.d.-) (sun) to be hot /?Kur.ux; beru sun /Malto; pori (-pp-, -tt-) to fry /Tamil; pur.pa (pur.t-) to roast /Kui; pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks /Tamil [sk]
Indo-European
Germanic
walo `lukewarm' /Old High German < *uel(H)- (luke)warm /PIE [bd]
Old Norse bбl (fire) [cb]
Albanian
vale' hot, boiling /Albanian < *ualla: /Proto Albanian < *uel(H)- (luke)warm /PIE [bd]
Slavic
ofuren scalded; ofuriti to scald /Serbo-Croatian
vruć hot, torrid; ardent, fervent; tropical /Serbo-Croatian
vrućica fever; vrućina heat /Serbo-Croatian
obariť scald /Slovak
Quechua
pariy to burn [q2]
Ulwa
burunaka vt. (burupi) fry; burn partially or unevenly [ud]
burus aversion; object of hatred [ud]
mel-eg warm; warmth; hot; forró-meleg hot; langyos-meleg luke-warm /Hungarian
Uralic
*mäle- warm, to warm /Ugrian, Vogul maltip, mali; Ostjak melek
Sumerian
mèl scorching; bilgin fire god {m>b}
mul star; constellation.planet, to sparkle
Niger-Congo (?)
mala (n) light; mala (v) to burn, engine /Mandinka [pc1]
malamala to shine, glitter /Mandinka [pc1]
melax (n.) shine; melaxal (n.) lightning, thunder lightning; (v.) to shine /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
bulukan lukewarm, warm /Manchu [as]
Austric
mura blaze /Moriori [mor]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*miłγą fire/light (огонь) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN30]
*miłγą-n " fire/light; flint 1 (огонь; огниво 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN811]
mi'łγą " 1 /Chukchee; miłγą-n /Koryak; milγą-n /Palan; milγą- /Alutor [ss]
*ximłx /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN31]
ximłx fire/light (огонь) /Sedank dialect; ximx/γĺ , ximĺx/γ ignis; 'imąĺγązin fulmen /West Itelmen; mixčiz fulmen; mičila-sk ignem conflictu lapidum excutere /SIT [ss]
Dravidian
mul.ari sacrificial fuel, firewood, fire, firebrand, fever; mul.i to dry, burn, be scorched, perish; mu_l. to kindle, catch fire, be kindled, stirred up (as anger) (Tamil); scorched or dry (Malayalam) [sk]
murun:ku to simmer (i.e. smoulder); muruku to exceed the proper limit in heating; murut.u firewood; muruku fuel (Tamil); muthre to be scorched (Malt.o); murun.t.u to cause to burn, kindle (Kannad.a); muripuni to burn, consume (as firewood for culinary purposes); muripa_vuni to cause to burn; murlu kindling fire into a blaze; murluni a spark to be kindled into a blaze; murtelu dry leaves, etc. used for kindling fire (Tulu); murye to singe the feathers of a bird preparatory to roasting it; muthre to be scorched; muthrtre to scorch (Malt.o) [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
mlačan tepid, lukewarm; irresolute, half-hearted /Serbo-Croatian
mlačiti to warm, tepify /Serbo-Croatian
mlak lukewarm, tepid; mlakonja lukewarm (indifferent, slack) person /Serbo-Croatian
Additions by Fred Hámori in red.
Copyright © 2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007
The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 23 June 2007