magyar5

Magyar
Word List
BA-BI

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.

Administration and Money

bán a type of governor or overseer /Hungarian

Uralic

Some "experts" think Hungarian bán is a loan from Iranian and that it has nothing to do with Slavic <pan>.

Indo-European

Romance

bän /Rumanian [ahd]

A loan from Serbo-Croatian ban, "lord" [ahd]

Slavic

ban civil governor of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia /Serbo-Croatian

This is allegedly a loan from Turkic bayan, very rich person : bay, rich; akin to Turkish bay, rich, gentleman + -an, intensive suff. [ahd]

pan lord, master /Polish

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ban (S. suffix van), a prince, lord, chief, or governor; banu a princess; a lady; a bride /Persian [fjs]

banur bride; banwk lady, madame (polite term) {Makrani} /Baluchi [mab]

ispán district or county governor /Hungarian

Uralic

ispán district or county governor /Hungarian < span (older form) [art: p.115]

Some see Hungarian ispán as a loan from Slavic <župan>.

However, according to [art] an older form of Hungarian ispán was span and this older form cannot be attributed to Slavic. The dropping of the vowel <u> cannot be explained by the Slavic and Hungarian could not have developed ispán from župan.

Hypothetically, if a Turkic people had borrowed the form župan from Slavic then it might have developed into supan and later perhaps into span. [art: p.155]

{/s/ sounds like /sh/ in English /shine/}

Indo-European

Slavic

špan bailiff /Serbo-Croatian
župan district-prefect /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian [ap: p.26]

Indo-Aryan

*Ātar ķśvan- ‘master of fire’

The latter part íśvan- has preserved the original unreduplicated root iś- ‘to master’.

Otherwise the root occurs in Sanskrit only in the reduplicated form: īś- īśe ‘to master, rule’, īśvara- ‘lord’

*ātar- ‘fire’, had become obsolete in the Vedic language, where agní- ‘fire’ has completely supplanted it just as in Avestan.

Iranian

íśvan- 'master' /Avestan

pénz coin, money /Modern Hungarian
pensa 11^th. Century coinage /Old Hungarian [ob]

Uralic

[*] In the 11^th. Century, Hungarian king Laszló, the Saint, imposed a fine of 5 PENSA in certain judicial matters see [ob].

[*] In the 13^th. Century, Transylvania was an integral part of the kingdom of Hungary, while Croatia was an independent state administered by the Bán of Croatia.

In this period one can find the currency called Denarius banalis (i.e. the dinar of the Ban) minted by the Bán of Croatia which may have been the origin of the Slavic word banica.

Lots of "if's", "could be's" and "maybe's".

Officially Hungarian pénz is seen as of Slavic and ultimately of German origin. [see Chong]

Indo-European

Armenian

phindz metal (Dorosmai) [Chong]

(1) Germanic [ep: 466]

penny /English
Pfennig one hundredth of a mark /German

OHG pfenning, MHG pfenninc later pfennic whence German Pfennig a German penny akin to English penny, ME peni, OE penig

c.f. ON penningr, MD pennic, penninc and D penning; OFris pennig, penning, pannig, panning

[ep] says there is a semantic link with English 'made in a pan' or perhaps 'pan-shaped'

If this is the ultimate source of Hungarian pénz one needs to explain how Germanic /-ing/, /-inc/,/-ig/./-ic/ lead to Hungarian /-z/?

(2) Germanic

mint /English

From Latin monēta "a mint, coins" > Old English mynet, coins, money; 15-17 Centuries > mynt; English mint with sense of "place of coining" [ep: 405]

Münze coin, mint /German

If this is the ultimate source of Hungarian pénz then we require leading /m/ to become /p/ in Hungarian, but leading /m/ normally remains /m/ in Hungarian.

Slavic

banica /Croatian (where /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/)

This currency was known to exist in the 13^th. century. Paper notes in denomination of 50 banica are known to exist from around WWII as well. Some think that banica had the sense of "the Ban's money" and so it probably has its roots in the word for 'governor'.

If this is the source of Hungarian pénz then we have /b/ > /p/, but normally Hungarian /b/ > /v/ and so we have another exception to those exact sound change rules?

bány-a mine, pit; bány-ász miner /Hungarian

Uralic

also see Hungarian akna "mine"

Dravidian

pan.e ground that is worked; tillage; a quarry (Kannad.a,Malayalam); pan.ai, pan.n.ai /Tamil; pan.n.eya, pan.ya, pan.e a farm, a landed estate (Kannad.a lex.); va_n-am-pa_rtta-pu_mi land dependent on rainfall; hard, barren soil (Tamil lex.); pan.e quarry; kalpan.e quarry where red laterite stones are cut (Tulu lex.) [sk]

Indo-European/Slav,West

baník miner /Slovak

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

pahn 'excavation, hole, a digging' (wi;554)
pahni 'dig, dig up or out, hollow out' (cl.2) (wi;554)

Lamb, calf, heifer; young

bárány lamb /Hungarian
barom ass, beast, brute, idiot; cattle, livestock /Hungarian

Uralic

bárány lamb /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian bárány is supposed to be of Slavic origin [Chong]

Allegedly from Slovak, but it is not found in Southern Slavic.

barom ass, beast, brute, idiot; cattle, livestock /Hungarian

One expert sees Hungarian barom as of Turkic origin. [Chong]

barim estate, posessions, property; fortune, riches, wealth (Chagatai) / barïm estate, possessions, property; fortune, riches, wealth (Turkmen, Uighur)

Another expert thinks Hungarian barom derives from Turkic bar- "appear", "to be", "exist") [Chong]

Sumerian

barin domesticated animal [Chong]

Altaic/Turkic

beren ram /Tatar [Chong]

This is one is supposedly a Russian loanword [Chong]

(1) Indo-European

Slavic

East

баран (baran) ram /Russian
баран ram /Ukrainian

West

báránok lamb /Slovak
beranek ewe lamb /Czech

South

(Hard to find this word in Southern Slavic. Does it exist?)

Eastern

Bulgarian, Macedonian ?

Western

Romano-Serbian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian ?

Indo-Iranian

barre lamb /Persian (Farsi) [ils]

barra, bara a lamb; the sign Aries; a fawn; a pruning-hook (for vines); the exterior surface of a garment; infirm, weak /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

barrun (in Zand and Pazand), A ram leading the flock; a mountain goat. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

(2) Indo-European

Italic

agneau lamb /French
agnello lamb /Italian

Slavic

ягненок (jagnenok ) lamb /Russian
jagnje lamb /Serbian
jahňa lamb /Slovak
jagnje lamb /Slovene
ягня lamb /Ukrainian
агне (agne) lamb /Bulgarian

borjú calf, heifer /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

pork calf /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

puru calf /Akkad-Babilon

Altaic

*biáŕi calf /Altaic [ss]

*buŕagu /Turc [ss]
*biragu /Mongol [ss]
*biaru /Tungus [ss]
*pítú-nsí /Japanese [ss]

Dravidian

ho_ri a bull calf, an uncastrated young male of the ox kind, a young bull /Kannad.a; bo_ri /Tulu; ho_ri-gar-a a bull calf; ho_riyad.e cowdung /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.); po_ra a child; a little boy; a young and inexperienced person (Kannad.a, Telugu); ho_ri a little girl /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.) cf. po.ry young bullock (one or two and a half years)(Kota) cf. po_r-a_d.u child, boy, young man /Telugu [sk]

pa.l. buffalo calf between one and two years old (Kota); po.l. female buffalo calf between one and two years old (Toda); pa_rol.u a young she-buffalo (Tulu) (DEDR 4118) [sk]

barázda furrow /Hungarian << to uncover (clear the ground)

Uralic

Hungarian barázda is, of course, seen as a loan from Slavic notwithstanding a possible Iranian origin.

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

brz N brz) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr sown field

LS2 95

LS2 v: barzA)

Dravidian

bareta line, mark, scar, weal, stripe; pori line made on the soil of the field by the tip of the ploughshare; a division of field made to facilitate ploughing (Tulu) [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Albanian

brazdë (n.) furrow

Slavic [rd]

Proto Slavic *borzda\

Old Church Slavic: brazda `furrow'; Russian: borozda/ `furrow, (dial.) harrow, canal'; Czech: bra/zda `furrow'; Slovak: bra/zda `furrow'; Polish: bruzda `furrow'; Slovincian: ba&/r^d.a> `furrow'; Upper Sorbian: bro/zda `furrow'; Lower Sorbian: brozda `furrow'; Bulgarian: brazda/ `furrow'; brezda/ `furrow'; Macedonian: brazda/ `furrow, irrigation canal, wrinkle'; Serbo-Croatian: bra/zda `furrow' (dial.) canal'; Slovene: bra/zda `furrow, wrinkle'

Baltic/East

Lithuanian: bir~z^e` `furrow'; Latvian: bi\rze `furrow'

[rd] does not list any IE cognates of the Slavic

(2) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

barz a sown field; seed; agriculture; barzgar a farmer, a ploughman; barza seed; sowing, agriculture; a branch; a stuff made of silk and thread; barza-barz a sown field, a seedplot; cloth or a garment made of silk and wool; barzidan to sow; to quadrate, agree, to correspond with; to persevere; to be habitually engaged in; -- barazidan, To dress becomingly /Persian [fjs]

parza a ploughing-ox etc. /Persian [fjs]

warz-kar a farmer, ploughman; warz-gav an ox for ploughing; warzgar workman; farmer, ploughman; warzand they sow, &c.; warza acquiring, accomplishing; agriculture; art, trade, profession; a cultivator; warzi a tiller of the land, labourer; tillage; work, trade, exercise;<-> salah-warzi exercise of arms; warzidan to sow a field; to accustom oneself, to acquire and cultivate a habit; to boast, glory; to labour, endeavour, study; to acquire, gain; to be a faithful observer of religious duties; to blow; to ply; to exercise, perform, practise; warzida sown; assiduous, industrious, laborious; very experienced; anything which has been very much handled, and thereby become smooth (as leather) /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan ( /b/ <> /k/ ???? )

kRS, karSati, -te /Sanskrit [iits2]

Meaning ({kRSa3ti, -te}), pp. {kRSTa3} (q.v.) drag, draw; [[-,]] pull, tear, bend (a bow); draw furrows, plough (only {kR3Sati}); draw to one's self, get possession of, overpower. C. {karSayati} tug, pull, tear, extract; affict, vex (cf. {kRz} C.). I. {ca3rkRSati} plough.

and so on ........

karSU furrow, trench, incision /Sanskrit [iits2]

cf. Hungarian karc- scratch, cut, incision; horzs- scour, graze ?

kRSaka a ploughman , husbandman , farmer; a ploughshare; an ox; kRSANa ploughing; a ploughman , farmer /Sanskrit [iits1]

(3) Indo-European

Italic

Oscan

vorsus a measure of arable soil [cb2]

Latin [ljs1]

versus (vors- ), a, um, Part. of verto, a turning round, i. e. of the plough

I. A furrow II. Transf., a line, row III. A land-measure IV. A kind of dance, or a turn, step, pas in a dance

The Latin is attributed an origin related verto with meaning of "turning" and not "cultivation" while [rd] does not list any IE cognates of the Slavic.

It just gets weirder and weirder!!!!! Must be due to a violation of those exact sound change rules.

cf. Hungarian ford-ít (v.t.) to turn around, over; to translate (language); ford-ul (v.i.) to turn around, revolve which apparently derives from FU not IE.

(4) Indo-European (????)

Italic/Latin

porca (a) a sow (pig); (b) the ridge between two furrows, a balk [lsj1]

Note that English farrow 'a litter of pigs' is not descended from Latin porcus but it is related by way of a common descent from the unattested Indo-European root probably *pork(o)- ?

Germanic

Old High. German furh; German Furche; English furrow [lsj1]

[ep: 241] says that Middle Eng. furlong derives from Old Eng. furlong (variant -lung) where "a furrow long" relates to the average length (220 yards, roughly the side of a 10 acre square) of a furrow in old English farming. English furrow whence "to furrow" < Middle Eng. forow, earlier forgh, earliest furgh < Old Eng. furh, akin to Old Friesan furch, OHG furh, MHG furch, German Furche "furrow", Old Norse for "trench" Welsh rhych "furrow" and Latin porca "the raised part between furrows" < probably IE root *pork-

Open, depression, dent, hollow, den, cavern, swelling etc.

barlang cave /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian barlang is possibly a loan from Slavic.

Sumerian

bar open, expose, uncover [jh]

bùru(-d), bùr (n.) opening; receptacle; hole; mine; depth (Akk. buuru 'cistern, well', cf., Orel & Stolbova #164, *ba'Vr-/*bu'Vr- "well, pit"; could also be Sumerian from, ub4, 'cavity, hole', + úr, 'floor' - the u vowel especially correlates with round objects or openings). [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

barrī open (of land), rural, from barr, open area /Arabic [ahd]

< brr to be(come) clear, pure, white /Semitic Root [ahd]

Sino-Tibetan

*ba>rH to open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

phran? spread (wings), pran? spread (a carpet). /Burmese; phjan² to spread the wings, to open, as the fist ( < Burm.?). /Kachin; phar? to open (the hand, flower, etc.); be wide open. /Lushei [ss]

Ainu

poru cave [sm]

Basque

barrunbe cavity

Indo-European

Slavic

brlog lair, den, burrow, hole; haunt; kennel /Serbo-Croatian; brloh den (Cheh, Slovak); brlog den /Slovene; byrloga hole /Bulgar; barłóg den /Polish; берлога (berloga) den /Russian

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

ba_ra_ opening in a bangle-maker's furnace /Biha_ri_; ba_r mouth of a vessel /Punja_bi_; ba_re~, da_re~ hole in a fence to carry a water-channel; ba_ri_ window, passage through hedge or fence /Mara_t.hi_; bhar an oven; bharan to spread or bring out from a kiln (Punja_bi_ lex [sk]

horp-ad-ás depression,dent; a(n) hollow /Hungarian

Sino-Tibetan

*ghuar(H) hole /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "hole, opening" [ss]
kuan 3 Modern (Beijing) < khwâ/n Middle Chinese < khw|a:r? Old Chinese

nkhun¹ a hole, opening. /Kachin
khur, khuar a hole, a pit, a cavity, KC *khu:r. /Lushei [ss]

Afro-Asiatic

*ġār-, * ġarr-, *miġarr cave /Central Semitic [ahd]
ġār cave /Arabic [ahd]

Altaic

hora[ana] cave; cavern; den; a hollow /Japanese

Basque

har-pe cave [derived from (harri 'rock'+ pe 'below/under')]

Dravidian

ghar cavern /Brahui

ho_ru, po_r, o_r, o_ru a hole; po_r-il, ho_r-il the hollow of a tree (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) cf. po_r-ai hole, hollow in tree (Tamil); borre id. (Telugu); por id. (Kannad.a)(Ta.lex.) po_r-ai cavern (Tamil); po_r hollow of a tree (Tamil); bo.r vagina (Kota); pi.r hollow of tree (where bees nest); o.r- (obl. o.t--) hole, wound (Toda); po_r hole (Kannad.a; bor-iya, bor-r-e hole, burrow, hollow, pit; bor-r-a hole, hollow, cavity in a tree (Telugu); borra hole in tree (Gadba); bor-o hole of a crab etc. (Kond.a); borra hole in tree (Kuwi); po_l hollow object; hollowness in a tree (Tamil); bo_lu hollow (Telugu) [sk]

Opposite in meaning to Hungarian horpad

karappa_n- eruption, any cutaneous disease, rash, eczema, erysipelas etc. (Tamil); karappan eruptions, scurf (esp. on children's heads)(Malayalam)(DEDR 1272). ka_ra a sharp eruption on the skin (Malayalam); ga_ru a sharp eruption on the body from internal heat (Kannad.a)(DEDR 1469). [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

guarrida den /Portuguese

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

Opposite in meaning to Hungarian horpad

arbuda a swelling, tumour (of various kinds); arbudin afflicted with swelling or tumour (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]

bársony velvet /Hungarian << Iranian ? Osset

Uralic

One expert says that Hungarian bársony is of Turkish origin while another official source says that it is ultimately of Persian origin. [see Chong]

Altaic/Turkic

pu_r'z'õn silk (Chuvash); barĉïn brocade (Kipchak, Tk - Kashgai) [Chong]

Indo-European

Slavic

baršun velvet /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

birsun cotton /Persian [fjs]
? barsin clover /Persian [fjs]

bursun the soft part under the claws of birds and beasts; the hand with the fingers /Persian [fjs]

This one is a loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

äräsäm silk /Persian [Chong]
abrasham silk, sewing silk /Persian [fjs]

Aggravate, vex, torture; fight, brawl, quarrel; sin

basz to "copulate"; colloquially means to annoy, vex or distress someone greatly /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian basz is officially thought to derive from Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"

See Hungarian boszor-kány "witch, sorceress" which one expert source sees as also having its roots in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"

See Hungarian kolbász "sausage" which is officially seen as having its roots ultimately in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"

Just gets sillier and sillier.

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 288 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

bas engender child (of father) /Kemant

Cushitic, East

ose children (?) /Darasa; ooso children /Hadiyya; osic#c#o (pl. osuta) child /Kambata; osoo son boy /Sidamo; was- copulate /Somali

Egyptian

ws'n begotten /Old Egyptian

Omotic

bus#o child /Gidicho(Haruro); bus#pp son boy /Kafa; bus#ee daughter /Koyra(=Kore?); bus#o child son /Mocha; bus#oo son /Shinasha

Altaic (?)

bas- press; print; tread /Turkish [Chong]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian (?)

bazh tribute, toll, duty, revenue, tax, impost; any grievous imposition which distresses the poor or the conquered; etc. /Persian [fjs]

Seems entirely appropriate in the context.

bosszant to aggravate, irritate, vex, annoy /Hungarian

Uralic

? bola- to annoy (Nganasan) [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian bosszant is thought to be derived from a Turkic root

Altaic

[? boz- frustrate (Azeri); bozu to upset (Tatar); boz- destroy, ruin, spoil; etc. (Turkish)]; busan- make restless, sadden (Uigur) [Chong]

becˆe- reprimand (Manchu) [Chong]

Sumerian

biz; bi(z) to accuse; strike; etc.[jh]

Indo-European

Anatolian

basos'akNãki- to do harm /Lydian [cb2]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

ba^sa^n-izô (II.) 1. of persons, examine closely, cross-question 2. question by applying torture, torture, rack; ba^sa^n-os, hê, touchstone, on which pure gold leaves a yellow streak II. the use of this as a test III. inquiry by torture 2. agony of battle

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ba's (v.n) pain, severity, torment, evil; fortitude, intrepidity, boldness /Persian [fjs]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

vesz-e-ked to brawl; quarrel; vesz-ett mad; furious /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian suffix -ked forms a reflexive verb describing the action of the agent (usually one's self).

Sumerian

biz; bi(z) to accuse; strike; etc.[jh]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*vịjcą.- rough, angry; to be anxious, worry (грубый, сердитый; беспокоиться 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1370]

wicą- ; vicέt- 1 /Chukchee; vicą- (III) /Koryak [ss]

Dravidian

fasâd brawl /Brahui

vét-ek crime, sin, fault /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

iwyt wrong doing /Old Egyptian [cgj]

bátor brave, courageous /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bátor is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Altaic

Turkic

batyr hero /Tatar; botir hero /Uzbek [Chong]; batyr courageous, bold; batyrlyk courage, boldness /Turkmen [glnp]; matïr hero; bold, courageous /Khakas [kl]

Mongol

bataar hero /Khalkha [Chong]

Tungus

baturu /Manchu [Chong, as]
baturulambi to act heroically /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

bahâdur brave, gallant /Brahui
baha_dar, baha_du_r, ba_ha_du_r a hero, a warrior /Kannad.a [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

baha_dur brave, bold, courageous, high-spirited; a hero, a champion, a knight /Persian [sk]

Indo-Aryan

bhadraka good, brave /Sanskrit

becs value; becs-es valuable, precious /Hungarian {v > b}
becs-ül to honour, to esteem, respect /Hungarian
fel-becsül, meg-becsül to evaluate /Hungarian

Uralic

According to one official source, Hungarian becs is 'possibly' of Turkish origin, while another source lists no such connection. [see Chong]

{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}

Sumerian

peš precious, valuable [jh]

Etruscan

vacal, vacil, vacl libation [g/lb83 56, pa, dep] ; augur [az96]
vaci to weigh, evaluate [az96]

A "libation" is "a sacrifice, by a drink-offering or by pouring oil or wine on the ground".

Hurrian-Urartian

badu-si/e precious, majestic [ryan]

Indo-European

wasa to esteem /Hittite [cb]
waŝha- `sacralized object' (or sim.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

béka frog; ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian

Uralic

ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian

The second part -hal means "fish", what is the first part ebi- ?

Hungarian béka is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]

also see Hungarian teknõsbéka "tortoise"

Sumerian

ubi ^ku6 a marine and fluvial fish [jh]
ha; ku₆, kua fish [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #3.4c05> [oi4]

Cushitic, South

tlembe?`u frog /Alagwa
tlambe?`u frog /Burunge

Altaic

*bek`u a kind of fish /Altaic [ss]

*bEkre /Turc
*bekir /Mongol
*beke /Tungus
*pok /Korean
*pu(n)ku /Japanese [ss]

*miák`o frog /Altaic [ss]

*b(i)aka /Turc
*mekelei, *melekei /Mongol
moko(lV)- /Tungus
*mòkùrí /Korean [ss]

Basque

apo toad; hoof
sapa (B,G) small black inedible saltwater fish
sapo (B,G) toad
zapo toad; (fig.) traitor; angler see itsasapo

sapo "toad" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]

Dravidian

pe_kam < bhe_ka frog; pe_kan- male of the frog; pe_ki female frog /Tamil(Tamil lex.) [sk]

kappa frog (Telugu, Kuwi); kappe id. (Kannad.a,Kod.agu,Tulu,Gondi); kepak frog, toad (Kota); kopin frog (Toda); kappe, keppe id. (Kannad.a); kappe toad (Kod.agu) [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Germanic

see Pugge, Pogge frog, toad [< ?Vasconic; see Basque puga toad] {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [from mc1]

Note :- Gorka Aulestia's Basque-English dictionary does not list Basque puga toad, but has Basque apo, sapo, zapo "toad" ??

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

bak, Wild cucumber; a retreat, an asylum; (S. bheka) a frog; a forest; a wild uncultivated country; name of a city in Transoxania /Persian [fjs]

bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

bhe_ka frog /Sanskrit
kacchapa frog (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

(2) Indo-European

Romance

sapo /Spanish

Slavic

žaba frog; toad; tree-frog; green-frog /Serbo-Croatian
žaba frog /Slovak (not likely the source !)

béke peace; quiet /Hungarian

Basque

bake, pake peace

Etruscan

paci collected, quiet [az96]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1] (?)

hekêlos, Dor. heka_los, on, at rest, at one's ease; esp. of persons feasting and enjoying themselves hekêloi nekrous am pedion sulêsete ye will plunder them at your ease, i.e. without let or hindrance hekêlos erretô let him be off in peace

{Of course, it is too much to ask that /p/ > /h/}

akalos, ê, on, (aka, akên) peaceful, still

Italic

pax, pace(m) peace /Latin (?)

Slavic (?)

*pokojь /Proto Slavic [rd: 1175]

Old Church Slavic: poĉiti `rest' [verb], poĉijo, [1sg]; Russian: poko/j `rest, (obs.) chamber' [m jo]; Polish: poko/j `peace, chamber' [m jo]; Serbo-Croatian: po\ko:j `tranquillity' [m jo]

[rd: 1175] lists cognates of the Slavic as

Avestan. ŝa:itim `happiness' [Asg f];
Latin. quie:s `rest, quiet' [f]

Into; through; out of

bel, be, inside, into /Hungarian
-ba, -be suffix meaning "in, into"; bele- prefix meaning "in, into" /Hungarian
-bele into /Old Hungarian [gzb1]

Uralic

*päle inner, among, from /FU

Sumerian

bala('), bal to pass through etc....... [jh]

Etruscan

pi, -pi, pul at, in, for, by, through, with

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

pe in, at /Pashto [tr]

bél, belek gut, intestine(s) /Hungarian

Uralic

{also see Hungarian has "stomach, belly"}

Sumerian

ïb, éb middle, waist [jh]

Altaic

*bòda intestine, belly /Altaic [ss]
*pejlo belly, liver, waist/ Altaic [ss]

*be:lke ( ~ -i) waist, lap /Altaic [ss]

*be:.l(k) waist /Turkic [ss]

bel /Old Turkic; bel /Turkish; bel /Azeri; bi:l /Turkmen; pile>k /Chuvash; bi:l /Yakut [ss]

*belkeg|u" waist /Mongolian [ss]

belxu":s /Khalkha; belku":sn. /Kalmuck [ss]

*belge lap /Tungus [ss]

belge /Negidal; belge /Nanai; belz^|e /Ulcha; bel/de /Orok; be:lgú /Even; belge /Evenki [ss]

Basque

sabel (C) stomach

Etruscan

vile weave, viscera < *vil-, *il- [az96]

Ulwa

bâ bowels; intestines [ud]

-ból, -böl from, out of /Hungarian

Uralic

*päle inner, among, from /FU

Afro-Asiatic

bal, bol outside; (of time) out of, beyond /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
ebol out, forth /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Etruscan

pi, -pi, pul at, in, for, by, through, with

bélyeg stamp, mark, brand /Hungarian < Uigur Turk
billog /Old Hungarian [bo]

Uralic

bélyeg stamp, mark, brand /Hungarian < Uigur Turk
billog /Old Hungarian [bo]

From the 11^th. Century one finds the billog which was a copper or bronze, circular plate probably worn hanging from a string around the neck. It gave the bearer royal, judicial or religious authority. Some believe the billog had a function before the Magyar settled in the Carpathian Basin but its earlier function is now lost to us. [bo]

Altaic

Turkic

belgü stamp, bich- letters, writing knife /Uigur

belgi sign; belgilemek to signify, make or place a sign; bellik sign /Turkmen [glnp]

Mongol

The word billog can be found in the Mongolian language as "belge". We can find the belge in the Modern Mongolian language, too, meaning symbol, sign. [bo]

Indo-European

Slavic

beleg scar, mark, seam; stripe, weal; birth-mark; beleva mark, make a sign/mark on, put a mark on; notch /Bulgar

biljeg stamp, mark, token, symbol /Serbo-Croatian

Likely loan from Uigur Turk

Indo-Iranian/Iranian (?)

billá s. medal /N. Baluchi [mld]

Dravidian

por-i to impress, stamp, inscribe; be impressed or imprinted; n. mark, impression, sign, token, knowledge (Tamil); sign, knowledge (Malayalam) [sk]

Sino-Tibetan

bet writing brush /Anc Chinese

bén-a crippled, lame, paralyzed /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian béna is 'possibly' of Slavic origin according to one source[see Chong]

Dravidian

ve_n:ku (ve_n:ki-), va_n:ku to bend, sink, subside, move to one side, withdraw; bending (Tamil); benkna_, benka'a_na_ to turn from a straight line, bend, curve; benko_, banka_ crooked, bent, curved (Kur.ux); va_n:kal bending, curve, inclination; va_n.n.uka to bend, shrink, draw back; va_n.n.al withdrawing (Malayalam); ban:ku to be crooked, bend (Kannad.a); ba.ng- (ba.ngi-) to become bent, slope (Kod.agu); ba_guni, ba_n:guni to bow, stoop, lean on one side (Tulu); van:gu to bend, stoop, bow, become crooked, become low or humbled; vancu, vampu to bend, cause to stoop, subdue, humble, overpower; vampu bend, curve, crookedness; bent, curved, cooked; va_ncu to bend head, cause to bend; va~_ka crooked (Telugu); vang- (vankt-) to bend; vangip- (vangipt-), vap- (vapt-) id. (Kolami); vang- id. (Naikr.i,Parji); vanka curve (Gadba); vak-, vang- to bend; vanga_na_ to be bent; vakta crooked, zigzag; vankor, vanko bent, crooked (Gondi); van- (-it-) to bend, become bent; wanginai to be bent, stoop; vang- (-it-) to bend, be bent; vak- (-h-) to bend (Kuwi) [sk]

Etruscan

pen victim < stricken [az96] /Etruscan

bendő (animal) paunch; (human) belly /Hungarian

Dravidian

ponti the body (Tamil); bondi the body (Kannad.a,Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

bhun.d.i pot-belly; bhun.d.a_ pot-bellied (Oryia)[sk]

benn(e) {bent} inside, within /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

byn p /Aramaic [cal]

1 passim between, among
2 Palestinian in
3 Palestinian whether...or

bynt p /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr between

LS2 68 s.v. byny

LS2 v baynAt > byn

beyn among, between (Old Testament Strong No: 0997) /Aramaic

Indo-European/Italic/Latin

Penātes gods of the Roman household, gods of the interior < penes (root pen-) inside, in the interior of [ep: 480]

Interesting, though we would need leading Latin /p/ to become leading /b/ in Hungarian instead of /f/.

bér rent, lease, hire; wages /Hungarian

Uralic

Believed to be possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Altaic

ber- give (Turkish) [Chong]

Dravidian

bâRa rent /Brahui

va_rakam press money, advance to soldiers and servants (Malayalam); va_rakam, va_rakkam advance given to cultivators to enable them to carry on cultivation, money lent on agreement to pay interest in kind; va_ram hire, rent (Tamil); share in general, landlord's share, rack-rent (Malayalam); va_ra share, landlord's half-share of the produce of a field in lieu of rent (Kannad.a); va.ra rent (Kod.agu); va_rakamu money advanced to cultivators to be received again without interest when the crop is reaped (Telugu.); va_ri (pl. va_rgil) debt (?Gadba)(DEDR 5359). [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

phora, Ion. phorê, hê: (pherô):-- I. 2. bringing in of money, payment b. ph. ergatou, = latura, perh. a workman's pay c. fare, freight 3. bringing forth, productiveness

Tocharian B

peri 1) (n.)`debt'; 2) (adj.)`to be paid, owing' [tob]

Slavic,South

bir parson's fees /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

p'r `debt' /Sogdian [tob]

pa:ra `debt' /Avestan [tob]
? varez- [-] perform, work, act, fulfill /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

bharma wages, hire /Sanskrit (Col)

bha_r.i_ one who lets out oxen, etc. on hire, pack-carrier /Punja_bi_; bhar.iya_ paid servant; bha_r.o wages, hire /Kumauni_; bha_r.o /Sindhi_; bha_r.a_ rent, fare; pa_ra_ (with low rising tone)/Lahnda_; bha_r.a_ rent, hire /Punja_bi_, Bengali; hire, price of labour /Maithili_; hire, fare, freight, rent (of house)/Hindi_; bha_ra_ rent, hire /Assamese; bhar.a_ rent of house, wages of prostitution /Or.iya_ [sk]

bérc crag, peak, point; mountain, hill /Hungarian

Uralic

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Austro-Asiatic

barca the iron part of a spear /Mun.d.a_ri [sk: 6162]

Caucasian

*ba:rz|V height, mountain /North Caucasian [ss]

*b(h|)a:rz| hillock /Nakh [ss]

barz Chechen; bo|rz Ingush [ss]

*byZu (~-s-) mountain /Tsezian [ss]

bizo Bezhita; byzu Gunzib [ss]

barzunt:iw heights, mountains /Lak [ss]

*barzaj alpine meadow /Lezghian [ss]

barza Lezghi [ss]

Dravidian

barcî spear /Brahui

var.s to be sharp (Kond.a); var.h (var.st-) to sharpen (Kuwi); val. sharpness, pointedness (Tamil); vele thorn (Mand.a); vala point, sharp end, spearhead, sting (Kui) [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*b^ho:rs- point, tip bolt /PIE [bd]

Celtic

barr `point' /Old Irish [bd]

Albanian

*bo:r- /Proto Albanian [bd]

ber arrow, bolt; spear, lance; bero(n)je' `adder, viper' {1}; ylber `rainbow' {2} /Albanian [bd]

{1} An Alb. formation with the suffix -o(n)je'. {2} Compound with yll- `star' [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

barezayå [barezâ] height; a mountain /Avestan
barezimanãm [barez] high, exalted /Avestan
berezô [berez] high, great, lofty; [bereza] /Avestan

bwrz (also /bwRz/) above, over, up, high, tall /Baluchi [mab]

barcha a kind of spear; barchakh a small spear of the Hindus; barchi a small spear /Persian [fjs]

Speak, talk, conversation; tale, story

besz-éd speech, sermon, talk, conversation /Hungarian
besz-él to speak, talk, converse /Hungarian
besz-ély tale, short story /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian besz- is supposedly of Slavic origin {but unlikely) [see Chong]

Sumerian

bi, bé to say, speak etc. [jh]

Hurrian-Urartian

bau-še word, command, matter [ryan]

Altaic

Tungus

hese word; order; imperial edict, command, instruction /Manchu [as]
hese be baimbi to request an edict /Manchu [as]
hesebumbi to predict, to prophesize /Manchu [as]
hesei edict /Manchu [as]

In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.

Japanese

washa (n.) the speaker, narrator /Japanese

Austric Languages

bahasa language /Indon., Malay.; basa to read /Phil., also basahin to read; basa language /Kawi; vosa to speak, say , word, language /Fiji; waha mouth, voice /Maori; waha saying, word, mouth, voice, language /common Polynesian; vasa to speak /Sesake; vasana speech, visiena speech /Api; bosa to speak /Florida, Ysabel; bacah language /Proto-Philippine; phaasaa language /Thai; -bisi to say /Visina, Mapremo, Nikaura; basa to speak /Efate [pkm]

Dravidian

ba_se language, promise (Tulu lex.) vacavu scolding (Tamil lex.) ba_siga, ba_ciga, ba_sega a speaker, a talker, a jester (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

pe_cu (pe_ci-) to talk, speak, converse, make noise, roar; tell, say, recite, praise; pe_cal, pe_ccal talking; pe_ccu speakig, speech, language, praise, talk, report, rumour, word (Tamil); speech, language; pe_cuka to speak, chatter (as birds)( Malayalam); pe.c to talk to oneself; per.c to give irrelevant answers, talk nonsense, talk with impropriety in presence of holy man (Kota) [sk]

(1). Indo-European

Reconstruction

*b^heh₂ speak /PIE [rd]

Greek

phemi `say' /Greek [rd]

Italic

fa:ri: `say' /Latin [rd]

Germanic

bo:ian `brag' /Old English [rd]

Slavic

*basnü; *ba\ \sn,a /Proto Slavic [rd]

basnü `tale' /Old Church Slavic; ba/snja `fable' /Russian; ba/sen^, ba/sn^e [Gens] `tale' /Czech; ba/ti `speak, invent' /Old Czech; bas/n/ `tale' /Polish; ba/snja `fable, fantasy' /Bulgarian; ba:s@n, ba:sni [Gens] `fantasy, fable' /Slovene [rd]

ba\ \jati `practise sorcery, exorcize'; ba\ \san, ba\ \sni [Gens] `tale' /Serbo-Croatian [from rd]

see Serbo-Croatian bajač, bajalac "enchanter, sorcerer, conjurer, magician, wizard" !!

(2). Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

bazô speak, say

Slav,South/Serbo-Croatian

besjeda word, utterance, language; speech, oration; besjediti to speak, talk

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

bhās. speak, talk, say /Sanskrit
bhās.ā speech, language < bhās. /Sanskrit
bhās.ita (ppl.) spoken; (n.) what is spoken, the words < bhās. /Sanskrit
pat.h read aloud; recite; repeat to one's self; study; teach to talk /Sanskrit

Öbha_s. speech /Sanskrit [sk]

(3) Indo-European

Reconstruction(s)

*wekw- speak /PIE
*wo(:)kW- word /PIE

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

vac [-] (v. rt.) to speak, to say; word, phrase /Avestan
vaca [vâc] word, phrase /Avestan

betű letter (a,b,c,d,....); betűz to spell /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian betű officially derives from Turkic.

Altaic

Turkic

biti- write (Common Turkic) [Chong]

Mongol

biĉi write (Khalkha) [Chong]

Tungus

bithe language, book, letter /Manchu [as]
bithesi scribe, clerk /Manchu [as]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bitik writing; a letter; a book;<-> butak (dim. of but), A little idol. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
bitikchi a writer, a scribe. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

Speak, say, tell; story

mese a hero tale; story; mes-él to relate, tell a story /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, one expert source says Hungarian mese is of Ugric origin

*mac'3, *man'c'3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

mø`n't' (Konda Khanty); mas' legend, saga (Obdorsk Khanty); må`n't' id. (Tremjugan Khanty); màn't' id. (KnVah) [Chong]

Another source believes Hungarian mese is derived from an earlier mes- which is the root of Ugric origin [Chong]

Sumerian

me, mì; ñe (v.) to say, to tell [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

? masal fable (Turkish, Uzbek) [Chong]

Japanese

mo'shi-ageru say, speak, tell

Caucasian

*mha:rx|wa: ( ~ *m?|-) tale /North Caucasian [ss]

*mux|a tale /Andian [ss]

*muG|(:) ( ~ -o-) tale /Tsezian [ss]

muG| /Khvarshi [ss]

maha tale /Lak [ss]

*ma(r)x|(I)w| tale /Lezghian [ss]

Indo-European/Classical Greek [lsj1]

muthos, ho,

I. word, speech 2. public speech 3. conversation 4. thing said, fact, matter 5. thing thought, unspoken word, purpose, design 6. saying 7. talk of men, rumour

II. tale, story, narrative 2. fiction (opp. logos, historic truth), 3. generally, fiction 4. professed work of fiction, children's story, fable 5. plot of a comedy or tragedy

mond to speak, tell /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian mond is derived from a FU root [Chong]

[? mana- abuse, curse, ruin, slander, upbraid; mõna- abuse, curse, ruin, slander, upbraid; give to understand, indicate (Estonian); manaa- admonish, exhort, warn; bewitch, curse, execrate, wish evil to (Finnish)]; moanâdâ-, moannâ- conjecture, solve by conjecture (Lappish); muoneˆ- appoint, order, prescribe; conjecture (Southern Lappish); mana- order, say, speak (Mari); [? mun'a- bewitch, ruin by witchcraft (Mordvin)]

ma- command; say (Kamas); maan- (N'en'ec'); muno- command; say (Nganasan); my- say (Šölqup)

mun'ams to tell a curse /Mordvin

Yukaghir [emas, Chong]

mon- 'say'

Sumerian

me, mì; ñe (v.) to say, to tell [jh]

Altaic/Japanese

mendan talk; mondo' dialogue

It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding) mendan(‚ß‚ñ‚¾‚ñ,–Ê’k), is a Chinese loan. [jl]

Basque

mintza-tu to speak; mintz-aldi colloquy (L,LN,Z,U)

bet-eg sick, unwell, ill /Hungarian

Uralic

potea to suffer /Finnish [Chong]

The origin of Hungarian beteg is not known [see Chong]

Sumerian

bad₄ difficulty, hardship; etc. [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

bed- weaken /Old Turkic [Chong]

Mongol

betege a sickness that causes swellings /Classical Mongol [Chong]

Ulwa

bâtuk sickly [ud]

betyár outlaw, robber; mean, detestable fellow /Hungarian

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

batyar ugly, detestable; batyara anything ugly, odious, and detestable; a demon inhabiting the woods /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

byd∂r stranger, unknown person /Baluchi [mab] ?

Iridescence

Purple, violet, blue, crimson, red, blood; dawn, shine

bíbor purple /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian bibor is thought to derive from búb "crown of the head"; "crest" (of a bird)) [Chong]

Sumerian

babbar ₍₂₎ bright; white; the rising sun [jh, Chong]
bar _6,7 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) adj., white [jh]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

pwrpwr N pwrpwr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr purple

LS2 605

LS2 v: puwrpuwrA)

pwrpyr N pwrpr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian purple

pyrprwn N /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr purple

LS2 605

Indo-European

Greek

Mycenaean Greek

po-pu-re-ia 'purple'

[I saw this quoted somewhere, but can't find the reference]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

porphur-eos

(I) in Homer we have

1. of the sea, heaving, surging; 2. of blood, gushing; 3. of the rainbow

(II) and then we have "purple, bright-red, rosy"

1. purple, of stuff, cloths, etc., 2. of human complexion, bright-red, rosy, flushing; 3. purple-clad, in purple; 4. neut. pl. porphura purple colour or purple spots 5. porphuroun (sc. anthos), to, Woodfordia floribunda (an Indian shrub), 6. Adv. -ôs, stuphein mordant for purple

The colour which the ancient Greeks extracted drop by excruciating drop from the unfortunate molluscs Murex Trunculus and Purpura Haemastoma are found along the eastern Mediterranean shores near Tyre. This iridescent colour is unforgetable and could not be confused with any other hue. So how does one reconcile Homer's use of porphur-eos in reference to the sea, blood and the rainbow without assuming that the ancients saw colours differently?

Is it possible that porphur-eos instead refers to that bright, shining and reflective iridescence of the Mediterranean sea for which it is so famous. Does it refer to the bright-red, iridescent quality of aerated blood instead of the dark brown of dried blood? Does it refer to the sparkling radiant hues of a rainbow with its prismatic splitting into lots of iridescent colours?

The origin of porphur-eos is unknown. [te]

Italic

purpura /Latin

Even though Latin purpura is related in form and meaning to the Greek its origin is also unknown. [te]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

firfir purple; a violet /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

barfir purple; the purple shellfish /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Greek.

ibolya a violet /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian origin or source?

{Hungarian /ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}

Basque

ubel-du to turn purple; ubel blue, livid, purple (C)

Indo-European (??)

Classical Greek [lsj1]

peli^-os, a, on

prop. of parts of the body, discoloured by extravasated blood, black and blue, livid

Germanic

blue /English; blau /German

Romance

bleu /French

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

piroza a turquoise, a kind of blue gem; bihroj, bihroja crystal of a transparent blue colour, and of little value; Indian frankincense; bihroz, bihroza a species of blue crystal; Indian frankincense. /Persian [fjs]

bor wine /Hungarian
par-ázs coal ember /Hungarian
pír blush, flush, glow; flush of dawn; pir-os red; pir-ul flush, blush; pir-kad-ás dawn, day break /Hungarian
virr-ad to dawn, shine /Hungarian
vör-ös red; vér-es bloody /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bor is thought to derive from Turkic.borlalïx vine-branch; vineyard (Karachai); bor; borluq vineyard (Uigur) [Chong] not from its colour.

Expert source sees Hungarian pír as onomatopoeic [Chong]

pora- flash (Man's'i) // [? parada- burn up (N'en'ec')] [Chong]

palo fire (Finnish) [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian vörös is thought to derive from vér "blood". [Chong]
While véres "bloody" is the adjective formed from Hungarian vér "blood".

Sumerian

bar _6,7 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) adj., white [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

peire come forth of light, etc.; proclaim /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

brr to be(come) clear, pure, white /Semitic Root [ahd]

bhr V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,Mand to shine
041 Syr to shine
042 Mand to be illuminated
021 Mand to illuminate
051 Syr to shine
091 Syr to glorify
121 Syr to boast

LS2 61

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983), p. 78 #><Black (1974), #301.05b><Black (1974), #293.11b> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

bur "red" /Dasenech; burrid/a "red" /Elmolo

Altaic

Tungus

bura bara pre-dawn /Manchu [as]
fularila- blush (Manchu) [Chong]

Turkic

parlak bright, shining (Turkish) [Chong]
[? pIrIlda- glitter, glow, shine (Turkish)] [Chong]

*puli ( ~ p`-,-l/-, -o-e) red /Altaic

*hulag|an red /Mongol [ss]

ulag|an /Written Mongolian; xula'an, hola:m , hula'an, hulan /Middle Mongolian; ula:n /Khalkha; ula:n /Buriat; ula:n /Kalmuck; ula:n /Ordos; xulan /Dongxian; felan|, fulan| /Baoan; l/a:n /Shary-Yoghur; fula:n /Monguor; xula:n, hula:n /Dagur [ss]

*pula- red /Tungus [ss]

xula-ma,-rin /Evenki; hu.lan/a: /Even; xolajin /Negidal; u.la:~ /Solon; f@l@g/an, fulg/an /Modern Manchu; fula-gian /Zhurzhen; folg/a":(n) /Nanai; xulaligi /Udighe [ss]

*py\rk- red /Korean [ss]

puk- [pulk] /Modern Korean; py\rk- /Middle Korean [ss]

Austric

whero crimson /Moriori [mor]
whero, kura, waituhi red /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian (?)

*h|irV red /North Caucasian [ss]

The root is almost uniformly prefixless, thus b- in Avar ba?|a/ra-b is probably an innovation. [ss]

*hiri 1 red 2 blood /Avarandian [ss]

ba?|a/ra-b 1 /Avar; hiri 1 /Andi; hiri-da 1 /Akhvakh; e: 2, e?u-b 1 /Chamalal; heri 2 /Tindi; heri 2, heri- 1 /Karata; hiri 2 /Botlikh; hiri 2 /Godoberi [ss]

The Avar form reflects class prefixation; Andian forms are all prefixless. In And. cf. also hir 'copper' ( < *'red copper'). [ss]

*?@r (~?|-,h-) 1 raspberry 2 blackberry /Tsezian [ss]

oj-do 1 /Bezhita; yr (ka~j) 2 /Gunzib [ss]

The root originally meant "red" [ss]

*?iry- (~ *?I-) 1 red 2 blood /Lezghian [ss]

jaru 1 /Lezghi; u"ru 1 /Tabasaran; iref 1 /Agul; irdy 1 /Rutul; iri 1, ira"z^| 2 /Kryz; ird 2 /Budukh [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pular to dawn; pularcci dawning; pularpu, pularvu, pulari dawn; pula_vu to dawn; pur--pull-en-al expr. indicating break of day; pun-n-am-pulari early dawn (Tamil); pularuka to dawn, light to appear; pular dawn; pularcca daybreak; pularttuka to bring to the light (Malayalam); pola- (polav-, poland-) to dawn; polat- (polati-) to spend night until dawn; polace, polaca dawn; pola.ka morning (Kod.agu); pulle, pullya, pullyakela, pullayakole morning, daybreak; early in the morning (Tulu); pulpulre to shine through whiteness (Malt.o)(DEDR 4305). [sk]

par par in- (id--) (country, na.r.) becomes a little light before dawn (Kota); pare to dawn (Kannad.a); para~gu to shine (Telugu); pari inba to dawn, break (dawn); n. early dawn (Kui); parce to shine brightly, be seen clearly (Malt.o)(DEDR 3980). [sk]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

purros flame-coloured, yellowish-red 2. esp. of persons with red hair 3. generally, tawny 4. of more positive colour, red 5. blushing

Albanian

prush embers /Abanian [bd] < *preus- to burn (up) ? /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

Persian bo:r 'bay, reddish', Ossetian bu:r 'yellow' [ss]

bor red; the colour of the pistachio nut; the colour of honey; a bay horse; a pheasant; (= biyar) bring thou; name of a city in Hindustan. /Persian [fjs]

farfus a kind of red pumice-stone applied to wounds /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

piriha dawn /Sindhi_; poh, pau, parah dawn /Lahnda_; parod.h, paror., parod.hiyu~, paror.iyu~ dawn /Gujara_ti_ [sk]

vil- shine,sparkle; vil-ág-ít to shine; vill-an to flash; /Hungarian
vill-og to flash, glitter; vill-ám light-ning /Hungarian

Uralic

walgalta-, wolgalta- dawn, get light; shine; walgõdõ, wolgõdõ bright, light; brightness, light /Mari;
val'k, val't lustrous, resplendant /Udmurt (FU) [Chong]

valgõti (n) dawn /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

piriğ₃light; píriğ bright; bar_6,7shine, bright [jh]

mul star; constellation.planet, to sparkle

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 254 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

balag- sparkle /Oromo
bilig shimmer shine /Somali

Semitic

blg sparkle /Proto Semitic

Chadic

m-bAlA shine /Proto Chadic

bel shine /Angas; mb@l /Margi

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #1.01> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

pirk lightning /Elmolo; bid/d/i lighten /Dasenech; biraqo lightning /Sidamo

Semitic

ba'raq- lightning /Proto Semitic

birq-um lightning /Akkadian; brq lighten /Hebrew; barq-un lightning /Atabic; bar'qaa lightning /Aramaic; brq lighten /Geez; ba''rq lightning /Tigre

Egyptian

ebre_c#e lightning /Coptic Egyptian
b?'q bright (to be) /Old Egyptian

Altaic

Turkic

parlak sunshine, radiance; parlamak to radiate /Turkmen [glnp]

*p`iŭľ star /Altaic [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

vel., ven. white, shining, bright; vel.i (-pp-, -tt-) to break (as the day), become bright; vel.iccam light, lamp; ven.mai whitness, brightness; vil.an:ku (vil.an:ki-) to shine, become renowned; vil.akku (vil.akki-) to make clear; lamp, light, lustre; vil.ar whiteness; vil.arppu id. (Tamil); vel.i, vel.ivu light; vel.iccam light; vel.ukka to dawn, be bright; vel.l.i silver; vil.akku lamp, light (Malayalam); vel. white; vel.g (vel.gy-) (country) becomes light before dawn (Kota); pol.p whitness (Toda); bel.(u), bel.a, bel.(u)pu, bel.atige, bel.antige, bel.l.age, bil.a, bil.u, bil.i, bil.e, bil.apu, bil.(u)pu whiteness, brightness; bel.a, bel.aku, bel.agu light, lamp; bel.agu to shine, become bright, manifest oneself; bel.l.i silver (Kannad.a); bol.i- (bol.ip-, bol.it-) to become white; bol.aki, bol.ica lamp; bol.i light; bol.ipi whiteness; bol.l.i silver (Kod.agu); bol.u, bolu, bol.un:gar, bolci, bol.l.ar, bol.l.enti white, bright; bolkara whitish; bol.du, boldu brightness (Tulu)[cf. por..utu sun, time, opportunity (Tamil)(DEDR 4559)]; bol.pu light, wick or candle; bol.ya light, white, clear; bol.kiru clearing of the sky; bol.l.i star, silver; bul.aku brightness; bel.agu brightness, splendour; bel.aguni to shine, glitter; bel.aga_vuni to make shine; polish; bil.i white (Tulu); velu~gu to shine, give light; burn, flame; light, splendour; veluka whiteness; velacu to clean; velayu to shine, be renowned; velayincu to render bright; velaru whiteness; veli, velidi white; vella, vellani white; vellana, velli, vellika whiteness; ven.d.i silver; bel.a~ku, bel.uku to shine, gleam, glitter; (inscr.) bel.agu lustre; bolli spotted white (Telugu); velen., velun.(g), velang light (Kolami); vil white; vilg-, vili- to be white; vilid light (Parji); viled white; vind.- to become light, be illuminated (Gadba); vella, wella white (Kuwi); bilcna_ to shine, glitter, sparkle; bilcta'a_na_ to polish, cause to shine or glitter; billi_ light, flame (Kur.ux); bilbilre to shine brilliantly (Malt.o)(DEDR 5496a). [sk]

va_l lustre, splendour, brightness, fame (Tamil); pa.l. spark (?Toda); va_lu to increase, rise, swell, flourish, be splendid, shine (?) (DEDR 5377) [sk]

Etruscan

pulpai, pulpa shining, splendid [az96]
pulum shining, splendid, pulumxva stars, star-count [az96]
fulumxva splendor > famous (man) [az96]
fuluve-, hvuluve, pulumxva, vhulve, vhuluena splendid, shining [az96]

(0) Indo-European

*bherek to shine, glitter < *bhereg- to shine, bright, white /PIE
*bheleg- to shine /PIE [pok: 124-5]

(1) Indo-European

*bhel- white, clear; to shine /PIE [cb]

Celtic

Common Celtic *belo- (white, shining) [cb]

fàir dawn /Gaelic; fáir /Early Irish, gwawr /Welsh [from mcb]
gouere-, morning, gwereleuen, morning-star /Breton [from mcb]

Germanic

Old Norse bбl (fire); Gothic bala (paleness) [cb]

Slavic

Common Slavic *be'lo- (white) [cb]

Paleo-Balkan

balios white /Thracian [cb]

Balto-Slavic

Common Baltic *balo- (white, pale)

Indo-Iranian

bhбla- a shine /Sanskrit [cb]
vilas to gleam, flash, glitter; to shine forth, appear, arise, become visible /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bylbyl∂g to glitter, twinkle /Baluchi [mab]

Slavic

blqsyk brilliance, brilliancy; coruscation; lustre, radiance; luminosity; lucency, lucence; polish; glitter, brightness /Bulgar

cf Hungarian villog, villódzik "sparkles, glitters etc." /b/ > /v/

Quechua

palanina to shine [q1]

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Additions by Fred Hámori in red.

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Last updated 3 June 2008