Magyar
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
teny-ész
to grow, flourish; to cultivate, breed /HungarianDravidian
tan-i (-v-, -nt-) to abound, be profuse, increase in size, grow fat; tan.icu picking up, putting on flesh /Tamil; tani to thrive, develop, become full-grown; n. state of having thriven, full, strong, fully developed, complete, matured, abounding in agreeable quantities, rich etc. /Kannad.a; tanaru, tanara_ru, tanar(u)cu to increase, rise, shine, be well, good or excellent; tanar(u)pu increase, progress, advancement, height, width, breadth; taniyu to thrive, flourish /Telugu; tanyare to become rich (Malto); tane, tene embryo of beasts, pregnancy (Kannad.a); tan, san conceiving, breeding as cattle, sheep, etc.; taneyuni cattle or animals to be big with young (Tulu) [sk]
tép
to tear, rip, rend, pluck /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian tép is possibly of FU origin.
? tõmbama to pull, yank (Estonian); temmata to grab, seize; rip, rip apart, tear; etc. (Finnish) [Chong]
Dravidian
tev- (-it-) to be broken or snapped (as thread), be disjointed; tep- (-t-) to break, snap, nip off (as flowers), finish, redeem (a vow), discharge (as religious obligation)(Kond.a) [sk]
Quechua
tipiy, tipllay to tear off; rip off [q2]
tepsi
baking pan, frying pan, skillet /HungarianUralic
One expert says Hungarian tepsi is of Turkic origin.
Another expert says this word is a "wander-word". [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic
tepsi plate, dish /Cuman [pbg]
Also exists in numerous Turkic languages ) --
Mongol
tebsi "large oblong plate, platter or tray, trough" /Mongol [pbg]
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese tieh-tzu < Middle Chinese dep tsi [pbg]
Indo-European/Slavic
tepsija casserole, pan /Serbo-Croatian
tér
space, area, a field; terep ground, land, terrain /HungarianUralic
Hungarian tér is possibly of F-U origin.
*tär3 (Proto Ugric)
tiir@ng deep (of a fishing net, etc.), high (KnVah, KnVasjugan); tir definite width of the net (KnVasjugan) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
Twr N Twr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 passim mountain 2 Palestinian,CPA,Syr field
LS2 272
LS2 V: TuwrA) abs. voc: Tuwr
Twryh N Twryt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr mountainous region 2 Syr field
LS2 272
LS2 V: TuwrAytA)
Cognate Set<Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 57 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Cushitic, East
duul place, country /Saho; d/ul(-kii) (d/u(u)l) earth, ground, land,world /Somali; tirri earth, land /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
teri dust /Iraqw
Omotic
c#'ure dust /Gidicho (Haruro); tulo dust /Janjero; turu ground /Nao
Altaic/Turkic
tarap 1. direction 2. place, land 3. side 4. part 5. group, side /Turkmen [glnp]
ÿer 1. place 2. land 3. earth, ground 4. Earth 5. place, position, duty 6. sleeping area /Turmen [glnp]
Dravidian
terapu space, room (Tulu); ter-a open; ter-acu to open, set open, uncover, expose, exhibit, display, unfasten, unlock; ter-apa open, exposed; ter-api intermission, cessation, pause, break (Telugu); tir-a (-pp-, -nt-) to cut open; tir-appu open, unfortified place; cleft, opening; tir-avu opening, unveiling; open space (Tiruva_ca. 37,6); tur-appu a key (Tamil); tirp key (Toda); ter-a an opening, clearing, state of being clear or bright; ter-apu, ter-ahu opening, an opening, gap, an interval, cessation, intermission (of sounds, rain), interstice, room, place; ter-avu opening; ter-ave opening, becoming manifest, appearing; ter-e to be unclosed, be uncovered, open; make open, open, uncover, unfold; n. oipening, state of being open (Kannad.a); tora- (torap-, torand-) to open (Kod.agu) (DEDR 3259) [sk]
tarai the earth (taraiyot.u tiritala nalitaru...calataran- : Te_va_. 568,2); soil, land, ground (Ko_yir-pu. Pataca. 43); tarai-p-par-r-u plains; taraiyar people on the earth, earthly beings (Marutu_. 98); tarai-va_ram owner's share of agricultural produce; tarai-k-ka_ran- owner of the land, distinct from: ceykai-k-ka_ran- (Tamil lex.) taram earth /Tamil; tara_talam earth (Kampara_. Kat.iman.a. 47); tarai the earth (Te_va_. 568,2); soil, land, ground (Ko_yir-pu. Pataca. 43); tarai-k-ka_ran- owner of the land, dist. fr. ceykai-k-ka_ran-; tarai-p-par-r-u plains; tarai-va_ram owner's share of agricultural produce (J.); tarai-p-pan:ku id. (J.)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
tír land, country /Irish //// Old Irish "tír" and Welsh "tir" derive via the reconstructed Insular Celtic "tíros" from the Indo-European root *ters- (to dry),with a simple dichotomy at work: water is wet and land is dry. Cognates include "terra", "terrain" and "terrace". [from dk]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
d∂r out, outside; open fields, area outside a city /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
dhara_ earth /Sanskrit [sk]
térd
knee /HungarianUralic
Hungarian térd is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
One expert source sees térd as derived from Old Chuvash *tee°r or *tiir [Chong]
Altaic
*t`iu:/r/e leg; knee /Altaic [ss]
*di:r/ knee /Turkic [ss]
tiz /Old Turkic; diz /Turkish; tez Tatar; diz /Azeri; dy:z /Turkmen; ĉargus/s/i /Chuvash; tu"sa"x /Yakut [ss]
*tu"rei boot-top /Mongolian [ss]
*tu"re:-(kse) boot-top /Tungus [ss]
*ta\ri/ leg /Korean [ss]
tari /Modern Korean; ta\ri/ /Middle Korean [ss]
Turkic [glnp]
tirsek 1. elbow 2. knee /Turkmen
dyz knee /Turkmen
Austric
turi knee /Moriori [mor]
pona, turi knee /Mäori [ng]
Room; watch-tower; tower-chamber
terem
(n.) room, hall, cabin (ship) /HungarianUralic
terem (v.) /Hungarian
(a) to bear, produce, grow
(b) to appear out of nowhere suddenly
teremt (v.) to create, make /Hungarian
teremtés creature, person; creation /Hungarian
Etruscan [alinei]
atrium 'atrium'
Indo-European
Greek [alinei]
teremnon teramnon 'house, dwelling'
Italic [alinei]
Latin atrium 'the entrance hall in a Roman household, temple or public institution'
(0) Slavic [alinei]
Bulgar trem 'hall, padlozat', Slovak triem 'veranda, hall'; terem 'reception area'; Russian terem 'room' older meanings 'cupola, castle, covered porch'
(1) Slavic [pbg]
Old Russian' terem "high house, court, cupola, watch-tower,'; Russian. 'room, tower-chamber'
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
taram (for P. Q q.v.), taramat, a wooden building of a circular form with an arched roof; a dome; a roof; a palisade to exclude people from a garden; -- tarami akhzar (firoza, nil-gun), the sky; tarami charum, the fourth heaven, the solar sphere or orbit; the firmament. /Persian
[fjs] lists taram as 'possibly' of Semitic/Arabic origin but it is not certain.
Altaic
Mongol [alinei]
Mongol terme, Kalmuk term? 'wall,fence'
Turkic
Cuman tärmä 'room for a woman' [alinei]
Cuman terem 'tabernacle, shrine' [pbg]
Which [pbg] compares with Old Rus' terem "high house, court, cupola, watch-tower," Russ. "room, tower-chamber" - Gr. "room, chamber."
Which in turn could be compared with the following entry.
torony
tower, steeple /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian torony is supposed to be of German and ultimately of French origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*t`o:r[e] post, pole, tower /Altaic [ss]
*to":r honorary place in the house /Turkic [ss]
to"r /Old Turkic; to":r /Turkmen [ss]
*turu pole, mast; sacred pole, place /Tungus [ss]
tojo /Negidal; tura /Manzhu; toro /Nanai; tu.ra /Ulcha; toro /Orok [ss]
*ta\ra\k tower /Korean [ss]
ta\ra\k /Middle Korean [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
tursis (also turris) tower, esp. tower on a wall, bastion; also, walled city or fortified house
Italic
turris -is tower; esp. as used in military operations /Latin
Germanic
Turm tower /German
Slavic
toranj tower; spire, steeple /Serbo-Croatian
tetsz
to please; to appeal /HungarianUralic
The phonetics of the Magyar tetsz and the Etruscan are identical except for the Etruscan aspirate 'th' which is not aspirated in Magyar. An offering is usually made to appease or please someone (such as a god).
Altaic
dōzo
(adv.) meaning "please, certainly, here it is, sure" /JapaneseEtruscan
thez- to make an offering
Hurrian-Urartian
ta-še gift [ryan]
Tibor
'male given name' /HungarianTake your pick :-
Middle Eastern
Greek references mention the people called "Tibar and Moser" who were metal workers of the Caucasus agree with the Biblical Tubal (Tibar) and Mes'ek (Mosher). These are believed by some historians to be the distorted names of Subar (Tibar) and Machar (Moser), which can also mean varieties of smiths in the Hungarian language. Mozser meaning sword smith while Tibor meaning smith in the past, but not any more. Similarly in Sumerian tibir=smith while Turkic timur=iron. Today Tibor in Hungarian is just a masculine name. [source]
Slavic
Various (baby name) websites claim that it is of Slavic origin with meaning 'sacred place'
Latin
(a) Tibor derives from the Latin meaning the river Tiber (Tiberius) or,
more loosely, "holy place". [source]
(b) Tibor is a form of Tiburtius [source]
Tiburcio is the Spanish and Portuguese form of the Roman cognomen
Tiburtius which meant "of Tibur".
Tibur (now called Tivoli) was a resort town near Rome.
Some historic speculation
(1) Charles Anthon, A Classical Dictionary, Published 1841, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 17 Oct 2007
"TIBUR was an ancient town of Latium, northeast of Rome, on the banks of the river Anio. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, it was originally a town of the Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium and as proof he says that the name Sicelion was still attached to a part of the place.
The name of Tibur is of a later origin claimed by some to have been founded by Catillus an officer of Evander while some claim Catillus was a son of Amphiaraus who with his two brothers conquered the Siculi and named one of their towns Tibur after his brother Tiburtus. Catillus was perhaps a Pelasgic chief. The modern name of Tibur is Tivoli."
(2) John H. Manas, Divination Ancient and Modern, Published 2004, Kessinger Publishing, Body, Mind & Spirit / Divination / General, 320 pages, ISBN:1417949910
"According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Tibur was originally a town of the Siculi, the most ancient inhabitants of Latium."
(3) Andrew Lumisden, Remarks on the Antiquities of Rome and Its Environs, Published 1812, Printed by W. Bulmer and Co. for G. and W. Nicol, Rome (Italy), 478 pages, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 26 Jul 2007
"Dionysius of Halicarnassus tells us that Tibur was built by the Sicani who called it Sicillium. They were driven out by Tiburtus, Catillus and Corax the sons of Catillus, admiral of Evander's fleet. The town was named Tibur after the eldest son."
More Trivia from 19th. Century :-
According to William Hazlit, The Classical Gazetteer (1851). Scanned by Tim Spalding
(a) Sicani were a Celto-Ligurian people who settled in western Italy, and after the Umbri and Osci or Opici were probably its earliest inhabitants. From Italy, colonies were established in Sicily circa 1300 B.C.
(b) Siculi were also a Celto-Ligurian people who settled in western Italy after the Sicani. They settled in Sicily circa 1260 B.C.
(c) Sĭcĭlĭa (Sicania, Trinarcia) named Sicilia after the Siculi, Sicania after the Sicani and Trinarcia for the three promontories marking its triangular outline.
Interesting to speculate that the aboriginal Siculi were somehow related to the Hungarian Szekely who still exist in today's Transylvania.
tiszt
(n.) an officer, a person of respect; tiszt-el-endő reverend; tiszt-el to respect, esteem, honour; tiszt-a clean, clear, pure; innocent; naked; real; tiszt-a-ság cleanliness, innocence /HungarianUralic
Hungarian tiszta is vehemently claimed to derive from Slavic.
This requires that leading /č/ becomes leading /t/ in Hungarian. Hardly a regular sound change?
csisz-ol "to polish" /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian csiszol is seen as being onomatopoeic [Chong]
? ĉyšky- clean, sweep, wipe (Ko); cicco- wipe (Lp); seasa- rub, wipe (Mn'); ĉuĉ-, ĉuš- cut out, strike out, wipe (Ud)
Altaic/Turkic
düz (adj.) smooth; even; düzgün clean; proper; regular; even; smooth; steady; true /Turkish
Dravidian (?)
tu_cu cleanness; tu_ytu that which is pure, clean, immaculate, holy; tu_ymai, tu_mai purity, cleanness, immaculateness, holiness, truth, salvation, goodness; tuyya pure, holy; conclusive, certain; tuppu cleanness; tu_ purity, cleanliness, immaculateness, that which is pure, brightness, whiteness; tu_ya clean, pure, holy; tu_yavan-, tu_yan- pure an dholy man, sage, ascetic; tu_ya_l. pure, spotless woman (Tamil); tuyya fair, spotless; tu_ pure, bright; tuyma, tu_ma purity, perfection (Malayalam); tu_be_ moon (Brahui) (DEDR 3338). [sk]
(1) Indo-European [rd: 152]
*(s)koid- /Proto Indo-European reconstruction
Slavic
*cêstiti /Proto Slavic
Old Church Slavic: cêstiti `clean' [verb]; Church Slavic: cêstiti (RuCS) `clean' [verb]; Slovene: ce/stiti `castrate, (listje) tear off' [verb]
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: (s)koi?d-
Lithuanian: skaistu\s `bright' [adj u]; Latvian: skai~sts `beautiful, pretty' [adj o]
(2) Indo-European
Slavic
čist
(adj.) clean, pure, cleanly; washed, cleansed; čisto (n.) clean /Serbo-Croatian; čistý, čistiť clean /Slovak; `ist clean /Bulgar; chistyj /RussianIndo-Iranian/Iranian
shustan to wash; to baptize; to slack lime-- az surat khwari shustan, To adorn; to exalt, to glorify; -- bar-shustan, to wash; -- ba-haft ab shustan, to wash carefully;<-> ba-haftad u haft ab lab-ra bi-shuy, keep yourself pure in word and deed; shusta washed, cleansed, dressed, prepared; a handkerchief, towel; -- shusta, shudan, To be baptized; to be washed for burial; shust he washed; a lotion, washing; -- shust kardan to wash. /Persian [fjs]
taza fresh; young; new, recent; raw; -- taza baiza a fresh egg;<-> taza shudan to be tender and fresh; -- taza kardan to make fresh or clean; to refresh; to renew; -- taza giya-shir the fresh milklike juice of a plant. /Persian [fjs]
dastur leave, permission, licence; dismission, cong‚; a prime minister, vazir, senator, councillor of state; a confidential person; a model, exemplar, rule, basis, foundation, canon, original of a book, record, formula, or any writing of authority to which people have recourse; custom, mode, manner, fashion; constitution, privilege; a customary fee, tax, or per-centage; fulfilment of a promise; a bolt, bar; a large log laid across a ship as ballast; a high priest of the fire-worshippers; a powerful man; -- dasturu 'l-`amal a model, rule, regulation; -- dasturi mukarram an illustrious councillor. /Persian [fjs]
? dasht he had, he held; a bringing up, breeding, taking care of, patronage; the grooming of a horse; service; a potter's furnace; a present; -- dashti neku yafta well-groomed (horse). /Persian [fjs]
Paleo-Balkan
ktístai ‘Thracians, living in celibacy; monks’ (Strab.). [id]
There is no convincing etymology. [id]
Classical Greek [lsj1] (??)
ktis-tês, ou, ho, founder 2. builder II. restorer III. ti=Plu. Creator
tíz
ten /HungarianUralic
das /Komi [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian tíz is 'possibly' of Iranian origin.
Indo-European
Slavic
deset ten /Serbo-Croatian
desať ten /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
dasa ten /Avestan
tó
lake, pond; tó-csa pond /HungarianUralic
Hungarian tó is officially of FU origin.
toˆg (Khanty); t@w (Southern Khanty); ty (Komi, Udmurt); too (Man's'i) [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
taa (n.) puddle /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
toro a pool (in a river) /Japanese
Dravidian
Dor pond /Brahui
toyyil cultivated moist land; toyyal mud; to_y to dip, soak, dye, wash (Tamil); to_yuka to dip, soak (Malayalam); to_, to_yu to become wet or moist, be dipped in; wet, moisten, dip, soak, steep; to_kul.i act of dipping, steeping (Kannad.a)(DEDR 3555). [sk]
to_ya water; to_yada giving water; a cloud; to_yanidhi the ocean; toyisu, toyyisu, to_yisu, to_su to cause to become wet; to steep in water; toyisu to become wet or be drenched; toyyuvike becoming wet (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
tojó
hen, layer; toj to lay (eggs); tojás egg /Hungarian {Hungarian /j/ = /y/}Uralic
Hungarian toj- is supposedly of FU origin.
toj- push, shove, thrust (Komi); tuj- push in, put in, shove in, thrust in (Udmurt) [Chong]
Sino-Tibetan
*t[u]j egg /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
di2 egg, testicle. /Kachin [ss]
tui egg, KC *Dui. /Lushei [ss]
ti/, a-ti/ an egg /Lepcha [ss]
*?ti\ (1), *?ti\-s (-n) (2) egg(1), lay eggs (2) /Kiranti [ss]
d.i egg, d.is- lay eggs /Thulung; ti egg, tina" (ti) lay eggs /Kaling [ss]
Altaic
toya coop; hen-coop, hen-house; a roost /Japanese
*t`ul/i ( ~ -e) seed, eggs /Altaic [ss]
*Tu"l/ # fruit, seed /Turkic
tu"ŝ (OUigh.) Old Turkic; to"ŝ Tatar; t@w|z^@w| Chuvash [ss]
*tola frog eggs /Tungus [ss]
tolo /Negidal; tolo /Oroch; toli /Udighe [ss]
Dravidian
t.o_la lump, excrescence, egg (Kui); to_la egg (Kuwi) [sk]
*to:l- egg /Dravidian [ss]
*to:l- egg /Gondwan [ss]
*to:l-a egg/Kui-Kuwi [ss]
t.o:la "lump, excrescence, egg" /Kui [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Parja Kondhs) [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Tekriya Kondhs) [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Dongriya dialect) [ss]
-to:l "in: zarto:l tortoise egg" /Brahui [ss]
toll
feather /HungarianUralic
Officially Hungarian toll is of FU origin.
toˆg@l feather; wing (Khanty); toˆg@t feather; wing (Southern Khanty); tyl-bord fin; tyv, tyv-bord pinion or tail-feather (Komi - bord fin; wing); dol'ge (Lappish); tåul, towl wing; tool (Man's'i) [Chong]
tolga feather /Erzya [fv]
Dravidian
(?) c.f. *to:l 'skin, hide'. [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
ptilon [i^], Dor. psilon (q.v.), to: (petomai, ptesthai): prop. of soft feathers or down under the true feathers 2. Com., of the plume of a helmet II. wing, prop. of insects III. anything like a feather or wing 1. leaf 2. pl., sails of a ship
ptil-oô, furnish with feathers / Pass., to have wings
ptil-ôtos, ê, on, winged, esp. ptilôta, opp. pterôta, dermoptera, membrane-winged creatures 2. stuffed with feathers, of a cushion
Cram, stuff, fatten, concentrate; many, a lot
töm
to cram; stuff; fatten; töm-ör solid, massive; concise; töm-ött fattened, stuffed, full;Uralic
Officially, Hungarian töm is of FU origin.
teem satiated (Mn'); tema- become full, be filled; be satiated; teme- fill; satiate (Mari) [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
t'ama-mu- 'grow, become big'
t'am-uol- 'be big'
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
dmd unite; entire; total /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
Twm V /Aramaic [cal]
011 JBA to fill up 041 JBA to be filled up
J 525
Tmm V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to close 012 Syr to stupefy 013 JBA to fill up 041 Syr to be closed 021 Syr to shut up 022 Syr to tame 023 JLAGal,Sam to block, to stop up 051 Syr to be closed 052 Syr to be tamed 031 Syr to close 032 Syr to tame
LS2 279
)Tymw N )Tymwt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr density, thickness 2 Syr dullness 3 Syr being full
LS2 14
LS2 v: )aTiymuwtA)
Austro-Asiatic
dumhe to heap, to collect together, to assemble (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
*t`a/mu to put into, gather /Altaic [ss]
*tem- to gather, collect /Mongolian [ss]
temgu- /Middle Mongolian [ss]
*tama- (~-a:-) to gather, collect /Tungus [ss]
tama- /Manzhu; tama- /Nanai [ss]
*ta:m- to put (into a dish, etc.) /Korean [ss]
ta:m- /Middle Korean [ss]
*tu/m- to put into, stuff into /Japanese [ss]
tu/m- /Old Japanese; tsu\m-u /Tokyo [ss]
Japanese
tamaru to collect; gather; form a mass; accumulate; to heap; tomeru rich; abundant; tomi riches; wealth; tomu grow rich
Dravidian
timir (-v-, -nt-) to grow, increase, become more intense; (-pp-, -tt-) to grow stout from obesity; n. obesity; wantonness; timir-u (timir-i-) to grow tall and big /Tamil; timiruka to swell, grow, be angry; timirkka triumph, arrogance /Malayalam; timuru to be proud, abound, increase, bubble with desires, hasten; n. pride, arrogance, excessive or superabundant strength, vigour or spirits, pruriency, haste; tivuru to hasten, increase, abound, swell (as the sound of war drums etc.), rage /Telugu [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
timarenje raising (breeding) of stcks (cattle) /Serbo-Croatian
timariti to raise (breed) cattle /Serbo-Croatian
tömeg
mass; quantity; crowd; mob /Hungarian < tömUralic
According to [dm] Hungarian tömeg is a recent invention. It was first coined in the 19th. Century.
tömeg was derived from the verb töm (to fill). The suffix -g was not productive in this period, despite its vogue in word-inventing linguistic circles, and has not been productive ever since. Hence current language users lexicalize tömeg separately from töm and have no intuitive feelings about the etymological connections of the two words. [dm]
Altaic/Turkic
tümmek full, complete, absolute, perfect /Turkmen [glnp]
tümmeklemek to fill, crowd, imbue /Turkmen [glnp]
tömény
concentrated (earlier: much; ten thousand) /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian tömény is derived from töményezer "million, thousands of..." where tömény is of Turkic origin and ezer "thousand" is of Iranian origin. [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic
tümän ten thousand (Chagatai, Uighur); tümän id,; large; many, numerous (Sakha, Tuvan, Modern Uighur); tümen ten thousand (Turkish) [Chong]
Tungus
tumen ten thousand; tumen jaka things, all things; tumen minggan myriads, numerous; tumenleme 10,000 fold; tumente by 10,000s; tumin thick (of soup); dense, concentrated /Manchu [as]
Indo-European
Tocharian
tumane, tumám - ten thousand [cb2]
Italic
tamanho bulk /Portuguese
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
tuman Ten thousand; tuman-dar Commander of a tuman or ten thousand men /Persian [fjs]
toman, tuman a myriad, 10,000; a sum of money equal to 10,000 Arabic silver drachmas (which are about one-third less than those of the Greeks); gold coin = 10 sabqrans, districts into which a kingdom is divided, each being supposed to furnish 10,000 fighting men. /Persian [fjs]
tompa
blunt; tömpe snub /HungarianAltaic
tampaku candour; frankness; outspokenness /Japanese
tampatsu short hair; tampei short sword; tampen short story /Japanese
Indo-European/Slavic
tup blunt, dull, obtuse; tupiti to make blunt, dull /Serbo-Croatian
tupý blunt /Slovak
typ blunt /Bulgar
tupoj blunt /Russian
Quechua
tumpa little [q2]
tumpita a little [q2]
törpe
dwarf; pigmy; dwarfish; tiny /HungarianUralic
terpe low, short, dwarf /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
Official source thinks Hungarian törpe is related to töpöröd(ik) "dry up", "shrivel" which is derived from obsolete töp(ik) id. which it considers as a word of unknown origin. [Chong]
Dravidian
t.upagat.ari; t.upri short; t.upura a short man or boy; fem. t.upuri (Kui); tu_pla short; tu_pla short; tu_pla ki_ali to shorten; tubla short; tupla dwarf (Kuwi) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
stilpôn, ônos, ho, Sybar. name for a dwarf
Slavic
trpaslík dwarf /Slovak
törvény
law, statute; törvény-es legal, lawful /HungarianUralic
turuentelen unlawful /Old Hungarian {12th Century} (Modern, törvény-telen) [gzb1]
tewruen, tewruenye /Old Hungarian (14th. Century) [alinei]
törvény law, statute; törvény-es legal, lawful /Modern Hungarian
Which has its roots in the Turkic languages. [alinei]
tarviz necessary /Vaddja [fv]
Altaic
*t`ore law, regulation /Altaic [ss]
*töŕ
/Turc*dòru law /Altaic [ss]
*jor- /Turc
*dura- /Mongol
*dora(n) /Tungus
*dùrù- /Japanese [ss]
Austric
dalam- law /Philippines; dala- taught by painful experience or punishment /Tagalog; dalam- to press charges against /Bontok; darum- to bring suit against, press charges /Ilocano; tola- behavior, character /Lau; tolaha- custom, way (Saa; Ulawa); ha'a-tolanga- law (Saa, Ulawa); ha'a-toraha- law, command /Arosi; tara- wrong, incorrect /Anutan; tula-fono- law /Samoa; ture- law (Maori, Tahiti) [pkm]
Some writers suggest ture of Maori and Tahiti was introduced by missionaries from Hebrew, torah "sacred law." [pkm]
Dravidian
cf. tarugu brokerage or fees called custom (Telugu)(DEDR 3090). [sk]
Etruscan
tiurunias 'law, order, government' [alinei]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
dharma what is established, law, duty, right (Avestan) [sk]
Indo-Aryan
dha_ro law, custom (Gujara_ti_) [sk]
trancsír-oz
to carve /HungarianAltaic
*ĉ`ālu to cut /Altaic [ss]
*tūrū(n)kī
sword /Japanese [ss]tūrūgjī, tūrūkjī
/Old Japanese; tsurugi/ /Tokyo [ss]Basque
txarantxa cutlass
Dravidian
t(r)encu to snap, break, tear, cut, divide, sever (as a thread or string etc) /Telugu [sk]
tud
to know; tud-ós scholar /HungarianUralic
Hungarian is officially of FU origin.
*tumte- (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
tunte- apprehend, feel, know, percieve, recognize (Finnish); tõd- know (as fact or acquaintance); experience, perceive (Komi); dow'dâ- apprehend, feel, know, perceive, recognize (Lappish); tod- apprehend; know (Udmurt) [Chong]
täätää to know /Vaddja [fv]
Afro-Asiatic
d`t knowledge /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
Mongol
todad- explain (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Tungus
tacimbi to learn /Manchu [as]
tacin customs; religion; learning, skill /Manchu [as]
Sino-Tibetan
*Ta:>t experienced, wise /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
"be wise, clever"
zhe 2 /Modern (Beijing) < t.et /Middle Chinese < trat /Old Chinese [ss]
tetsu;akiraka /Japanese [ss]
tat to know, be able. /Burmese [ss]
Dravidian
tot.pam cleverness, skill; ot.pam intelligence, prescience; wisdom (Kur-al., 404); tut.i acuteness of intellect, cleverness; industry; superiority; speed, quickness (Ar-ap. Cata. 31); dud.uku id. (Telugu)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]
tűn-ik
to seem, to appear; tűn-őd-ik to reflect (on), meditate, muse /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian tűnik is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*toŋv'- to appear (п?/4явиться) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]
tomγαt-
/Chukchee; toŋv?..- /Koryak; tomγat- /Palan; tuŋv?..- /Alutor [ss]Dravidian
to_njinai to seem; to_nj- (-it-) to appear /Kuwi [sk]
to_nnuka to spring up, occur, appear to the sight, come into the mind, please; to_nnal imagination, suggestion, instinct; to_nnikka to produce an appearance, reveal, inspire /Malayalam [sk]
Indo-European
*tong to seem (to one); to think it so /PIE [js]
túr
to dig up, to root /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian túr is thought to be possibly of FU origin.
? touria (Finnish) [Chong]
Dravidian
ta_r.- to dig (Gondi); t(r)avvu to dig, excavate (Telugu); r.av- to excavate earth (Pengo); ta_r.a to dig out, excavate, scratch out (Kui) (DEDR 3122) [sk]
turappan a bandicoot rat; turavu burrowing, mine, hole; tura hole, burrow (Malayalam); turu soil dug out in a heap by rats (Parji); tr-uk- (-t-) (pig) to root up earth with snout (Kond.a)(DEDR 3339).[sk]
ter- to uproot a tree (Gondi); ter-- (teRt-) to pluck out (Kond.a); ter- to extract (teeth), pluck (feathers); tarra_na_ to root up; tarr- to dig up; tar- to uproot, weed; teh- to pull out (plant from ground); tahka_na_ to uproot; te'k- to pull out (e.g. hair), pluck (feathers); tahk- to pull out (hair); tah- to pick (fruit)(Gondi)(DEDR 3442) [sk]
tűz
fire; tűz-el to burn, to heat; tűz-el-ő (anyag) fuel, firewood /HungarianUralic
Hungarian is officially of FU origin.
*täwt3, *tängt3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
tuj fire /Mator [fv]
Altaic/Turkic
tüsse smoke; tüsselemek to smoke (give off smoke); tütemek to smoke, steam /Turkmen [glnp]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
t∂wš (n.) heat, fervour /Baluchi [mab]
Caucasian
*du>ĉV wood, firewood /North Caucasian [ss]
*daĉe-k.(a) /Nakh
*duĉ /Dargwa
*t:uĉ (~ -o-) /Lezghian [ss]
Mayan (?)
Chorti [cw]
tixi 'split (as firewood)' (cl.1)
Stross' /x/ replaces Wisdom's /š/
Cucumber
uborka
(dialect.) cucumber /HungarianIndo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
warkar melon-ground; kitchen garden; part of a garden; a plant without an erect stalk (as cucumber or melon); a hut in a vineyard /Persian [fjs]
ugorka
cucumber /HungarianUralic
kurk (-gi) cucumber /Estonian; kurkku cucumber /Finnish
Altaic/Turkic
ügürsü cucumber; ügürsü suu pickle /Khakas [kl]
Dravidian
hir.ka, ir.ka, hi_rrka_ cucumber (Gondi); r.i_ka id. (Kond.a); r.i_la id. (Pengo); ? cilli, cill a kind of cucumber (Tulu)(DEDR 2583) [sk, bur84]
(1) Indo-European
Germanic
augurk (gherkin) small prickly cucumber /Dutch; gherkin /English; Gurke cucumber /German; gurka /Swedish
Slavic
gurkis cucumber /Latvian
ogórek cucumber /Polish; uhorka cucumber /Slovak; ohirok /Ukranian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
karkaTa Cucumis Utilissimus , a kind of cucumber; madhu-karkaTI sweet cucumber; rAja-karkaTI a kind of cucumber /Sanskrit [iits1]
(2) Indo-European {according to [ep:253]}
Germanic
English gherkin is aphetic for Dutch agurkje dim. of agurk, variant of augurk "cucumber" from Polish ogórek
{Aphesis = whereby a leading unaccented vowel of a word is lost. Aphetic = pertaining to Aphesis.}
Slavic
Polish ogórek (genitive poss. case ogórka), ogúrek from Medieval Greek angourion, angouron
Greek
Medieval Greek angourion, angouron "watermelon" from Iranian angõrah
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
Iranian angõrah
Courtyards and Courtesies
udvar
court; yard, courtyard /HungarianUralic
Even though Hungarian apparently borrowed a few words from Iranian, udvar is nevertheless seen as a loan from Slavic.
(1) Indo-European [rd: 308]
Indo-European reconstruction: *dhur- door
Slavic
*dvorъ
/Proto SlavicOld Church Slavic: dvorъ `court, courtyard'; Russian: dvor `court, courtyard', dvora/ [Gens]; Czech: dvu&r `court, courtyard', dvora [Gens], dvoru [Gens]; Old Czech: dr^vi `door' [Nompl i]; Slovak: dvor `court, courtyard'; Polish: dwo/r `court, courtyard', dworu [Gens]; Serbo-Croatian: dvo:r `court, courtyard'; Slovene: dvo\r `court, courtyard';
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: *dvir-; *dur-
Lithuanian: dva~ras `estate'; Old Prussian: dauris `big gate'
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
Avestan. duuar- `door, court'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit. dva:r- `door'
(2) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
dawar (for dadwar), God; a just prince, governor, regent, ruler, judge, administrator, or arbiter; remedy; medicine; an opponent, adversary; name of a country; -- dawari asman, Lord of heaven, God; -- dawari a`zam, God, the Supreme Judge; -- dawari dauran, Monarch of the world; -- sultani dawar, the reigning prince /Persian
dawari empire, sovereignty, dominion; administration of justice; sentence of a judge; litigation; quarrel, dispute; a complaint made before a judge; dawari-khana a tribunal, court of justice, judgment-hall; dawari-gah a battle-field; a tribunal /Persian
diwar a wall; diwar-bast (band) a place surrounded by walls /Persian
udvar-i-as
civil, polite, courteous; udvar-i-a-tlan impolite, uncivil /HungarianUralic
The root apparently is udvar where suffix -i means 'of or belonging to' and -as generates the adjective. The suffix -tlan means 'lack of something' while -a- is a linking vowel and has no meaning.
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
adab (v.n.), being courteous, polite, well-bred; making a feast; courtesy, politeness, urbanity, good-breeding, respect, reverence; propriety of conduct; discipline, chastisement; learning, morality, sound doctrine; the science of polite learning; -- adab dadan, to correct, civilize, teach; to chastise, correct; -- adab kardan, to behave modestly, properly, or honestly; udaba' (pl. of adib), polite, learned, high-bred men /Persian
Loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
adabana with reverence, with respect; civilly, politely, courteously; wisely, learnedly; adab-kada a seat of polite manners; a kingly court ; adabi polite, learned; a scholar /Persian
[fjs] lists these as 'possible' loans from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
from [mab]
∂d∂b courtesy; literature; ∂d∂bi literary /Baluchi
d∂rbar court (of a king) /Baluchi
d∂rdvar sympathetic, sensitive, tenderhearted; sympathiser /Baluchi
from [mld]
Adab A. good manners /N. Baluchi
ügy
affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /HungarianUralic
One expert source thinks Hungarian ügy is of FU origin. [Chong]
[? zil' clever, conscientious, enthusiastic, quick, spirited, zealous, etc. (Izˆma Komi, Lusa Komi, Sysola Komi, Udora Komi, Vichegda Komi)] [Chong]
Another expert says the etymology is uncertain. [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
Niger-Congo (?)
haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic/Turkic
i∫ matter, affair, work /Turkmen [glnp]
ügy
lake; swamp [archaic, obsolete] /Old Hungarian {meanings date from 1193 A.D.}[Chong]Uralic
õj (n) brook /Vaddja [fv]
ügy river, stream /Székely Hungarian
Although this word is now apparently archaic/obsolete in Hungary proper, it is still used by the Hungarian Székely nation in Transylvania once a part of the kingdom of Hungary.
[fh] thinks that the archaic/obsolete Hungarian word ügy may be related to Hungarian üde "fresh, blooming"
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}
One official thinks ügy is of debated origin but could be related to Hungarian víz water. [Chong]
ügy is used mainly as an element in place names but might also be considered as an obscure base in some derivatives. [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like a palatised /d'/}
Etelköz (Atelcuzu, Atelköz) was the name of the Magyar/Hungarian homeland circa 887-895 A.D. located directly in the foreground of the Carpathians, along the Dnieper, the Dniester, and the Sereth.
Accordingly, Etel-köz consists of etel "great waters" (archaic) + suffix -köz "between" that is, "the area between rivers".
Sumerian
ída, íd, i7 river; main canal; watercourse [jh]
šìta channel, small canal [jh]
sed(4,5,6), šed7,10,11,12, še4,5,17,18,23 (n.) cold water; coolness [jh]
dùg, du10 (adj.) sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Austro-Asiatic
*-da' , *-da'k `water' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a , gar.a `pit, trench, grave, water course, stream, river' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a `hollow, pit, excavation, trench, river'; etc. /Santal [mw1]
Basque
iz- prefix which means "water, sea" used in a few words
The ancient Basque word for water is ur and is well-attested in place names and surnames. The great Basque linguist Azkue tried to make a case for a lost word *iz- meaning `water', but his case is rejected today as unsubstantiated. [lt]
iturri (C) spring, fountain
Dravidian
u_d- (-it-) to become wet, be soaked; u_t- (-t-) to wet, soak (Kond.a); u_d- (u_tt-) to become wet; caus. u_di ki-; u_t- (-t-) to urinate (Pengo); u_d- to get wet (Mand.a); u_d- id. (Kui); u_dali to become wet; u_thali to moisten; u_th'nai to wet; u_d- (-it-) to become wet, damp; u_t- (-h-) to make wet, damp (Kuwi) (DEDR 743).[sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
ujë water
Paleo-Balkan
Utus (Plin.) - the Vit river; Utos (Prok.) - fortress on its mouth. /Thracian [id]
The name is explained from the IE *ūdo-s from the IE stem *ŏd-, ųed-: *ųod- ‘water’ in the Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, the Greek hydos ‘water’, etc. The IE d was converted into the Thracian t. The initial Utus led to the New Bulg. Vit. according to [id]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
ud , und (unátti; unná, uttá; -údya) spring, boil; flow; wet, bathe /Sanskrit
uda, udaká water < ud /Sanskrit
ül
to be sitting, to sit; ül-és sitting, meeting /HungarianUralic
Hungarian ül is of FU origin according to one source, but is also of unknown origin according to another source. [see Chong]
Altaic
*o:\lu to be, become; to come /Altaic [ss]
*ol-ur-, *ol(u)-tur- to sit /Turkic [ss]
ol(d)ur- /Old Turkic; otur- /Turkish; utyr- /Tatar; otur- /Azeri; otur- /Turkmen; lar- /Chuvash; olor- /Yakut [ss]
Basque
aulki (B,G,U) chair, stool, small bench
Ulwa
lau (lau lau) sitting; being; being in some position [ud]
launah (lau©nah) chair [ud]
lau atnaka (lau ati) be; exist [ud]
c.f. lét existence; (state of being}; lenni to be /Hungarian
The Shirt
ümög
chemise, slip; shirt /HungarianUralic
ümög (provincial) chemise, slip; shirt /Hungarian
imeg /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
jam∂g shirt /Baluchi [mab]
ing
shirt /HungarianUralic
Hungarian ing is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Altaic
yeng sleeve /Cuman [pbg] {????}
Quechua
unku sleeveless shirt [q2]
ün-nep
feast-day; holiday /HungarianUralic
innap /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
{Hungarian nap = 'day'}
Sumerian
ùnu(-d) feast; etc. [jh]
Altaic
en feast; banquet; dinner; party /Japanese
ennichi fete-day of a deity; temple festival /Japanese
unoka
grandchild (used for both male and female) /HungarianUralic
vunukka ’grandchild’ (in some Eastern Finnish dialects) /Finnish [jla]
According to [jla] this Finnish word is originally unrelated to Hungarian unoka, but both are loans from Slavic languages.
Pretty dogmatic.
Austric
hunoga son-in-law, daughter-in-law. /Rapanui [anon]
anak child, descendant, offspring /Indonesia
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (??)
*'u(j)nũ (птенец), baby, child (ребенок) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN682]
*ujnu " baby, child (ребенок) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN975]
uńuńu
/Palan; uńuńu /Alutor [ss]*'uńa-
/Proto Itelmen [ss: PN698]'uńńa-čh
(птичка) /Sedank dialect [ss]Dravidian
an.uga son; an.ugi daughter (Kannad.a) (DEDR 113) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
Irish inghean, Old Irish ingen, Ogam inigena "a daughter" [mcb]
Explained by [mcb] as deriving from the unattested root *eni-genâ where gen "beget" and prep. an; see Latin indigena "native"; Greek @Ge@'ggónc "a grand-daughter".
Classical Greek [lsj1]
ekgonos born of, sprung from, esp. Subst., child, whether son or daughter b. grandchild 2. neut., ekgona tinos one's offspring
engonos, ho, properly, grandson, engonê, hê, grand-daughter 2. simply, = ekgonos , descendant 3. productive
{eng- is rare in Hellenistic Greek} [lsj1]
Slavic
unuk grandson; unoka granddaughter /Serbo-Croatian
vnuk grandson; vnuk, vnúča, vnučka grandchild /Slovak; vnuk grandchild /Russian; vnuk grandson, grandchild; vnuchka granddaughter, grandchild /Bulgar
ürü
sheep; wether /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian ürü is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
irik young ram (Altai); örük young castrated ram (Kipchak); irik 3 year old castrated ram (Kyrgyz); irk young castrated ram (Turkish - dialectal); irk four-year old lamb (Turkish - Kashgari); ürü (Turkmen); irt young castrated ram (Tuvan) [Chong]
irge castrated ram (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Dravidian
kuri sheep (Tulu); kur-y sheep (Toda); kor-i sheep (mil); kur-i sheep, ram (Kannad.a); kor-r-i ewe, female cat, bandicoot (Malayalam) [sk]
Indo-European
Proto Form
*urh1-n- sheep, lamb [bd]
Greek
arên sheep [lsj]
Italic
vervex ewe /Latin [sk]
Germanic
waru ewe /Anglo-Saxon = ware (originally, sheepskin) /English = /German [sk]
Albanian
berr small cattle, ram, tup [bd]
[A compound with be `imitation of a sheep's sound'] from [bd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
urabhra ware ewe; vra_n.a sheep /Sanskrit [sk]
To hit, collide, engage in battle
üt
to hit, beat, strike; üt-őd to knock, strike against sthng /HungarianUralic
One official source suggests Hungarian üt is of F-U origin.
Another source says the Hungarian is possibly related to ög@t- "cut", "cut off" (Khanty). [Chong]
Sumerian
túd to spank; to cane [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
dot (n.) stupid /Wollof [pc2]
Sino-Tibetan
*ti (~dh-, -e; -t) hit, strike /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
tih to hit, knock. Burmese
@dit2 to strike. Kachin
Altaic
*i\t`u to hit, push /Altaic [ss]
*it- to push, hit /Turkic [ss]
it- Old Turkic; it- Turkmen; u"t- Yakut [ss]
*ete- 1 to pick, dig 2 to cut /Mongolian [ss]
etke- (SH) 2 /Middle Mongolian; ete- 1 /Khalkha; et- 1 /Kalmuck; dige- 2 /Monguor [ss]
*u\t- to beat, hit /Japanese [ss]
u\t- /Old Japanese; u/t- /Tokyo [ss]
ōda
assault; drubbing; utareru be struck, beaten, thrashed, knocked, lashed /Japanese; utsu to hit; strike; beat; knock; slap; utte an attacking party; a punitive force; pursuers /JapaneseDravidian
*ad.- to strike; *id.- to beat /Dravidian [ss]
e_t.u a blow, stroke /Telugu; a blow, throw, shot /Kannad.a; et.t.u a blow /Kannad.a; ettu cutting, stabbing /Kannad.a; et- (ety-) to fight; e.rp a cut, blow /Kota; et.t.uni to be hit; box the ear /Tulu; et.t.akut.t.a quarrelling and fighting /Tulu; ad.ar to pounce upon, rush at/Kannad.a [sk]
iţa
to be cracked, split; to break to pieces, demolish; iţi to sound aloud; to roar, thunder, throb, beat, ache (of the head); iţu to hit against /Tamil [bur]Indo-European
Celtic
utag, ùtag (Arg.), strife, confusion; also "push, jostle", ut, push. /Gaelic [mcb]
Slavic
udarati to keep stricking (kicking, hitting, beating etc.) /Serbo-Croatian
udariti to strike, hit, kick, smite, knock; strike against, bump against /Serbo-Croatian
uditi to harm, hurt, injure /Serbo-Croatian
úder hit; udica rod (with which to hit something with) /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
Ötud butting; ut.h, u_t.h to knock down /Sanskrit
üt-köz
to collide; collide against; to battle, to engage in battle /HungarianUralic
Hungarian ütköz = üt "to hit" + suffix -köz which forms the so-called reflexive verb from the active verb.
Sumerian
te, de4; ti "to approach, meet (someone: dative); to attack, assault; to be frightened" [jh]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*'uťką-
to war, to strike (воевать, ударять) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN725]*ucku- (~ -tk-) ударять /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1503]
útku- /Chukchee [ss]
*'učke-
/Proto Itelmen [ss: PN741]'očka-z
to wage war (bellare) /West Itelmen
To hold a grudge, take revenge, to hate; bad, opposite, contrary, hostile
utál
to hate, abhor, detest, despise /HungarianUralic
According to one source, Hungarian utál is derived from a FU root.
? aa¥@t- spew, spit, vomit (Obdorsk Khanty, Upper Demjanka Khanty, KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); åjt- id. (Middle Konda Man's'i, Nether Konda Man's'i) / aajtaxt- id. (Sosva Man's'i - -axt is a suffix) [Chong]
According to another source, -ál in the Hungarian might be a suffix of repetition and the etymology is uncertain. [see Chong]
In other words we don't have a clue.
Austric
eete, disgusting, ugly /Rapanui [anon]
Often used jocularly to refer to persons: tou eete era, that fellow. Ku eete á tooku manava. I am revolted by (mo...), I am disgusted at (ki...). [anon]
Dravidian
u_t.u (u_t.i-) to sulk, show displeasure; u_t.al sulking; ut.al (ut.alv-, ut.an-r--) to be enraged, quarrel, fight; ut.ar-u (ut.ar-i-) to be enraged at; ut.ar-r-u (ut.ar-r-i-) to provoke, infuriate (Tamil) [sk]
at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]
Etruscan
hate, hathe "hateful, hostile" [az96]
hatu, hatrunia (fem.) "hateful, angry, sullen" [az96]
Indo-European
Anatolian
i-da-lu noun; accusative singular neuter of <idālu> evil, harm /Hittite [ho]
Greek
*odussomai "I hate" [ep: 448]
*odussos "irritated, irritable" [ep: 448]
Italic
ōdī
, ōdisse , ōsūrus (fut. part.) to hate, detest, dislike /LatinSaid to be a "defective" verb.
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain [ep: 448]
odio /Italian; odio /Spanish; odieux /French < ŏdĭum -i (n.) hatred /Latin
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain according to [ep: 448] who suggests that ōdī and ŏdĭum might perhaps be akin to Latin odor "a smell".
External parallels are ignored, as so often happens in Indo-European studies.
Germanic
atol hateful /Old English
[az96] compares Modern English hate with the Etruscan.
Here is what [ep: 280] says
English 'to hate' is from Middle English haten, earlier hatien, derives from Old English hatian, intimately akin to the Old English (n.) hete.
odious /English < French < Latin [ep: 448]
Armenian
ahtel- /Armenian- Dorosmai [Chong]
acsar-kod
to hold a grudge {-kod suffix of action} / HungarianSumerian
sar, šar
driven out, pursued [jh] ??Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 118 #> [oi4]
Cushitic
d/1ur- dirt /Proto East Cushitic
c#'ure?'e dirt /Burji; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Oromo; j'ur- bad /Konso; t'ur- bad, dirty /Sidamo; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Hadiyya; t'er- bad /Yaaku; c#'uul?'- choke /Burji
Omotic
c#'ullut choke /Koyra (=Kore?)
Altaic
*i_u:/c^`e bad, anger /Altaic [ss]
*o":c^ revenge, anger /Turkic [ss]
o"c^ Old Turkic
o":c^ Turkmen
v@w|z^|@w| Chuvash
o"s Yakut [ss]
*o"c^e to take revenge, be inimical /Mongolian [ss]
o"c^eldu"- (MA) Middle Mongolian [ss]
*(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn /Tungus [ss]
u.c^an|kat- 1 /Even [ss]
uc^in- 2 /Evenki [ss]
*a\c^hj@/t- to hate /Korean [ss]
a\c^hj@/t- Middle Korean [ss]
*u/tu/a- alienated, discontent /Japanese [ss]
u/two/- Old Japanese [ss]
uto/- Tokyo [ss]
Austric
ati /Rapanui [anon]
1. to take revenge; ati ki... to take revenge against (someone), ati i... to avenge (someone). He ati te kopeka o te îka ki te to'a The avenger of the victim takes revenge against the assassin.
2. to get even, to pay back. Te tagata nei ina kai pu'a mai te rima, e ati ró au ana haga ki a au mo te haga. This man did not give me hand, I'll get even when he needs me for some work.
3. (arch.) he ati, he ora to serve and live. Said of persons who took refuge from their enemies with another clan and earned their lives by serving them well.
taua, utu revenge /Mäori [ng]
Basque
txar
(C) badDravidian
it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Tamil); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Malayalam); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Kannad.a); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Telugu)(DEDR 435). [sk]
etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Tamil); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Malayalam); edyr enemy (Kota); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (Toda); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Kannad.a); edike in front (Kod.agu); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tulu); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Telugu); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795). [sk]
Indo-European/Anatolian
a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]
után
after /HungarianSumerian
-a-ta after [jh]
Altaic
otte later on; afterwards; soon after /Japanese
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit udán; further [from mcb: uisg, uisge]
Wild, savage, uninhabited place, hunting
vad
wild, savage, uncultivated, uninhabited /HungarianUralic
*wanta
wild /UgorHungarian vad is officially thought to be of FU origin
wont forest, wilderness (Khanty); unt forest, wilderness (Southern Khanty); vuow'de forest, wood (of big trees) (Lappish) [Chong]
Altaic
Turkic
? vah$i brutal; savage, wild (Turkish) [Chong]
Tungus
butaha hunt /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
*ve:nt.- hunting /Dravidian [ss]
*ve:nt.-/*ve:d.- hunt /South Dravidian [ss]
ve:t.t.am, ve:t.t.ai hunting, chase, murder /Tamil; ve:t.t.a hunting, chase /Malayalam; be:t.e, be:n.t.e hunting, the chase, animals pursued by sportsmen; be:t.ey a:d.u to hunt; be:d.a huntsman; be:d.u multitude of huntsmen; be:n.t.iga hunter /Kannada; bo:t.e hunting, hunt /Kodagu; be:n.t.e\, bo:n.t.e\, be:t.i hunting, chase /Tulu [ss]
*ve:t.-a", *ve:d.- /Nilgiri protoform [ss]
*ve:nt.- hunting, the chase /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: ve:~t.a
Dialect forms (1): ven.t.a
Derivatives: Also [1] ve:~t.aka:~d.u, [2] ve:~t.agiri, [3] ve:~t.ari hunter, fowler; ve:~t.-a:d.u to hunt [ss]
*ve:t.- to hunt /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
ve:t. a:d.- /Kolami; ve:t.a "hunting" /Naikri [ss]
*ve:t.- hunting /Gondwan [ss]
*ve:t.-a: /Gondi protoform
ve:t.a /Konda form
*be:t. /Pengo-Manda protoform
*be:t.-a /Kui-Kuwi protoform [ss]
bad bad, evil /Brahui
Dogmatists love to use this word to show that, although it is similar to English 'bad' it does not necessarily follow that the two are even remotely related.
vatai < vadha murder (Te_va_. 965,8); affliction, torment (Tiv. Na_yc. 8,9); vatittal, vataittal to kill, murder; to torment; vatai-tal id.; vanti compulsion (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3, Arum.); vanti-par-r-u to obtain by force (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3) (Tamil lex.); vadha, vadhe striking, killing; slaughter, murder; vadhisu to strike, to kill, to slay, to murder /Kannad.a; vadhya to be killed (Skt.Ka.)(Kannad.a lex.)
ve_t.t.a-k-kat.a_ ram trained for hunting (Tamil lex.); cf. ve_t.an- hunter, fowler /Tamil; man of the pa_lai tract (Tamil lex.); ve_t.t.uvan- fowler, hunter /Tamil(Kur-al., 274); man of the kurici tract (Tol. Po. 21)(Tamil lex.); ve_t.an id. /Malayalam; be_d.a huntsman /Toda; be_d.ave fowler /Tulu; ve_t.a hunting (Nk.Go.Kond.a.); ve~_t.a, ven.t.a id. /Telugu; be_t.a id. /Kuwi; be_t. (Pe.Mand..); ve_t.t.am hunting, chase /Tamil; ve_t.t.a id. /Malayalam; be_t.e, be_n.t.e id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.u hunting, hunter /Tamil; ve.r.n. id. (Kota); be_d.a id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.ari id. /Telugu; ve.t. hunting (Kota); be_t.a id. /Kuwi ve_t.t.u the occupation of hunting (Tol. Po. 21, Urai.); ve_t.t.am hunting, chase (Akana_. 182); ve_t.a (Ka.Te.); ve_t.t.ai hunt, game killed in hunting (Tiruva_lava_. 44,38); ve_t.uvan- hunter (Te_va_. 485,4); ve_t.u hunting (Akana_. 318); be_d.a /Kannad.a; ve_t.u the caste of hunters (Tiv. Iyar-. Na_n-mu. 47)(Tamil lex) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
fiat, fiata wild /Gaelic; [mcb] lists this as a participial formation from fiadh a deer /Gaelic; veiðr, hunting /Norse [mcb]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
b∂d (adj.) bad, evil /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
vadh strike, harm; vyadh or vidh hit with a weapon /Sanskrit
vyādha hunter /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern
owwatta to hunt (owwattatiska, owwattatilka, owwattataska) /Alabama [tm]
véd
to protect, defend /HungarianUralic
Hungarian véd is officially of FU origin.
*wänte- protect (Proto FU)[Chong]
wÅn'tÅ catch sight of, notice; see (KnO) [Chong]
Hunnish (500-700AD) [csd]
viti(I) battle, war
vitesi(I) warrior, battler, soldier
Altaic/Turkic (?)
vit- to cover /Chuvash [ss]
Indo-European
Anatolian
faTa- defense /Lydian (IE) [cb]
Slavic
vitez knight; (fig.) chivalrous (gallant) person /Serbo-Croatian
Additions by
Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 3 June 2008