magyar24

Magyar
Word List
RA-SO

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.

rak to arrange, heap, pile up, to place, put, lay; rak-ás heap, pile; rak-tár warehouse, storehouse /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian rak- is possibly of F-U origin.

? rakenta- build, build up, construct, erect (Finnish) [Chong]

Sumerian

arah₄ storehouse [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic (?)

ragash to be tumultuous, rage /Hebrew [Strong: 7283]

regash to be in tumult; to gather in a tumultuous throng, show tumultuousness, come thronging; assembled; assembled together /Aramaic [Strong: 7284]

rg$ V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr to rage 012 Syr to stir oneself 013 Syr to sense 014 JBA to feel 041 Syr to rage 042 Syr to be moved 043 Syr to sense 031 passim to sense 032 Syr to make to sense 033 BibArDan to gather together urgently 034 Syr,JBA to stir up 033 Syr %meTul% to inform 061 Syr to sense

LS2 713

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 559 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

ri?'ik'a granary /Burji; riik'a granary /Oromo
rikte granary /Gollango; reeqa barn /Konso

Etruscan

rach- prepare [lb]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

rhogos, ho, in Sicily and Magna Graecia, granary, barn

Italic

cf. Latin rŏgus -i funeral pile (????)

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

rakam, rukam clouds or sands heaped up; a throng; -- qati` rukam, A large herd /Persian [fjs]

rakm (v.n.) heaping, piling up, accumulating /Persian [fjs]

All loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

Quechua

raki storehouse [q2]

ránt to pull, pluck /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Altaic

rantō a confused (free) fight; a rough-and-tumble; a scrimmage; a scrum /Japanese

Fox; artful, crafty, cunning

ravasz cunning, artful, sneaky /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian ravasz is officially of FU origin. [Chong]

ruc' fox; hypocrite (Komi); r@w@zˆ, rõwõzˆ fox (Mari); rives' fox (Mordvin); dzˆicˆy, etc. fox (Udmurt)

Altaic/Tungus

[? luku fox (Ewenki - dialect); luka young lynx (Manchu); loke lynx (Orok)] [Chong]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ruvahs (Ossetian - Dorosmai); raupah fox (OPersian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

riwiz fraud, treachery, machination, imposture; sorrel /Persian [fjs]

rubah a fox. /Persian [fjs]
roba fox /Baluchi [mab]
rophask s. a fox (uncommon). P. rúbáh /N. Baluchi [mld]

róka fox; róka-lelkü artful, crafty /Hungarian

Uralic

Official source says this is derived from a FU root. [Chong]

Another official source says this is derived from an earlier ró which is related to ravasz "cunning"

r@w@zˆ, rõwõzˆ fox (Mari); rives' fox (Mordvin); dzˆicˆy, etc. fox (Udmurt) [Chong]

Altaic

Tungus

luka blue fox /Manchu [as]

Japanese

rōkai craftiness; astuteness; rōkaina crafty; astute; foxy

Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)

*ši[pq]u-ke polar fox (песец) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN476]

*šiquke polar fox (песец) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1153]

riquk(έ) /Chukchee; jiquk(e) /Koryak; tiquk(e) /Palan; tiquk(a) /Alutor [ss]

*śipuq /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN484]

sipuq polar fox (песец) /Sedank dialect; šipuk canis lagopus /West Itelmen; sipuk canis lagopus /SIT [ss]

rend order /Hungarian

Indo-European

Celtic

Gaelic reannag a star, Irish reannán, Old Irish rind, constellation, signum, sidus: *rendi-, root red, r@.d, order; Lithuanian rinda, row, order, Ch.Slavonic re@?du@u, ordo; Greek @Ge@'rcrédetai, fixed; Latin ordo (Fick, Prellwitz). [mcb]

?see Gaelic rian order, mode, sobriety, Irish rian, way or path, Early Irish rian, way, manner: *reino-, root rei; Latin rîtus, English rite (Strachan). [mcb]

rep-ít (v.t.) to let fly, fling, throw; rep-ül (v.i.) to fly /Hungarian

Uralic [Chong]

Offical source says repít < repül which is possibly derived from a F-U root.

räpak, räpakas fickle, heated, quick (of motion), restless; quick; etc. (Estonian); reep- sling, throw; ropli- fly (Man's'i)

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian [Cheung]

Proto Iranian Root *(H)rab/f- Prefixed form: *u_i-(H)rab/f1- "to move up, out, fly, rise/raise"

Khotanese: OKhot. ba"ra:h- (bra:h-) `to soar up'

New West Iranian: ? Judeo-Hamadani vorows- `to get up, barxastan'

New East Iranian: Sh. wira:fc-/wiru%vd , Rosh. wira:>fs-/wiru%vd, Bart. wira:>fs-/wiru%vd, Sariq. warofs-/waru%vd, Yazgh. (w)urufs-/(w)uruvd `to rise, stand up', (caus.) Sh. wire:mb-/wire:mt, Bart. wire:mb-/wire:mt, Sariq. waramba%n- `to stop', Ishk. u(@)rofs-/u(@)rovd `to stand', Yi. vro:f-/vro:>ft, M. wurafs-/wurafs- `to fly', (caus.) Wa. w@r@(f)s-/w@r@(f)st-, v@r@(f)-/v@r@(f)st- `to stand (up)'

rep-ed to crack, burst; reped-és cleft, gap, tear, rent; repesz splinter /Hungarian
rop-og to crack, crackle; roppan to crack, snap /Hungarian

Uralic

räbima, rebima pull, tear, tug at /Estonian; repiä, repäistä, reväistä to rip apart /Finnish; râppât to open, remove (a cover) (LapishNr) [see Chong]

Hungarian reped is thought to possibly derive from some FU root OR it may be an onomatopoeic word either of F-U, Ugric or indigenous (Magyar) origin. [Chong]

Sino-Tibetan

*ry:p break /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "to break"
la 1 Modern (Beijing) < lлp Middle Chinese < r(h)@:p Old Chinese [ss]

Kachin: grop² to break. [ss]

Kiranti *r[o]p sharpen; break [ss]

Thulung: ro"ps- disintegrate, break into small pieces [ss]

Limbu: ya?lapma?, ya?-lapt-/ya?-lap- (vt.) sharpen (as a barber sharpens a razor, whisking it to and fro against a leather strap, as opposed to yupma?, q.v.). [ss]

Kulung: ge:pa (adj.) sharp [ss]

Nepali: ti:kho [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*ląphet- to break, to be broken (лопнуть, порваться) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN225]

r-ląp?ε't- (tr.) /Chukchee; ląphet- (I) /Koryak; t-ląphat- (tr.) /Alutor [ss]

Etruscan

rupsa (which) smashes, piece? [az96]

Indo-European/Slavic

rupa hole; puncture, perforation; aperture; breach, fissure /Serbo-Croatian

retek radish /Hungarian

Indo-European

Celtic

rotacal horse radish /Gaelic; from Scottish rotcoll [mcb]

Slav,South

rotkva black radish /Serbo-Croatian
rotkvica white (red) long-rooted radish /Serbo-Croatian

ret-ek, dirt, filth; ret-kes dirty, filthy [in spoken vernacular, but not in dictionaries; loanword? from where?] /Hungarian

Dravidian

rota filth /Telugu [bur]

ro_te dirt, filth, ordure; roccu, rocce, rojju, rojje mud, mire, foul water (Kannad.a); ro~_ta, ro_ta disgust, abhorrence; dirt, filth (Telugu) [sk]

Indo-European/Celtic

Gaelic rotach a circle of flith [filth?] on one's clothes, rotair, a sloven: [mcb]

rév ferry; port, harbour /Hungarian

Dravidian

re_vu, r-e_vu descending, disembarking: a landing place, a beach, a port or haven /Kannad.a; ire_vu /Tamil; ir-an:ku /Tamil; ir-ajju to descend, go down, disembark; er-agu to come down, to alight; rava_ne sending off, sending on, despatch; a pass, a permit, a passport /Kannad.a; rava_na_ (M.H.) (Kannad.a lex.) re_vu landing place; port; ford; harbour (C.G.)(Tamil lex.) [sk]

riad to be alarmed, to raise in alarm; riad-alom panic; riad-ó alarm /Hungarian
riasztó alarming, startling, frightening /Hungarian

Uralic

Etymology of Hungarian riad? A loan ?

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

riyawd@l `to raise' /Pashto [Cheung]

Listed under Proto Iranian *(H)rab/f¹- "to move up, out, fly, rise/raise" in [Cheung]

rikács-ol to screech, scream; rikkant scream, shriek /Hungarian

Uralic

rääkua v to shout, to yell /Vaddja [fv]

rossz- bad, evil, angry; bad behaviour /Hungarian
roz-oga to be weakly constructed /Hungarian
rez-eg vibrate /Hungarian
reszk-et to shake, shiver /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian rossz- derives from FU.

*roc'3 (Proto FU) [Chong]

d'z'alny to become powerless/weak (Sysola Komi); rud'z': rud'z' munny to become exhausted/weakened (Vichegda Komi) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

?ruas bad /Hebrew

r`š earthquake /Phœnician [cgj]

Indo-European

Celtic

rosad mischance, evil spell /Gaelic: derived from *pro-stanto-, "standing before, obstruction", root sta. [see mcb]

Slavic

ružan ugly, plain, nasty, hideous; fould, obscene; base, mean /Serbo-Croatian
ružiti to abuse, revile; ružno badly, nastily, basely, meanly /Serbo-Croatian
hrozivý ugly /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

rus.ati is vexed /Avestan [sk]

Indo-Aryan

rus. be cross, angry; ro_s.in angry /Sanskrit

ruha clothes, garments, attire, dress /Hungarian

Uralic

raha animal pelt >> money (trade goods) /Finnish
raha money /Vaddja [fv]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

rwq(h N rwq(t) /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArPers,Syr piece of cloth 2 Syr tatter, rag 3 Syr slip of paper

pl. 60 rwq()

Austro-Asiatic

roka an acknowledgement, as of money paid; rokae emadina he gave me an acknowledgement (of money paid) (Santali.lex.) [sk]

roka ready money, cash; rokagele hataokeda we bought for cash (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Dravidian

rucum, rucu_m, ru_cu_m fees, money payments received by public officers, as prerequisites attached to their office (Tamil) (Tamil .lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

ruk(k)-, rouk(k)- a k. of cloth /Proto IE [pok: 1636] (??)

Slavic

ruho clothes, garments, attire, dress /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

ruku, raku a piece of old cloth, rag /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

ro_ka buying with cash (Sanskrit.) [sk]

saj-át own {-in person, etc.} /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian origin unknown. [Chong]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/@j private, oneself /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "be private; sister's husband" [ss]
si 1 /Modern (Beijing) < sji /Middle Chinese < s@j /Old Chinese [ss]

s/e, s/e-dag, s/a-sdag for oneself only, only, privately /Tibetan [ss]

sajtó 1) a press, 2) printing press /Hungarian

Uralic

One official source thinks this is possibly from an Ugric root.[Chong]

Another source says sajtó is possibly derived from an earlier *saj which would designate it as the root of Ugric origin. [Chong]

Indo-European

Anatolian

sái to press /Hittite [cb]

sanyar-gat to torment, oppress, persecute /Hungarian
senyved to suffer, languish; to wither, to pine /Hungarian
szenved to suffer; szenvedés suffering, pain /Hungarian

Altaic

*sia:n/i to be distressed, worry /Altaic [ss]

*sia:n/- (~-j-) 1 poor, distressed 2 to be distressed, anxious /Turkic [ss]

sa:jyl 1 /Turkmen; ŝojg|an- 2 /Chuvash [ss]

*sinal- to be sad, bothered /Mongolian [ss]

ŝanal- /Khalkha; ŝanl- /Kalmuck; ŝ@na:li- /Monguor [ss]

*sin/n|i- 1 to be sorry 2 to offend, do wrong 3 to be poor, distressed 4 mourning 5 sad /Tungus [ss]

*sj@n- (*sain|-) to be sorry, to be troubled, worried /Korean [ss]

s@ng@pta (orph. sj@n-) /Modern Korean; sa\in|o/- 'to be jealous' /Middle Korean [ss]

*sin@- sad, to be sad, think with sadness /Japanese [ss]

sino, sino-b-, sino-g- Old Japanese; shinob-, shinog- Tokyo [ss]

sápad-t pale, pallid; sápadt kór chlorosis; sápad-ság pallor, wanness /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially from a FU root.

*cˆappe- (Proto FU) [Chong]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

sAbAdha distressed, unwell, sick /Sanskrit

sapka cap, bonnet /Hungarian

Uralic

šapka (n.) hat /Vaddja [fv]

Altaic

*čabu helmet, headgear /Altaic [ss]

*dagulga /Mongol
*žabuka /Tungus [ss]

þapka hat /Turkish

Indo-European/Slavic

шапка (shapka) cap /Russian

shapka was the major type of hat in Muscovy. It ordinarily was a soft, warm, male garment. The word appeared in Russian in 1327, perhaps from Polish, which may have gotten it from French [rh]

ćepica (dimin.) woman's cap, small cap, skull cap /Serbo-Croatian
čepiec cap /Slovak

sár mud, mire, muck; bél-sár faeces; szar coarse word for faeces /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian sár is officially of Turkish origin. [Chong]

Hungarian szar is vulgar, but is thought to be of FU origin.

*c'are- to shit (Proto FU) [Chong]

Sumerian

šurun, šurim animal excrement, dung; stable [jh]
(šur, 'to flow, drip', + imi/im, 'clay, mud').

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 104 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

c#'ilo excrement /Sidamo
c#'iro /Hadiyya

Cognate Set <Hayward (1988) , #38, #55> [oi4]

Omotic

c#'oor-e dung (cow) /Ari
c#'or faeces /Gimira

Austro-Asiatic

sahar dung (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

çor dirt, mud /Turkmen [glnp]

sas (Altai, Khakass); haz, hÅð (Bašqort); šor, šu_r (Chuvash); saz (Kazakh, Kuman, Kyrgyz, Nogay, Tatar) [Chong]

širu¥aj dust, earth (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

*s[e]ri buttock, to defecate /Altaic [ss]

*syry- to defecate (of a dog) /Turkic [ss]

syry-/ /Old Turkic [ss]

*sari- to urinate (of a dog) /Mongolian [ss]

sa"r/- /Kalmuck [ss]

*seri(gi) 1 buttocks 2 coccyx, waist vertebra 3 a small hillock 4 cape /Tungus [ss]

sirge 3 (On.) /Nanai; heri 1 /Even; sergi 2, sirgin (Uchr) 2, sirkun (Uchr.) 4 /Evenki [ss]

*si\ri\ buttock /Japanese [ss]

si\ri\ /Old Japanese; shiri /Tokyo [ss]

Caucasian

*tu"rV (~ -l-) dung, mud /North Caucasian [ss]

*tirV 1 ashes, dust 2 dog's dung 3 sleet /Andian [ss]

tere/t 3 /Avar; tereti 1 /Akhvakh; tira 2 /Tindi [ss]

*tar ( ~ -o|-) sheep's dung /Tsezian [ss]

ta"r /Bezhita [ss]

Dravidian

ce.r mud (Kota); ce_r-u (in cmpds. ce_r-r-u-) mud, mire, slush, liquid of thick consistency (Tamil); mire, wet soil (for transplanting rice)(Malayalam); ceyyal mire, slush; ce_val mud, mire (Tamil); ke.r shallow tank, puddle (Kota); ko.r-(obl. ko.t--) lake, tank formed by dam; sor- mud (Toda); kesar- wet soil, mud, mire; kesar-ige drain of a bathroom (Kannad.a); ke_du mud, soft clay (Tulu); xe_r open gravelly ground at the foot of a hill (?Bra_hui_); kesaru mud, mire, dirt (Tulu)(DEDR 2020). [sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

šehur urine /Hittite [cb]

Albanian

*s/ur-(na:) /Proto Albanian; shurre' urine, piss /Albanian [bd]

Armenian

šahrahh (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Quechua

turu // t'uru mud [q2]

Whites and Off-whites?

sárga yellow /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian sárga is seen as a loan from Turkic.

Sino-Tibetan [ss: 1541]

*sy:r(H) yellow, bright (metal) /Proto Sino-Tibetan

Chinese *s@:r? bright and well-polished metal.; Tibetan: gser gold, ser yellow; Burmese: hrwij gold, LB *sruj ; Lushei: thi:r iron, KC *m?-thi:r

Kiranti: *se\l

Altaic

*sia:\jri white; yellow /Proto Altaic [ss: 2036]

*siaryg 1 yellow 2 white /Proto Turkic [ss: 95]

Old Turkic: s/aryg| (Orkh.), saryg| (OUigh.) 1 ; Karakhanid: saryg| (MK) ; Middle Turkic: saryg| 1 (Abush., Pav.C.) ; Turkish: sary 1 ; Azeri: sary 1 ; Gagauz: sary 1 ; Turkmen: sa:ry 1 ; Khaladzh: sa:rug| 'orange' ; Salar: sary 1 ; Sary-Yughur: saryg| 1 ; Tatar: sary 1 ; Kirghiz: sary 1 ; Kazakh: sary 1 ; Noghai: sary 1 ; Balkar: sary 1 ; Kumyk: sary 1 ; Karakalpak: sary 1 ; Uzbek: sariq 1 ; Uighur: seriq 1 ; Bashkir: hary 1 ; Khakassian: saryg| 1 ; Tuva-Tofalar: saryg 1 ; Altai: sary 1 ; Chuvash: ŝorú 2 ; Yakut: arag|as 1; ary: 'butter' ; Dolgan: ary: 'butter'

*sira yellow /Proto Mongolian [ss: 107]

Written Mongolian: sira ; Middle Mongolian: ŝira, seira:, ŝira> ; Khalkha: ŝar ; Buriat: ŝara ; Kalmuck: ŝar@ ; Ordos: ŝara ; Dongxian: ŝ@ra, ŝyra ; Baoan: ŝira ; Shary-Yoghur: ŝ@ra ; Monguor: s/ira ; Dagur: ŝara, ŝar, ŝari

*siaru:- 1 lightning, rainbow 2 light /Proto Tungus [ss: 212]

Evenki: se:^ru:-n 1 ; Manzhu: ŝari 2 ; Orok: se:^rro, si.ro 1

*ha>/i- white /Proto Korean [ss: 100]

Modern Korean: hi- ; Middle Korean: ha>/i-

*si\rua\- white /Proto Japanese [ss: 89]

Old Japanese: si\rwo\- ; Tokyo: shiro/i ; Kyoto: si/roi ; Kagoshima: ŝiroka

Basque

zuri (C), txuri (G), xuri white

Also has other connotations such as `lazy', `useless', and `hypocritical, sycophantic'. The Basque linguist Azkue has proposed that it derives from zur `wood', which is possible but uncertain. [lt]

szürk-ül "it is growing dusk"; szürk-ül-et twilight < szürke grey; ordinary, commonplace /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian szürke is derived from szûr id. which was possibly of F-U origin. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

zrq A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr gray, blue

LS2 207

LS2 v.: zrAq

Caucasian

*sV>rV grey /North Caucasian [ss]

*sire(-n) grey /Nakh [ss]

sira /Chechen; sira /Ingush [ss]

*zerV ( ~ z:-,-l-,-y-,-@-) grey /Tsezian [ss]

zira /Tsezi; zara /Khvarshi [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*cĩR- to grow grey, to turn yellow; grey, yellow 1 (сереть, желтеть; серый, желтый 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN229]

cer?ą-twe- /Chukchee; ce-qen 1 (II) /Koryak [ss]

Dravidian

sirkuni, tirkuni to fade, shrivel, become weak, lean, fall off; sirka_vuni, tirka_vuni to cause to fade, make lean, weaken; sirku fading, shrivelling, weakness; jurun:guni to hesitate, be reluctant;[cf. jan:ku to fear, hesitate (Telugu) [sk]

Tent, cover, shelter, refuge; shade; roof

sátor tent /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian sátor is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Altaic

çadýr tent /Turkish
çatma hut, tent /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

chatra, catra a parasol, an umbrella (Kannad.a) [sk]

sa_t. to cover up, block out light (Kuwi); sa_t.u hiding, secret place (Kond.a); ca_t.u a refuge, shelter (Kannad.a); cover, shelter, screen (Telugu) (DEDR 2441). [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

čador tent, pavillion; šator tent /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

čad∂r sheet, mantle /Baluchi [mab]

chadar a tent, pavilion; a mantle, scarf; a veil; a sheet; a shroud, windingsheet; a table-cloth; chatr an umbrella, parasol (especially as an ensign of royalty); a tent; a tuft of hair on the crown of the head /Persian [fjs]

sadil the awning or canopy over a camel's litter; a veil stretched across a tent or in front of a female apartment./Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists sadil as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

söt-ét dark, gloomy /Hungarian

Uralic

*¢ett3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Altaic/Turkic

çytyk 1. gloomy, sullen, cloudy (personal) 2. gloomy, dark (weather) /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

sa_t. to cover up, block out light (Kuwi); sa_t.u hiding, secret place (Kond.a); ca_t.u a refuge, shelter (Kannad.a); cover, shelter, screen (Telugu) (DEDR 2441). [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

chatu a veil, a covering /Persian [fjs]

(2) Indo-European

Germanic

You might think that English shade, shadow has a place here, but that would be heresy as the unattested IE root is apparently derived as *skot- "shade. shadow, darkness" according to [ep: 611-2]

Yuki

soot', sut shade, shadow [y84]

tető roof; lid, cover /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian tető is supposedly derived from tet(ik) "appear", "seem" which is of unknown origin [see Chong]

Dravidian

ta_t.u the sloping frame of a roof /Kannad.a; tat.t.u deck as of a ship, kappar-r-at.t.u; upper storey of a building; platform, balcony; mat to sit on (Te_va_. 439,10)(Tamil lex.); tot.t.u id., point /Kannad.a [sk]

Etruscan

teta to cover, protect [az96]

Indo-European

Italic/Romance

tectum -i, roof; (tecto) tegĕre (v.) to roof, cover /Latin

Which, according to the theory of "regular sound correspondences", is related to

Italian tetto 'roof'; Spanish techo, tejado; French toit

and perhaps

Portuguese teto "ceiling"

Indo-Iranian

chAda a roof /Sanskrit [iits1]

sav(as) acid; savany-ú sour, acid, tart; savany-ít to sour, pickle /Hungarian
só salt; só-s salty, brackish /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian sav "acid" is derived from sava or savanyú, both meaning "sour"; (savanyú "sour" is derived from a F-U root.

? šiˆm- ferment, rise, turn sour (of dough); get spoiled, rot from humidity (of garment or rope) (Kazym Khanty); siˆm- ferment, rise, turn sour (of dough); get spoiled, rot from humidity (of garment or rope) (Obdorsk Khanty); cˆim- ferment, rise, turn sour (of dough); get spoiled, rot from humidity (of garment or rope) (Tremjugan Khanty); šom leaven; sourness; šomõs, šõmõs kneading-trough (Komi); šõm taste (Udmurt) [Chong]

c'ih, s'äh (Man's'i) [Chong]

Hungarian só is thought to be 'possibly' of Indo-European origin.

Sumerian

šeš, ses (n.) myrrh; (adj.) bitter, brackish [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #604> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

c#@wa salt /Proto North Agaw
c#?'w?' salt /Awngi

Cushitic, South

dzoxondo salt (soda) /Kwa'dza

Altaic

*si\pi bitter (?) /Altaic [ss]

*sibu"t dill, coriander /Turkic [ss]

sibu"t /Old Turkic [ss]

*sibag Artemisia /Mongolian [ss]

ŝawag /Khalkha; ŝaw@g /Kalmuck [ss]

*si\p@\ salt /Japanese [ss]

si\po\ salt /Old Japanese [ss]
shio/ salt /Tokyo [ss]; shio salt [ken]

shokuen table salt /Japanese [ken]

Caucasian

šuo (Kabard) [Chong]

Indo-European/Anatolian

*ŝi(h)wa- `bitter, sour, sharp' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

seb sore, wound; injury; seb-ek (pl.) sores, wounds /Hungarian
seb-es-ül to be wounded, hurt; seb-es-ül-t wounded; seb-ész surgeon /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian origin is unknown. [Chong]

See Iranian/Baluchi below.

suffix /-ek/ forms the plural
suffix /-es/ forms adjectives from nouns
suffix /-ész/ denotes a profession or trade
suffix /-t/ forms the past tense
suffix /-ül/ forms the verb from the adjective

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 54b #3> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

?`awqo scabies, itch, sores /Xamta

Semitic

?`abaq scabies, itch, sores /Geez

Altaic

Turkic

çapyk scar /Turkmen [glnp]
çyban boil, furuncle /Turkmen [glnp]
tebit heat, fever; tebip arch. doctor /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus (????)

šabargan gidambi to poultice /Manchu [as]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*cąw " bruise (кровоподтек) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1488]

cąw " (I) /Chukchee [ss]

Dravidian

sidhma, cibbu a kind of cutaneous disease, a blotch, pustule, scab; a kind of leprosy (Kannad.a.lex.)
sibba (Tadbhava of sidhma)(Kannad.a) (Ka.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

sabbatôsis, eôs, and sabbô, ous, hê, a disease of the groin

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

t∂bib (n.) doctor, physician (person trained in oriental medicine) /Baluchi [mab]
T∂pp (n.) wound; T∂ppi (adj.) wounded /Baluchi [mab]

thap wound /N. Baluchi [mld]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

t'abaih t'abaij 'blister, swelling, sore'

Yuki

ši·p scar; magnesite (beads); needle, awl [y84] (??)

seg-ély help; aid; relief; seg-ít to help, assist, aid /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian segély is derived from a FU origin. [Chong]

? cˆanggode-, šanggõd@- (Mordvin) [Chong]

Sumerian

suhuš support, foundation; to lift, support [jh]

Altaic

suke help; aid; assistence; sukui rescue; relief; help /Japanese

Indo-European

Italic

see Latin succurrěre to come to aid, succour, help, assist

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

zak to help, aid, assist others /Sanskrit
sa_khiya, sa_khy friendship; sa_khilya friendship /Sanskrit [sk]

selyem silk /Hungarian

Uralic

Archaic Hungarian digraph /ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}

Niger-Congo (?)

sooyoo silk /Mandinka [pc1]
sooy (n.) silk /Wollof [pc2]

Altaic

Turkic (?)

süÿüm fiber /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

suje silk /Manchu [as]

sep-er to sweep; sep-rű broom /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian is from Turkic. [Chong]

Altaic

*s^ip`V to sweep /Altaic [ss]

*sipu"r- to sweep /Turkic [ss]

sipir-, su"pu"r- /Old Turkic; su"pu"r- /Turkmen; ŝúbúr 'broom' /Chuvash [ss]

süpürmek a sweep; a brush /Turkish

*sig|u"r- broom, besom /Mongolian [ss]

ŝi'urge (HI), ŝiwur-, ŝiur (MA) /Middle Mongolian; ŝu":r /Khalkha

*ĉipi- (~ŝ-,-u"-) to sweep; to scrape /Tungus [ss]

ĉipi- /Evenki [ss]

*psy/r- to sweep, wipe /Korean [ss]

psy/r- /Middle Korean [ss]

Dravidian

*čei(p)- broom, to sweep /Dravidian [ss]

ci_y (-pp-, -tt-) to sweep; ci_vu (ci_vi-) to sweep clean (as floor), clean (as teeth); ci_kku rubbish; ci_kam-pul broom-grass /Tamil; ci_ku broom-grass /Tamil; ci_puru /Telugu; ci_pari /Kannad.a; ci_r..ku broom-grass, aristida setacea (Tol. Er..ut. 415, Urai.); u_kam, u_kai id.; ci_ppan.-ko_rai clubrush, bulrush (Tamil lex.); ci_ (-pp-, -tt-) to sweep off, brush away, wipe off, cleanse /Tamil; ci_pra_ a broom /Tamil; ki.p broom /Toda; ci_pari broom /Kannad.a; ci.pe broom made of grass, palm leaves, etc. /Kannad.a; ci_kili, ci_puru a broom /Telugu; sabdi broom (Nk.Kol.); ce_pid broom /Parji; se_pet., ce_pe_d., se_pe, se_pe_t /Gadba; saiya_na_, saitta_na_, he_ya_na_, hey, hay, heyy, ey, ey, e_y to sweep /Gondi; he_pur, hepur, e_por, e_pur broom /Gondi; hepa_ a grass thysanolaena agrostis /Gondi; siper. broom; sipa to sweep (Kond.a); hi_p to sweep; hipos broom /Pengo; he_p to sweep /Mand.a; he_pur broom /Mand.a; se_pa (se_pi-) to sweep; n. sweeping (Kui.); se_peri broom, brush (Kui.); hepali, he_pinai, he_p to sweep /Kuwi; hepori, he_pori (pl. he_porka), herpori, hapori broom /Kuwi [sk]

Indo-European/Celtic

Gaelic siab wipe, sweep along, puff away, Irish sìobadh, blowing into drifts; *sveibbo-, root wveib, English sweep; Norse sveipr, sweep, English sweep. Also siabh, Hence siaban, sand drift, sea-spray. [mcb]

sérelem affront, grief, injury, wrong; disadvantage, prejudice; sér-t to hurt, injure, insult /Hungarian
szir-t rock, cliff; szir-t-es rocky /Hungarian ?

Uralic

Hungarian sérelem derives from obsolete sér(ik) "be in pain", "suffer" which is of F-U origin.[Chong]

s'àriˆ- cause/give pain, hurt, injure (Kazym Khanty) [Chong]

Hungarian szir-t is of Turkic origin.

Altaic

sert hard, harsh, severe, violent /Turkish

sïrt back (Chagatai); sõrt hill, mount, etc. (Chuvash); sïrt back; ridge (of a hill), spine, etc. (Osman, Tatar, Modern Uigur) [Chong]

séta a walk, stroll /Hungarian

Sumerian

šiten course of march; passage [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

swtwt walk, promenade (vb.) /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic/Turkic (????)

seÿil walking, revelry stroll, roam, wander /Turkmen [glnp]

Indo-European

Celtic

saod journey, intention, condition, good humour (Arg.) /Gaelic, Irish saod, seud, journey, Old Irish sét, way, journey, Welsh hynt, Breton hent, Old Breton hint: *sento-s; Gothic sinþs, journey, way, Old High German sind, English send. Hence saodaich, drive cattle to pasture: Cf. saod, drive animals slowly (Shet.), Norse saeta, waylay, sát, ambush [mcb]

Germanic

â-settan set, place, transport oneself, go /Old English [sc1]

Albanian

shëtitje (n.) walk; dal shëtitje to take a walk

Slavic

šetati to walk, stroll; šetnja (n) walk, stroll, turn /Serbo-Croatian
chôdza, chodiť walk /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

s'at. go; s'adati goes; a_s'adati goes /Sanskrit [sk]

sik-ál to scrub, polish /Hungarian

Uralic

sikárol /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

Sumerian

sikil to be/make clean, pure; clean, fresh, pure, virgin [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

sooca (v.) to scrub /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sk wipe, sweep (V29 O.K.) /Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

zak pure, clean, righteous (fig.); the pure one (subst) /Hebrew

(Old Testament Strong No. 2134)

Zakah (a) (Qal) to be clean, be pure to be clear, be justified; (b) (Piel) to make clean, make pure, keep clean, keep pure; (c) (Hithpael) to cleanse to make yourself clean, purify oneself /Hebrew

(Old Testament Strong No. 2135)

sxy (v.) /Aramaic [cal]

011 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr to wash oneself 012 Syr to cleanse oneself 013 Syr to swim 014 Syr to invade 015 Syr to spread 016 Syr to be covered 051 Syr to be cleansed 031 Palestinian,Syr to wash 032 Syr to make to wim 033 Syr to provide the means for washing

LS2 465

dwky N dwky) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr cleansing

LS2 153

LS2 v: duwkAyA) R dky

dky A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,JBA clean 2 Palestinian, pure R dky

dky V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr to be clean 021 Syr,Palestinian,JBA to cleanse, to purify ritually 022 Syr to set apart 023 Syr to wash off 051 Syr,Palestinian to be cleansed 052 Syr to cleanse oneself 053 Syr to be set apart 054 Syr to be healed 055 JBA to be purified 031 Syr to purge 061 Syr to purge

LS2 152 J 307

dql#2 N dql)

1 JBA cleaning

J 304 s.v. dyqwl), LowFL 2:317

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #3> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

j'aq- wash self /Konso; c#'ik'- wash self /Gidole

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #17> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

c#'ak'- c#'ik'- wash /Proto Konso-Gidole
d/ik'- wash self /Oromo

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 30 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

d/1ak'- wash /Proto East Cushitic

t'o'q- wash /Yaaku

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 154 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*zuug- rub /Proto East Cushitic

duug- tan /Burji; duug- massage /Somali
duug- scrape clean /Oromo; tuuk- push /Konso
suugs- rub /Yaaku

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 168 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*d/1ak'- wash /Proto East Cushitic

d/ik'- wash /Burji; d/aqad wash self /Somali; dix /Rendille; d!a?'- /Boni; dik- /Elmolo; d/ik'- /Oromo; j'aq- /Konso; c#'ik'- /Gidole

Altaic

Turkic/Khakassian

çugh= to wash; cf Sagay çun= (< CT *yuu=) [kl]

Basque

xahu (L,LN,U) (adj.) clean; xahu-tu (L,LN,U) to clean, purify

Dravidian

cukir (-v-, -nt-) to rub clean and smooth as a lute-string (Tamil)(DEDR 2645) [sk]
jo_ku, je_ki to wash (Koraga); so_ka_na_ to apply ointment, hot water, etc., to one's skin, rub, apply (oil, etc.); mat soka_na_ to apply medicine, anoint; ho_k- to rub on (oil, etc.); o_k- to rub; so_klal washerman; so_k to anoint (Gondi); so_k- (-t-) to clean body (while bathing), rub, clean; caus. so_kpis- (Kond.a); ho_k- (-t-) to wash, rub, rub on (oil); intens. ho_bga- (Pengo); jo_ga (jo_gi-) to wash clothes; n. act of washing clothes; joh- to wash clothes (Kui); co_shing to soak, steep; wash by rubbing, scrub (Brahui)(DEDR 2872).[sk]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

suhk' 'a wiping, a cleaning off'
suhk'i 'wipe (as with a cloth), clean by rubbing' (cl.2)

Yuki

č'ak- bathe₂, wash [y84]

Deaf; silence; whisper; shout

sik-et, sük-et deaf /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

sig _5,9; šeg ₅; si n. silence [jh]
si-ga n. silence; adj. quiet; weak [jh]

si-ig, si(-g) v., to place into the ground; to calm or put out a fire; to strike down, level; to silence; adj., silent; weak [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sh, sh (be) deaf /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 101 #3. [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

s@k'w y- silent /Xamir; suk' y- silent /Xamta

Cushitic, East

c#'aw'- to be silent /Hadiyya; sik d/ah- to be silent /Saho

Semitic

skt to be silent /Proto Semitic
s@k' shh! /Tigre

Egyptian

sgr silence (vb and n) /Old Egyptian

Omotic

c#'@kk a'tti- to be silent /Gidicho (Haruro); s#ak- to be silent /Janjero; c#'ik'k'- to be silent /Kafa; c#'@kk a"tti- silent /Mocha; c#ika to be silent /Shinasha; c#'aw ga-(or c#aw ga-?) to be silent /Wolamo

Altaic

sakit quiet (Azeri); šük quiet (Old Turkic); sangyrau quiet (Tatar); sükût silence (Turkish); sukunat quiet (Uzbek) [Chong]

Etruscan

tha, thac "silence" [az96: 21]

also see Latin tacĕre to keep silent [az96: 21]

thaclthi "in silence" [az96: 21]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

siga, Adv., (sigê) silently 2. under one's breath, in a whisper, quietly, secretly; si_gaô I. keep silence 2. metaph. of things; II. trans., hold silent, keep secret; si_g-azô, bid one be silent, silence; si_g-êtês, ou, ho, one who keeps silence

si_g-ê, Dor. siga, hê, silence, s. echein keep silence b. in a mystical or religious sense; II. sigêi, as Adv., in silence 2. in an undertone, in a whisper, secretly 3. c. gen., sigêi tinos unknown to him

asi_g-êsia, hê, inability to keep silence; eksi_gaomai, to be put to silence

Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]

saktat, sakta silence; apoplexy; a trance /Persian

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

sakut quiet, silent, taciturn (man); -- sukut silence, quietness; peace; dying, expiring, death; -- sukut kardan to be silent (modern colloq.). /Persian

Mayan (?)

Chorti [cw]

taka' 'quiet, silent'

súg to whisper, prompt; sugal to suggest /Hungarian

Uralic

Official source sees súg- to be ultimately derived from suhan- "fleet", "flit", "glide", "slide". which it considers onomatopoeic. [from Chong]

Sumerian

sukkal minister,adviser; sá-ğar advisor,counsellor [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

sh. suggest /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

Turkic

çak offer, proposal, suggestion /Turkmen [glnp]
∫ugulla-mak to carry or bring, inform, slander /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

jigo (-suru) whisper

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

siga Adv., (sigê) silently; under one's breath, in a whisper, quietly, secretly

sik-ít to scream /Hungarian

Sumerian

sig₄; sig₁₄; še₂₅; še₂₆...gi₄ to resound; to shout; to howl [jh]
sig₄-gi₄-a roaring [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Arabic, and Ugaritic s.yh. 'to cry, to shout' [ss]

*s.^h.k/k. {} *ĉ.h.k/k. to laugh /Semitic Protoform [ss]

(?) s.ia:hu, s.âhu /Akkadian [ss]

sikló grass-snake; síkl- slither /Hungarian

Basque

sugo snake

sír to cry, to lament; sírán-koz to lament; sír grave /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian sír "to cry" is thought to be related to obsolete sí "cry" which is onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Hungarian sír "grave" is thought to be possibly of FU origin.

? š@·¥e:rlä cemetary, graveyard (Kosmodemjansk Mari); šü¥aa_·r (Uršum Mari) [Chong]

Sumerian

šìr, šur (n.) song; lament (v.) to sing [jh]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

šr to sing /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic/Tungus

surembi to shout, to cry /Manchu [as]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

zháarrem weep; zharr- wept; zharraa, zharraand weeping, crying; zharrawem make cry /Pashto [tr]

z∂[h]ir (adj., n.) sorrowful, longing, yearning, home- sick; homesickness; z∂[h]ir bu∂g to be sorrowful, homesick; z∂[h]ir k∂n∂g to long for, yearn; z∂[h]ir-nali (n.) moaning from homesickness; z∂[h]irok (n.) song of separation, a type of poem lamenting one's separation from one's native land or from one's family /Baluchi [mab]

sok many, much, a lot; sok-szor often; many times /Hungarian

Uralic

tsek, cok, sok, sau /Ugor; tšek thick /FU Z; čoka thick /FU Ch [hh96]

Sumerian

súb, súg, su₈ , said of two or more, such as a herd [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

sako (adv) much more /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

šgy many /Phœnician [cgj]

Sino-Tibetan

*cho:k crowd, group, clan /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Meaning "clan, family; clansmen, troops belonging to a clan"
zu 2 /Modern (Beijing) < z|uk /Middle Chinese < z|(h)o:k /Old Chinese
tō.c /Vietnamese

chogs an assemblage of men, ãchogs (p., i. chogs) to assemble, gather, meet. /Tibetan [ss]

(?) sak² to crowd; to fill by urging or pressing /Kachin [ss]

*c/o>k ( ~ z|/-) enough, sufficient /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Altaic

*č`ák`o many/Altaic [ss]

chōka excess /Japanese
chōki long term; time /Japanese
sūkai several times; repeatedly; often; frequently /Japanese

çuk-la much, many /Chuvash; çok much, many /Turkic [hh96]

Caucasian

*ĉ.H@qwV big /North Caucasian [ss]

*-iĉ.ux|a (~-q-) 1 big 2 large, big (adv.) 3 high, tall /Andian [ss]

ĉ.ah_a/- 2 /Avar; -eĉ.ux|a 1 /Andi; hiĉ.ux|a-b (Anch) 1 /Karata;
-eĉ.ux|a 1 /Botlikh; -eĉ.ux|a 1 /Godoberi [ss]

ĉ.aI-u-s:a many /Lak [ss]

*ĉaqw|- high /Dargwa [ss]

ĉaqw|-ze /Chiragh [ss]

*ĉ.ax|V (~-a"-) 1 big 2 large, massive /Lezghian [ss]

ĉ.ex|i 1 /Lezghi; ĉ.atx|u 2 /Tabasaran [ss]

*ĉw|@x|w|a 1 big 2 strong /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

-ŝxw|a 1 /Adyghe; -ŝxw|a 1 /Circassian; ŝx|w|a 2 /Ubykh [ss]

Ulwa

sikka a. (sisikka) big; huge; great [ud]

sonka ham /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

*?i(n)gi/ur- foot /Semitic Protoform [ss]
*(?Vn-)gur- /or *(?Vn-)gw|ir-?/ 'knee; foot' /Semitic Protoform [ss]

$q N $q) /Aramaic [cal]

1 passim thigh 2 Syr shank 3 Syr clan 4 Syr charnel house 5 Syr tongue of shoe 6 JBA shaft

LS2 765

LS2 v: $AqA)

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #603> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

s@nkwaa, sankwaa nape back shoulder carrier /Bedawiye, Beja

Cushitic, East

sank-, sink- (san/ mane /Yaaku; sinku hip /Afar) /Proto East Cushitic

sunku (pl sunkuuka) back shoulder-blade /Afar
san/ mane /Yaaku

Cushitic, South

dzink-+ buttocks hindquarters /Proto South Cushitic

Basque

anka (B,G) leg; hanka leg, foot; paw (of an animal); zango (L,LN,Z,U) leg

Basque anka is seen as deriving from Romance < Frankish hanka "haunch" [lt]

xingar (L,LN,Z) ham

Caucasian

*?a:nqV thigh; knee-bone, knee-cap /North Caucasian [ss]

*Hne>gV: leg, knee /North Caucasian [ss]

*?ãgV knee, knee-cap /Tsezian [ss]

ãga /Bezhita; ãga /Gunzib [ss]

ĉ:an foot, leg /Lak [ss]

*nik:a foot, leg; foot bone /Dargwa [ss]

nik:a /Chiragh [ss]

ank: foot, leg /Khinalug [ss]

Indo-European

Germanic

Schinken ham /German

This is part of the postulated non-IE substrate in the Germanic languages. [mc1]

Slavic

šunka ham, smoked ham /Serbo-Croatian
šunka ham /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

zañgem [zañga] bone of the leg; ankle-bone /Avestan
zang `ankle, shank' /Middle Persian [al]

zan thigh, front portion of the upper leg /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

jáňghā "lower half of the leg, from knee to ankle; shin /Sanskrit

Quechua

changa leg [q1]

Row, line, furrow, stem, stalk, stripe, sliver, splinter; hair, bristle, fur

sor row, line /Hungarian
sor-a-koz-ik to align, line up; sor-fal line; sor-rend order, sequence /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian sor is possibly related to serít- "turn", "twist" which is possibly related to szer "apparatus", etc. which is of FU origin.

*seere method, tool (Proto FU) [Chong]

Sumerian

si to be in order, straight

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sir hair, line, stripe /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

also see Hungarian szőr, szőr-szál 'hair, bristle'

Semitic

*śūr wall /Nortwest Semitic; śurậta line, row /Aramaic [ahd]

Altaic

sir-at a row /Baskir; syra row, order /Turk Osm

Basque

soro (C) field, cultivated land

[lt] and [mo] point out that Basque soro derives from Latin solum "ground, soil"

Dravidian

ca_l furrow in ploughing, track of a sower while passing and repassing in sowing (Tamil); furrow, channel, track, line, direction (Malayalam); ca_ri row, series, side; ca_lai street, avenue, road (Tamil.); ca.l furrow (Kota); so.l id. (Toda); sa_l a continuous line, a furrow (Kannad.a); ca.lli line, furrow, one complete ploughing of a field, people related in any way by descent (Kod.agu); sa_lu furrow made by plough (Gadba); line, row, furrow (Tulu); ca_lu id.,groove, track; ca_lupu line, row, series (Telugu); a_l furrow (Gondi); sa_l id. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2471). [sk]

(1) Indo-European

xir furrow, one ploughing /Assamese; siraur, siror, sira_ur furrow; sira_urke dharal to plough /Biha_ri_; sira_ur furrow /Maithili_; sa_r, sa_ri, sa_ir row, series /Bengali; sa_ri row, line, tier /Or.iya_; saira belonging to a plough /Sanskrit [sk]

(2) Indo-European

*ser-² to line up /Proto Indo-European [ahd]

[ahd] tentatively suggests that this might be the origin of Latin sĕra, -ae "a bar, bolt" [See Hungarian zár "a bolt, bar, lock"]

Italic

serere to arrange, attach, join (in speech), discuss /Latin [ahd]

Germanic

English words like "series, sertularian; assert, desert3, dissertate, exert, exsert, insert derive from Latin serere according to [ahd]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

tzor 'line, procession, row'
tzori 'place in straight lines, from a procession of, stack or plant in rows' (cl.1)

szál thread; filament; stalk; szal-ag ribbon; szár stem; leg /Hungarian
szál-ka splinter of wood or of fish bone /Hungarian
szilánk splinter /Hungarian

Uralic

The origin of Hungarian szilánk is ultimately of unknown origin. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Newman et al. (1966) , #36> [oi4]

Chadic

s#ilc#i foot leg /Ankwe; s@l /Bura; saawuu /Hausa
sirra /Higi; sar@ /Tera; sira /Mandara

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #126> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

sir pole, long stick, haft (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, Agaw

c#@ri hair of tail /Awngi

Cushitic, South

t'ir- strand /Proto South Cushitic

Dravidian

ci_lika slice, sliver; ci_lu to break, split, crack, be divided, broken, torn, rent, split (Telugu); ci_l. splinter, piece of wood, wedge (Malayalam); ci.l. pieces (of pot, paper, etc.); division of land (Kota.); gi_l.u to rend; si_l., si_l.u to split, divide, be rent; split, etc.; n. splitting, a split, fragment, part (Kannad.a); ci_lu a split, splinter; si_l.u a crack, crash, split (Tulu); ki_l. (ki_l.v-, ki_n.t.-) to rend, tear, split; burst (as bund of an over-full tank); n. part, portion, section (Tamil) (DEDR 1622). [sk]

ko_lu_ (pl. ko_lka) pestle (Kuwi); ko_la_ stick, arrow (Go.); ko_l stick, arrow (Ta.Ma.Ka.)(DEDR 2237). [sk]

callam boatman's pole (Malayalam); jallu id. (Kannad.a); jalla id. (Tulu)(DEDR 2380).[sk]

jalle, jar..ave a bamboo pole; a sugar-cane (Kannad.a); jalle cane of sugar (Kod.agu)(DEDR 2383).[sk]

cilukku iron staple, tooth of a saw, barb (Tamil); cilukku spike, iron barb, javelin (Malayalam); cille_li a sharp stick to dart (sic) a fish with (Tulu); cillako_la lance, javelin; ciluku, sela arrow (Telugu); selago_la goad; selapandi porcupine (Telugu)(DEDR 2568). [sk]

cilike stick and other small pieces of wood (Kannad.a); cilpa piece of wood (Parji)(DEDR 2586).[sk]

cul.ikku pikestaff, sharp-pointed stick carried by travellers (Ta.); cul.ike a stout stick to beat cotton with (Ka.)(DEDR 2701). [sk]

cul.k long pliable stick, stalk of plant (Kota); cul.l.i a dry spray, sprig, brushwood; cul.l.al a chip, fuel stick; nul.l.i small sticks for firewood (Malayalam)(DEDR 2706). [sk]

cel. long, round stick, stick of fairly large size (Kota); sel.e twig, small branch, stick, rod, also one for training or punishing children; to cane with a stick; cal.l.u, cel.u, cel.l.u, sel.l.u a long flexible twig or rod (Kannad.a); jal.e long thin pliable stick; (jal.ev-, jal.and-) to sway like a long pliable stick; jal.a- (jal.ap-, jal.at-) to make sway (Kod.agu); cil, s'il a fishing-rod (Tulu); sela twig (Telugu)(DEDR 2790). [sk]

sel.l.ugur a long (but nice pointed) nail (of women); cal.l.uguru finger nails as long as a switch; cal.l.u, cel.l.u, sel.l.u a long, flexible twig or rod (Kannad.a); caval.u to be flexible to bend (Ma.); caval.u, cal.l.u (Tamil); cavat.t.u, tuvat.t.u to make flexible (Tamil)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Altaic

Tungus

ture boot-top /Manchu [as]

Caucasian

*x|_a:l/V sinew; thread /North Caucasian [ss] (????)

*x|a:l a piece of thread /Nakh [ss]

x|al Chechen [ss]

*x|:ylo| sinew /Tsezian [ss]

x|:al thread, wire /Lak [ss]

*x|:al(a) thread /Lezghian [ss]

G|al Lezghi [ss]

*x|u":l/V ( ~ x|_-) stalk, grass /North Caucasian [ss] (????)

*x|a:l stalk (of grass) /Nakh [ss]

x|al /Chechen [ss]

*x|:alV ( ~ G|-) 1 thorn, weed 2 goose-foot /Tsezian [ss]

x|alo 1 (Khosh.) /Bezhita; x|ali 2 /Gunzib

x|:ulu: hay /Lak [ss]

*x|alat. broad leaf /Lezghian [ss]

x|alat. /Budukh [ss]

x|ala burdock /Khinalug [ss]

Indo-European/Slavic

sara boot-leg /Serbo-Croatian
zaraziť stem /Slovak

szal-ma straw /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian szalma is often claimed to be a loan from Slavic notwithstanding possible Turkic connections!

-ma is a suffix of objects with a certain character

Altaic/Turkic

salam soloma "straw" /Cuman [pbg]

cf. Mamluk Qipcaq salam, kk salam - saman, found also in Qaraim, Qaracay-Balqar, Qazan Tatar salam and in Hungarian szalma. The connection of Turkic saman "straw" with this term is unclear. [pbg]

Indo-European [rd: 1327]

Indo-European reconstruction *k/olH-m-eh₂

Greek

καλάμη `stubble'; κάλαμος `reed'

Italic

Latin culmus `stubble, stem (of wheat)'

Germanic

Old High German hal(a)m `stalk'

Slavic

*so\lma straw /Proto Slavic

Church Slavic: slama `straw'; Russian: solo/ma `straw, thatch'; Czech: sla/ma `straw'; Slovak: slama `straw'; Polish: sl/oma `straw'; Serbo-Croatian: sla\ \ma `straw'; Slovene: sla/ma `straw'

*so/l?m- /Proto-Balto-Slavic

Latvian: sal~ms `straw'; Old Prussian: salme `straw'

szőr, szőr-szál hair, bristle; szőrme fur, pelt /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian szőr is of FU origin.

*s'äkre hair (Proto FU) [Chong]

Sumerian

suhur hair, scalp; tree top; crest [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

*ŝa?|r- {} *ĉa?|r- hair (of body and head) /Semitic Protoforms [ss]

ŝa:rtu 'hair, hairy skin; eyebrow' /Akkadian
sa-ra-tum, s^e\-ra-du-um /s^ya?|ratum/ /Eblaite
ŝ?|rt 'Wolle', /ŝa?|artu /Ugaritic
^e:?|a:r 'hair /Hebrew
ŝ@?|ar (constr.) 'Haar' /Biblical Aramaic
s@?|ar, se:?|a:r (det. sa?|ra:) 'hair'; s?|r /Judaic Aramaic
sa?|ra: 'crines' /Syriac
NEO-ARAMAIC: MAL sa?|ra 'Haare'; MLH s.?|ore (pl.) 'Gerste'; HRT s.?are 'Gerste'; die sekunda"re Emphatisierung'] s.e?ra 'Liegenhaar' //// MANDAIC: sara 'hair' //// ARABIC: ŝa?|r- 'cheveux ou poil (chez l'homme)' //// GEEZ: ŝ@?|@rt 'hair of body or head' ////HARSUSI: ŝo:r 'hair, wool' [ss]

sir hair, line, stripe /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

also see Hungarian sor 'row, line'

Altaic/Tungus

šalu whiskers /Manchu [as]

Caucasian

*ĉu>rh|V (~-?-) hair, plait, mane /North Caucasian [ss]

*ĉo hair /Nakh [ss]

ĉo /Chechen; ĉo /Ingush; ĉo /Batsbi [ss]

*ĉo A 1 long hair 2 mane 3 hair in horse's tail /Tsezian [ss]

ĉud 1 /Ginukh; ĉoda 1 /Khvarshi; ĉu 2 /Inkhokvari; ĉoj 3 /Bezhita [ss]

ĉuru fringe /Lak [ss]

*ĉuri plait; single hair Dargwa [ss]

ĉuri /Akusha [ss]

*c./h_w@:r@ hair; switch, long branch /North Caucasian [ss]

*(p)s(h|)a:rV long switch, long branch; wire /Nakh [ss]

sa:ra /Chechen; sa"rg /Ingush [ss]

*c^.urV 1 horse's hair 2 graft, cutting /Andian [ss]

c^.or 2 Avar; c^.ur 1 (Khaid.) Andi [ss]

*c^.ur women's hair /Tsezian [ss]

c^.ur /Gunzib [ss]

c^.ara hair /Lak [ss]

*c^.aIr hair /Lezghian [ss]

c^.ar /Lezghi; c^.ar /Tabasaran; c^.ar /Agul; c^.ar /Rutul; c^.aIr /Tsakhur; c^.er /Kryz; c^.er /Budukh; c^.aIri /Archi [ss]

In most languages (except Tsakh. and Arch.) the root also means "goat's wool". [ss]

c^.ar hair /Khinalug [ss]

Dravidian

so_r.a a hair /Kui; hora a single hair of the beard /Kuwi; horana beard, moustache; ho_d.anga beard; so_n.ayya~_, so_r.a ba_n.aa~_ id.; ho_r.a (pl. ho_r.aya~_) id. /Kuwi; sorkoo man with a beard /Gondi [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

ćurak fur-coat, fleece-lined coat; ćurčija furrier /Serbo-Croatian

sör beer /Hungarian

Uralic [ap: p.41]

*sur (Udmurt sur, Komi sur) ‘beer’; in Komi there is also the compound ma-sur ‘honey-beer’.

Curiously, [ap] does not mention the Hungarian.

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan [ap: p.41]

In Vedic times, surā was beer made of germinated rice and barley. Rice, of course, is of Indian origin, but beer was probably also made of barley in Proto-Aryan times.

Surā, too, has been borrowed into the Permic languages of the Urals as *sur

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Last updated 11 June 2008