Magyar
Word List
KE-KO
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
keser-gő plaintive; keser-ű bitter; keser-eg to grieve, mourn /Hungarian
Uralic
*kVc'e bitter /Ugrian; *kän'c'e thin,meager /Ugrian
Sumerian
kaš beer ??
Altaic
*gusa bitter, sour /Altaic [ss]
*gasi-gun /Mongol
*goši- /Tungus [ss]
*kesV to suffer /Altaic [ss]
*Keset- to order, threaten /Turkic
*keseg|e- to punish, correct /Mongolian
*kese:- 1 to suffer 2 to punish 3 scoundrel, rogue 4 to torture, lacerate 5 sad /Tungus
*kj@\s- to suffer, experience /Korean [ss]
Basque
kexa-tu (L.LN,Z,U) complain
Dravidian
*kas- bitter /Dravidian [ss]
*kas- bitter South Dravidian [ss]
kaya (-pp-, -nt-) to be bitter; abhor, loathe, detest /Tamil; kaikka, kas/akka to be bitter, be disliked /Malayalam; kay, kam.yi, kayi, kayyi, kaypu, kaype bitterness /Kannada; kay- (kayp-, kayc-) to be bitter /Kodagu; kaipe\, kayipe, kaipelu. bitterness; bitter, envious /Tulu [ss]
*kas-/*ce:- raw, unripe (kasu~ga:ya unripe fruit) /Telugu [ss]
*ke:- bitter /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
se:nd /Kolami; ke:p- (ke:t-) "to be sour or bitter" /Parji; ke:mbur, keymbur /Salur [ss]
*kai- to be bitter /Gondwan [ss]
*kaj- /Gondi
*ke- /Pengo-Manda
*ka-mbli, *kac- /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
*qas- to become bitterish, insipid or vapid /North Dravidian [ss]
qase /Malto [ss]
kassa sour /Kuwi; kasa, kasaku, kasaru, kasi, kasu, kasuru astringency /Kannad.a [sk]
kusuri, kusri, kosaru anything given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tulu); kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Telugu; kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332). [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
casaid a complaint, accusation /Gaelic; casoid /Irish; cossóit /Old Irish {The Gaelic is a compound, beginning with con, and seemingly of the same origin as Gaelic faosaid "confession"} //// ceasad a complaint /Gaelic; ceasacht, grumbling /Irish; cesnaighim, complain, ces, sorrow /Middle Irish [see mcb]
Slavic
kiselina acid, sour substance; kiseliš sour liquid (wine) /Serbo-Croatian
kiseliti make sour; kiseo sour, tart /Serbo-Croatian
kyslý sour /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
kşāra pungent, saline < kşā burn /Sanskrit
kşúdh, kşudhā hunger < kşudh be hungry /Sanskrit (?)
Muskogean/Eastern
kaskaha sour (as a lemon or orange), tart, tangy /Alabama [tm]
Lean; trifling, narrow, small, little, young
keshedt lean, scraggy; pale, sickly /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian keshedt is described as a dialectal word. [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
kasid worthless, deficient in quantity or quality, not selling or passing current, despicable, in no esteem; dull of sale, unsaleable (goods); flat (market); destitute, in debt./Persian
The Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
kast he diminished; diminution; loss, damage; a lie; kastan (imp. kah) to lessen, diminish, damage, destroy; to finish; kasta diminished, lessened; kasti decrease, diminution; lie, falsehood./Persian
kazad, kizad an old, worn-out garment /Persian
keskeny narrow /Hungarian
Uralic
Official source says Hungarian keskeny is possibly related to the dialectal word keshedt "lean"; "scraggy" to which it attributes a possible derivation from a F-U root.
Altaic
? k@skin keen, sharp; unique (Azeri); keske small (Chuvash); kecˆken@ small; kysynky (Tatar); kesin (Turkish); kicˆkina small; k'eskin sharp (Uzbek) [Chong]
gysga short; gysgaça briefly /Turkmen [glnp]
gysgaltmak to shorten; gysganç 1. miser 2. greedy, miserly /Turkmen [glnp]
qisqa short /Cuman [pbg]
Quechua
quichqui skinny (for objects, paths) [q1]
kiski narrow [q2]
kicsiny petty, trifling, short /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kicsiny is attributed a Turkic origin [Chong]
{Hungarian /ny/ palatised /n'/ similar to Spanish /ñ/}
{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
qţn to be(come) thin, fine, small /Semitic Root [ahd]
qatānu to be(come) thin, fine (of textiles) /Akkadian [ahd]
qt.n small /Phœnician [cgj]
qTyn A /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr small 2 JLAGal,Syr,JBA narrow 3 Syr,JBA thin 4 Syr sharp 5 Syr wise 6 Syr adv accurately 7 JLAGal emaciated 8 JBA something small
LS2 659
LS2 v: qaTiyn
qTn V /Aramaic [cal]
011 JLAGal,Syr to be small, thin 012 JLAGal,Syr to waste away 013 Syr to be sad 021 Syr to extenuate 022 Syr to sharpen 023 Syr to make oneself small 051 Syr to be made small 052 Syr to be subtle 031 Syr to make light
LS2 659
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂san (adj.) small (in size, age, status), minor, unimportant /Baluchi [mab]
kis little,small; kicsi petty, trifling; short /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kis is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Hungarian kicsi is officially derived from kicsiny id. to which is attributed a Turkic origin [Chong]
{Hungarian /cs/ = Basque /tx/ = English /ch/}
{Hungarian /s/ = English /sh/}
Sumerian
gud8 short [jh]
Related to but opposite in meaning to gíd [BU] n., length; v., to lengthen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and throat-like with motion away from); adj., long; distant [jh]
{also see Hungarian hosszú 'long'}
Niger-Congo (?)
gaata (adj.) be short, short /Wollof [pc2]
kuus dwarf, pygmy /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
ktt (be) small, trifling; little one /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 83 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
kic#ere small /Bayso; guussi small /Gidole; gootto?'o small /Hadiyya; k'aass- strike, push /Hadiyya
Omotic, North
koota small /Sheko
Ometo
guc# small /Dache; guc#ee small (Dokko/Dokka); guuc# small /Dorze; guc#c#o small /Gofa; guuc#a small /Kulla; gut't'a guc#'a small, few /Ometo; guttaa small /Wolami; guc#aa (guc#'aa?) small /Zala
Semitic
qt!n qtn small /Proto Semitic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #9. [oi4]
Cushitic, East
koc#' little in amount /Gidole
qoj- pinch take a small piece /Konso
Austro-Asiatic
kat.ic small, insignificant, young (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Sino-Tibetan
*k(j)@>j small, little, few /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "small" [ss]
ji 1 Modern (Beijing) < kyj Middle Chinese < k@j Old Chinese
ãga some, few, several. /Tibetan
ke3, kje3 be scarce, few, not plentiful; kji3 small, little. /Kachin [ss]
Altaic
*k`ic`V small, young /Altaic [ss]
*kicük Turc
*kicig /Mongol [ss]
Turkic
kIs diminish; kisa short /Turk
kiçi small /Turkmen
Tungus
g'aci one tenth to the seventeenth power /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kechi- insignificant
Basque
gitxi (B), guti(L,LN,Z,U), gutti, gutxi (G) few
Caucasian
*ki:c.y: puppy /North Caucasian [ss]
*q.a>c.y> (~-u>) piece; bite, incision /North Caucasian [ss]
*q.ec.e A piece /Tsezian [ss]
q.ic.i /Tsezi; q.iĉ.i /Ginukh [ss]
q.ac. bite; mouth /Lak [ss]
*q.ac. a bite; (piece of bread) > bread /Dargwa [ss]
q.ac. /Akusha; q.ac. /Chiragh [ss]
*q.ac. 1 bit,slice 2 notch, nick 3(biting part) > chin /Lezghian [ss]
q.ac. 2 /Lezghi; q.ac. 1 /Tabasaran; q.ac. 1 /Agul; q.ac. 3 /Rutul; q.ac. 3 /Tsakhur [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qẹj(u) small (малый, маленький) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN118]
*qạj(ụ)- small; Dim. 1 (малый, небольшой; Dim. 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN738]
q?έju- ; qεj- 1 /Chukchee; qaju- (III); qaj- (III) 1 /Koryak; qaj- 1 /Palan; qaju-; qaj- 1 /Alutor [ss]
*qi- ; qi-tki-nąŋ /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN118]
qitkineŋ , Pl. qetkene'n brother (брат) /Sedank dialect; kitkinyn frater sorori /West Itelmen; kins ? frater minor natu /SIT [ss]
*kit " barely (чуть-чуть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN688]
kít " /Chukchee; kit " /Koryak; kit " /Palan; kit " /Alutor [ss]
*qạj-ụjụ calf, fawn (теленок, олененок) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN739]
qεjϊu /Chukchee; qajuju (III) /Koryak; qajuju-n /Palan [ss]
*howtъ- meager, greedy (скупой, жадный) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1007]
hotą- /Koryak; hotą- /Palan [ss]
Dravidian
*gud.- small /Dravidian [ss]
*gud.d.-/*gid.d.- small /South Dravidian [ss]
kut.t.am smallness; young of a monkey /Tamil; kut.t.an_ laddie, lassie, as a term of endearment; kid or lamb; kut.t.i young of a dog, pig, tiger, etc.; little girl; smallness; kut.t.ai shortness, dwarfishness; kut.t.-e:r_u a small bull; kun.t.ai shortness, that which is short and stout /Tamil; kut.t.an boy, lamb, calf /Malayalam; kut.t.i young of any animal, child (chiefly girl), pupil of eye; kut.u small, narrow /Malayalam; gid.d.u, gud.d.u shortness, smallness /Kannada; gid.d.a dwarf; fem. gid.d.i; gud.d.a dwarf, a boy; smallness, shortness; (Hav.) kun.t.u short /Kannada; kut.t.i child of any caste except Coorgs; young of animals (except dog, cat, pig) /Kodagu; gid.d.a small, short /Tulu; gid.d.e, gid.d.ele, gid.ye, gid.yele dwarf, short man; fem. gid.d.i, gid.d.u; kun.t.e a short man, dwarf; kun.t.i a female dwarf; short; (B-K.) gud.d.u short /Tulu [ss]
*kut.-/*kot.- short, small (kut. xwar_ small shola, kut.xyfy short-ears, i. e. tiger) /Nilgiri [ss]
kut. Toda [ss]
*gid.d.-/*gud.d.- short, dwarfish /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: gid.d.a; Dialect forms (1): git.aka; Derivatives: Also gid.asa id., stunted; (SAN) gud.d.a child [ss]
*gud.-ru: dwarfish (of persons and animals only) /North Dravidian [ss]
gud.ru:, gur.ru: Kurukh [ss]
ghud.d.-u:, gud.d.-u: small; urchin /Brahui [ss]
gujju small /Kannad.a; koccu small, young; koccan- young boy /Tamil; koccu short, small, young, mean; (also koccan) little boy; kocci girl; kocam a little; kou a young stunted coconut /Malayalam kucu young of birds and various animals /Tamil; kuci young, small, infant /Malayalam [sk]
kuci anything small (Tamil); kuu small (Malayalam); kun small (Komi); kundu a child of Pariahs; kui, kun.n.i small (Tulu); gunna young of an animal (Telugu)(DEDR 1646); kocam little, small quantity (Tamil); a little (Malayalam); koca, koce a little, littleness, inferiority (Kannad.a); kocemu a little, a few; deficiency, contempt; little, few, slight, mean, deficient (Telugu); koyyal lean (Parji); kocceka, koceka a little (Kuwi)(DEDR 2041); kwic humbled, low (Toda); koca, koce a little, littleness, inferiority (Kannad.a); koncemu a little, a few; deficiency, contempt; little, few, slight, mean, deficient (Telugu.)(DEDR 2043). [sk]
cit.t.u anything small; cit.t.u-kkuruvi house sparrow; cit.t.u a small bird (Tamil); cit.t.u, cit.a, cit.i smallness, shortness etc. (Kannad.a); cit.t.-ili mouse (Tamil); cit.t. small, little (Tulu); cit.t.i id., young; cit.t.-eluka mouse (Telugu); cit.t.u fine husk (Gadba); sit.ur.i small, dwarfish (Kui); sita kadda a stream; sitki a mouse (Kuwi)(DEDR 2513).[sk]
Iberian
cachorro "puppy, cub" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5].
C.f. kis'o_ra a youth, lad, a boy below fifteen, a minor in law; kis'o_ri_ a maiden, a young woman; kis'o_ra a colt, cub, the young of any animal; e.g. ke_sarikis'o_rah. (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
cătŭlus -i a young animal, esp. a whelp, puppy /Latin
This is supposed to derive from Proto Indo-European root *kat- 'down' [ahd]
Slavic
gedža dwarf /Serbo-Croatian
kus bite, bit, slice, mouthful, morsel; kusasti docked; truncated /Serbo-Croatian
kúsok bit /Slovak
kus, kusek a bit, item,lump, piece /Czech
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
katas (in Zand and Pazand) small /Persian [fjs]
kotah short, contracted; kuchak small, little; a musical mode or style; diminutive; younger, junior; a youngster, a child; kudak a boy, lad, youth, child, infant; a stripling; a slave-boy; kudaka a little infant /Persian [fjs]
kuta` fox's cub; etc. /Persian [fjs]
hech nothing; a mere trifle; lost, annihilated; never, at no rate, on no account, at all; some, any; not any, none /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kis'o_ra a youth, lad, a boy below fifteen, a minor in law; kis'o_ri_ a maiden, a young woman; kis'o_ra a colt, cub, the young of any animal; e.g. ke_sarikis'o_rah. (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
Potawatomi
bke'ji small amount
Quechua
cutuya-china make small {china "to make"} [q1]
also see Hungarian csinál "to make etc."
Yuki
ko·čwa(·)n few1 [y84]
ko(·)čwa(·)n- run out of, be short of [y84]
k'o·čwa·n scarce1 [y84]
[kuš] small3 [y84]
Duality
két, kettő two (a pair); ketten two, the two of us; together /Hungarian
Uralic
*-kè(-) meaning "dual" in Proto Uralic [lc]
later becomes plural for Hungarian, két two (things)) but also in most Uralic languages for two.
*kakte- (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
kydy two /Mator; kavto two /Erzya [fv]
kaksi (Finnish); kät, katn (Khanty); kyk (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Basque
kide (C) member,colleague, fellow,associate
-kide (C) suffix signifying companionship
kidego (C) companion; kidetu (C) (vi) to be similar, be alike, resemble; to pair (up)
Altaic
*ke/t`o (~k`-, g-, -o-,-t-) similar /Altaic [ss]
*ka>\th- to be similar, resemble /Korean [ss]
kat(h)- /Modern Korean; ka>\th-, ka>/t- /Middle Korean
*k@/t@/ resemblance, similarly /Japanese [ss]
koto, RJ -go/to/ku /Old Japanese; -gotoku /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
go∫a two, a pair /Turkmen [glnp]
katmar two together (Kyrgyz - -mar is a suffix); katmär double (Osman) / qatîn repeatedly (Old Turkic) / xat double (Sakha) [Chong]
Tungus
katak companion (-k is a suffix); katlin in tandem (-lin is a suffix) (Ewen) [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
ki- 'two'
Caucasian
*q.Hwa": two /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.i- two /Andian [ss]
k.i-go /Avar; ĉ.e-gu /Andi; k.e-da /Akhvakh; eĉ.i-da /Chamalal; k./e-ja /Tindi; k.e-da /Karata; k.e-da /Botlikh; k./e-ra /Bagvalal; k./e-da /Godoberi [ss]
*q.w|y-nV A two /Tsezian [ss]
q.Iano /Tsezi; q.ono /Ginukh; q.Iw|ene /Khvarshi; q.Iune /Inkhokvari; q.ona /Bezhita; q.anu /Gunzib [ss]
k.i=a two /Lak [ss]
*k.w|i two /Dargwa [ss]
k.e-l /Akusha; ĉ.w|a-l /Chiragh [ss]
*q.Iw|a" two /Lezghian [ss]
q.w|e-d /Lezghi; q.Iu /Tabasaran; q.Iu-d /Agul; q.Iw|ad /Rutul; q.Io-lla" /Tsakhur; q.w|ad /Kryz; q.a-b /Budukh; q.Iw|e /Archi; p:aI /Udi [ss]
k.u two /Khinalug [ss]
*tqI:/w|A two /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
?|w|-ba/ Abkhaz; ?|w|-ba Abaza; t.w|@ Adyghe; t.w|@ Circassian; t.q.w|a Ubykh [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
-que suffix represents the so-called enclitic conjunction "and" /Latin
repeated as -que....-que means 'both....and" /Latin
Committing heresy by including this suffix here for comparison!
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*quli another (другой) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN287]
*quli , *quttą another, the second (другой, второй) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN723]
qul(i), quttą- /Chukchee; qul(i), quccą- /Koryak; qulle, quli- /Palan; qul(i), quttą- /Alutor [ss]
*qula /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN292]
qula, Poss. qula(n) another (другой) /Sedank dialect; kalo-tumx (< kola-) vicinus /West Itelmen [ss]
Niger-Congo (?)
xaaj (v.) to divide, separate; xaaji (v.) to divide; xaajo (n.) part,portion /Wollof [pc2]
Plural marker
-k suffix to denote plurality /Hungarian
Uralic
guolek (plur.) fish /Lapp
"The 2Psg suffix -k of the Lapp conjugation belongs here, too, thus the derivation of -k from the common Finnic form -t is absurd". [Künnap]
halak (plur.) fish /Hungarian
The plural marker -k is the exception rather than the rule in the Uralic family. It apparently only occurs in Hungarian and Lapp. [see Künnap]
(I) Plural of Nouns in Hungarian
(a) Elision
(i) in a few bisyllabic nouns the second vowel is dropped in the plural for example, torony 'tower' -> tornyok 'towers'
(ii) in words ending in the suffix -alom, -elem the second vowel (of the suffix) is dropped in the plural.
(b) Shortening
A few words with a long vowel in the final syllable shorten it in the plural case, e.g. egér 'mouse' -> egerek 'mice'
(II) Adjectives in Hungarian
(a) Front Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -e-
kék 'blue' -> kékek 'blues'
(b) Back Vowel Adjectives
The linking vowel before the plural suffix -k is always -a- with a few exceptions.
piros 'red' -> pirosak 'reds'
Some exceptions include nagyok, boldogok etc.
Austro-Asiatic/Munda,South
-ki plural suffix /Kharia [mw3]
Iberian (?)
The "primary" suffix -k-, seems to have been a pluralizing suffix. [jrr1]
Basque
-ak suffix expresses the plural of the definite article
Dravidian [sva]
In Brahui, the plural can be formed by adding suffixes -k, -âk and -âsk to the singular form.
Etruscan
-cva suffix formed a so-called 'collective adjective' [lb]
Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
-k' plural suffix
duk' -- pronoun; nominative plural of <du> thou -- Ye; nok'a -- pronoun; nominative plural of <na> he, she, it -- they; ordik' -- noun; nominative plural of <ordi> son -- the children; vardzk' -- noun; nominative plural of <vardz> reward -- rewards
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
-ha the plural termination, formerly mostly of things inanimate, as sang "a stone," sang-ha "stones," while the plural of animated beings was generally (not exclusively) formed by -an, as adami "man," pl. adamiyan "men, mankind." In modern Persian, however, the ending -ha has almost entirely superseded -an both for inanimated and animated beings. /Persian
Na-Dene
Athabaskan-Eyak
Dakelh (Carrier) [yd]
-ke suffix is the plural marker for a smaller number of nouns; (this is the usual way of marking the plural of kinship terms)
-ne suffix is the most common plural marker
Algic/Algonquian
Cree [gn]
-(w)ak suffix expresses the plural
e.g. sisip duck; sisipak. ducks
atim dog; atimwak dogs
Ojibwe [ob]
the plural suffix for animate nouns always ends with -g
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Potawatomi [pl1]
the plural suffix of animate nouns always end in -k
the plural suffix for inanimate nouns always ends with -n
Group marker
-ék suffix /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian suffix -ék when
1) attached to names of persons and professions denotes somebody's family and corresponds with the English suffix -s;
2) can be added to other words (not only persons) to denote a group
Basque
-ok suffix used with articles and nouns to express being part of a group
Burushaski
-ek suffix is added to the singular or plural of the word to form the group plural (also called ‘double plural’) [dg]
kev-és little; few /Hungarian
keves-en few; keves-bedni, -bíteni to diminish; decrease /Hungarian
keves-el to think that smthng is too little or not much /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kev- is possibly derived from a F-U root
? *kepä (Proto FU, Proto Uralic?) [Chong]
kebja easy, quick (Estonian); kepeä, keveä id. (Finnish); gæp'pâd easy, petty, small, trifling; free, idle, unoccupied (Norwegian Lappish); kapcˆi genial, mild, moderate, slight (Sarapul Udmurt - -cˆi is a denominal noun suffix) [Chong]
hupa "little, soon-to-be-consumed" /Finnish
Niger-Congo (?)
kuwo (n) scarcity /Mandinka [pc1]
xeeb to underestimate, underrate /Wollof [pc2]
xeebante to underestimate each other, underrate /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
gb deficiency, deprivation /Old Egyptian [oi4]
Altaic
*ki_a/bi vacant, empty /Altaic [ss]
*keji-de- to be vacant, empty /Mongolian [ss]
kejide- /Written Mongolian [ss]
xijde- /Khalkha; ki:d- /Kalmuck [ss]
*kiab- to disappear, vacant, empty /Tungus [ss]
kêwkê, kiwkiw /Negidal; kewke /Nanai; kewe, kawka /Ulcha; kekku /Orok [ss]
Basque
-gabe (C) suffix meaning "lack of"
-kabe suffix meaning "privation, lack"
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qąv- narrow (узкий), congested, close, tight (тесный) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN797]
qąw-, quw- (I) /Chukchee; q(ą)v- (I) /Koryak; qvą-, -kvą- /Palan; q(ą)v- /Alutor [ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
gubitak loss; risk, damage; waste; leakage, escape; deficit /Serbo-Croatian
gubiti to lose, forfeit /Serbo-Croatian
Muskogean/Eastern
koboksi to be short (in length, time, distance) /Alabama [tm]
koboksichi to shorten something /Alabam [tm]
Interrogative Pronoun
ki who /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ki is officially of FU origin.
*ken (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
kes (Estonian); ken (Finnish); kin (Komi, Udmurt); gi (Lappish); ke (Mari); ki (Mordvin) [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
gu (rp) which, who, whom /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
*k`a(j) who, interrogative pronoun /Altaic [ss]
*kem, *Ka- 1 who 2 which /Turkic [ss]
kim 1, qaju 2 /Old Turkic; kim 1 /Turkish; kem 1 /Tatar; kim 1 /Azeri; kim 1 /Turkmen; kam 1 /Chuvash; kim 1 /Yakut [ss]
*ken, *ka- who /Mongolian [ss]
*xia (*xai) 1 what 2 who /Tungus [ss]
*ka interrogative particle /Korean [ss]
-ka,-ga Modern Korean; -ka Middle Korean [ss]
*ka interrogative particle /Japanese [ss]
-ka /Old Japanese; -ka /Tokyo [ss]
Austric
kuai who? /Moriori [mor]
Caucasian
*kwi who, which (interrogative pronoun) /North Caucasian [ss]
*kV- interrogative stem /Andian [ss]
ki- /Avar [ss]
cu-ku-n-s:a which /Lak [ss]
*kV- where /Dargwa [ss]
ka-la /Chiragh [ss]
*kw|i who /Lezghian [ss]
kw|i Archi [ss]
kla who /Khinalug [ss]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ci, ki who, what, which /Avestan
k∂y (interr ) who? /Baluchi [mab]
ky conj that (conj.), as, who, which /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
ká who /Sanskrit
Pronominal Possessive
kié whose /Hungarian
Uralic
kenen whose /Finnish; kelle whose /Estonian
Hungarian kié is formed from the Interrogative Pronoun ki 'who' + the Possession suffix -é and sounds almost like KEEYEH
Altaic/Turkish
kimin whose
Indo-European
Albanian
i/e kujt? whose
Romance
cūius (quoius) -a -um 'whose?' /Latin
cuyo -a whose /Old Spanish [osr]
cuyo 'whose' /Spanish
Slavic
чей, чья, чьё, чьи (poss. pronoun) whose /Russian
chej, ch'ya, ch'ё, ch'i whose /Russian
čyj whose /Belarus
чий, чия, чие, чии whose /Bulgar
chij, chiia, chie, chii whose /Bulgar
"cija, "cije, "ciji, koga, koje whose /Serbo-Croatian
jehož, čí, koho, kterého, jejíž, jejichž, jejíchž whose /Cheh
čí, ktorého, koho whose /Slovak
kura, kuru, ka /Latvian
kigyó snake, serpent, viper /Hungarian {/gy/ palatised /d'/}
Uralic
*kije (PF-U) [Chong]
kyy adder (Finnish); k@šk@, kišk@ (Mar i- derivative); kuj, kijov (Mordvin); kyj (Udmurt) [Chong]
gaada snake /Vaddja; kijov snake /Erzya [fv]
Altaic
uji a worm, grub, maggot, larva /Japanese
Iberian
gaso "worm" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]
Indo-European
Slavic
guja venemous serpent, viper, adder, snake /Serbo-Croatian
gujavica earthworm [glista] /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
ki_d., kid.a_ worm, maggot, insect; kid.e~ any small creature of the serpent kind (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
kīţa worm; caterpillar /Sanskrit
Bolt, door handle, key, latch, lock; joint, articulation
kilincs door handle, latch /Hungarian
kallantyú bolt, latch (of a door); fastener (of a window) /Hungarian
kulcs key /Hungarian
Uralic
Amazing how three such 'similar' and semantically related Hungarian words can be assigned entirely separate and unrelated origins. What an amazing set of coincidences, if you can believe it!
(a) Official source says kallantyú is derived from ka(l)lant- "bend"; "turn away" to which it postulates a possible onomatopoeic or descriptive origin. [Chong]
(b) Apparently, kilincs derives from some French word according to [ehh3]
Perhaps it is from French clôturer 'to enclose;to lock; to finish, complete' ?
(c) Officially, Hungarian kulcs is also thought to be from Slavic never mind a possible Iranian parallel.
Sumerian
sag-kul key; kid2,7 to open [d'>l ]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
klle a bolt /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
)qlyd N )qlyd) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JBA key
J 112
qlyd N qlyd) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr key 2 Syr pin 3 Syr %dkatpA)% throat
LS2 667
LS2 v: qliydA)
qlysys#2 N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr key
LS2 669
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #534> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
gulhe(R) forearm (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
g@llaw knuckle, ankle /Bilin
Cushitic, South
guhuluko ankle /Kwa'dza
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #118> [oi4]
Omotic, South
kIlc#'-a ankle, shinbone /Ari
k'Ilc#'-u ankle, shinbone /Dime
Altaic/Turkic
kilitlemek a lock /Turkish
kilt bolt; catch; kiltlemek to bolt; to hook the catch /Turkmen [glnp]
? gulp lock; gulplamak to lock /Turkmen [glnp]
Basque
giltza (U) key; joint (anat.)
kalaka (L,LN,Z,U) n. bolt, latch, catch; adj. chattering, talkative
Caucasian
*k.ul/y: / *l/y:k.u lock, bolt; key /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.ulV 1 key 2 lock /Andian [ss]
k.ul 1 /Avar; k.ula-lax|a 2 /Karata [ss]
k.ula key /Lak [ss]
*k.ul ( ~ -o-) lock /Lezghian [ss]
l|:erum-k.ul /Archi [ss]
*l@k.w|@ bolt, bar /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-l@/k.w| Abkhaz [ss]
*gil/@wgV key (or some other device) /North Caucasian [ss]
*giliwkV balance /Andian [ss]
gilewka /Godoberi [ss]
*gilagw| key /Dargwa [ss]
gilaw /Chiragh [ss]
*gilagw| 1 lock 2 key /Lezghian [ss]
k:u"leg 1,2 /Lezghi; z^u"leg 2 /Tabasaran; gilegw| 2 /Agul; gu"la"g 2 /Rutul; ?kukl/ak 1 /Tsakhur [ss]
*hila:gV key; iron /North Caucasian [ss]
*rig&1`a B 1 key 2 curved opener, key /Tsezian [ss]
reka 1 /Tsezi; leka 1 /Khvarshi; lyka 2 /Inkhokvari; jiga 1 /Bezhita; riga 1 /Gunzib [ss]
*hilak: iron /Lezghian [ss]
hileg / jileg /Rutul; jywa /Tsakhur; ila"ng /Kryz; jileg /Budukh [ss]
*k.a":[l]k.V joint, knee, shin /North Caucasian [ss]
*ko:k. foot, leg /Nakh [ss]
kog /Chechen; kog /Ingush; kok. /Batsbi [ss]
*k.ak.a 1 joint, bone between two joints 2 leg, shin /Tsezian [ss]
k.ak.a 1 /Tsezi; k.aIk.aI 2 /Inkhokvari [ss]
*k.ink.(a) shin /Dargwa [ss]
k.ink. /Akusha; c^.ak.a /Chiragh [ss]
*k.a"lk.- (~-e-,-r-) 1 calf (of leg) 2 knee 3 top of boot /Lezghian [ss]
k.erk.em 1 (Akht.) /Lezghi; k.ek. 3 /Agul; k:aIk:aIp 2 /Udi [ss]
k.uk.a joint, articulation /Khinalug [ss]
Dravidian
kalakku joint; kalavu joint of the body (Tamil); kalv- pair-word with elv bone (i.e. joint)(Kota) (DEDR 1299). [sk]
kul.ike, kun.ike loop, noose, clasp, link, knot (Kannad.a); klo_lu hasp; kor.lu door-fastening (Kuwi); kur..aiccu, kur..aicci, kul.accu, kul.acu loop, noose, knot, joint of the body (Tamil)(DEDR 1824).[sk]
cilaka, ciluka a hasp or small chain for fastening a door; cilka a door staple; silku iron bolt (Kannad.a); ciluku, cilku the catch or bolt of a window (Tulu); cilaka, ciluka, ciluku a padlock, the bolt or hasp of a door; cilakat.a, cilukad.a a saddle buckle, a ring at the end of a rope used as a girth through which the other end is passed to fasten the saddle (Telugu); silka a leaf-cup pin (Gondi)(DEDR 2561). [sk]
ki_l joint in animal body, hinge; ki_lam nail, pin, spike; ki_lakam pin, bolt, wedge, joing (Tamil); ki_l joint; ki_lam wedge, bolt, nail (Malayalam); ki.l hinge of jaw, hinge of door (Kota); ki.s- handle (of pot, spoon, axe, knife, etc.); ku.l hinge of box (Toda); ki_l, ki_lu pin, peg, joint, device, contrivance; ki_la stake, peg, bolt, wedge (Kannad.a); ki.li a fastening, screw-fastening of necklace (Kod.agu); ki_lu, ki_l.u joint, hinge, peg, wooden fastening (Tulu); ki_lu joint, hinge, device, contrivance; ki_lincu to fasten, attach, lock, join; ki_lamu wedge, pin; ci_la an iron nail, a wooden pin (Telugu)(DEDR App.26).[sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kleithr-ia (sc. opê, hê, keyhole or chink in a door; kleidouch-os, Att. klêd-, on, (echô) holding the keys: hence, having charge or custody of a place; kleido-phulax [u^], a^kos, ho, hê, one who keeps the keys; kleidophor-eô, bear keys; kleid-a^gôgia, hê, procession of key-bearers
Albanian
kyç (n.) joint; lock
çelës key
Slavic
koljeno knee; joint, bent knee-joint; knot; knuckle; angle /Serbo-Croatian
kolqno knee /Bulgar
ključ key; kljuka door-handle /Serbo-Croatian
kolčić peg, pin, picket, stick /Serbo-Croatian
kľúč key; koľko peg /Slovak
ключ (klyuch) key (Russian, Bulgarian)
kluč key /Belarusan
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ghalq (v.n.) shutting, closing, bolting, or locking (a door); travelling far into a country; large, lean, and red (man or camel); a bar, bolt, lock, or any fastening of a door /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says ghalq is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
kalicha a wooden bolt or key; kalid, kilid a key; an index; a ploughshare; kalidan a lock, stocks, or anything similar by which a number of people are confined by the feet; -- kilidan a lock, bolt, bar. /Persian [fjs]
Baluchi kilīt "key" from New Persian kilīd [ak1]
kwlp (n.) lock /Baluchi [mab]
kylit key /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
ki_laka, ki_lika_ stake, peg, tumour /Sanskrit
[variation of k- with kh- and poss. -l- with -d- supports non-Aryan origin] [sk]
Treasury, Grainstore
kincs treasure, wealth; kincs-tár treasury /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source says Hungarian kincs- is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Yes, there are too many possibilities to choose from, Eh?
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
Aramaic
g@naz treasure, treasures, treasury (Strong No: 1596)
gnz N gnz) [cal]
1 ImpArMesop,BibAr treasure
gnzwr N gnzwr) [cal]
1 Syr treasurer
LS2 125
LS2 v: ganzuwrA)
Hebrew (Old Testament)
genez treasury, carpets, treasuries (Strong No: 1595)
ginzak treasuries, storehouses (Strong No: 1597)
Dravidian
kan.aja id., granary (Kannad.a); kan.aja granary, barn (Tulu); kan.a~jamu, kan.anjamu id. (Telugu); kan:gi receptacle for storing grain (Pengo); kal.aciyam granary, storeroom, repository, godown, barn (Malayalam); kal.aji, kalaji, gal.age, gal.ige corn-bin, large basket in which corn is stored; kan.aja id., granary (Kannad.a) (DEDR 1375) [sk, bur84]
Indo-European
Armenian
gahndz (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
g∂nj treasure; rich, opulent /Baluchi [mab]
ganj a store, hoard, hidden treasure; a magazine, granary, grain-market, storehouse; a mart; a case; ganj-ban a treasurer; ganjina a treasury, magazine, granary, barn; any place for holding provisions, a pantry; revenue; a pocketbook; ganjina-dar a treasurer /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
gaja grainstore; treasury (Sanskrit.); gonj storeroom (Kho.)(CDIAL 3961). [sk]
King, leader, prince
király king /Hungarian {/ly/ sounds like /y/ in English <yes>}
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian király is seen as a loan from Slavic.
From German Karl via Slavic, it seems. [art:1]
Altaic
kral king; head of a country /Turkish
A loan from Slavic?
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
qyr#3 N qyr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr leader
LS2 664
LS2 v: qayrA) > qyrys
Dravidian
kirITi king /Tamil [iits3]
kuricil 1. person of dignity, illustrious person; 2. philanthropist, benefactor; 3. lord, chief; kuru brilliancy, lustre, effulgence; etc.; kurumai 01 lustre, brightness 02 dignity, superiority /Tamil [iits3, bur84] [DED1782]
kural king /Gondi [bur84, sk: DEDR 1782]
kor-r-avan- king, headman (Malayalam); king, victor (Tamil); kor-r-avai goddess of war and victory, Durga_ (Tamil); kor-r-i id. (Tamil); kor-r-am victory, success, bravery, power, sovereignty (Tamil)(DEDR 2169) [sk, bur84]
Kartvelian/Zan [jbcd]
kirali king /Laz
A loan from Turkish or perhaps from Slavic?
Indo-European
Italic/"Romance"
crai king, emperor /Rumanian
Another loan?
Balto/Slavic
Lithuanian karalius "king" ; Latvian karalis
Slavic
Belarus karol ; Russian король ; Polish krol ; Serbo-Coatian kralj ; Cheh kral ; Slovene kralj ' Bulgar kral
Apparently the source is German Karl [art:1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
qari`, fem. qari`at, qari`a choice, excellent; a prince, chief, leader; etc. /Persian
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic
qirri` a prince, leader of the people /Persian
qral, qiral (Sclav.) king; a chief /Persian
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Turkish and ultimately from Slavic?
kurir an overseer, superintendent /Persian
kís-ér to accompany, chaperone; to escort (military); follow; watch /Hungarian
Uralic
*kec'3- /Proto Ugrian [Chong]
Etruscan
cuś "to keep" [az96]
cuśna, cuśithe "one who covers, guards" [az96]
cuśu "patron, protector" [az96]
< *keudh "to hide" [az96]
kő stone, rock /Hungarian
Uralic
kev stone /Erzya; kivi stone /Ludian [fv]
kivi (Finnish); köh (Khanty); kew (Southern Khanty); iz-ki (Komi - iz stone; iz- grind); käw, küw (Man's'i); kü, küj (Mari); kev (Mordvin); kö, kõ millstone (Udmurt) [Chong]
Sumerian
ki earth, land [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
co (also TO) earth; kah earth, soil /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Sino-Tibetan
*Qa earth /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Indo-European/Celtic
cé the earth, used only in the phrase an cruinne cé, the (round) earth, Irish, Early Irish cé, for bith ché, on this earth. The cé is supposed to be for "this", from the pronomial kei, Greek kei@nnos, he, Latin ce, cis, English he. The root kei, go, move (Latin cio, Greek kíw), has also been suggested. [mcb]
cé nm.ind. the earth : an cruinne cé, the terrestrial globe [mcf]
More heresy.
Ulwa
kî stone, rock [ud]
köh-ög to cough /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian köhög is officially described as onomatopoeic. [Chong]
{-ög suffix of action}
Caucasian
*qe>?|V cough /North Caucasian [ss]
*qah cough (of animals) /Nakh [ss]
qah /Chechen [ss]
*q:VHV cough /Andian [ss]
q:e/?|i /Avar [ss]
qah dry cough /Lak [ss]
*qeh cough /Dargwa [ss]
qeh /Akusha; qIah /Chiragh [ss]
{An onomatopoeic word, but complying to standard phonetic rules. [ss]}
kolbász sausage /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kolbász has its roots ultimately in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread" at least according to [ahd]
See Hungarian basz "to copulate" which is also seen as having its roots in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
See Hungarian boszor-kány "witch, sorceress" which one expert source sees as also having its roots in Turkish bas- "press; print; tread"
Just gets sillier and sillier.
Altaic/Turkic
East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï where kül, coals, ashes + bastï, pressed (meat) (from basmaq, to press). [ahd]
kolbasa sausage /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] reminds us that Turkmen kolbasa is also found in Russian, but according to [ahd] it is still ultimately from Turkic.
Indo-European /Slavic < Turkic [ahd]
Polish kielbasa "sausage" from East and West Slavic *kǔlbasa from East Turkic kül bassï, grilled cutlet, from Turkic kül bastï where kül, coals, ashes + bastï, pressed (meat) (from basmaq, to press). [ahd]
kobasica /Serbo-Croatian; klobása /Slovak; kolbasa /Russian; kolbasi sausages; cold-cuts /Bulgar
köly-ök lad, brat, kid (child); puppy, young (animal) /Hungarian {/ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}
Uralic
kölök puppy (provincial spelling) /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian kölyök is possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]
kölyök kid; young animal /Old Hungarian < kölöke Late Ancient Hungarian < köleke Old Chuvash < kösheke Proto Turkic [art:0 p.108]
Altaic
*k`ic`V small, young /Altaic [ss]
*kicig /Mongol [ss]
The Turkic from which the Hungarian derives might be better compared with the Caucasian.
Caucasian
*ki:c.y: puppy /North Caucasian [ss]
Indo-European
Celtic
gille lad, servant, Irish giolla, Early Irish gilla; cf. English child, Anglo-Saxon cild. Zimmer thinks it is borrowed from the Norse gildr, stout, brawny, of full worth, English guild, Anglo-Saxon gild, payment (see geall), gilda, fellow, used in the names of Norsemen converted to Christianity instead of maol, slave. gille-fo-luinn, sea-grass. [mcb]
giulla, giullan a lad, boy, Irish giolla, servant, footman. From the same source as gille [mcb]
Classical Greek [lsj1]
skulax young dog, puppy 2. of other young animals, whelp, cub
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
ghala a kid /Persian [fjs]
Yuki
hal'-chă, hal-che-e children (4 to 12 years) [y84]
koma godfather; pal, mate, chum /Hungarian
Uralic
komál- "to like" (slang) /Hungarian [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian komál- is of Romany (Gypsy) origin [Chong]
Altaic
*gamo concubine /Altaic [ss] (??)
*Koma concubine /Turkic [ss]
quma (Chag.) /Old Turkic [ss]
koma /Turkish [ss]
*gama children of sisters /Tungus [ss]
Gamaso~ /Nanai; Gamasu. /Ulcha; Gamasu. /Orok [ss]
*ko\ma/ concubine /Korean [ss]
ko\ma/ /Middle Korean [ss]
Indo-European
Germanic
Old English guma man (pl. guman) is cognate to Latin homo and Old Lithuanian žmuô (pl. žmónės).;
Known from Old English brydguma, Old Norse bruþgumi, Old High German brutigomo.
Romance, East
cumatru godfather, pal. chum; cumatra godmother /Rumanian
Indo-Iranian
koma [ kōma ] f ( A Tribe, family &c.) Used only in notes or writings, after the name of the wife or widow, and before the name of the husband (i. e. stricya navapudhe mpurusacya navamage). Ex. njanaki bai koma ramajipanta. This word koma is used amongst Brahmans, or where there is not the practice of the form of marriage termed pata; butamongst the Ku&ntodtod;bi or Shudra classes where pata prevails, the word is javaje. Of the signification of koma whether Wife or Husband there is amongst the Brahmans vehement contrariety of judgment; some arguing, on the ground of the position of the word behind the name of the male, that it is and must be Wife, wife of, in agreement with the cases of javaje, valada, & bina, words occupying the same relative position, and by all allowed to mean, the first, Wife, wife of, the two latter, Son, son of; others insisting that it must be Husband, whose husband, as determined and declared by the following male name. /Marathi [jtm]
könny lacryma, tear; könny-csepp tear-drop; könny-ez to shed tears /Hungarian
könyör-ög to beg, plead, implore, supplicate /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian könny is of FU origin.
kyynel (Finnish); gânjâl (Lappish); s'in-kil' (Udmurt - s'in eye) [Chong]
koiri (En'ec', Baylkha); koði (En'ec', Hatanga); kåjõl, kejel (Kamas); haajel (N'en'ec'); kaale (Nganasan); sajn-gaj (Šölqup - saj eye) [Chong]
According to one expert source, Hungarian könyörög is of FU origin.
[? k@n@j@.m to growl, snarl (Konda Khanty); ke°èn¥- groan (of a person), moo (of a cow), whimper (of a dog) (Sosva Man's'i - -¥ is a deverbative verb suffix); küöng¥- id. (Mn'UK - -¥ is a deverbative verb suffix)] [Chong]
Another expert source says that könyörög is derived from an earlier *köny- which is possibly the Ugric-descended root [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*qeŋą- to squeal; to groan 1 (визжать; кряхтеть 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN763]
kanŋe- /Chukchee; qeŋą-lhet- , qaŋą-lhat- , qeŋąĺγą- /Koryak [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
ki^nu^ros, a, on, wailing, plaintive
ki^nuromai utter a plaintive sound, lament
könnyű light (not heavy); easy /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian derives from FU.
*k8"n3, *k8"n3-¥3 (PUg) [Chong]
Altaic
*k`èńo light, thin /Altaic [ss]
*ka.ń- /Turc
*köngen /Mongol
*xeńü- /Tungus
*kánár /Korean
*kòmá- /Japanese [ss]
*keni hollow, empty /Altaic [ss]
*geniŕ /Turc
*ken-, kön- /Mongol
*ken- /Tungus
*kíń- /Korean [ss]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
haun (v.n.) being light, smooth, easy; resting, remaining quiet; giving rest, making easy; quiet, tranquillity; mildness, modesty, gentleness, tameness; base, despicable; smooth, easy /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says haun is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
konty knot; plait (on head) /Hungarian {/ty/ is palatised /t'/}
Uralic
Hungarian origin is officially unknown. [Chong]
Dravidian
kon.t.ai tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head, crest of a bird (Tamil); kon.t.a tuft of hair (Malayalam); kon.d. knot of hair at back of head (Kota); kwid.y Badaga woman's knot of hair at back of head (Toda); kon.d.e tuft, tassel, cluster; gon.d.e id. (Kannad.a); topknot, tassel, cluster (Tulu); kon.d.e, kon.d.i knot of hair on the crown of the head (Telugu) (DEDR 2081) [sk]
konyha kitchen /Hungarian
Uralic
[fh] suggests that Hungarian konyha consists of
kony fire (place) + hely place >> kony-ha kitchen
köök kitchen /Estonian
Altaic/Turkic
kuhnÿa kitchen /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
kitini, kihini, hereumu kitchen /Mäori [ng]
[ng] says Mäori kitini, kihini are from English
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
gwny#2 N gwnyt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr corner
LS2 125
LS2 v: gowniytA)
gwny) N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr corner 2 Syr carpenter's square, rule 3 Syr kind of garment
LS2 125 LS2 v: gownyA)
Dravidian
ko_n.e an inner apartment or chamber, kitchen /Kannad.a; a room, apartment /Tulu; go.n. corner of room /Kota; ko_n.i corner of a piazza /Malayalam (DEDR 1870) [sk]
kucin2i cookroom, kitchen, gallery /Tamil [iits3]
(0) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kwnj (n.) corner, angle /Baluchi [mab]
(1) Indo-European
Modern Greek
κουζίνα (kouzina) kitchen
Romance
coquĕre to cook /Latin
cocina kitchen /Spanish; cazinha /Portuguese; cucina /Italian
popote, cuisine /French
Germanic
k°kken kitchen /Danish; kjøkken Norwegian; kök /Swedish
keuken, kookgelegenheid /Dutch
Küche kitchen /German
kitchen /English
[ep: 330] says Middle English kichen(e), variant kuchene: Old English cycene are from Latin.
[ahd] says Middle English kichene, from Old English cycene, probably from Vulgar Latin *cocīna, from Late Latin coquīna, from feminine of Latin coquīnus, of cooking, from coquus, cook, from coquere, to cook.
Albanian
dhomë gatimi, kuzhinë
Slavic
kuchyňa kitchen /Slovak
кухонный {kukhonniy) kitchen /Russian
kuhinja kitchen /Serbo-Croatian; kuhnya /Bulgar
koporsó coffin /Hungarian
Uralic
One expert source sees Hungarian koporsó as deriving from "Turkic". [Chong]
A second expert says the Turkic words derive from Common Turkic qap-, qapa-, qop-, qopu- "to cover up", "enclose" [Chong]
A third expert sees Hungarian koporsó as deriving from Turkic Chuvash. [ss]
Altaic
*k`iubu box, coffin /Altaic [ss]
*kob-du, *kob-tu long and narrow box, quiver /Mongol [ss]
qobdu, qobtu /Written Mongolian; xowd /Khalkha; xobto 'ÿùèê, ñóíäóê' /Buriat; xowd@ /Kalmuck [ss]
*xobu-r / *xebu-r coffin /Tungus [ss]
xov@ /Modern Manchu; xeur, xewur /Nanai; xeuli /Ulcha; xau /Udighe [ss]
*kobVr coffin, box /Korean [ss]
ko:r /Middle Korean [ss]
*k(u)i coffin /Japanese [ss]
k(j)i /Old Japanese [ss]
*k`a\p`a\ a k. of vessel, box /Altaic [ss]
*Kapyrcak, *Kapsak 1 box, coffin 2 basket /Turkic [ss]
qapyrcaq 1,2 (MK) /Karakhanid; qabyrcaq (Ibnu M.), qaburcuq (Abu H.) /Middle Turkic; qoburcuq, Dial. kapurz^|ak 1, Dial. kabzak, kabsak 2 /Turkish; Gapyrz^|ak 1 /Turkmen [ss]
Hungarian koporsó is thought to derive from Chuvash [according to [ss]]
*kag|urcag, *kajircag small box, chest /Mongol [ss]
qag|urcag|, qajircag| /Written Mongolian; xu:rcag, xaircag /Khalkha; xu:rcag 'coffin' /Buriat; xu:rc@g| 'grosser Kasten (big box, crate)' /Kalmuck; xa":rcaG /Ordos; xaz|y /Dongxian; x|airz^|aG /Shary-Yoghur; xa:z^|@ /Monguor [ss]
*xapsa 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat /Tungus [ss]
awsa 1, 2 /Evenki; awsú. 2 /Even; awfsak 1 /Negidal; x|apsaw 2 /Orok [ss]
*ka\pi\ scoop, ladle, spoon /Japanese [ss]
ka\pji\ (Old Japanese) [ss]
Dravidian
kabr grave, tomb; kabristân graveyard, cemetery /Brahui [sva]
Etruscan
capra
"urn" [lb]
"container, urn, funeral urn" [am91, glb, mp68, dep]
{Etruscan /c/ like an unaspirated /k/} [lb]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [ak1]
qabar, kabar, kabr grave /Balochi
According to [ak1] from New Persian-Arabic qabr
kor age; the time(s) of, epoch, season; kora, kora-i, kor-án early /Hungarian
-kor suffix meaning "time, period" /Hungarian
Uralic
kõrta (n.) occasion; turn /Vaddja [fv]
Officially, Hungarian kor- is thought to be from Old Turkic *qur [Chong]
Sumerian
gar4 early [jh]
Mede
karra age, time [hh96]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #218> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
gor kol time; jeer time /Somali; guul time /Saho
Omotic, North
goor time /Kafa
Semitic
gi(y)l period /Hebrew; ji_l tribe age /Arabic; jwl roam, wander /Arabic
Egyptian
khar age, time /Egypt [hh96]
Altaic
*ko/le\ ( ~ k`-) time /Altaic [ss: 871]
*Kolu 1 period of time 2 originally /Turkic [ss: 1261]
Old Turkic: qolu 1 (OUigh.); Kirghiz: qolu 2
*ku"li- to wait /Mongolian [ss: 1230]
Written Mongolian: ku"lig|e-, ku"li-ĉe- ; Middle Mongolian: guliz^|e ; Khalkha: xu"le:-, xu"lce- ; Buriat: xu"l/e:- ; Kalmuck: ku"l@- ; Ordos: ku"le:- ; Dagur: kulĉe:- ( kul/ĉe:-), kuleĉe:-
*k@/r@\ time, period of time /Japanese [ss: 1107]
Old Japanese: koro ; Tokyo: koro/, ko/ro ; Kyoto: ko/ro\ ; Kagoshima: ko/ro
Turkic
qur occasion; time (Kyrgyz); qur line, order, row, sequence, succession (Uigur); qor occasion, order, succession; time (Saryg Uigur) [Chong]
Japanese
korai from the olden times; from ancient times; from time immemorial
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
korai(‚±‚ç‚¢ ,ŒÃ—ˆ), is a Chinese loan. [jl]
koro time, period
goro suffix of time meaning "about, around"
Basque
kira (G) [cf. adin] age; season, epoch, time
-giro noun suffix meaning "season of, time of"
Dravidian
*cari time, turn /Drav. [hh96]
kar..i (-v-, -nt-) to pass (as time, season), slip away (as prosperity, adversity), elapse, become spent, be ruined, expire, die, finish, come to an end, be discharged (as excreta); (-pp-, -tt-) to reject, discard, separate, abandon, deduct, cut off (hair, nails), prune, spend or waste (as time), void (excreta); kar..ippu (kar..ippi-) to spend, pass (as time), complete; n. expulsion, rejection, that which is cast aside; kar..iyal departing, that which is cast away; kar..ivu passing (as time), leaving (as a place), discharging (as from the bowels), waste, refuse, deduction, death, destruction; kar..al (kar..alv-, kar..an-r--) to pass away, disappear, be expended (Tamil); kar..iyuka to pass, be spent, be over, live; kar..ikka to make to pass, pass time, live, die, kill; kar..iccal diarrhoea; kar..ippu what is rejected (Malayalam); kariyuni to elapse, expire, pass (as time); karipuni to deduct, subtract, spend, remove; karip, karipelu deduction; kal.eyuni, kal.evuni to lapse, pass (as time), be spent (as money (Tu.); kar..i to go or be removed very far, pass away, end, die; make to pass, purge; n. going far, a great distance; kar..ipu to cause to go away, remove; pass or move over, cross; kar..ivu ending, etc.; kar..alisu, kar..alcu to put aside, lose; kal.e, kal.i to send forth, abandon, reject, spend (as time and money), leave behind (Kannad.a) (DEDR 1356).[sk]
ki_r adj. past, ancient; ki_rugu me_lugu buddhi a lesson for the past and the future (Tulu lex.) kir..a old (Tamil); ker..ava, ker..iva an old man (Kannad.a,Tamil,Malayalam); kir..i to descend; to be subtracted,low, degraded (Malayalam)(Kannad.a lex.) kir..avu old age (Ci_vaka. 379); kir..avan- aged man (Te_va_. 648,4); kir..avan (Malayalam); kir..am-pat.utal to grow old; to become worn out or useless by age (Piramo_t. 7,30); kir..at.u old age, senility (Upate_caka_. Civapun.n.iya. 217)(Tamil lex.) [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Germanic
cirr (cierr, cyrr) turn, time, occasion /Old English [sc1]
(2) Indo-European
Germanic [db: 865]
*ke:ra /Proto Frisian
kera turn, convert /Old Frisian
No IE etymology. Origin from Germanic according to [db]
*kaizjan /Proto-Germanic
OS ke:rian, OHG ke:ren, ke:ran, cherran, MHG,MLG ke:ren, ODu. ke:ran,-on, MDu. ke(e)ren, kieren `turn', cf. also ON keisa `fold, bend', etc.
Muskogean/Eastern
koła beyond, past (in time or space), over there /Alabama [tm]
kordé cart, trolley /Hungarian
szekér wagon /Hungarian
Sumerian
gigir wheels, wagon
Austro-Asiatic
sagar. a cart with solid wheels; to cart; sagar. gad.i a cart with 2-spoked wheels; sagar. jhagar. driving a cart; sagar.ia a carter; sagar. cak a cart wheel; sagar solid cart wheel (Santali.lex.) sagar.i, sagir.i, sagr.i a rudimentary cart, called sometimes a block-wheeled cart because its two wheels (ca_ka) are spokeless and made of three blocks of wood (Mundari); sagar. (Sadani. Oraon); ... used to transport bales, sheaves of reaped paddy, straw, firewood and timber (Mundari lex.) [sk]
Basque
gurdi (C) cart, wagon
Dravidian
sagar chariot /Dravidian
gâRî vehicle, cart
?Ears; handles; government?
kormány steering-wheel; handelbar; government, cabinet /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kormány is seen as yet another loan from Slavic notwithstanding a possible Eastern origin.
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
hrmn N hrmn) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JBA appointment 2 JBA authority 3 JBA office
J 368
(1) Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
qahraman a valiant warrior, an invincible hero; name of a celebrated fabulous hero of Persia; power, authority; an administrator, curator, prefect /Persian
(2) Indo-European [rd: 738]
*kwr-m- /Proto Indo-European reconstruction
Slavic
kъrma /Proto Slavic
Old Church Slavic: krъma `stern, helm'; Russian: korma/ `stern'; Serbo-Croatian: kr/ma `stern, helm'; Slovene: kr/ma `stern'
kormilar steersman, helmsman, pilot; kormilo helm, rudder; control, government; krma (ship) stern; krmaniti to steer /Serbo-Croatian; kormidlovat to steer /Cheh; kormidlovať to steer /Slovak; krmariti to steer /Slovene; kormilo steering-wheel ; kormchiia steersman /Bulgar
(3) Indo-European [aam]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
karna [ kárna ] m. ear; handle; rudder /Sanskrit
Altaic
see Turk ? Mongol also qurultai assembly
korom soot; kormos sooty, smutty /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
krwm fire; kwrm smoke; krmes ash, soot, dust /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
qwr smoke, cinder /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*k`i_uru(mV) ashes, soot /Altaic [ss]
*Kurum soot /Turkic [ss]
qurun /Old Turkic; Gurum /Turkmen; xúrúm /Chuvash; kurunn/uk /Yakut [ss]
*kirbu-su burned smell /Mongolian [ss]
kirbu-su(n) /Written Mongolian [ss]
x/arvas /Khalkha [ss]
*xurum-sa 1 earwax 2 tobacco ashes /Tungus [ss]
ojomn|a 1 /Negidal; x|oromsa 1, 2 /Nanai; x|oromsa 1 /Ulcha; x|oropsa 1 /Orok; u.ru.mrú. 1 /Even; urumn|a: 1 /Evenki [ss]
*ky/ri/-m soot /Korean [ss]
ky/ri/m /Middle Korean [ss]
kyrim /Modern Korean [ss]
Austric
garahu soot. /Rapanui [anon]
{/g/ sounds like /ng/ as in English <sing>}
Caucasian
*k.a>rV black; coal /North Caucasian [ss]
Dravidian
*čuru- soot; *kar- , *kar- black /Dravidian [ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
gar soot; garav glossy black, raven; sooty /Serbo-Croatian
körte pear /Hungarian
Uralic
One official source says Hungarian körte is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Another source says the Turkic words might be borrowed from the Caucasian languages or Iranian [Chong]
Altaic
*kiorteme pear, fruit /Altaic [ss]
*gErteme /Turc
*kedemen /Mongol
*kù(n)tà /Japanese [ss]
Caucasian
*qHu":re ( ~ *qu":R?_e) pear /North Caucasian [ss]
*qo:r 1 pear 2 apple /Andian [ss]
qor 1 Chechen; qor 1 Ingush; qor 2 Batsbi [ss]
quIrt pear /Lak [ss]
*qIar 1 pear 2 pear/apple (a generic name) /Dargwa [ss]
qaIr 1 /Akusha; qIar 2 /Chiragh [ss]
*x|Iera / *z^|u-x|Iera pear /Lezghian [ss]
*q/w|a pear /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
кжрдо (ka'rdo) pear /Ossetian [va: 16]
Additions by Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 15 December 2007