Magyar
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
Clever, intelligent, wise, understand, to hear, judge, right, law
agy
brain /HungarianUralic
(A) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Hungarian agy is thought to derive from a FU source. [see Chong]
? *ajnge brain, cerebrum; skull /PF-U
aivot /Finnish; vuoi'gngâsâk /Lapp; uj /Mordvin
ebee /En'ec', Baylkha; ae /En'ec', Hatanga; d'ia /Nganasan; küw /Šölqup
{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
(B) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ügy-es < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian
One expert source thinks Hungarian ügy is of FU origin. [Chong]
[? zil' clever, conscientious, enthusiastic, quick, spirited, zealous, etc. (Izˆma Komi, Lusa Komi, Sysola Komi, Udora Komi, Vichegda Komi)] [Chong]
Another expert says the etymology is uncertain. [Chong]
Hungarian suffix /-es/ forms the adjective in ügyes.
While Hungarian digraph /gy/ sounds like a palatal /d'/
Niger-Congo (?)
haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
Turkic
i∫ matter, affair, work /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
ujō
sentience; an animate thing; a sentient beingChukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*'ajvă the brain {мозг (головн.)} /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN556]
*ajwa # brain (головной мозг) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss:PN40]
ájo, ájwa- /Chukchee; awi, awja- (III) /Koryak; ewa /Alutor [ss]
*jajsu " /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN566]
? 'ajuw'aj мозг (головы) /Sedank dialect; jajsu-jajsu "encephalum cerebrum" /West Itelmen [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
cătus
-a -um "sharp, cunning, clever" /LatinSlavic
učen
learned, erudite, scholarly, scientific, academic; učenje study, learning, reading, teaching, instruction; učenjak scholar, man of learning /Serbo-Croatianész
mind, reason; esz-es rational; esz-mélet consciousness /HungarianUralic
es,
oz intelligence, cleverness /Ugrianoˆš ability, memory, understanding (Northern Khanty); vezˆer reason, understanding (Komi); uus intellectual ability, memory, understanding (Man's'i); vazˆov sensible, wise (Mordvin - derivative) [Chong]
Sumerian
zi (n.) breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul [jh]
zu, sú: (n.) wisdom, knowledge; (v.) to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. [jh]
uš4 intelligence; gaššu intelligent [jh]
gašam craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom [jh]
(1) Altaic
*uč`e
reason /Altaic [ss]*üč-ün
/TurcTurkic
as
mind, intelligence; us-ta intelligence /TurkicMongol
z^üji
sake, reason /MongolicJapanese
ishiki
consciousness; osu infer; deduce; conclude; judge; evaluate; guess; surmise; zu brains; clever, intelligent(2) Altaic/Khakas
ezät= to make yawn, to bore {I:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
ize= to yawn {ezä= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
cf CT esne= [kl]
Basque
ezagu-tu
to knowDravidian
us, u_s, hus, ho_s sound used in sighing when tired (Kannad.a); usu, ussane a deep sigh (Tulu); us interj. expresses tiredness, pain, dejection, etc. (Telugu) [sk]
Caucasian
*?a>msa (~ -@,-y) sky, cloud; soul, breath; god /North Caucasian [ss]
*?as-ar inspiration /Nakh [ss]
asar /Chechen [ss]
*?as:V (~-o-) 1 breath 2 prestige, dignity /Andian [ss]
as: 2 /Avar; as:i 1 /Akhvakh [ss]
*has: sky, cloud, fog /Tsezian [ss]
as /Tsezi; as /Ginukh; as /Khvarshi; as /Inkhokvari; has /Bezhita; has /Gunzib [ss]
as nobility, conscience; a heathen deity /Lak [ss]
*?ams: 1 raincloud 2 cloud /Lezghian [ss]
ams 1 /Tabasaran; ams-ar 2 /Agul; asyj 2 /Rutul; haso 2 /Udi [ss]
*p@sA soul, spirit /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-ps@/ Abkhaz; ps@ Abaza; psa Adyghe; psa Circassian; psa Ubykh [ss]
*=i:ĉ.wE:l to count; to understand /North Caucasian [ss]
*=e:ŝ- 1 to read 2 to learn, study 3 to obey, be obedient /Nakh [ss]
=e: ŝ - 1,2 /Chechen; =e ŝ - 1 /Ingush; =e ŝ - 3 /Batsbi [ss]
*=ic.:Vn- / *=iĉ.:Vn- 1 to understand 2 to count /Andian [ss]
=iĉ.:- 1 /Avar; =iĉ.:Vn- 1 /Andi; =as.V~- 2 /Chamalal; =ic:i~- 2 /Tindi; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Karata; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Botlikh; =ic:Vn- 2 /Godoberi [ss]
=u=ĉ.i-n to understand /Lak [ss]
*=ilĉ.Vn / =uĉ.- to read /Dargwa [ss]
=uĉ.-es /Akusha [ss]
*p-ĉ/:w|@ to count /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
pĉ@-n /Adyghe; bz^@-n /Circassian [ss]
Etruscan
ase breath, wind, soul [az96]; asi inspiration, spirit, wind [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
azô 1. cry a, groan, sigh 2. breathe hard
Celtic
àis wisdom /Gaelic [mcb]
Tocharian B
ais/aumye (a) `wise one'; (b) `wise' < aik- `know, recognize' [tob]
Slavic
zasopiti se to breathe heavily, pant; gasp for breath, be winded; be out of breath /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ushi
understanding, mind, intelligence /Avestanhus intellect, mind /Persian [fjs]
[h]oš consciousness, senses /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
ásu vital spirit; vigorous life /Sanskrit
Anatolian
ĥaz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian ĥasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
eszme
idea, conception (-me is an old deverbial suffix) /HungarianBasque
asma-tu to invent
Dravidian
âzmâefing to test, to examine; âzmûda tested /Brahui
âzmûdagâr experienced /Brahui
Indo-European
Germanic
asmeagan imagine /Old English
Slavic
izmisliti to invent, devise, contrive, think (out); izum invention, discovery; izumiti to invent, discover, find out /Serbo-Croatian
? úmysel idea /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Iranian (?)
`azmat design, determination, resolution; necessary, obligatory; firm, fixed, stable; a claim, right, due; the decree of God /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
azmaen∂g V-I-II to test, examine /Baluchi [mab]
azman∂kk story, tale (fictional); azman∂kk j∂n∂g to tell a story /Baluchi [mab]
Ázmáinagh to examine. P. /N. Baluchu [mld]
Ázmútá examination /N. Baluchi [mld]
hes!
quiet, listen! {/s/ similar to English /sh/}/HungarianSumerian
ğeštug
(2,3), ğeštu (2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]Hurrian-Urartian
haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]
*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]
x|az^- /Hurrian [ss]
x|as^- /Urartian [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
East
us- silent /Oromo; asaa?`- silent, keep secret /Saho; us silence! /Somali
South
xatl- a xatliit *P silent /Iraqw
Semitic
h%s'y h!s'y silent /Proto Semitic
h%s#?`, ?' sit still, silent /Geez
Altaic/Khakas
is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]
Basque
isi! (C) (int.) be quiet!
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble
Caucasian
*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|ac.- hear /Nakh [ss]
x|aza /Chechen; x|aza /Ingush; x|ac.ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]
*sVs(Vn)- to be quiet, silent /Andian [ss]
sasn- /Avar [ss]
*=urs- (/ =us-) to say, tell /Dargwa [ss]
=ur-es /Akusha; b-urs- /Chiragh [ss]
*?asV 1 to be silent 2 to listen /Lezghian [ss]
k-is- 1 /Lezghi; k:it:-isi- 1 /Agul; q-a=sa- 2 /Rutul [ss]
Etruscan
uśi, uśie
"to hear" > "to understand, obey" [az96](1) Indo-European [from various sources]
Reconstruction
*Heus- ear /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Anatolian
haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
Italic
heus! hallo!, ho, there!, hark! /Latin
Classical Greek [lsj1]
hêsu^ch-ia, Ion. -iê, Dor. has-(?), hê,
I. rest, quiet 2. silence, stillness
II. solitude, a sequestered place
hêsu^ch-azô
I. a. keep quiet, be at rest, b. ho -azôn, with or without logos, a fallacy
II. trans., bring to rest b. abs., impose silence 2. leave unspoken
III. Pass. in impers. sense, hêsuchazetai epi tês gês there is quiet
hizô
I. causal, make to sit, seat, place
II. intr., sit, sit down 2. sit still, be quiet 3. metaph., sink
hizanô, (hizô):
I. causal, make to sit
II. intr., sit 2. of soil, settle down, subside
(2) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction:
? *g(w)heus- `to hear (sound)'
Iranian
*gauŝ- to hear, listen to /Proto Iranian
Avestan: gu:ŝ- `to hear, listen to' ; Middle Persian: (nomin.) MMP gwŝ `ear' ; Parthian: (nomin.) gwŝ `ear' ; Khotanese: (+ *pati-) OKhot. pyu:s.- (pyu:>'-) `to hear' ; Sogdian: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptg|wŝ, BSogd. ptg|'wŝ, CSogd. ptg|wŝ, MSogd. ptg|wŝ `to hear', (nomin.) BSogd. ptg|'ws, CSogd. ptg|ws^'mnty (m.) `hearing' ; Chorasmian: -g|wsy- (+ hrd-, s.v. *har-) `to warn', (+ *apa-) bg|ws- `to be quiet' ; New West Iranian: NP go: ŝi:dan/go:ŝ- `to hear, listen', (nomin.) NP go:ŝ, Bal. go:ŝ, Kurd. (Kurm.) gu(h) (m.), (Sor.) gwe:, Zaz. go:ŝ `ear' ; New East Iranian: (nomin.) Oss. I. qus, D. g^os, Pash. g|waz^., Sh. g|u%g|^, (Bajui) g|u%w, Rosh. g|o:w, Bart. g|u:(w), Sariq. g|e|wl, Yazgh. g|@von `ear', Rosh. g|awo:j^ (f.) `ear, handle of a vessel'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: ghos.- `to sound' (RV+)
Yuki
k'ic be quiet3; k'ic-a be quiet! [y84]
igaz
- true, right, just, sincere /HungarianUralic
ygaz true /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gbz1]
Official source says igaz is possibly related to jog "claim", "right"; "law", and it lists jog as a derivative of jó "good" which it considers of F-U origin. [Chong]
also see Hungarian hegy
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #1.09b097> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
?'ug- be/become/happen /Proto South Cushitic
?'ug- to be;become;happen /Dahalo; gadiye work /Iraqw
ugi true /Maa
Altaic
Turkic
hak I. correct, right II. 1. right, privilege 2. fee, wages 3. lot, fate /Turkmen [glnp]
hak-hukuk right, privilege /Turkmen [glnp]
hakykan reality; hakykat 1. truth 2. reality /Turkmen [glnp]
hakykatdan really, in truth; hakyky genuine /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
hōgaku
lawAustric
agi, agiagi to know, to make sure of something, to become acquainted with, certain, true. He agi á That is sure. Ku agiagi au I am certain. Mo agiagi i a îa In order to get to know him. /Rapanui [anon]
/g/ represents the sound /ng/ as in English <sing> [anon]
hak- truth, reality, just cause (legal) /Indonesia [pkm]
hakiki- true, real (Indonesian; Malay) [pkm]
Austro-Asiatic
hak claim; hok, hak, heke, hike correct; hae dae a title (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
egia (C) truth
egi (B,G), top, ridge, summit; truth
Dravidian
hakk (a). 1) right; 2) truth; 3) wages, salary; 4) duty; 5) debt; (b). 1) right; 2) true; 3) due /Brahui
uje, ujene truth, accuracy, certainty; true, etc.; truly, etc. (Kui); u_jjoje'e falsely; u_jje'e falsehood; ucee veh'nasi liar (Kuwi); ujgo_ uprightness, moral rectitude; adj. straight, upright; straight, right, true, straightforward (Kur.ux); ugjo true, real; truth (Malt.o) (DEDR 583A). [sk]
also see Hungarian egyenes "straight,upright, honest etc."
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
qhaqeeqat truth /Pashto [tr]
haqqani true, pure, disinterested /Persian [fjs]
The word haqqani is common to both Persian and Semitic/Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]
Quechua
chiqa 1) straight; upright; vertical; direct; 2) true; positive; 3) truth [q2]
igen
"yes"; igenis "yes, sir!", certainly!; igenlés affirmation /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian igen is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Austric
ekó definitely, certainly (used in conjunction with ina not). /Rapanui [anon]
Ina koe ekó toke. Thou shalt not steal. Ina au ekó oho. I certainly will not go. Ina ekó tehe te vai. The water definitely can't flow. [anon]
Dravidian
a.ku yes, all right (Kod.agu) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
haqqan really, truly; -- haqqa, haqa (P. voc.), O God! /Persian [fjs]
The word haqqan is common to both Persian and Semitic/Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]
ígér
to promise /HungarianAustro-Asiatic
ikrar. to promise, to pledge oneself, to agree to; ikrar.okan I will pledge myself; car ana sud ikrar.kate t.akan od.on:keda I got the money, pledging myself to pay 25 percent interest; ikrar. nama a written agreement, bond or contract; ekrar. to promise, to agree to, to confess; ekrar. nama a written agreement or promise; ekrar.enae he has promised; ekrar. ocokedinae he caused me to come to the agreement (Santali.lex.) [sk]
ok-os
clever, smart, intelligent /HungarianUralic
Hungarian /-os/ is an adjective forming suffix
Afro-Asiatic
h.kmt wisdom /Phœnician [cgj]
h.km to be(come) wise, understand, judge /Central Semitic [ahd]
h.akīm
wise (man), sage, doctor < h.akama to judge, decide, govern /Arabic [ahd]Altaic
*u/k`u to understand, look into /Altaic [ss]
*uk- understand 1: hear /Turkic [ss]
uq- /Old Turkic [ss]
*uka- 1 understand, think 2 mind /Mongolian [ss]
uxa'an 2 (HI), uqa- 1, uqa 2 (SH) /Middle Mongolian; uxa- 1; uxa: 2 /Khalkha; ux@- 1; uxa:n 2 /Kalmuck; ogo, owo 'brain', uka: 2 /Dagur [ss]
*oksa- 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change one's mind /Tungus [ss]
og|sa- 2 /Even; okso- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*u/ka/-ka/p- look into, inquire /Japanese [ss]
ukakap- /Old Japanese; u\kaga-u /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
oka-mak to read, study; okat-mak to teach /Turkmen [glnp]
okuw studies; okuwçy pupil /Turkmen [glnp]
okuwly educated; okyjy person who reads at the library /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
agi, agiagi to know, to make sure of something, to become acquainted with, certain, true. He agi á That is sure. Ku agiagi au I am certain. Mo agiagi i a îa In order to get to know him. /Rapanui [anon]
/g/ represents the sound /ng/ as in English <sing> [anon]
hukom- judge /Tagalog [pkm]
Basque
ikasi (C) (v.) to study; (adj.) educated
Caucasian
*=i>q.E: to know; to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|-a?- know /Nakh [ss]
x|a?a /Chechen; x|a /Ingush; x|e?ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=iq.- 1 to know 2 to hear /Andian [ss]
ra?|- 2 /Avar; =eq.- 1 /Akhvakh; i?- 1 /Chamalal; =ij- 1 /Tindi; =i?- 1 /Karata; =eG|- 1 /Botlikh; =ij- 1 /Bagvalal; =i?- 1 /Godoberi [ss]
*=iq.- to know /Tsezian [ss]
ij- /Tsezi; =u"q.- /Ginukh; =iq.- /Khvarshi; =iq.I- /Inkhokvari; =iq.- /Bezhita; =iq.- /Gunzib [ss]
=aja-n hear /Lak [ss]
*=aq.- / =iq.- to hear /Dargwa [ss]
ĉ.a=aq.- / =iq.- /Chiragh [ss]
*q:/Iw|A 1 to hear 2 to be heard, reach one's ears /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a:/?|w|-ra 2 /Abkhaz; a?|a-ra 1 /Abaza; ?w|@- 2 /Adyghe; ?w@- 2 /Circassian; q.w|@- 1,2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
axna_ (axcas, akkhas) to know, realize, experience, mistake for; axka_, akhka_ knowledge, experience (Kurux); ge (aqqa) to know, understand; gre to get accustomed to (Malto)(DEDR 17) [sk]
Some of the words from [sk] appear to have lost initial <a> ?misprint?
akhnā (akhcas, akkhas) to know, realise, experience, mistake for; akhkā, akhkā knowledge, experience /Kurux; ág.e (aqqa) to know, understand /Malto (DEDR 17) [bur]
Note that [bur84] also lists age (aqqa) "to know, understand"; agre "to get accustomed to" for Malto (DEDR 17)!
Etruscan
hucu "reflexive, prudent" [az96] /Etruscan
Indo-European
Celtic
eisg, eisgear satirist /Gaelic; eigeas, pl. eigse, a learned man /Irish; Early Irish écess: *ád-gen-s-to? [from mcb]
Germanic
hyge
(hige) m mind, heart /Old English [sc1]Indo-Iranian
Iranian/Avestan
aagaa(h) aware, wise /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
ugga_haka one who is eager to learn; uggan.ha_ti takes up, acquires, learns (Pali). ugat learned; uganvanava_ to teach (Sinhalese) [sk]
ágy
bed {/gy/ is like palatised /d/} /HungarianUralic
*ooðe- bed /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
vuode bed /Finnish
Sumerian
ù-di sleep; rest; daze; depression [jh]
gùd nest.[jh]
Altaic
*n|u:/ju to sleep /Altaic [ss]
*u:-dy-, *u:-dy-k-la- 1 to sleep 2 to lie /Turkic [ss]
ud|y- /Old Turkic; uju- /Turkish; jokla- /Tatar; u:qla- /Turkmen; yjg|ú 'sleep'; s/yva>r- /Chuvash; utuj- /Yakut [ss]
*nojir to sleep, sleep /Mongolian [ss]
nuir (MA), nojir (SH) /Middle Mongolian; nojr /Khalkha; no":r /Kalmuck; noir /Dagur; no:r /Monguor [ss]
*n|u(j)a- to sleep /Tungus [ss]
nu-nz^|i-bu- 'to make sleepy' /Manzhu; n/a-so:-, nin/a- /Evenki [ss]
*u/i- sleep, to sleep /Japanese [ss]
wi-na-, i 'sleep, dream'; RJ wi/-ne/bu/ri /Old Japanese; (*i-)ne-; inebu/ri, ineburi/ 'drowsiness' /Tokyo [ss]
Basque
oge
(B,G), ohe (L,LN,Z,U) bedDravidian
oky sleeping place, bedding (Toda); hakke place for reposing, bed (Kannad.a); pakka bed, bedding (Telugu) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
?see Gaelic laigh , luigh lie, Irish luigh, Early Irish laigim, Old Irish lige, bed, Welsh gwe-ly, bed (Cornish gueli, Breton guele), Gaul legasit (= posuit?): *logô, legô, to lie, *legos, bed, Indo-European root le@gh, lie; Greek @Glehos, bed, @Gléhetai, sleeps (Hes.); Gothic ligan, German liegan, English lie, etc. [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂TT bed, bedstead /Baluchi [mab]
Ulwa
ûka 1. (form of û house; home) 2. den; home; lair; nest; lodge; burrow. 3. case for; pack of; sheath; container for [ud]
Clay, loam, earthenware etc.
agyag
clay, loam, potter's earth, terracotta /Hungarian {/gy/ palatised /d'/}Uralic
Hungarian agyag is supposed to be of FU origin.
? àš chalk /Konda Khanty [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 56 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
d!ekwa (l@kw) dust (clay) (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
da"raqwa mud /Bilin; daxwa mud /Qwara; r@qwa , ra"qwa mud /Xamir
Cushitic, East
r@gwa, rugaa clay, gravel /Afar; doqqe clay, gravel, slime /Darasa; t'agic#c#o dust, powder /Sidamo; d/ooqo mud /Somali; d/okk'ee mud /Oromo
Berber
id@qqi clay pottery /Berber
Omotic
urqa damp weather, clay /Zayse; tog (t'og ?) clay, slime /Benche; toqa (t'oqa ?) clay, slime /Shinasha; toga (t'oga ?) clay, slime /Sheko
Dravidian
ad.alu, ad.lu, had.lu, ad., ad.e, at.il, at.lu, ad.usu mud, clay (Kannad.a); ad.usu mud, mire (Tulu) (DEDR 82) [sk]
at.t.u to be joined; the state of being joined (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) ad.e a lump, a sticky, clotty mass (Kannad.a); ad.a a lump, clot, mass (Telugu) (DEDR 84) [sk]
tu.k earth, clay, dust (Kolami); tu_k earth, clay (Naikri); tu_k, tu_kud. id., soil (Parji); tu_kur. earth, clay (Gadba); tor.i clay (Gondi) (DEDR 3283).[sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
achak, ajak earth, dust /Persian [fjs]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
tz'ihk c'ihk' 'clay, made of clay, general name for pottery objects (barro)'
tz'ihk rum 'clayey soil, clay bed'
tz'ihk rum tar 'clay bed, clay locality'
tz'ihk tun 'clay stone, hard clay'
tz'ihker 'pottery pieces or utensils'
edény
vessel, crockery; agyag edény earthenware, pot /Hungarian {/ny/ palatised /n'/}Sumerian
edimx, edin earthenware vat for oil and fats [jh]
Dravidian
at.ka_, adka earthen pot used for cooking (Gondi); ad.igera a pot (Kannad.a); ad.d.yara earthen jar or pot (Tulu); at.ika a small earthen pot with a large mouth (Telugu); ar.ka earthen pot (Naikri); cooking pot (Gondi); ar.i_ earthen waterpot (Kur.ux)(DEDR 75).[sk]
o_t.u shell, potsherd, tile (Malayalam); shell as of a tortoise, of an egg (Tamil); o_d.u potsherd, earthen pan, skull (Kannad.a); o_d.e, va_d.e a burnt earthen hoop used in constructing a tube-well, a storage vessel constructed of baked earthen hoops (Kannad.a); o.d.i skull, wide circular dish (Kod.agu); o_d.u, o_d.illu potsherd, tile; o_d.ari potter (Tulu); o_t.ai vessel for holding sandal, etc.; ot.t.u-vat.t.il small vessel for holding water, etc., placed before the idol in worship; ot.ukku dent or depression in a metal utensil (Tamil)(Ta.lex.) [sk]
ajándék
gift, present,offering; ajánl offer, dedicate /Hungarian {/j/ same /y/}Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
a_ya_ga a gift given at a sacrifice /Sanskrit [sk]
aj
, áj fissure, slit; ravine, valley /HungarianUralic
*áNke
opening /UralicHungarian ajtó is thought to be related to some FU root by one source, while another says it may be related to aj, áj or to old-, ovd- "loosen", "open", "unravel". [see Chong]
{Hungarian /j/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}
{also see Hungarian kapu "door, gate"}
Afro-Asiatic
Cushitic, East
o'ho mouth /Arbore [oi4]
o'ho?' mouth /Elmolo [oi4]
Altaic
Turkic
i∫ik door /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
ōte
front gateBasque
ate door, gate; aho (L,LN,Z,U) mouth, opening
akad-ály
obstacle, hindrance, handicap < akad to find (itself); to stick, get stuck/caught; to occur, turn up /HungarianUralic
One source believes a FU origin, another source suggests a possible Ugric origin [see Chong]
[? *šakke- (PUg) // tooh@ntÅ- find (of a bullet), meet (Kn) / lo_ki‹ntà- hang up; etc. (KnVasjugan) / tax-n catch, get stuck, stick; stop (Mn'NK, Mn'T, Mn'UL) / taxi- arrive, fall; taxni- affirm, bear out, confirm, corroborate, verify; fasten, fix, make fast; find (of bullets or a shot); reinforce, strengthen (Mn'N)] [Chong]
In [Chong] it is suggested that akad- < akaszt-
Afro-Asiatic
'hi hang up /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic/Mongol
[? agsa- fasten/tie to (sg); install, mount; stock, supply (Classical Mongol); aksa- fasten/tie to (sg); install, mount; stock, supply (Kalmul)] [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*'ekąm-
glue (клей) /Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN709]*ekąm-
to stick; sticky 1 (прилипать; липкий 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN62]εjmą-cε't-
/Chukchee; ekmev- (I) /Koryak; ekąm- /Palan; akmą- 1 /Alutor [ss]*kąm-tąq
, *'etm- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN725]kąmtąx/k
"gluten"; n-e.tmenĺ-kaz "glutinare" /West Itelmen [ss]Dravidian
ikkat.t.u mukkat.t.u two or three, i.e. many obstacles or difficulties (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
also see Hungarian iker twin
Indo-European
Greek
ekdeô, bind so as to hang from, fasten to or on /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
ághundem dress, put on; aghust- dressed, put on /Pashto [tr]
Desire, wish, intent, want; prayer
akar
to desire, want, need, wish; akarat wish, desire, intent /HungarianUralic
Possibly of FU origin according to one source; and of uncertain origin according to another. [Chong]
[? ¿ng@rtÅ inspect, look at, regard, view (Obdorsk Khanty) / ò_ngk'ertä- consider, regard as; look (at/on/to); take in (consideration), weigh (KnVah) / ¿ñkwe°ti consider, regard as; glance, notice; look (at/on/to); take in consdieration, weigh (Konda Man's'i)] // [? karu-, xu- (Nganasan)] [Chong]
also see Hungarian -og; ok "do,make; a reason, a cause etc."
Niger-Congo (?)
kerekere (v) to offer, wish, intend /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
ikō
intention; inclination; disposition /JapaneseAustric
korotu wishful; whakaaro, koronga intention /Mäori [ng]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
icchA f. wish, desire; --- & instr. according to one's wish, voluntarily, intentionally /Sanskrit [cap]
kér
to ask, request, beg, implore sb. for something /HungarianUralic
keräjä n beggar /Vaddja [fv]
kerjätä to beg (Finnish) [Chong]
Hungarian kér is officially of FU origin.
Niger-Congo (?)
kerekere (v) to offer, wish, intend /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
*ge>\la to search, hunt /Altaic [ss]
*gele-l/ĉ- # to woo, ask /Turkic [ss]
geleŝ- /Kumyk [ss]
*gele:- to ask, demand, search /Tungus [ss]
gele:- /Evenki; gele:- /Even; gele:- /Negidal; gele:- /Solon; gele- /Nanai; gele- /Ulcha; gele- /Orok; gele- /Oroch; gele- /Udighe [ss]
*ka\r- to hunt for, demand, search; drive /Japanese [ss]
ka\r- (Old Japanese); ka/r-, ka\r- (Tokyo); ka/r- (Kyoto); ka/r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
*p`i>ru to pray, bless /Altaic [ss]
*i_r- 1 prediction, luck 2 omen 3 premonition /Turkic [ss]
*hiruγe-
1 to bless 2 benediction /Mongol [ss]*piruge:- to pray /Tungus [ss]
hirug|e:- /Evenki; hirge- /Even; xi:g|e:- /Negidal; iruge:- /Solon [ss]
*pīr-
to beg, pray /Korean [ss]Japanese
garo {suffix verb} meaning "someone feels, wants something"
Austric
Karakii prayer /Moriori [mor]
inoi(a), karakia(tia) to pray; inoi, karakia prayer /Mäori [ng]
korotu wishful; whakaaro, koronga intention /Mäori [ng]
Basque
-gale suffix which means "avid, enthusiastic, desirous of, wishing, given to"
-gura (B) suffix which indicates "wanting, desiring, wishing"
Dravidian
ko.ryk vow paid to god (Kota); ko_rike wishing, desiring (Kannad.a); ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection (Telugu); ko_rike, ko_rige hope, desire, wish (Tulu); ko_rikkai request, wish (Tamil); ko_ru to request, wish (Tamil); a wish (Malayalam);to purpose, think, wish, desire (Kannad.a); to desire, request, want, choose (Telugu); ko_r to desire (Gadba)(DEDR 2164). [sk]
ko_ru (ko_ri-) to request, wish; ko_rikkai request, wish; kocur-u, kucar anything extra obtained from a shopkeeper as a bargain (Tamil); ko_r-uka to wish, hope, purpose, think; ko_r-u a wish (Malayalam); ko.ryk vow paid to god (Kota); ko_r-u, ko_ru to purpose, think, wish, desire; ko_rike wishing, desiring; kosaru to demand an article gratis or into the bargain; be greedy, desire, hanker; n. anything asked for and given to boot; eagerness, cupidity; kosarike hankering after, desire (Kannad.a); ko_runi to desire, hope, expect; ko_rik, ko_rig hope, desire, wish; kusuri, kusri, kosaru anthing given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tulu); ko_ru to desire, request, want, choose; ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection; kor-alu to desire, wish; kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Telugu); ko_r- to desire (Gadba); kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_rinai to vote; ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332). [sk]
Etruscan
caru "to have/take part, invite" [az96]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
кур- (k
u'r-) to ask, request /Ossetic [va: 39](2) Indo-European
*perek'- 'fragen, bitten' or 'to ask, to beg' /Proto IE [ss]
kérdez
to ask, put a question; inquire about /HungarianIndo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
harts' examination, question, questioning
harts'anem I ask
akna
mine shaft; aknász miner /HungarianAfro-Asiatic
iky miner; hewer of stone /Egyptian [cgj]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
a_khe_t.a a mine, cavern (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
also see Hungarian bánya "mine"
ala
, alatt under, below /HungarianUralic
*ala down, under /FU
ala- lower, sub- /Finnish; yl- lower /Khanty; ulyn being under /Komi; vuollen underneath /Lapp; jol- lower /Man's'i; ül- sub /Mari; alo- under /Mordvin; ulyn under /Udmurt) [Chong]
alaa (adv.) down, under, below; alaa (postp.) to below, to under (+gen); alaa (prp.) (to) under, below (+gen); alla (adv) down, under, below alla (postp) under, below (+gen) /Vaddja [fv]
al-ább below; further down /Hungarian
al-ap base, basis, foundation /Hungarian
aluz (n) base, bottom; boat, raft /Vaddja [jv]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 347 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*gel- below /Proto East Cushitic
ja'lo /Burji; jala /Oromo; kela /Konso
kela /Gidole; gale /Saho; kalu /Dullay
Altaic
*ale below, lower /Altaic [ss]
*ăl
/Turc [ss]Indo-European
ul to lower; i/e ulët low; ultësirë lowland /Albanian
ál_
{-m > ø} substitute, fake copy, not real /HungarianUralic
The origin of Hungarian ALAK is unknown. That of ALKOT is uncertain. [Chong]
Sumerian
alağ, alam, alan, ál
image, statue; figure, appearance [jh]Etruscan
alice to make; aliqu made, given [mc91]?
Altaic
alici "buyer" /Cuman [pbg] ?
áld-
to bless, áld-oz-at sacrifice, offering /HungarianUralic
*ale-
bless; curse /Finno-Ugrian; ult- pray /Mari [Chong]*ele(tte)
> bless, attach /UgrianSumerian
alad
male protective spirit [jh]Afro-Asiatic
ilu god /Akkadian [oi3]
зl god, deity /Phœnician [cgj]
hll to shout, boast; in derived stem, to praise /Semitic Root [ahd]
hillēl
to praise /Hebrew [ahd]Urartuan
haldi
chief godAltaic
k(i)lisia "church" /Cuman [pbg]
cf. Qaraim kilise, Qaracay-Balqar klisa Osm. kilise. [pbg]
Basque
eliza
church[lt] says the Basque is a loan from Latin ecclesia or from some Romance descendant of this.
Etruscan
al to give; to offer; elu-, ilu offerings, prayers
Indo-European/Celtic
ilis church [mcb] /Breton
++féile charm, incantation /Gaelic; éle, héle, mo fhele /Early Irish [mcb]
To stand; stopping-place, the state; fort, city; military garrison; farmstead, hut
áll
to stand; be at a standstill; subsist, to be, exist /HungarianUralic
Hungarian áll is officially of FU origin.
*šalke- (Proto FU) [Chong]
sulal-; sult- stop; rise (Komi); šalge-, šo(l)ge- (Mari); sult-; syl- stand; stop (Udmurt) [Chong]
Hurrian-Urartian
a-le stopping-place, residence [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set<Sasse (1983) , p. 655 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
?'ool- stay /Proto East Cushitic
wol?'- pass time /Burji; ool- stay /Oromo; wull- stand /Hadiyya
Altaic
*ilV to stand, become /Altaic [ss]
*ili- to stand /Tungus [ss]
i.li.t- /Negidal; ili- /Manzhu; ilGo- /Nanai; i.lsu.wu. /Ulcha; ili- /Orok; ili-bun| /Zhurzhen; i.l- /Even; il- /Evenki [ss]
*i:r- to become /Korean [ss]
i:l- 'to happen' /Modern Korean; i:r- /Middle Korean [ss]
Dravidian
il- (ilt-) to stand (Kol.ami); il- id. (Naikri); ilup-/ilp- to make to stand (Naikri); ilna_ (ilcas/illas) to get up, rise to one's feet; ijna_ (Ijjas) to be stationary in an upright position, rise to one's feet, stand on end, stop, halt, pause, maintain a fixed or steady attitude, persist, persevere; ildna_, ilda'a_na_, ilta'a_na_, ijta'a_na_ to erect, set up, rest against (Kur.ux); ile (ij-) to stand; ilde to make to stand (Malt.o)(DEDR 3675). [sk]
ur-ai (-v-, -nt-) to reside, dwell [umpa rur-aiva_r pati : Na_lat.i, 137); place of residence, town, appropriate or customary place for a person or thing (Tamil.lex.)]; ur..i place, site, side (Tamil); circumstances (Malayalam); ur..ai place (Tamil); ur..a place, esp. about a king (Malayalam)(DEDR 684) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
il to stand still, become quiet /Avestan [sk]
állam
the State /HungarianUralic
Officially Hungarian állam < áll [see Chong]
Sumerian
kalam the land (of Sumer); nation [jh]
uru-as
fort, city, walled city /Old HungarianUralic
Often the Hungarian term vár is explained as an Iranian loanword, but [fh16] thinks it is much older and more widespread than that would explain.
also see Hungarian falu, hely "village, place, location, address, town"
Sumerian
uru(2)(ki), iri, rí; iri11 city, town, village, district [jh]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
`r town, city; зrş names of districts or towns /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
ulu
clan, house, town /AltaicTurkic
aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]
qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]
aal
village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]Mongol
ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Basque
erri (B,G) village, town; people; country, nation; herri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village
iri (G) town, city; hiri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village < *ili [earlier form according to [lt]]
Dravidian
u_r village, town (Kannad.a); id., city (Tamil,Malayalam); village (Naikri,Kolami); u.r id. (Kota); village of Tamils or Badagas (Toda); u.ri village (Kod.agu); u.r (pl. u.d.l) village; u_ran village (Kolami); ura_ house, wife (Brahui) (DEDR 752). [sk]
por..al town, city /Kannad.a; pro_lu city (Telugu inscr.); pr.o_lu city /Telugu cf. por..al, por..ilu, bar..al, hor..al a dwelling place: a town, a city; por..la_n.ma the ruler of a town; por..lven.d.a a towns-woman; por..alica a man born in town (Kannad.a lex.); .) pura, pur a fortress, a castle; a town, a city; por..il a town, a city; pro_lu /Telugu; por..il the world in general, a country, the earth; greatness /Tamil; puri a castle; a town, a city /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) pura a town, fortress, city; -avapure below the fortress; devapura city of the gods ( sudassana-maha_-nagara); pura dwelling, house or (divided) part of a house ( antepura); purindada (distorted from Vedic puran-dara) epithet of Indra, 'breaker of fortresses', 'town-breaker' a name of Sakka (Indra)(Pali.lex.) purandara town-splitter: Indra; S'iva (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
va_r..kkai village; town; agricultural town; va_r..nar inhabitants, residents; va_r..vu residing; residence; town; va_r..umo_r those who live in prosperity (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
aurina town [mp68: 192]
Indo-European
Paleo-Balkan
para, phara settlement, village/Thracian [id, cb]
Slavic
varoš town, borough; market-place /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
varefshva [var] enclosure, a sheltered place /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
púr, pura stronghold, castle, fortified town, city /Sanskrit
vardhama_na prospering (RV.); name of a district (VarBra_hui_, Sindhi_) [sk]
vardhama_na_ name of a town /Sanskrit [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
oola town, village, city, settlement /Alabama [tm]
ól
hutch, hut; henhouse, roost; kennel; pigsty, sty /HungarianUralic
Hungarian ól is officially considered to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Basque
ola
factory, foundry (C); cabin, hut (L); wooden plank; wood (B,G)Altaic
ulu
clan, house, town /AltaicTurkic
aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]
qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]
aal
village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]Mongol
ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Caucasian
*kil/u: farmstead; hut /North Caucasian [ss]
*kilV farmstead /Andian [ss]
kuli/ /Avar; kila (Tseg.) /Akhvakh; k/ila /Tindi; kile /Karata; k/ila (Kvan.) /Bagvalal
*k/alV hut /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-k/a/la /Abkhaz; k/ala /Abaza; c^/aL /Adyghe; c^@L /Circassian [ss]
*q@>lV> house, hut /North Caucasian [ss]
*qVrV ( ~ x|-, h-) mow, hayloft, shed /Avaroandian [ss]
hor /Avar [ss]
*qali house, room /Dargwa [ss]
qali /Akusha; qale /Chiragh [ss]
*x|al 1 house 2 roof 3 nest /Lexghian [ss]
x|al 1 /Tabasaran; x|al 1 /Agul; x|al 1 /Rutul; x|aw 1 /Tsakhur; x|al 2 /Kryz; x|al 2 /Budukh; x|al 3 /Archi [ss]
Dravidian
*ol.- to hide /Dravidian [ss]
ol.i
to hide, conceal, disguise; lie hid; hiding, lurking-place, screen, cover for a fowler, decoy animal; ol.ippu slinking away, hiding, concealing, keeping secret; ol.ivu place of concealment; ul.avu secrecy, spying /Tamil; ul.i to conceal oneself, hide; n. hiding, ambush, lurking-place, hunter's hut /Kannad.a; o_lamu a shelter, cover, screen /Telugu [sk]*il- house /Dravidian [ss]
*il house /South Dravidian [ss]
il house, home, place, wife [derivates: illam house, home; illaval., illa:l. wife, mistress of house; illa:l.an_, illa:l.i householder] /Tamil; il house, place [derivates: illam house of Nambudiri] /Malayalam; illave'N man who is a relative /Kodagu; illu. house, dwelling, family /Tulu [ss]
*ill- house, dwelling, habitation /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: illu (adj. in.t.i)
Derivatives: Also [1] illat.amu, [2] illan.t.ramu living in the house of one's wife's father
*il- house /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
ella /Kolami; ella /Naikri; il podi "roof" /Parji [ss]
[Irregular e- in Kolami and Naikri.] [ss]
*il- house /Gondwan [ss]
*il- house /Gondi [ss]
ilu (pl. ilku) house /Konda [ss]
*il house /Pengo-Manda [ss]
il (obl. inj-, pl. ilku) /Pengo; il /Manda [ss]
*il- house /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
Indo-European/Celtic (??)
èaladh, euladh a creeping along (as to catch game) /Gaelic; Irish euloighim steal away, Early Irish élaim, I. flee, Old Irish élud, evasio [mcb]
áll
chin, jaw /HungarianUralic
Official source suggests two possibilities.
1.....[? *onga (Proto Uralic)] // [? ung@þ jaw (Eastern Khanty) / ong mouth (Northern Khanty) / an jaw (Komi) / onglaš chin (Mari) / ang jawbone; angläs lip (Udmurt)] [Chong]n'angu chin (En'ec') / ongaj jaw (Kamas) / næængu cheek (N'en'ec') / aakaj jaw (Šölqup) [Chong]
2.....[? u£@s' chin, jawbone (Southern Khanty)] / [? oalol lower jaw (Lapp)] / [? ol's, uuls' chin, jawbone (Man's'i)] / [? ulo chin (Mordvin)] [Chong]
lõuka chin /Vaddja [fv]
Altaic
yanak chin (Chagatai) / janah chin (Chuvash) / iyak chin (Tatar, Uzbek) / yanak cheek (Turkish) / ängäk chin (Uigur)] (Cf.Hungarian ajak - This etymology could be related to ajak) [Chong]
Dravidian,Southern
alaku, alavu jaw, mandibles, bird's beak/Tamil [sk]
alaku, alavu upper portion of the jawbone/ Malayalam [sk]
állat
animal /HungarianUralic
Expert source says Hungarian állat is derived from áll "be", "exist", "subsist" [Chong]
eläin animal /Finnish
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Black (1974) , #293.02a> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
aa'la animal /Afar
ala goats /Saho
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 389 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hal- she-camel /Proto East Cushitic
k'alo'o goat /Burji; ala goats /Saho; k'olta sheep & goats /Gidole
álom
dream; álmos sleepy, álmod to dream /HungarianUralic
1......Hungarian álom is officially of FU origin.
*oða- sleep; *oða-me dream /Proto FU [from Chong]
2......Hungarian hál is also officially of FU origin.
kal- /Khanty; voj-kol uz'- (voj night, uz'- sleep; spend the night) /Komi; quul- /Man's'i; kõl- spend the night /Udmurt [Chong]
Sumerian
ku lie down [Chong,jh]
Afro-Asiatic
*h.lm to dream; to have nocturnal ejaculations when dreaming /Semitic Protoform [ss]
h.lm 'sueño' /Ugaritic; h.lm 'to dream' /Canaanite (Pho); h.lm 'to dream' /Hebrew; h.lm 'dream (n.)' /Aramaic (Old Off Htr); h.a>lam, h.a>li:m 'to sleep well'; h.a>le:m 'dream' (n.); h.a>le:m, det. h.ylmh, pl. h.a"lmi:n 'dream'; h.lm 'to dream' /Judaic Aramaic; h.lam 'somniavit', ?a"th.@lamlam 'pollutionibus laboravit'/Syriac; HLM 'to dream', also 'to be healthy, to recover health, to be cured' (ethpa.); MAL h.lm IV 'gna"dig sein, tra"umen'; HRT h.elma ' Traum' /Mandiac; h.lm 're^ver quelque chose; avoir la pollution nocturne' /Arabic; SAB h.lm 'oracular dream'; h.lmt 'seeress' /Epigraphic South Arabian; h.alama 'to dream' /Geez; h.alma" 'to dream', ta"h.alla"ma" 'to dream; to have a pollution' /Tigre; h.ala"ma" 'sognare'; cf. h.@l@mh.@l@m ba"la" 'peritarsi, essere timido e vergognoso, p.e. ragazzo innanzi a persone estranee' /Tigrinya; alla"ma" 'to dream' /Amharic [ss]
h.lm to dream /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
kaldyk rest /Tatar [Chong]
Dravidian
kala dream (Kond.a); kr.e_nj- (kr.e_nc-) to dream; kr.e_ckond. dream (Pengo); kr.i_nja (kr.i_nji-) to dream; n. dream; kr.i_spa (kr.i_st-) to cause to dream, reveal in a dream (Kui); xandrna_ to sleep (Kur.ux); qandre id.; qanqe sleep (Malt.o); kelay- to dream; keyalkud. dream (Parji); kala dream (Naikri,Kolami); kars- (karast-) to see a dream (Kolami); kala dream; kala~ganu to dream (Telugu) [sk]
-an, -en, -n
creates Adverbs of Manner from adjectives; etc /HungarianUralic
Hungarian suffix -an, -en, -n
(a) Creates Adverbs of Manner from adjectives; (b) Creates Verbs meaning of a "sudden" action that only lasts a short time from certain verbs. (c) Indicates the number of people doing something or present when the suffix is added to numerals
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
-an /Persian ?
sirr-an secretly, mysteriously, clandestinely; sari`-an swiftly, with expedition; sam`-an hearingly, i.e. willingly; sahw-an inadvertently, erroneously; sharat-an wickedly, mischievously; shirakat-an jointly; tanz-an in joke; jeeringly, ironically; adat-an habitually, customarily; fard-an singly, severally, one by one; mihz-an merely, purely, solely, wholly; and so on /Persian [fjs]
There are many more examples in Persian most of which, if not all, are unbelievably listed as loans from Semitic/Arabic by [fjs] !!
-andó
, -endő this suffix denotes "action that is to be completed" /HungarianUralic
-andó, -endő this suffix denotes "action that is to be completed" /Hungarian
The suffixes -andó and -endő form the Participle of Future Action, that is, such forms represent the Hungarian Future Participle which can also be used as a noun, and may be declined just as in Classical Latin.
jövendő
future; állandó constant, lasting, standing; hajlandó willing, ready, inclined; leendő (anya) = (mother) to be; múlandó fleeting, ephemeral; teendő work (to be done) /HungarianThe original meaning of the Future Participle has been lost in these Hungarian words.
Altaic/Turkic
indi 1. now 2. next, following; indiki next; indikile next time /Turkmen [glnp]
Basque
ondore (G,L,LN,U) result, consequence; future; succession
ondoren (C) consequence, result, conclusion; conj./prep. after (B,G)
ondorio (L,LN,Z,U) result, outcome; effect, outcome
Dravidian
Southern
ayinda_, ainda hereafter, next time, in future (Kannad.a,Telugu)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Northern
âinda future /Brahui
Indo-European
Celtic
See (similar?) daonnan, daondan continually, always /Gaelic
[whose etymology seems uncertain.] [mcb]
Italic
Passive Future Participle = present stem + -ndus,-nda,-ndum in Classical Latin
It is interesting just how much the Hungarian suffixes -andó and -endő resemble the Passive Latin forms. The grammar in this context also functions in a similar manner in both languages. Must be a coincidence.
ainda still, yet /Portuguese
Slav,South
onda then, after that, thereupon, at that time; next /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
aainda next /Pashto [tr]
Sumerian
è-de
future suffix , e(n) future suffix
Kinship Terms : - "mother, brother, father, father-in-law, grandfather, uncle"
anya
mother /HungarianUralic
*anya mother, aunt /Uralic [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #42> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
ga"na mother /Qwara; ga"na /Bilin
Cushitic, East
inaa mother /Afar; inaa /Saho
Semitic
@nna_t mother /Amharic
Berber
anna mama; h!enna @nhe mother ; nanna god-mother /Berber
Caucasian
*?a:nV(jV) mother /North Caucasian [ss]
*?inVju ( ~ -y-) mother /Tsezian [ss]
enju / eniju /Tsezi [ss]
*ne-ŝ mother /Dargwa [ss]
nes /Akusha [ss]
*?anaj 1 mother 2 grandmother /Lezghian [ss]
ana 1 Tabasaran; anaj 2 Tsakhur [ss]
*(a)n@ mother /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a/-n /Abkhaz; an@ /Abaza; n@ /Adyghe; a:na /Circassian; na /Ubykh [ss]
Indo-European/Anatolian
annalla/i- `maternal' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:nna/i- `mother' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:nni(ya)- `maternal, mother's' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
anni mother /Luvian [cb2]
anna mother /Hittite [cb2]
anna mother /Palaic [cb2]
apa
, pap father, priest /HungarianUralic
aba, apa
/Uralic, AltaicThe word APA is found in Uralic, Altaic, Sumerian, Hurrian, Chinese, Elamite etc. It is definitely not a Semitic loanword which is constantly mentioned for no good reason, while its great extent of use is too often casually dismissed as being simply "a child's word". [fh16]
Sumerian
pab, pap, pa4 father; brother; man; leader [jh]
ab-ba father; elder; ancestor (Akk. loanword) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
з
bt family, kindred /Old Egyptian [cgj]Semitic
abu father /Akkadian [oi3]
Basque
apaiz (G,U) priest; -aba suffix meaning "kindred"
Dravidian
*ap- male relative [ss] /Dravidian
appan father /Tamil
abâ 1) papa, father; 2) grandfather (respectful term of address) /Brahui
Etruscan
apa
father [az96]Indo-European
Germanic
afe man, husband /Old Icelandic [sc2]
aba man, husband /Gothic [sc2]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
∂ppo daddy, papa (term of familiar address) /Baluchi [mab]
Abbá A. Br. father, papa. (Used by children.) /N. Baluchi [mld]
Indo-Aryan
Avuka
father /Sanskritapó
grandfather; see avul {b>v} get old, obsolete, wear out /HungarianSumerian
ab-ba father; elder; ancestor (Akk. loanword) [jh]
Altaic
*ep`V grandfather /Altaic [ss]
*ebü-gen /Mongol
*epu /Tungus
*òp- /Korean [ss]
ab
very old/Soron Turk; see [fh]Dravidian
*ap- male relative [ss] /Dravidian
abâ 1) papa, father; 2) grandfather (respectful term of address) /Brahui
Etruscan
avula
grandfather [az96]Indo-European
*awo-, *awio- mother's brother /PIE [cb1] and its cognates include
Greek aia ground, motherland
Latin ăvus, -i grandfather, an ancestor
Common Celtic *avios (related to grandfather); > Old Irish aue, haue (grandson), Irish ó (grandson), Welsh ewythr (mother's brother), Cornish euitor, Breton eontr
Armenian hav, gen. havu grandfather
Common Germanic *awón-, *awé-, *awun-
Lithuanian ava mother's brother's wife, avynas mother's brother, Old Prussian awis
Common Slavic *ujï mother's brother
"The PIE term is rather dark, and its origin and exact meaning are not quite clear yet. It is obvious, however, that it denoted kinship". [cb1]
Muskogean/Eastern
awo grandfather /Alabama [tm]
após
father-in-law /HungarianUralic
Officially, this is of FU origin.
operes (Khanty) / opa (Man's'i) [Chong]
also see Hungarian ősapa "ancestor, father"
Altaic
*
apuši elder-in-law /Altaic [ss]*Abuč-ka
/Turc [ss]Muskogean/Eastern
awosi uncle, aunt's husband, especially, grandmother's sister's husband /Alabama [tm]
bácsi
uncle; bátya older brother /HungarianUralic
Hungarian bácsi is thought to be related to bátya "older brother" which an official source sees as a "Lallwort?". [Chong]
Caucasian
*=y>c/_i> brother, sister /North Caucasian [ss]
*waŝo, *jaŝo 1 brother 2 sister /Nakh [ss]
waŝa 1, jiŝa 2 /Chechen; woŝa 1, jiŝa 2 /Ingush; waŝ 1, jaŝ 2 /Batsbi [ss]
*woc:i, *joc:i 1 brother 2 sister /Andian [ss]
wac: 1, jac: 2 /Avar; woc:i 1, joc:i 2 /Andi; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Akhvakh; wac 1, jac 2 /Chamalal; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Tindi; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Karata; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Botlikh; was: 1, jas: 2 /Bagvalal; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 Godoberi [ss]
*?ys: A (/*?ys:Vju) 1 brother 2 sister /Tsezian [ss]
esiju /esju 1,2 /Tsezi; essu 1,2 /Ginukh; es 1,2 /Khvarshi; ys 1,2 /Inkhokvari; is 1, isi 2 /Bezhita; ys 1,2 /Gunzib [ss]
us:u brother, s:u sister /Lak [ss]
*?uc:i, *ruc:i 1 brother 2 sister /Gadwa [ss]
uzi 1, ruzi 2 /Akusha; uc:e 1, ruc:e 2 /Chiragh [ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
Muskogean/Eastern
fósi grandfather; uncle /Alabama [tm]
öcs (öccs)
(younger) brother{/cs/ sounds like English /ch/} /HungarianUralic
Hungarian öcs derives from
*ec'3- (Proto FU) [Chong]
ees' (Sosva Man's'i); iit's'i a daughter of one's younger sibling (Tavda Man's'i); uz'i sister-in-law; etc. (Udmurt - dialectal) [Chong]
aki elder brother of the father or mother, paternal great-grandfather (Northern Khanty); ække father's brother, paternal uncle (Lappish); aki father's brother; father-in-law; male cousin, etc. (Man's'i); neeka elder brother; father's younger brother (N'en'ec') [Chong]
Burushaski [dg]
ac.u sibling of the same sex
A very probable theory says that Type II words were originally Type I words that started with a short -a-, and that the -a- has become assimilated to the Type I prefixes to form the Type II prefixes. Basing ourselves on this theory, we mark the hyphen before the Type II words with a small a: ac·u = sibling of the same sex (brother/sister). Type II prefixes always carry the stress; so with this word we get:
ác.u my brother/sister
góc.u your brother/sister
éc.u his brother
móc.u her sister
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
з
h. brother /Phœnician [cgj]Omotic
North Omotic
Proto North Omotic is# 'brother' [oi4]
is#a brother /Chara; ec# ec#' ic# ic#' /Gimira; Es#- *P /Kafa [oi4]
Proto North Ometo is#-a 'brother' [oi4]
Proto South Ometo ic#- ec#') 'brother' [oi4]
South Omotic
is#m brother /Ari [oi4]
Ainu
ak younger brother [sm]
Altaic
Turkic
aga 1. older brother 2. (Balkan dialect) uncle /Turkmen [glnp]
Mongol
axa elder brother (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
aĉi children of the yonger brother; nephew (Classical Mongol) [from Chong]
Tungus
ecike uncle /Manchu [as]
eshen father's younger brother /Manchu [as]
eše husband's younger brother /Manchu [as]
Japanese
oji uncle; otōto, ototo (younger) brother
Caucasian
*=y>c/_i> brother, sister /North Caucasian [ss]
*waŝo, *jaŝo 1 brother 2 sister /Nakh [ss]
waŝa 1, jiŝa 2 /Chechen; woŝa 1, jiŝa 2 /Ingush; waŝ 1, jaŝ 2 /Batsbi [ss]
*woc:i, *joc:i 1 brother 2 sister /Andian [ss]
wac: 1, jac: 2 /Avar; woc:i 1, joc:i 2 /Andi; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Akhvakh; wac 1, jac 2 /Chamalal; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Tindi; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Karata; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 /Botlikh; was: 1, jas: 2 /Bagvalal; wac:i 1, jac:i 2 Godoberi [ss]
*?ys: A (/*?ys:Vju) 1 brother 2 sister /Tsezian [ss]
esiju /esju 1,2 /Tsezi; essu 1,2 /Ginukh; es 1,2 /Khvarshi; ys 1,2 /Inkhokvari; is 1, isi 2 /Bezhita; ys 1,2 /Gunzib [ss]
us:u brother, s:u sister /Lak [ss]
*?uc:i, *ruc:i 1 brother 2 sister /Gadwa [ss]
uzi 1, ruzi 2 /Akusha; uc:e 1, ruc:e 2 /Chiragh [ss]
Indo-European
akaa uncle, old man; ákhssey brother-in-law /Pashto [tr]
*awo-, *awio- mother's brother /Proto Indo-European [cb1]
*ujï mother's brother /Common Slavic [cb1]
Ukrainian vuj, Old Serbian uika, Bulgarian uiko, Serbo-Croatian ujac, Slovene & Czech & Slovak ujec, Polish wuj (uncle), Lower Sorbian hujk (uncle, cousin), Russian uj (mother's brother) [cb1]
Muskogean/Eastern
kàsi younger son, any son after the first born son, younger brother /Alabama [tm]
Usage: Hypocoristic. Var: kási [tm]
Additions by
Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 3 June 2008