Magyar
Word List
KA-KE
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
Hand (human), paw, forearm, foreleg, hoof etc.
kacsó, kéz {-t > z} hand /Hungarian
Uralic
*katte hand /Uralic
Sumerian
kùš forearm ; ell/cubit = 1/2 meter = 30 fingers [šu-si] = distance from elbow to fingertips; channel;
kišib(3) (n.) hand; fist; seal; sealed bulla; receipt; (v.) to seal [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Bender (1988) , #37> [oi4]
Omotic
Proto North Omotic kuc# hand
kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee hand /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kuc# /Gimira; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; ku(t)s /Mao
Proto North Ometic kuc# kus# hand
Proto South Ometic kuc# kus# hand
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 306 #1> [oi4]
Semitic
qa_tum hand /Akkadian
Omotic
kuts'i hand /Anifllo; kuc# /Benche; kus#aa /Basketo; kuc#c#aa , kuc#c#ee /Chara; kuc#c#oo /Dizi; kus#ee (Dokko/Dokka); kuc# /Gimira; kus#ee /Gofa; kus#u /Janjero; kis#oo /Kafa; kuc#c#aa /Koyra (=Kore?); kus#e /Kulla; kus#ee /Malo; kis#o /Mocha; kuc#c#u /Nao; kus#a , kus#e /Ometo; kuc# /She; kuc# /Sheko; los#ool , kiso /Shinasha; kus#ee /Wolamo; kus#ee /Zala; kus#ee /Zayse
Basque
esku hand
Caucasian
*gw@c/V arm /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|w|VĉV-n shoulder, arm /Andian [ss]
G|e~ĉa /Akhvakh; G|ar-G|aĉan /Karata [ss]
*go|ŝ:a (~-e-,-ŝ-) arm; foreleg /Tsezian [ss]
geŝa /Khvarshi; geŝa /Inkhokvari [ss]
*guĉ arm /Lezghian [ss]
guĉ /Tsakhur [ss]
ĉigin shoulder /Khinalug [ss]
*kwa>s/V paw /North Caucasian [ss]
*kw|aŝV (~-o-) 1 paw 2 foreleg /Andian [ss]
kw|aŝi 1,2 /Akhvakh; koŝa 2 /Chamalal; kw|aŝa 1 /Karata [ss]
*kw|aŝV (~-ŝ:-) paw /Tsezian [ss]
kw|aŝu /Khvarshi; kw|aŝu /Inkhokvari [ss]
*kw|aŝ handful, hollow of hand /Dargwa [ss]
kaŝ Akusha [ss]
*kw|Vŝ- hoof (of artiodactyla) /Lezghian [ss]
kuŝ-mul /Agul [ss]
*qa>rc./wV> shoulder, arm /North Caucasian [ss]
*phars(s) (~-a:-) arm /Nakh [ss]
phars /Chechen; phars /Ingush; phars /Batsbi [ss]
*G|az^u arm /Andian [ss]
G|ez^ /Avar; G|az^u /Andi; G|az^a /Akhvakh; G|az /Chamalal; G|az^u /Tindi; G|az^u /Karata; G|az^w| /Bagvalal; G|az^i /Godoberi [ss]
*c.aG|:a (~-G|-) shoulder /Tsezian [ss]
c.aG|a /Inkhokvari [ss]
qaĉ. shoulder /Lak [ss]
*qarc.(w|)al(a) shoulder /Dargwa [ss]
quc.ar /Akusha; qac.ara /Chiragh [ss]
x|a(r) ĉ. side (of body) /Lezghian [ss]
x|aĉ. /Agul [ss]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*kĕγą-t' hand (рука) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN209]
*keγąt-mą-n , *-ką-n hand, palm (кисть руки, ладонь) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN615]
kέγąnmą-n /Chukchee; keγątką-n (I) /Koryak; keγ- , keγąt-ląŋą-n /Palan; kaγ- /Alutor [ss]
*xk'i-č /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN213]
xk'i-č hand (рука) /Sedank dialect; xkič manus /West Itelmen; kxida digiti /SIT [ss]
Dravidian
? kusuku, kusaku, kusiku, kusun:ku to strike, beat, wash by slightly beating /Kannad.a [sk]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ghes-r, *ghes-to- hand /PIE [cg2]
Anatolian
keššar hand /Hittite
Indo-Iranian
Iranian/Avestan
gheez wrestling, embrace, armful /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
ka_s'i the clenched hand, fist; a handful (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
Yuki
hą·s, hahs', hüss, hans arm [y84]
kez-el to care for someone; to nurse, treat; kez-el-és treatment, cure /Hungarian
{root is Hungarian kéz hand ?}
Etruscan
coisa- "care, cure, curate"
pacsi paw of an animal /Hungarian
Uralic
{Hungarian digraph /cs/ sounds like English /ch/}
Sumerian
pah leg [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
ps N ps) /Aramaic [cal]
1 BibArDan palm (of hand)
2 JLAGal spade, shovel
32 v: pas
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #148> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
faz' fore-paw /Bilin
Semitic
h%bs take with the hand /Arabic
Egyptian
h%ps# strong arm, strength /Old Egyptian
Berber
afu_s hand /Berber
Altaic/Tungus
bethe foot, (lower) leg /Manchu [as]
fatha paw, hoof, foot (of owl), claw /Manchu [as]
Caucasian
*b[@]cV paw, part of arm or leg /North Caucasian [ss]
*bic:V 1 ham 2 knee (of animal), thigh /Andian [ss]
pu/rc:i 1 Avar; becw| 2 Chamalal
*bysV A fist /Tsezian [ss]
besi /Tsezi; beŝi /Ginukh; besa /Khvarshi; buso /Inkhokvari; biza /Bezhita; byza /Gunzib [ss]
*p:ac 1 paw 2 cushions for taking the kettle off fire /Lezghian [ss]
p:ac 1 /Lezghi; bac 1 /Tabasaran; bac-byr 2 /Rutul [ss]
Dravidian
pâca 1) leg (of animal, from knee to hoof); 2) leg (of furniture) /Brahui
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
bāhu' arm, especially the forearm; of beasts, the foreleg - esp. the upper part /Sanskrit
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
pix 'lower leg, paw of animal'
Stross' /x/ = Wisdom's original /š/
pata hoof /Hungarian
patkó horse-shoe /Hungarian
Altaic
Turkic
petek (anat.) inner sole /Turkmen [glnp]
podo∫ (anat.) sole /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] suggests podo∫ is also found in Russian
Tungus
bethe foot, (lower) leg /Manchu [as]
fatha paw, hoof, foot (of owl), claw /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
pat.am instep (Tamil); pat.am flat part of the hand or foot (Malayalam); pat.a key palm of hand (Pengo); pat.a kiy id. (Mand.a); pat.a ka_l sole of foot (Mand.a); pat.a naki palm of hand (Kuwi) [sk]
Indo-European
Anatolian
pata a foot /Hittite [cb]
Greek
pod (??)
Italic
pata paw /Portuguese
Slavic
peta heel /Serbo-Croatian
opätok, päta heel /Slovak
peta heel /Bulgar; pyatka /Russian
potkova horse-shoe /Serbo-Croatian
pätka, podkova, podkuť shoe /Slovak
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
patox (? pat-ox, pat't .ox) 'hoof of animal'
upatox e masa' 'deer's hoof'
upatox e chih (upatox e ch'ix) 'horse's hoof'
chan te upatox (cha'an te' upatox) 'its four hoofs'
Shell-like things
kagyló (snail) shell; outer human ear /Hungarian {/gy/ is a palatised /d'/}
Uralic
skálžu ‘seashell’ /N Saami < Nw Saami *skālčō < Proto Scandinavian *skaljō- (> Old Norse skel ‘shell, crust’); cf. Kildin Saami kālž ‘seashell’(< *kālčō), with simplification of the initial cluster. [aa2: p.14]
Altaic
kagyū snail /Japanese
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
Kagyuu(‚©‚¬‚イ ,å—‹) is a Chinese loan word in Japanese..Ka is the Sino-Japanese reading of å— and gyuu is the Sino-Japnese reading for ‹. It's a compound word in Chinese and used in Chinese as well, it is not an Altaic original word. [jl]
*k`ū`jlu (~-o) ear, to hear /Altaic [ss]
Indo-European
Greek
kochlos, ho, shell-fish with a spiral shell, used for dyeing purple; land snail /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Italic
coclĕa (cochlĕa) a snail or snail-shell /Latin
Tocharian
kaklyus.u - on hearing (verbal adverb) /Tocharian [cb]
Small, round cake; disc-shaped loaf of bread; Sun's or Moon's disc
kalács cake /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic (?)
)lw#2 N )lwt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr kind of cake
LS2 23
LS2 v: )eluwtA)
Altaic/Turkic
külçe small bread made from short pastry /Turkmen [glnp]
kulača, dialectal kulaś /Chuvash [art:1]
[art:1] lists the Chuvash word as a loan from Russian kalač
Indo-European
Slavic
kolač cake, pastry; tart /Serbo-Croatian
koláč cake /Slovak
kalač ‘a kind of white loaf of bread’ /Russian [art:1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
gulaj a Persian cake of flour, honey, and sesame-oil; a delicate confectionary made of starch and eggs; gulan a kind of cake fried in butter and eaten with syrup /Persian [fjs]
gulicha sob; the hiccough; the sun or moon's disc; a small round cake /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] list this Persian word as a loan from Semitic/Arabic
kulcha (for kulicha), A small disc-shaped loaf, a cake of bread; a kind of sweetmeat; a circular piece of wood which rests on a tent-pole near its upper extremity. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] lists this as a loan from Hindi.
kulicha, The disc or body of the sun or moon; a small buttered loaf; a splendid garment closely sewed; stitched, quilted /Persian [fjs]
kulicha-paz a maker of cakes, a pastry-cook /Persian [fjs]
kulij, Bread which, having fallen from the side of the oven (the ovens in Asia are often mere holes in the ground), has been baked in the ashes; a large cake. /Persian [fjs]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*kijlą-t " dough (тесто), толкуша /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN623]
kilit /Chukchee; kilą " /Palan [ss]
To hammer; knock, rap; clap, strike
kalap-ács hammer; kalap-ács-ol to hammer /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kalapács is supposed to be of Slavic origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
kalag, kala, kal (v.) to repair, mend [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
hrpw mallet; hrp kзt director of works; builder, architect /Old Egyptian [cgj] {? l > r}
? kelebin pickaxe, axe /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #94> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
kwal(R) hammer/strike/stamp (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
holl-e threshing stick /Harso
Cushitic, South
kolet- pound (grain) /Kwa'dza
Sino-Tibetan
*k(h)a>l/ work /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Basque
kolpa-tu to hit, strike, deal a blow, to beat
kolpe a blow; kolpeka hitting,beating
Dravidian
kolla blacksmith; kolime, kolume, kulame, kulime, kulme fire-pit, furnace (Kannad.a); kol working in iron, blacksmith; kollan- blacksmith (Tamil); kollan blacksmith, artificer (Malayalam); konimi blacksmith (Kannad.a); kolle blacksmith (Kod.agu); kollusa_na_ to mend implements; kolsta_na_ to repair (of ploughshares)(Gondi); kolhali to forge (Kuwi); kolimi furnace (Telugu); kole.l smithy, temple in Kota village (Kota); kolmi smithy (Gondi) [sk]
kelc outdoor work (Toda); kelasa work, business, affair, deed, advantage; kelasi person who works (Kannad.a); kelasa work (Kod.agu); business, work, affair, advantage (Tulu); kelasamu businesss, work (Telugu) [sk]
Etruscan
clapithe "one who beats" [az96]
culpiu "one who engraves, sculpts" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kolap-tô, of birds, peck 2. carve, engrave
Italic
golpear to strike /Spanish
golpe hit, slash, slog, whack; golpeie smite; golpeando striking; golpear to strike /Portuguese
Slavic
klepač sharpener of a scythe by means of hammering it /Serbo-Croatian
okrpati to patch, mend; repair; cobble /Serbo-Croatian
Yuki
k'o(·)l, k'ol pounding basket [y84]
kaw'-lum, k'ol-amt, k.ol=ŭmt pestle of stone [y84]
k'o·lamt. pounding rock, pestle [y84]
ko-lŭnt stone2, under milling basket [y84]
kopács-ol to hammer /Hungarian
kop-og to knock, rap; patter /Hungarian
koppan to clap, strike, sound /Hungarian
Uralic
kov-ács smithy, blacksmith /Hungarian
{suffix -ács denotes a profession or trade}
Of course, Hungarian kovács is seen as deriving from Slavic.
Altaic
*go:/p`i ( ~ -e) to beat, hit /Altaic [ss]
*go":p- 1 a wooden hammer for processing boot seams 2 to hit, pound /Turkic [ss]
go":be 1 /Turkmen; ku"bu"- 'to shake, shake off' /Kirghiz; ku"pilde- 'to lumber, rumble' /Karakalpak; ku"p-le-t- 'to knock' /Khakassian; ku"pke- 2 /Chuvash; ku"bu"rge:- 'to hit ice with a pounder' /Yakut [ss]
*go"bi- to pound, strike /Mongol [ss]
go"bi-, gu"bi- /Written Mongolian; gubur /Middle Mongolian; gu"ve-, go"vŝi- /Khalkha; gu"bi- /Buriat; go"w- /Kalmuck; go"wo"-, gu"wi-, gu"we- /Ordos; ki- /Baoan; gubu-, guwu-, gui-, gubu- /Monguor; guwi-, gubi- 'shake (dirt off) /Dagur [ss]
*gupuj- to hit down berries by a special device /Tungus [ss]
guja:- /Evenki; guj- /Even; gupi- /Nanai; gupi- /Ulcha [ss]
*giube to hit, pound /Altaic [ss]
*Ku"b- to pound, hit (laundry) /Turkic [ss]
ku"je|- /Tatar; kiv- /Chuvash [ss]
*gu"b- to pound, strike /Tungus [ss]
giw- /Evenki; gi:w- /Even; giw- /Negidal; guji- /Nanai; guji- /Ulcha; giwi- /Oroch; giu- /Udighe [ss]
*kuwa- to kick /Japanese [ss]
kuwa- (Old Japanese); ke/r- (Tokyo); ke/r- (Kyoto); ke\r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kopê, hê, 1. cutting 2. cutting in pieces, slaughter 3. k. trichos, tax levied 4. breaking up 5. pounding in a mortar 6. dressing of stone 7. striking, minting 8. divorce
koptô cut, strike - 1. smite 2. smite with weapons 3. smite, slaughter an animal with an axe or mallet 4. cut off, chop off 5. strike, beat a horse, to make him go faster 6. hammer, forge 7. knock or rap at 8. pound, bray in a mortar 9. knock, dash about 10. of birds, peck 11. metaph., tire out, weary
Slavic
kovač blacksmith /Serbo-Croatian
kowa` smithy /Bulgar
kuznets smith; kuznitsa smithy /Russian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [Cheung]
*kaup- to pound, beat /Proto Iranian
Middle Persian: BMP kwp- /ko:b-/ `to beat, pound, crush'; Chorasmian: m|kwby- `to churn (milk)', (nomin.) kwbyk `dasher'; New West Iranian: NP ko:ftan/ko:b- `to break, bruise, knock, strike...', (denomin.) ko:bidan/ko:b- `to beat, hit (etc.)', (iter.) kuba:n(i)dan `to beat repeatedly', and so on ....
Indo-European reconstruction: *k(o)up- `to beat, pound' ?
Muskogean/Eastern
kapàalichi to make a rattling, banging, hammering, tapping or rumbling noise /Alabama [tm]
Usage: Newer word. {/kapàa-li-chi1} [tm]
kapàaya for there to be the sound of tapping {prob. /kapàa-a} /Alabama [tm]
kibìilichi to knock, rap with the knuckles, bump, tap; to make the sound of running hooves; to make the noise of light footsteps, pitter-patter (kibìichichi, kibìihilichi, kibìihachichi) {/kibii-li-chi2} /Alabama [tm]
kobòolichi to make a racket; to make a banging, rapping, knocking noise, stomping, sound of loud footsteps (kobòolichichi, kobòolihilichi, kobòolihachichi,) {/kobòo-li-chi2} /Alabama [tm]
Guides and Robbers?
kalauz conductor (of a streetcar or train); guide /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source sees Hungarian kalauz as a loan from Turkic [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
qolavuz demonstrator, leader (Chagatai); kIlavuz id. (Osman) [Chong]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
qalawuz a highway-robber; horsemen who lead the van of an army /Persian [fjs]
Also c.f. Hungarian kalóz "pirate"
kalóz "pirate" /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially Hungarian kalóz is seen as deriving from Hungarian kalauz "conductor".
[Chong] gives an entirely plausible alternative explanation if not for the Persian possibility, in that -óz could be related to the suffix -ász,-ész which is attached to basic stems creating nouns denoting professions. E.g. ékszerész "jeweller"; halász "fisherman", etc. If so kalóz ~ *kalász was likely an older word for "fisherman" (modern halász) and a semantic shift from "fisherman" > "pirate" occured over time.
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
qalawuz a highway-robber; horsemen who lead the van of an army /Persian [fjs]
It is also entirely possible that not all "guides" were trustworthy and led their customers into an ambush along the road?
Alternatively we have one of those random similarities we hear so much about.
Seems that no one reeeeeeally knows.
Bolt, door handle, key, latch, lock; joint, articulation
kallantyú bolt, latch (of a door); fastener (of a window) /Hungarian
kilincs door handle, latch /Hungarian
kulcs key /Hungarian
Uralic
Amazing how three such 'similar' and semantically related Hungarian words can be assigned entirely separate and unrelated origins. What an amazing set of coincidences, if you can believe it!
(a) Official source says kallantyú is derived from ka(l)lant- "bend"; "turn away" to which it postulates a possible onomatopoeic or descriptive origin. [Chong]
(b) Apparently, kilincs derives from some French word according to [ehh3]
Perhaps it is from French clôturer 'to enclose;to lock; to finish, complete' ?
(c) Officially, Hungarian kulcs is also thought to be from Slavic never mind a possible Iranian parallel.
Sumerian
sag-kul key; kid2,7 to open [d'>l ]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
klle a bolt /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
)qlyd N )qlyd) /Aramaic [cal]
1 JBA key
J 112
qlyd N qlyd) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr key 2 Syr pin 3 Syr %dkatpA)% throat
LS2 667
LS2 v: qliydA)
qlysys#2 N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr key
LS2 669
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #534> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
gulhe(R) forearm (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
g@llaw knuckle, ankle /Bilin
Cushitic, South
guhuluko ankle /Kwa'dza
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #118> [oi4]
Omotic, South
kIlc#'-a ankle, shinbone /Ari
k'Ilc#'-u ankle, shinbone /Dime
Altaic/Turkic
kilitlemek a lock /Turkish
kilt bolt; catch; kiltlemek to bolt; to hook the catch /Turkmen [glnp]
? gulp lock; gulplamak to lock /Turkmen [glnp]
Basque
giltza (U) key; joint (anat.)
kalaka (L,LN,Z,U) n. bolt, latch, catch; adj. chattering, talkative
Caucasian
*k.ul/y: / *l/y:k.u lock, bolt; key /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.ulV 1 key 2 lock /Andian [ss]
k.ul 1 /Avar; k.ula-lax|a 2 /Karata [ss]
k.ula key /Lak [ss]
*k.ul ( ~ -o-) lock /Lezghian [ss]
l|:erum-k.ul /Archi [ss]
*l@k.w|@ bolt, bar /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-l@/k.w| Abkhaz [ss]
*gil/@wgV key (or some other device) /North Caucasian [ss]
*giliwkV balance /Andian [ss]
gilewka /Godoberi [ss]
*gilagw| key /Dargwa [ss]
gilaw /Chiragh [ss]
*gilagw| 1 lock 2 key /Lezghian [ss]
k:u"leg 1,2 /Lezghi; z^u"leg 2 /Tabasaran; gilegw| 2 /Agul; gu"la"g 2 /Rutul; ?kukl/ak 1 /Tsakhur [ss]
*hila:gV key; iron /North Caucasian [ss]
*rig&1`a B 1 key 2 curved opener, key /Tsezian [ss]
reka 1 /Tsezi; leka 1 /Khvarshi; lyka 2 /Inkhokvari; jiga 1 /Bezhita; riga 1 /Gunzib [ss]
*hilak: iron /Lezghian [ss]
hileg / jileg /Rutul; jywa /Tsakhur; ila"ng /Kryz; jileg /Budukh [ss]
*k.a":[l]k.V joint, knee, shin /North Caucasian [ss]
*ko:k. foot, leg /Nakh [ss]
kog /Chechen; kog /Ingush; kok. /Batsbi [ss]
*k.ak.a 1 joint, bone between two joints 2 leg, shin /Tsezian [ss]
k.ak.a 1 /Tsezi; k.aIk.aI 2 /Inkhokvari [ss]
*k.ink.(a) shin /Dargwa [ss]
k.ink. /Akusha; c^.ak.a /Chiragh [ss]
*k.a"lk.- (~-e-,-r-) 1 calf (of leg) 2 knee 3 top of boot /Lezghian [ss]
k.erk.em 1 (Akht.) /Lezghi; k.ek. 3 /Agul; k:aIk:aIp 2 /Udi [ss]
k.uk.a joint, articulation /Khinalug [ss]
Dravidian
kalakku joint; kalavu joint of the body (Tamil); kalv- pair-word with elv bone (i.e. joint)(Kota) (DEDR 1299). [sk]
kul.ike, kun.ike loop, noose, clasp, link, knot (Kannad.a); klo_lu hasp; kor.lu door-fastening (Kuwi); kur..aiccu, kur..aicci, kul.accu, kul.acu loop, noose, knot, joint of the body (Tamil)(DEDR 1824).[sk]
cilaka, ciluka a hasp or small chain for fastening a door; cilka a door staple; silku iron bolt (Kannad.a); ciluku, cilku the catch or bolt of a window (Tulu); cilaka, ciluka, ciluku a padlock, the bolt or hasp of a door; cilakat.a, cilukad.a a saddle buckle, a ring at the end of a rope used as a girth through which the other end is passed to fasten the saddle (Telugu); silka a leaf-cup pin (Gondi)(DEDR 2561). [sk]
ki_l joint in animal body, hinge; ki_lam nail, pin, spike; ki_lakam pin, bolt, wedge, joing (Tamil); ki_l joint; ki_lam wedge, bolt, nail (Malayalam); ki.l hinge of jaw, hinge of door (Kota); ki.s- handle (of pot, spoon, axe, knife, etc.); ku.l hinge of box (Toda); ki_l, ki_lu pin, peg, joint, device, contrivance; ki_la stake, peg, bolt, wedge (Kannad.a); ki.li a fastening, screw-fastening of necklace (Kod.agu); ki_lu, ki_l.u joint, hinge, peg, wooden fastening (Tulu); ki_lu joint, hinge, device, contrivance; ki_lincu to fasten, attach, lock, join; ki_lamu wedge, pin; ci_la an iron nail, a wooden pin (Telugu)(DEDR App.26).[sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kleithr-ia (sc. opê, hê, keyhole or chink in a door; kleidouch-os, Att. klêd-, on, (echô) holding the keys: hence, having charge or custody of a place; kleido-phulax [u^], a^kos, ho, hê, one who keeps the keys; kleidophor-eô, bear keys; kleid-a^gôgia, hê, procession of key-bearers
Albanian
kyç (n.) joint; lock
çelës key
Slavic
koljeno knee; joint, bent knee-joint; knot; knuckle; angle /Serbo-Croatian
kolqno knee /Bulgar
ključ key; kljuka door-handle /Serbo-Croatian
kolčić peg, pin, picket, stick /Serbo-Croatian
kľúč key; koľko peg /Slovak
ключ (klyuch) key (Russian, Bulgarian)
kluč key /Belarusan
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ghalq (v.n.) shutting, closing, bolting, or locking (a door); travelling far into a country; large, lean, and red (man or camel); a bar, bolt, lock, or any fastening of a door /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says ghalq is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
kalicha a wooden bolt or key; kalid, kilid a key; an index; a ploughshare; kalidan a lock, stocks, or anything similar by which a number of people are confined by the feet; -- kilidan a lock, bolt, bar. /Persian [fjs]
Baluchi kilīt "key" from New Persian kilīd [ak1]
kwlp (n.) lock /Baluchi [mab]
kylit key /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
ki_laka, ki_lika_ stake, peg, tumour /Sanskrit
[variation of k- with kh- and poss. -l- with -d- supports non-Aryan origin] [sk]
kamat interest /Hungarian
Altaic/Turkic
gymmat expensive; gymmatly expensive, valuable /Turkmen [glnp]
gymmatlamak to raise a price, prices /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
kamata the cultivation which the owner carries on with his own stock, but by the labour of another who is paid for his work (Kannad.a,Telugu); ka_mat (Upper India); kamatiga, kammatiga the man employed to cultivate with the farming stock of the owner /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.); kama_yis.i collection of the revenue (Kannad.a,Telugu); kama_yis.i the grain realized in an undertaking (Kannad.a); kama_yis.i-da_ra a toll-collector; a superintendent of customs (Kannad.a lex.); kama_yis.i collection of the revenue (Kannad.a,Telugu) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
kamata (rate of) interest /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
qimat, qima price, value, worth; estimation; measure or stature (of a man); steadiness, fixedness /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kama_un. to earn, to gain, to work; kama_i_ earnings, gain; work (Punja_bi_ lex.); kama_viti_ collection of the revenue (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
kancs-al cross-eyed, squinting; kancs-ít to squint /Hungarian
Austro-Asiatic
ka~ec one-eyed, blind of one eye; ka~r.a~ m., ka~r.i~ f. blind (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
kânT squint, squint-eyed /Brahui
Etruscan
canzna "green or grey eyed, shining" [az96]
Indo-European
ka_n.a one-eyed (RV.) [sk]
koch squint-eyed /Persian (farsi) [fjs]
kandalló fire place; kondér large cooking pot /Hungarian
Sumerian
gun kiln + dillen = fireplace; dalla beam,ray
Altaic
kün sun <fire? /Turkic; til heat /Mongol
Caucasian
*gh|wa>ndV> ( ~ -e>-,-y>-) hole, pit /North Caucasian [ss]
*gw|andV ( ~ -o-) pit /Avarandian [ss]
gw|end Avar; gw|andi Akhvakh; gann Chamalal; g/andu Tindi; ganda Karata [ss]
kuInt.a small pit /Lak [ss]
*gw|@d@ ( ~g/w|-,-dw|-) vulva /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
gw|@d@ Adyghe; gw|@d Circassian [ss]
Dravidian
ka_ntu to burn (Tamil, Malayalam) [sk]
kanda small trench for fireplace (Kui); trench made as a fireplace during weddings (Kond.a); fire-trench (Pengo); kanduka, kandaka ditch, trench (Tulu); kandakamu id. (Telugu); kandri a pit (Malt.o) (DEDR 1214).
kandal a small earthen water-vessel (Kannad.a); kandelu pitcher, large pot (Tulu); kan-n-al earthen vessel, waterpot (Tamil)(DEDR 1415).[sk]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
khandaq a ditch, fosse, moat /Persian [fjs]
The word is common to both Persian and Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]
kand.. "ditch, hole" /Baluchi [ak1]
[ak1] suggest that this is probably to be connected to New Persian kan- / kand "dig", cf. kand "cutting".
konD (n.) cave, hole, den; konD∂g to dig, excavate, pick at /Baluchi /mab]
Indo-Aryan
kunda round vessel; round hole in the ground for water or sacred fire /Sanskrit
kap to get, receive; to catch; to take hold of; to seize /Hungarian
kap-ocs hook, fastener, clasp /Hungarian
kap-csol to connect, clasp, join with, attach to /Hungarian
kap-kod try to grip, catch; snap at /Hungarian
kap-ós popular, much in demand /Hungarian
Uralic
kap >> hap >> ?ap to grasp, to grab, to receive /Uralic [fh16]
kaapareda hijack /Estonian; kaapata- capture, hijack /Finnish [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian kap is though to be possibly onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Sumerian
gùb left (hand) [jh]
húb, húp acrobat, athlete; a type of weaver (?); a left-handed or ambidextrous person (?) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cushitic, East
Gap- catch /Mashile; qab- catch have /Somali; k'ab- catch have /Oromo; qap- catch have /Konso; k'ap- catch have /Gidole; qap- catch have /Gawwada [oi4]
Semitic
West Semitic denominative verb qbl "to receive" < Common Semitic noun *qabl- "front" [ahd]
qibbēl to receive /Hebrew [ahd]
qabila to receive /Arabic [ahd]
Egyptian
qwpe seize /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Sino-Tibetan
*g(h)V>p seize with claws /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
khup to seize with claws. /Burmese [ss]
khap to strike with the fingers. /Lushei [ss]
kju>p to seize hold of, as child mother, to clasp (as kite a fowl), to embrace, to hoop, to fix, to clasp around, to encircle /Lepcha [ss]
*kup ( ~ g(h)-; /?k-) to pick up /Kiranti [ss]
*x|a>p bite, take into mouth /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " shut (e. g. mouth)"
xie 1 /Modern (Beijing) < x@p /Middle Chinese < xap /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: hab a mouthful.
Burmese: hap to bite, snap.
Lushei: hap bite, snap. [ss]
*[c/]uap bite, pick /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " bite; sting and suck (as a mosquito)"
za /Modern (Beijing) < cлp /Middle Chinese < c/@:p /Old Chinese [ss]
c.f. Hungarian csíp "to sting, pinch"
Burmese: c/hwap to peck, bite. [ss]
Kiranti: ch[u]/p suck [ss]
Thulung: chip- suck (marrow from bone)
Kaling: 'chamna" ('chaptu) chew in sucking manner [ss]
Limbu: supma?, -supt-/-sup- (vt.) suck up, take draughts through a pi:tchiN [ss]
Yamphu: so:pma <so:b- ; so:p-> (v.intr. & v.tr.) to suck, to inhale. [ss]
Nepali: ta:nnu [ss]
c.f Hungarian szop "to suck"
Altaic
*apV to take /Altaic [ss]
*a.buĉ handful /Turkic
*ab- to take /Mongolian
*abgu- 1 to pull out, take from 2 (refl.) to appear /Tungus [ss]
*k`ap`V to press, grasp /Altaic [ss]
*Kap- 1 to snatch, take 2 to bite /Turkic [ss]
qap- 1 /Old Turkic; kap- 1 /Turkish; Gap- 1 /Azeri; Gap- 1 /Turkmen; xa>p- 1 /Chuvash; qap- 1 Yakut [ss]
*kab- 1 to pinch, squeeze, grasp; hold 2 to join, press together 3 flat /Mongolian [ss]
*xap-ki- to strangle, throttle /Tungus [ss]
qab- grab, receive /Bašqort; kap-, xapat- catch /Chuvash; qap- /Old Turkic; kabul acceptance; kaptyrme clasp /Tatar; kabul acceptance; kap- grasp, learn quickly, pick up, seize, snatch; kavra- clutch; comprehend; grab, grasp, seize /Turkish; qabul acceptance, reception /Uzbek // qab- catch; qabla- find out; grab, grasp, seize /Classical Mongol; xawl- grab, seize /Kalmuk [Chong]
Austric
hopu, kapo catch /Moriori [mor]
apiti join /Moriori [mor]
kapihia , kapichia take /Moriori [mor]
hopu(kina) take /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*c.a>pV hook, buckle /North Caucasian [ss]
*c.apa-l ( ~ o) button /Andian [ss]
c.apal /Chamalal [ss]
*c.api a metallic breast ornament /Tsezian [ss]
c.api /Bezhita; c.api /Gunzib
*c.ap 1 bend, crook 2 catapult 3 latch (in a mouse-trap)
c.ap-an 2 /Lezghi; c.ap 1 /Tabasaran; c.ip. 3 /Kryz [ss]
Dravidian
kappna_ to cover or press gently with hand, throw the hand or claws upon in order to catch, feel with the hand or feet for knowing; kappar e_rna_ to feel, touch (Kur.ux); kape to touch, meddle (Malt.o) (DEDR 1225). [sk]
kavvu to seize with claws (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
kuppattam Mirasdar's share of the produce or yield; kuppattamu id. /Telugu (Tamil lex); kappa suitable (esp. for offering to god or demon), an offering (Kannad.a, Tamil, Telugu) same as Sanskrit [sk]
Etruscan
apaiatru, apiatru one who grasps, links [az96]
apu receiver, obtainer [az96]
cap- to take, to contain [am91]
capi, qapi to grasp, to take [mc91: 118]
cepta attainment, merit? [az96]
hepeni, hepni "(one who) finds, gets, gathers" [az96]
heph "to gather, grab, get" [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*kap- grasp and *ghebh- give, receive /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
*k(e)h2p- to catch, grasp; seize, get hold of /PIE [bd]
Celtic
ceap catch, stop /Gaelic {This word is believed to be borrowed from the Scottish kep, of like meaning, a bye-form of English keep. The Irish ceap bound, bind, stop (?), seems from Gaelic ceap "a block, shoemaker's last" so Irish, Early Irish cepp, Welsh cyff, Breton kef; from Latin cippus "pale, stake"} [mcb]
Germanic
habba, hebba have, own, get, receive, keep, maintain /Old Frisian < *hebba /Proto Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: Goth. haban, ON hafa, OHG habe:n, MHG habe:n, ha:n, MDu. haven; OS hebbian, OE habban, MLG hebben, ODu. hebon, MDu. (h)ebben `have' [db]
Italic
căpĭo to take, seize /Latin
Anatolian
_epp to take, to seize /Hittite [cb]
hapi- / hapai- `bind, attach to' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Albanian
kap catch, grasp; seize, get hold of [bd]
Armenian
Classical Armenian [cao]
kapem 'I bind'
kapel infinitive; accusative singular of kapem
kapanôk' noun; instrumental plural of kapank' (pl.) chains
kahp connection; kahpahnk shackles; kahpahrahn prison - Dorosmai [Chong]
Slavic
opipati to feel (touch) all over, handle, fumble, examine by feeling /Serbo-Croatian
kopča buckle, clasp, snap, spring-catch; kopčalo button-hook; kopčati to hook, fasten, button (up), clasp, buckle; skopčati to clasp, button, couple, hook /Serbo-Croatian
kopche button /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kapu band, bond, tie; link, ties /Assyrian - Dorosmai [Chong]
qabiz a taker, seizer, receiver; a sequestrator; a possessor; swift, expeditious; one who drives fast; an astringent, constipator /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
qabus a man with a handsome face and a fine complexion /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
also c.f. Hungarian kapós popular, much in demand (where -ós is an adjective forming suffix)
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
hahpi 'seize, catch, arrest, take hold (as a sickness does); afflict (as a sorcerer does his victim)' (cl.2-1)
k'op q'op 'claw, hook, anything used for seizing, a picking up'
k'opi 'pick up, get hold of, obtain (conseguir, cf. mor), collect, gather, buy in the market' (cl.1)
Quechua
hapipakuy to seize; hapiy to catch; to grasp [q2]
káposzta cabbage /Hungarian
Uralic
kapusta cabbage /Vaddja [fv]
Altaic/Turkic
kapustalïgh ügre "cabbage soup" /Khakas [kl]
Indo-European
Slavic
kupus cabbage /Serbo-Croatian
kapusta cabbage /Russian
zele, zelka cabbage /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kabu lettuce /Persian [fjs]
kapu door, gate /Hungarian
káva rim, well-curb /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kapu is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
kav 'closet, cage' /Mordvin [ss]
[also see Hungarian ajtó "door"]
Sumerian
ká gate; ká-bar-ra outer door [jh]
Sino-Tibetan
*k(h)a open, opening /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
meaning "door; household" [ss]
hu 4 Modern (Beijing) < g|o\ Middle Chinese < g(h)a:? Old Chinese
ho. Vietnamese
kah to divide, be stretched apart, be spread; tam-khah door, gate. /Burmese; c^in|kha1, nkha1 door, (H) sumkha be wide open. /Kachin; ka to open (as mouth, legs); mouth; KC *ka. /Lushei [ss]
*Qw|yj door, gate /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "gate" [ss]
wei 2 Modern (Beijing) < wyj Middle Chinese < w(h)@j Old Chinese
sgo door, go place, room. /Tibetan [ss]
Altaic
*kabu enclosure /Altaic [ss]
*quwara barrack, camp /Mongolian [ss]
xuaran| /Khalkha [ss]
*kaba- tent (covered with bark) /Tungus [ss]
qawa /Nanai; qau.ra(n) /Orok [ss]
*ko\'a>/r district /Korean [ss]
koyl /Modern Korean; ko\'a>/r /Middle Korean [ss]
see Hungarian kerül-et "district"
*kupai fence to keep away animals /Japanese [ss]
kupe /Old Japanese [ss]
*k`a/p`a barrier /Altaic [ss]
*KAp- 1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close /Turkic [ss]
qapaq, qapqaq 1, qapyg| 2 /Old Turkic; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Turkish; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Azeri; Gapaq 1, Gapy 2 /Turkmen
*kag|a- to hinder, close /Mongolian [ss]
qa'a- /Middle Mongolian; xa:- /Khalkha; xa:- /Dagur; xa:- /Monguor [ss]
*xapki- to block, partition /Tungus [ss]
apki:. /Negidal; x|aqpi.- /Nanai; x|aqpali. /Ulcha; x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe: /Orok [ss]
*ka/(m)pia/ wall /Japanese [ss]
ka/bje/ Old Japanese; ka\be Tokyo [ss]
Caucasian
North Caucasian
*ka>uV: gate, fence /North Caucasian [ss]
*kaw gate /Nakh [ss]
kow /Chechen; kow /Ingush [ss]
*ka?u gate /Andian [ss]
kawu/ /Avar; kawu /Andi; ko: /Akhvakh; kaw /Chamalal; kaw /Karata; k/awu /Godoberi [ss]
*kaw@ fence /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
c^/aw /Adyghe; c^aw, c^ow /Circassian [ss]
South Caucasian
(dial.) kawi 'fence, fortress' (probably an Adygh loanword) /Georgian [ss]
Dravidian
ka_pu (Telugu, Kannad.a, Tulu) that which serves as a protection; watching, vigilance, preservation, protection; invocation of deities at the commencement of a poem to facilitate its successful completion; sacred ashes, as an amulet; bangle, bracelet, anklet; fence, hedge; surrounding wall, fortification; mound within a fort; door; royal seal; place of special protection; village, as in a pastoral region; guardian deities of the eight points of the compass; objects of enjoyment by a king (Tamil lex.); ka_ppu, ka_val watching, caution, defence, guard, protection, that which serves as a protection, amulet, fence, fortification /Tamil; ci_ppu shutter of a sluice /Tamil [sk]
kavun.i gate or fort of a city (Tamil); gavanu gate of a fort (Telugu); gavi a (covered or sheltered) place of resort; a gate (Kanad.a,Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
go_pura, go_hura a town-gate; a pyramidal tower over the gate of a city, over the gate of the encircling wall of a temple etc.; a gate so overbuilt; a gate in general (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Eutruscan
xia doorkeeper [az96] {/x/ = /kh/}
Indo-European
Slavic
kapija gate, door-way; portal /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kaw / kawa" 'fence' /Ossetian [ss]
Indo-Aryan
go-pura 'gate-town', gate; kapATa door or door panel /Sanskrit
khá (1) hole; hollow; (2) opening; (3) hole in the hub of a wheel; (4) the sky /Sanskrit
kar arm /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kar is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Cerulli (1951) , p. 455 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedja
gulhe(R) forearm (Bedawiye, Beja) [oi4]
East Cushitic
haraa arm /Saho [oi4]
eeree arm /Oromo [oi4]
Omotic
kure arm cubit /Wolamo [oi4]
hilloo arm /Kafa [oi4]
hirroo arm /Shinasha [oi4]
Altaic
*gàra arm /Altaic [ss]
*KarI /Turc
*gar /Mongol
*kàtá /Japanese [ss]
Tungus
gala hand, arm; one of the sides of the encirclement in a battue /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
kara a cubit, the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger (Kannad.a,Sanskrit) (Kannad.a lex.); karam hand (Tiruva_ca. 4,84); cubit (Kantapu. An.t.ako_. 6)(Tamil lex.) karam elephant's trunk (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
kará (1) doing; making, or causing or producing (2) the hand [lit. the busy one] /Sanskrit
kár damage, harm, loss /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kár is thought to be of Slavic origin. [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
kooroo (n) disaster, woe, incident (bad) /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic [Chong]
Turkic
? qahr bad; calamity, misfortune; damage (Tatar)
? kIr- break, fracture; fold, pleat; hurt, offend (Turkish)
Mongol
xor harm; xorlaldo destructive (Classical Mongol)
Tungus
koro sorrow (Manchu)
Indo-European
ĉahr bad, loathsome, mean (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
karácsony "Christmas" /Hungarian
Uralic
Origin and etymology of Hungarian karácsony is still obscure.
Some vehemently claim it derives from Rumanian while others believe it derives from Slavic.
On the other hand it might be from the Scythian name of January or Karasanay [fh]
Or perhaps Hungarian karácsony may even be related to Persian kharzan signifying "The first day of the Persian year, i.e. the Vernal Equinox" - the start of Spring which has connotations of new life and its celebration.
Hungarian karácsony may even be related to Persian khurasan "the East"; etc.; khurasani "of Khurasan; the sun" as Hungarians also practised some form of Sun worship in the remote past, perhaps the Catholic Church hijacked this custom as well and turned it into a Christian form..
c.f. Persian khurasani "of Khurasan; the sun" with Hungarian karácsonyi "of or belonging to Christmas" where the suffix /-i/ is even the same!
However, no one knows with any certainty.
Indo-European
Italic/"Romance"
Crăciun Christmas /Rumanian
Origin of Rumanian Crăciun is also obscure it seems. Some believe it derives from Latin creatio
Slavic
Stefan Pascu in A History of Transylvania writes
The word kracun, kerecun, etc. appears in Ruthenian, Slovakian, Bulgarian and Russian. Rumanian crăciun derives probably from Bulgarian. Hungarian karácsony derives also from Slavic according to [ref] most probably from Russian korocjun, found in the Chronicle of Novgorod from 1143, with the sense of "time between November 12 and December 24" according to [ref]
? kracun, krecun, kracunyk, rohac or lokska " a large round loaf of white, corn, rye or wheat bread" in the Carpatho-Rusyn Christmas tradition; krušan bread /Serbo-Croatian
Many farming communities still celebrate the "fruits of the harvest" in one symbolic form or another, the seeds of which were sown at the start of Spring.
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kharzan the first day of the Persian year, i.e. the vernal equinox. /Persian [fjs]
See nau-roz New-year's day (according to the Persian calendar being that on which the sun enters Aries); -- nau-rozi buzurg (khassa), (great or special newyear's day) The sixth day after the vernal equinox} /Persian [fjs]
The equinox is the moment when the sun crosses the equator and makes day and night equal in length throughout the world. This occurs on March 21st (that is, the vernal equinox marks the start of Spring in the Northern Hemisphere). and September 23rd. (marks the start of Autumn in the NH)
khurasan the East; etc.; khurasani of Khurasan; the sun /Persian [fjs]
c.f. Persian khurasani "of Khurasan; the sun" with Hungarian karácsonyi "of or belonging to Christmas" where the suffix /-i/ is even the same!
kas, kos-ár basket /Hungarian
mell-kas chest, chest cavity {mell "breast,chest" + kas "basket,cavity"} /Hungarian
Sumerian
gisu7-su7 a basket (reduplicated 'threshing floor') [jh]
Basque
kaxa box, chest, case, trunk
Etruscan
cesu "piece, trunk" [az96] < *khwest- [az96]
Indo-European
Celtic
ciosan a bread basket, corn-skep /Gaelic; cisean, cis basket /Irish; ceiss /Middle Irish; possibly allied to (if not borrowed from) cista chest, box /Latin [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂Tur basket /Baluchi [mab]
Quechua
qasqu // qasqo // qhasqo // qhasqu // qaaqo chest cavity; thorax [q2]
kasza scythe; kés knife /Hungarian
Uralic
*keĉe /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
köcˆ@h /Khanty; kecˆ@ /Southern Khanty; kaasii /Man's'i; k@z@, küzü /Mari [Chong]
Hungarian kasza is supposedly of Slavic origin. [see Chong]
Sumerian
gi...zé to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut') [jh]
guz, huz to cut, trim, clip; castrate [jh]
ğeš, ğiš tool etc. [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
qes (unknown meaning) an epithet of iron /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
qs.r harvest /Phœnician [cgj]
gzr to cut off, destroy /West Semitic Root [ahd]
h.śś to mow /Arabic Root [ahd]
Altaic
*k`ási to cut /Altaic [ss]
*kes- /Turc
*kasu- /Mongol
*(x)asu- /Tungus
*kàsk- /Korean
*kí(n)sú /Japanese [ss]
Turkic
kas- cut /Chuvash; kisu to saw /Tatar; kes- cut /Turk, Uzbek; kesil- cut; interrupt, kill, stop; kIs- cut down; reduce; turn down /Turk [Chong]
Mongol
kitugu knife /Classical Mongol [Chong]
Tungus
kucˆe /Ewen; kes as if cut off by a knife; sharp /Manchu; koto /Modern Tungusic; kusig@ /Udeghe [Chong]
kuši knife /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kusakari mowing sickle, scythe
Caucasian
*k[i:]s/wV scythe (or a similar cutting tool) /North Caucasian [ss]
*ke:s(s) a stripe of mown corn or grass /Nakh [ss]
kes /Chechen; kes /Ingush [ss]
*kVŝ:V a device for cutting hay /Andian [ss]
kaŝu /Avar [ss]
*k[y]s:w|- / -ŝ:w|- 1 to mow 2 to shear, clip /Tsezian [ss]
kos- 1 /Tsezi; kus-u?- 2 /Bezhita; koŝ- 1 /Gunzib [ss]
*kis(a) fork /Lezghian [ss]
kis /Archi [ss]
Dravidian
gongor. keser sickle /Gondi. The second element keser may relate to the depiction of a curved 'neck'; xe_ser (xesr-) neck, shoulders /Kur.ux; qasru neck /Malto; and to the function ke_sal razor, ke_s to shave /Gadba; kacci_ sword /Kolami; kacci sword, iron sword /Gondi; iron blade (of spade) /Gondi; kacci sword /Kolami; sword; iron sword /Gondi; kacci, kac, kas iron; kacc iron, iron blade (of spade) /Gondi [sk]
Etruscan
ceisatru one who cuts, butchers [az96]
ceisu piece, cut (of meat) [az96]
< ceiz/cez- < *kaith- [az96]
caSni, cazni "sharp, cutting" [az96]
Indo-European
Italic
cuchillo 'knife' /Spanish
Albanian
*ka:r- /Proto Albanian [bd] < ? *Kes- to comb, shear, clip /PIE [bd]
korr to cut with a sickle, to harvest, reap /Albanian [bd]
Slavic
kosorú `sickle, scythe' ?? /South Slav [from bd]
[bd] suggests this may be a possible cognate of the Albanian
коса scythe /Russian
kosa scythe /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kaz shears, scissors, forceps, or anything similar, etc.; kazud shears, scissors /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
Ulwa
kasar(ka) a. (kasasar(ka)) down-curved; turned or bent downwards; hooked downward like hawk's beak [ud]
c.f. the Dravidian keser "curved neck?"
Yuki
kuči(·), kučía, waikūtci knife1 {wai' ~ wa'i obsidian, quartz crystals used in blood-letting} [y84]
[y84] suggests kuči(·), kučía derives from Spanish.
kátrány tar, pitch /Hungarian
Uralic
(ásványi) kátrány tar, pitch /Hungarian
Loan from Turkish < Arabic qat.rān
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
(Trn N (Trn) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr cedar oil 2 Syr,JBA pitch
LS2 521, J 1065
LS2 V: (eTrAnA)
(yTr N (yTr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr pitch
LS2 521
LS2 V: (iyTrA)
Altaic/Turkic
katran, katranla tar /Turkish
Basque
akitrai (G) n. ‘tar’ [lt5]
Loan from Castilian Spanish alquitrán id. [lt5]
Indo-European
Albanian
katran tar
Romance
Castilian Spanish alquitrán tar [lt5]
Slavic
katran tar /Serbo-Croatian; katran /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
qatran, qitran, qatiran liquid pitch, tar, the juice of the pine; etc. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] list this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic
katran liquid pitch; katiran pitch /Persian [fjs]
kebel bosom, breast /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian kebel is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
gaba breast; chest; side (of a field or mountain) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
*g|a/ub(a)b- bosom, chest; dewlap /Semitic [ss]
*h.ubb-/h.awb- chest, bosom /Semitic [ss]
Austric
qaba- breast of fowl (Hiligaynon, Samar-Leyte); ga:ba- breast of fowl /Bikol [pkm]
Altaic
*e/p`a breast, bosom /Altaic [ss]
*eb- 1 breast 2 bosom /Mongolian [ss]
ebu"r, o"bu"r 2, ebĉigu"(n) 1 /Written Mongolian [ss]
ebur 2, ebz^|e'un (HI, SH), emĉon (IM), ibĉu-tu (MA) 1 /Middle Mongolian [ss]
o"wo"r 2, o"wĉu":(n) 1 /Khalkha [ss]
o"wr. 2, o"pcu":n, o"pĉu":n 1 /Kalmuck [ss]
eur 1 (xeur), erĉu: 2 /Dagur [ss]
wer, ur, j(w)@r, jer, ujer (Huzu) 1, s/iz^|au, s/z|/u: 2 /Monguor [ss]
*a/(m)pa/ra/ rib /Japanese [ss]
a\bara(bone) /Tokyo [ss]
*kepV upper part of body (trunk) /Altaic [ss]
*gebde upper part of body /Turkic [ss]
ko"vdo"n| /Old Turkic; go"vde /Turkish; ga"wda" /Tatar; ko"vde Azeri; gevde, gevre /Turkmen [ss]
*keberdeg body (rump, breast and belly) /Mongolian [ss]
keberdeg /Written Mongolian; kewrdg /Kalmuck [ss]
*keb-te 1 belt 2 to bulge (of belly) /Tungus [ss]
xebtexe 1 /Manzhu; xebu-de 1 /Zhurzhen; kebder- 2 /Evenki [ss]
*ke:/p`V belly /Altaic [ss]
*gE:p- to swell, swollen (of belly) 2 to become pregnant, pregnant /Turkic [ss]
gebe 2 /Turkish; ga":be 1 /Turkmen [ss]
*keweli belly; pregnancy /Mongolian [ss]
kegel, kebel (L 438, 442: kegeli, kebeli) /Written Mongolian [ss]
ke'eli (HI, SH), ka"ha"l (IM), kili (MA) /Middle Mongolian [ss]
xe:l, arch. xevel /Khalkha; ke:l@, kewl /Kalmuck; ke:li (Tod. 149) /Dagur; ke:le /Monguor [ss]
*kepel- belly, stomach /Tungus [ss]
xefeli, xefali Manzhu; /hei-fu-li/ Zhurzhen; kúbúl, ke:búl Even [ss]
Charm, favour, obligation
kegy grace, favour; kegy-elet piety, reverence; kegyes affectionate, friendly, kind /Hungarian
kegyelem clemency, grace, mercy, pardon, remission, reprieve /Hungarian
Uralic
kegulm mercy, grace /Old Hungarian {12th. century} (Modern, kegyelem) [gzb1]
Official source says the root is kegyelem which it believes might be related to kell "must" which is of FU origin. [Chong]
{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like a palatised /d'/}
[alinei] lists Hungarian kegy as of unknown origin.
Sumerian
kug, kù (adj.) bright, pure; sacred, holy [jh]
Altaic
Tungus
kesi favor, grace /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kōgi, o-kage kindness; favour; patronage; obligation
Etruscan
cexa, cexe sacred ceremony [mp68]; reward [az96]
cexane deserving [az96]
cexasiethur belonging to priesthood [mp68]; meritable [az96]
cexinia getting [az96]
< *keg-, *kag- getting [az96]
Etruscan ceχa 'grace, favour' > Magyar kegy according to [alinei]
kell "must" /Hungarian
Uralic
*kelke 'necessary, must' /Finn-Ugor [alinei]
Hungarian kell 'must, necessary' is officially seen as of FU origin. [Chong]
Middle Hungarian kellet 'satisfaction'; kellemés 'pleasant'; kellem (archaic) 'attractive force, charm, grace'; kellék 'requisite,requirement' [alinei]
Etruscan
clel 'charming, delightful; graceful, charming; well disposed, in kindness' [alinei]
> Magyar kell according to [alinei]
kéj (kély) pleasure; delight; sexual desire /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian is supposed to be of FU origin.
? köj- speak incantations (of an ecstatic shaman) (Khanty); koj- emit amorous calling sounds (of male capercailzies and blackcocks) (Komi); gikkâ- mate, pair (of birds); have a flirtation with, show undue affection for someone (Lappish); gikkâ- to pair, play, call (of birds) (Lule Lappish); gikkâ- call (at mating-time of capercailzies) (Skolt Lappish); kaj- roar and cry, scream, call out, shout to somebody, pray (of a shaman); kim play, call (at mating-time: of male capercailzies and blackcocks) (Man's'i) [Chong]
Sumerian
kul sexually mature etc. [jh]
Sino-Tibetan
*K[i](j) enjoy, rejoice /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "to enjoy" [ss]
shi 4 Modern (Beijing) < z|/i\ Middle Chinese < g(h)ij-s Old Chinese
dgjes-pa (resp.) rejoice, be glad. /Tibetan [ss]
Altaic
Tungus
keo friendly, lovingly /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kii your will; your pleasure (wishes, request)
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
kiii‚«‚¢ ,‹MˆÓj, is a Chinese loan. [jl]
Etruscan
*acale, *acle excitement, stimulus [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*keH- like, desire /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Grow, Rise, Swell;Lump
kel- to rise, swell, germinate, sprout; kel-et East /Hungarian
kel-és abscess, boil, furuncle, tumour /Hungarian
Uralic
*kälä- wade (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
*kaða arise (Finno-Ugrian) [Chong]
gál or káál great, big / Hungarian Székely [hh96]
Ugor *kälä 'rise, rise up' [alinei]
kel- to rise, swell, germinate, sprout; kel-és abscess, boil, furuncle, tumour; kel-et East /Hungarian
Mansi k,äl 'rise, rise up, to moor'; Khanty kül [alinei]
Sumerian
gal, ğal big, large, great [jh]
gal-am climb [Chong,jh]
Altaic
*kela to rise, jump up, soar /Altaic [ss]
*Kal(i)- /Turc
*kali- /Mongol [ss]
kalk rise (Turkish) [Chong]
qali- emigrate; flow over the banks (of a river), fly up, rise (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Etruscan
cel 'name of a deity, EAST' [alinei]
*kel-, *kil- to grow [az96]; cele grown, large, tall [az96]
gelka 'swelling on the neck' /Csango Hungarian [mnl]
golyva 'swelling of the thyroid gland; goitre' /Hungarian [mnl]
Uralic
gelka 'swelling on the neck' /Csango Hungarian [mnl]
golyva 'swelling of the thyroid gland; goitre' /Hungarian [mnl]
Other names include gelka, gelyva, gelva, géva, gilva, gusa. These words all refer to the kind of swelling appearing on the throat or neck. In earlier times it also referred to the medical problems of the glands of horses. [mnl]
Afro-Asiatic
kelka lump, pustule /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Etruscan
cilva "to swell, grow, blaze" [az96] < *glivi "swell, grow, blaze" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kêlê 1. tumour; esp. rupture, hernia 2. hump on a buffalo's back
Armenian
keh, kel, ker abscess, bump, chancre, lump, swelling, wound, ulcer (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
kali an eruption on the head which children are subject to /Persian [fjs]
kemény hard, severe, resolute /Hungarian
Uralic
*kämä hard, stiff /FU; kim hard /Jukagir
Sumerian
kan-kal hard soil; kan 3,5 trouble, worry, affliction
Afro-Asiatic
gmd to become hard, congeal, freeze, contract /Central Semitic [ahd]
jamada to freeze /Arabic [ahd]
Basque
kemen force; kemen-du to strengthen (B,G,L,U)
Indo-European/Slavic
kamen stone, rock; kameni, kamenit stony, rocky /Serbo-Croatian
Muskogean/Eastern
kamassa to be forceful, strong, solid, powerful /Alabama [tm]
Usage: Old word not used much anymore; speakers differ as to whether this may be used of a person or only animals. [tm]
Yuki
k'im dry2, dry up, dry and hard [y84]
'kem` hard2 [y84]
ken to grease, annoint, to smear, oil, lubricate; ken-őcs ointment, liniment, unguent /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ken is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Austric
hinu grease; pani besmear /Moriori [mor]
hinu grease; hinuhinu(tia) to grease; penu(a) to smear /Mäori [ng]
Ulwa
kahnaka vt. (kahti) paint; smear; coat; spatter [ud]
kahtang ppart. (eqv. kahna) (form of kahnaka) smeared; painted; smudged [ud]
Dual kingship
The Magyar nation, once long ago, had a dual kingship system of government.
kende 'revered king, but mostly ceremonial' /Hungarian
Uralic [alinei]
Hungarian KENDE (< Turkic), (ancient form K-ND-)
Altaic [alinei]
Tatar kündü, Khazar Kündäč 'reverence, deep respect'
Khakas Xündü 'respect, office bearer'
Mongol kündü 'important, respect'
Etruscan [alinei]
CANΘE REX ‘king, highest institutional authority’
gyula 'military leader with executive power' /Hungarian
Uralic [alinei]
gyula 'military leader with executive power' /Hungarian
(ancient forms JILA, DZ-LA)
Hungarian Gyula can mean (a) male given name; (b) a war or military leader with executive power under the dual kingship of the Magyar nation; the other was called the Kende or (the nominal civil administrator)
This form of dual kingship has its origins in the Turkic nations
(/gy/ is similar to a palatised /d'/)
Altaic [alinei]
Bashkir yulay
Etruscan [alinei]
ZILA PRINCEPS CIVITATIS ‘chief of the Etruscan community’
kendő kerchief; shawl, scarf /Hungarian
Altaic
Turkic
kendirik special table cloth (oilcloth) for making dough or sifting flour on /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
kamtun head kerchief /Manchu [as]
? kanda dewlap /Manchu [as]
{A dewlap is the flesh that hangs loosely from the throat of an ox or cow; the wattle of a turkey}
Austro-Asiatic
khan.d.a, khan.d.i a piece of cloth suitable for the dress of a woman, a sar.i twelve cubits long by two in width; khan.d.uak (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Caucasian
*k.a>nzV> shawl, kerchief /North Caucasian [ss]
*k.anzi kerchief /Andian [ss]
k.az /Avar; k.azi /Andi; k.a~zi /Akhvakh; k.anz /Chamalal; k.aze /Karata; k./azi /Godoberi [ss]
*k.as@ shawl, kerchief /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-k.as@/ Abkhaz; k.as@ Abaza [ss]
Dravidian
kanthe, kante a rag, a patched garment, especially one worn by certain ascetics or mendicants; a thick cloth made of quited rags used as a cover at night; kavudi (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
kan.t.ai a small cloth for wear (Tamil); kan.d.uva_ upper garment (Telugu); khand.va cloth; kandva_ dhoti, garment (Kol.ami); khand.a, khand.va cloth (Naikri); gand.a id. (Parji); garnd.a id. (Gadba); gar-n.d.a garment, piece of cloth (Kond.a); ganda_ cloth (Kuwi); gand.a cloth (Parji) (DEDR 1180). [sk]
Indo-European [pok: 917 (page 567)]
*kenth(o)- 'rag, cloth' /Proto Indo-European
Ai. kantha: `geflicktes Kleid'; arm. k`ot`anak `Kleid (dress), Decke (blanket, cloth)';
Greek κέντρωυ (kéntrou) 'skirt from rag, `Rock (skirt) aus Lumpen (rag), Flickpoem' ist Bedeutungslehnw. aus dem Lat.;
Latin cento: `aus Lappen zusammengena"htes Kleid oder Decke, Flickwerk';
Without Nasal ahd. hadara f. `Lappen, Lumpen' (*haÞro:, idg. *kotra:), nhd. Hadern; dazu mit l-Ableitung mhd. Hadel, ablaut. nhd. dial. Hudel, davon hudeln `schmieren'.
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
kantha_ rag, cloth /Sanskrit [sk]
kép picture, image, likeness /Hungarian
Uralic
kép (n.) picture, image, likeness /Hungarian
kén(t) like, suffix "like" /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian kép is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
kép-es /Hungarian
(1) 'illustrated'
(2) 'able, capable, susceptible'
Interesting how Hungarian "képes-" seems to be connected with 'being able to do something', 'power to do. The Etruscan CEP- is also connected with 'symbol, mark of authority, political power' according to Alinei.
It is possible that meaning 2 is related to "kép" as the root. I think it makes sense because pictures. images, and statues were always powerful ways to teach, show ideas and establish power/authority in ancient societies. Just speculation.
képes-ség 'might, power, talent, ability, capability etc.' /Hungarian
/-ség/ suffix creates nouns of a 'collective' type.
képes-t (postposition) /Hungarian
Adding the suffix -hoz, -hez, -hoz to the noun before the postposition képest defines an adverb of manner expressing 'comparison'.
For example, "szóhoz képest" = 'compared with the word'
kép-ez 'to teach, instruct; to form, compose, constitute' /Hungarian
Makes sense where the instructor explains to the student by building complex ideas from simpler images and ideas.
Sumerian
gim, gin likeness
Etruscan
CEP- (CEPEN, CEPTA) 'mark of authority, symbol, badge, insignia, function' connected with political power/function according to [alinei]
Altaic
*ke:/p`a face, shape /Altaic [ss]
*ge:p form, example /Turkic [ss]
kep /Old Turkic; ga":p /Turkmen; kap, kep, pek /Chuvash; kia"p /Yakut [ss]
*keg|e ornament, form, example /Mongolian [ss]
*kepe 1 jaw 2 gills 3 boards (on boat's front) /Tungus [ss]
*ka/po/ face /Japanese [ss]
ka/po/ Old Japanese; ka\o Tokyo [ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
kip statue, image, effigy; cast; idol /Serbo-Croatian
kés to be late; kés-ő late /Hungarian (change in meaning from being fast! el-kés (not fast) > kés)
Uralic
kási to race, to compete /Ugrian
Officially, Hungarian kés is believed to be of Turkic origin. [see Chong]
gyöz-ni to win /Hungarian
Sumerian
kas4, kaš4 fluent; quick; speed; to travel fast; etc.
Niger-Congo (?)
guddee (va) to be late at night; guddi night /Wollof [pc2]
(1) Altaic
Turkic
chas fast /Chuvash
gyssag urgently; gyssagara haste, hurry /Turkmen [glnp]
gyssagly urgent, hurried; gyssamak to hurry /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
kas quickly /Manchu [as]
Japanese
kyūsō (-suru) to send (a thing) in haste; kyūsoku rapidity, haste, swiftness
(2) Altaic
*ke:/ĉi night, evening /Altaic [ss]
*ge:ĉ(-e) 1 night 2 late in the evening 3 evening /Turkic [ss]
keĉa" 2 /Old Turkic; gez^|e 1 /Turkish; kiĉa" 3 /Tatar; gez^|a" 1 /Azeri; gi:z^|e 1 /Turkmen; kas/ 1 /Chuvash [ss]
*keĉi day before yesterday /Mongolian [ss]
keĉig udur /Dagur [ss]
*ki(n)s@ last night /Japanese [ss]
kjiso /Old Japanese [ss]
Turkic
kas' evening /Chuvash; kesik- stay late /Kyrgyz; kicˆ evening, late /Tatar; geç delayed, late /Turkish; kicˆ- /Uigur; kecˆ evening, late /Uzbek [Chong]
Japanese
chisan late attendance
Etruscan
ceśu "one who indulges, puts off, delays" [az96]
Indo-European
Italic
Latin cessare to loiter [Cassell's]
Slavic
kasan late, behind one's time /Serbo-Croatian
kasnije later (on); afterwards, subsequently, hereafter, thereafter; in the future /Serbo-Croatian
kasniti be (come) late, be slow in coming; kasno late, behind one's time /Serbo-Croatian
kysen late /Bulgar
Additions by Fred Hámori in red.
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The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 12 October 2008