magyar17

Magyar
Word List
HA-HO

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.

háló {k>x>h} net /Hungarian
olló claw (of a crab); scissors /Hungarian

Uralic

*kalè net /Proto FU

kuulle driftnet /Karelian [fv]

Sumerian

allal_x, alla net, seine; crab {k>g>ø} [jh]
al-lu₅crab; al-lu₅-háb a type of net (for crabs ?) [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

{?h>j} jeli net /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

ku_l.e, ku_l.i basket for fishing (Kannad.a) [sk]

ku_t.ai woven texture, web, nest (Tamil); ku_t.a (Malayalam); gu_d.e (Kannad.a,Tulu); allu to join, to connect, to knit nets, etc., to plait, to braid, to wattle together (Kannad.a); arlu, allu, al.l.u (Te.); allu (Tamil) [sk]

ca_lakam latticed window (Tiv. Periya_r... 3,4,1); ca_lam id. (Pin..) (Tamil); ja_la (Telugu)(Tamil.lex.) ja_la, ja_l.a, ja_laka a lattice, an eyelet or loophole, a window; ja_l.a-ar-ive cloth of a web-like or loose, thin, texture; ja_l.aka, ja_laka a loop-hole, an air-hole; ja_like a net (Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

u_ri a trap for birds (Kond.a); u_r.r.u_ (pl. u_r.ka) snare; urru hanging; uru, huru snare (Kuwi); urlu snare (Tulu)(DEDR 655). [sk]

valkka, vakkuka to catch fish; valayan a caste of hunters; vala net, web (Malayalam); valai net; valaiyan- fisherman (Tamil); val net, box-trap for rats made of netting (Kota); pal net (Toda); bale (Kannad.a,Kod.agu); net, web, snare (Tulu); vala net, snare (Telugu); net (Gadba); valla (Gadba); olla id. (Gondi); vala id. (Kond.a.Kuwi)(DEDR 5288). [sk]

alavan- crab (Tamil lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kula_ya woven texture, web, nest /Avestan << Dravidian [ku_t.ai (Tamil); ku_t.a (Malayalam); gu_d.e (Kannad.a,Tulu)] [sk]

Indo-Aryan

{?h>j} jála net /Sanskrit

al.a the claw of a crab (Pali.lex.); a_l sting or forceps of an insect /Bengali [sk]

halom hill, hillock; heap, pile /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

glmh N /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian hill 2 Palestinian valley

gōlem formless mass, unfinished thing < gālam to wrap up /Hebrew [ahd] ?

Caucasian

*x|a":l/V stack, haystack /North Caucasian [ss]

*x|o:la haystack /Nakh [ss]

x|o:la /Chechen; x|ol /Ingush [ss]

*x|w|olo ( ~ *qw|-) haystack /Andian [ss]

x|w|olo /Andi [ss]

*x|:a"l(a) ( ~ -l:-) 1 haystack, rick 2 sheaves ready for threshing /Lezghian [ss]

?|a"l (Khl.) 1 /Lezghi; x|a"l 2 /Rutul [ss]

Indo-European/Slavic

холм (kholm), vozvyshenie hill /Russian; hylm; kup hill /Bulgar

hum hillock, hill /Serbo-Croatian

hám peel,cuticle; harness, trappings; fel-hám epidermis /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hám is officially derived from háml(ik) which in turn derives from a FU root

*kama membrane (Proto FU) [Chong]

kamara crust, surface (Finnish - -ra is a suffix); kamtul crust, rind (Man's'i - -tul is probably a compound suffix); kom crust, rind (Mari); kõm crust, rind (Udmurt) [Chong]

kåm fish-scale; money (Kamas); qååm fish scale (Šölqup) [Chong]

Altaic/Turkic

ham animal skin /Turkmen [glnp]

hamyt collar, harness; hamytlamak to collar, harness /Turkmen [glnp]

hamu ash; hamv, (-ak) ashes; the bloom on fruit /Hungarian

Uralic

chomuv ash /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]

Officially, Hungarian hamu is of FU origin and is unrelated to homok "sand". [Chong]

*kul'me ash; hot (ProtoFU) [Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

xemme snuff, talcum powder /Wollof [pc2] (?)
xóm to be charred /Wollof [c2]

Afro-Asiatic

hmw dirt /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

*kum- smell of embers, smoke /Dravidian [ss]

*kum- hot, charred; smell of ashes /South Dravidian [ss]

kumpu (kumpi-) to become charred (as food when boiled with insufficient water) [derivates: kumpal smell of charred rice; kumpi hot ashes; kumur_u (kumur_i-) to burst with distress; kumai (-v-, -nt-) to be hot, sultry] /Tamil; kumpi, kumpiri mirage [derivates: kumpal inward heat; kummu expr. descriptive of heat; kummal sultriness, mustiness; kumur_uka, kumir_uka to be hot, close; kumur_al oppressive heat; ? kukkuka to be hot; ? kuppu heat] /Malayalam; kome to begin to burn, as fire or anger /Kannada; kumbi mirage [derivates: gumulu fire burning in embers; gumuluni to be hot, feel hot as in a fit of fever] /Tulu [ss]

*kumm- smouldering ashes /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: kummu; Derivatives: Also kumulu to smoulder, burn slowly underneath without flame, be consumed inwardly, grieve, pine [ss]

*kum- smoke /Gondwan [ss]

*kum- smoke /Gondi [ss]

hang sound, voice, musical note; hang-os loud /Hungarian
hang-ol to tune; to put somebody in a good mood; hang-tan acoustics /Hungarian

Dravidian

e.n.g- (e.n.gi-) to lengthen note (in singing, crowing)(Kod.agu); e_gu to sound; e_ncu to make sound (Telugu); e_n.ku (e_n.ki-) to sound, scream as a peacock, weep, wail; e_n.kal shout, screaming as of a peacock, weeping; e_e Sa_maveda (Tamil); e.kalc- to shout to someone from a distance (Kota); o.x- (o.xy-) to scream (peacock or diviner); o.xm (obl. o.xt-) scream of a peacock or a diviner (Toda); ye_ca_na_ to play a flute or any wind instrument (Gondi)(DEDR 879). [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

ahang /Persian (Farsi) [fjs: p126]

Concord, symphony, harmony, modulation, melody, pitch, tune; design, institution, purpose, intention; canon, regulation; rule, custom, manner of proceeding; a row, a series; the side (of a cistern); the curve or arch of a cupola or dome; a tether, stable, stall; haste, expedition; behold! [fjs]

hangya ant /Hungarian {/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}

Uralic

*kun'c'e (Proto FU) [Chong]

kusilane (Estonian); kusiainen (Finnish) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #8> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hinc#'ir-et ant (type of small red) /Gidole
hinjirr-eta anything red /Konso

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 197a #3> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

goonda ant /Oromo
gonda ant /Kambata
gonda ant (Tambaro = Qabena)

Semitic

gundan ant, spider? /Geez

Caucasian

*qa:mVc.V / *Ga:mVc.V ant; grasshopper /North Caucasian [ss]

*G|amc.a 1 grasshopper, locust 2 dragonfly /Andian [ss]

*x|:o|~c.@ A grasshopper /Tsezian [ss]

qac. locust /Lak [ss]

*qamc.(a) / *q.amc.(a) 1 grasshopper 2 gadfly /Lezghian [ss]

uk.an q.Ianc: 1 /Tabasaran; q.ac.rak 2 (Bursh.) /Agul; apal-x|ac.i 1 /Archi [ss]

*q:am@z|a- 1 ant 2 ant-hill /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

q:a:mzagw| 1 /Adyghe; q:a:nz|agw| 2 /Circassian [ss]

Dravidian

kond.ke large black ant (Gadba); kand.a a big ant (Kolami); go_d.e, go_d.o id. (Gondi); godda a kind of black ant, the bite of which is painful; kor-ale a kind of ant (Kannad.a); gorre-cedalu, gor-r-e-cedalu soldier ants (Telugu) (DEDR 2096) [sk: 3376]

pijinu ant (Tulu); hijini id. (Belari) (DEDR 4137) [sk: 7816]

Sino-Tibetan

*kin (~-e-, -r, -l/) ant /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

kjan/. big ants. /Burmese [ss]

k@gjin¹ ants, (H) ukjin, k@kjin. /Kachin [ss]

Quechua

añancu ant /Quechua [q1]

hant mound; grave; hant-ol to bury /Hungarian

Uralic

One official source says Hungarian hant is possibly derived from a F-U root.

hoˆm@s a relatively dry, mound-like island with overgrown trees in a swamp (Kazym Khanty - -s is a suffix); khåmše°l clump (in a bog or marsh), mound (in a bog or marsh) (Konda Man's'i, Mn'L - -še°l is a suffix); xåme°s bump, lump, swelling (on the body) (Northern Man's'i - -s is a suffix)] [Chong]

Another source says hant might also be related to hány- "cast", etc which derives from :-

*kan3- (Proto FU) [Chong]

kundyny to bury, dig in; etc. (KoL); handÅ- draw, ladle, scoop (KnO); kyn¸‡a- dig (KnVah); xuun- draw, ladle (food), pick, scoop (Mn'N) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 299 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hi'n?'a down /Burji
hunda root under /Sidamo
hund/a trunk, origin /Oromo

Etruscan

hintha, hinthu, hinththin below; hinthiu underground, infernal

Yuki

ha·n, -han, haⁿhin under [y84]

hany-ag negligent, forgetful /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Basque

ahantzi (L,U) to forget

harang bell /Hungarian

Uralic

hirhang bell /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

Officially, Hungarian harang is thought to be of Turkish origin [see Chong]

Basque

arran (B,G,U) bell worn by cattle and sheep

(arran is officially derived from Basque ARRAIN 'fish')

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

barank a bell; a key; a lock; a bolt; root, origin; assault, inroad; silken stuff;
barang an allowance of provisions; a bell; a key; a bar, bolt /Persian [fjs]

Provided that /b/ > /h/ is a possible development.

shrangahaar, shrangay (sound of a bell); shrangawem to sound, ring /Pashto [tr]

harács contribution, tax /Hungarian
harács-ol to loot, plunder, rob, steal /Hungarian

Uralic

Etymology?

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

krg N krg) /Aramaic /[cal]

1 JBA type of tax

J 664

Biblical Aramaic. hala:x| a kind of tax [Cheung: 1756]

Indo-European

Classical Armenian [cao]

harkim I pay tribute

harkeln infinitive as verbal complement; of harkim

Slavic

haračiti to pillage, loot, plunder; rob /Serbo-Croatian
korisť loot /Slovak

(1) Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]

kharaj tribute, tax, revenue; capitation-tax; [kharaji sar, Polltax; -- kharaji mal, Tax upon effects; etc. /Persian

[fjs lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic in contrast to [Cheung]

(2) Indo-Iranian/Iranian [Cheung: 1756]

*harH- to pay tribute; to barter, trade, exchange ? /Proto Iranian

Middle Persian: (nomin.) ? MMP hr'g, BMP hlg /harg/ `duty, tribute; work, effort'; Parthian: (+ *u_i-) whyr- `to confuse (?)'; Khotanese: (nomin.) ha"ra- `thing; possession' ; Chorasmian: (nomin.) 'rk (f.) `work, labour' ; New West Iranian: (+ *ui-) (denomin.) NP gauhari:dan, NP gahu:li:dan `to exchange, barter', Kurd. (Kurm.) guhe:r:i:n/guhe:r:-, guhartin/guhe:r-, go:ra:ndin/go:ri:n-, (Sor.) go:r:a:n/go:r:- `to exchange', Gur. (Kand.) gurya:/n `to be changed, change [intr.]' (perh. < Pers.) ; New East Iranian: (nomin.) Wa. (y)ark `work, matter, business', Yaghn. ark `work, matter, business'

Note: the Persian form is actually an old borrowing from Imperial Aramaic, cf. Biblical Aram. hala:x| a kind of tax

Other Iranian forms: (nomin.) Arm. hark (LW) `duty, tribute', Arab. (LW) xarj^ `tax; expenses' (< MIr. *harg, BMP hlg), Arab. xara:j^ (LW) `land, property tax' (< MIr. *hara:g, MMP hr'g)

Note: Cheung lists the Arabic xara:j^ as deriving from Iranian in contrast to [fjs]

Indo-European reconstruction:

*selH1- `to take into possession, possess, earn' ?

Indo-European cognates: Greek. έλειν `to take (by force)', (nomin.) ελωρ `loot, booty, catch', Gothic. saljan `to bring, sacrifice', Old Norse selia, Old English sellan `to hand over, sell', English. to sell, (nomin.) Old High German sala `delivery of goods', etc.

(+ *uo-), OIrish fuillem `to earn', (nomin.) OIrish `possession'

Bite, snap, catch, trap, take, seize

harap to bite, snap /Hungarian

Uralic

*kare bite /Uralic
*kure to bite /F.U.

Sumerian

har mill, chew, ...

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #70> [oi4]

Cushiti, Agaw

gwa"rab rip off/cut off/tear off /Bilin

Cushitic, East

kruhnu stump /Yaaku

Cushitic, South

gurupu stump /Burunge

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 429b #5> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

qalab devour, swallow, bite /Saho

Semitic

qalap'a devour, swallow, bite /Geez

Altaic

*k`ar/a ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite /Altaic [ss]

Austro-Asiatic (?)

dhar.ap a trap (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Basque

arrapatu (G) to seize, catch, grab, trap
arrapau (B) to catch, seize
harrapa-tu to catch

Dravidian

ka_r to bite, eat (Kannad.a); arali to nibble (Kuwi); qare to bite off (Malt.o); xa_rna_ to gnaw or nibble at, eat (Kur.ux) [sk]

Etruscan

cripe "handle, grip" [az96]

(1) Indo-European [Cheung]

*kerp-/krep- `to devour, gnaw, damage'

Tocharian

Tocharian. A. ka:rip-, B karep `damage, harm'

Anatolian

Hittite. /karap(p)-/ `to devour, consume, destroy'

Italic

Latin carpo: `to pluck, tear down; to erode, waste away; to harry, carp at'

Baltic/East

Lithuanian. kerpu\ (kir~pti) `to cut, shave', ? (nomin.)

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

*karp- ? to devour, gnaw /Proto Iranian

New West Iranian: NP (Tadj.) karapuk `thief' (LW); New East Iranian: Ishk. krpuk `to gnaw', (nomin.) Oss. I. k ar af `greedy, gluttony'

(2) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

harpag-ê, hê, seizure, robbery, rape II. thing seized, booty, prey III. greediness IV. en harpagêi selênês when the moon is invisible

harpag-ma, atos, to, booty, prey 2. ha. eutuchias windfall

(3) Indo-European [Cheung]

*g^hrebH₂- `to grab, seize' /Proto Indo-European

Germanic

Goth. greipan, ON gri:pa, OE gr appian, Engl. to grab, etc. apparently derive from (PIE ?) *g^hreib^h-

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

*grabH- to grab, seize, take /Proto Iranian

Avestan: grab- (g@r@b-) `to grab, seize, take'

LAv. g@r@pta- forms are very late, being transposed from Pahlevi griftan

Old Persian: grab- `to seize (as possesion), seize (as prisoner)'; Middle Persian: MMP gyr- `to take, seize'; Parthian: gyrw- `to take, seize', (pass./inch.) grysp- `to be taken, be held'; Khotanese: (+ *ham-) ham.gri:h- `to raise; uphold'; Sogdian: SSogd. (')g|rb-, BSogd. g|rb-, CSogd. g|rb-, MSogd. g|rb- `to take, understand, know, be acquainted with'; Chorasmian: xf- `to take, grasp; to befall (of illnesses)' (*gr&fs^a-), g|by- `to consider, take (for), regard as; to grab' (*gr&bai_a-), (intr./inch.) g|fs- `to be silent, keep quiet', xFs- `to be covered'

and so on (see Cheung)

Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit

grabh (later grah) grasp; seize with the hand; hold; take
gráha seizure (with a claw); bite < grah

gra(b)hi- `to seize, to take' (RV+) [Cheung]

Slavic

Old Church Slavonic grabiti `to rob'

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian. gre`/bti, gro/bti `to rob', Latvian. grebt `to seize'

The Balto-Slavic forms perhaps reflect contamination of two roots, viz. *g^hreb^h- `dig, rake' and *g^hreb- `seize, grab' (without *-H- !)

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

kahr 'bite, mouthful, bite of'
noh kahr 'large bite'
kahri 'bite, bite into, take a bite of, bite off' (cl.2)

Quechua

harapay to cover; to wrap; to take with the net [q2]

harmad third; három three /Hungarian

Uralic

*kolme 3 /Uralic

kõlmõz third; kõlmõd three /Vaddja [fv]

charmul thrice, three times /Old Hungarian (12^th. Century) [gzb1]
háromszor thrice, three times /Modern Hungarian

Altaic

Mongol

gurwan 3 /Mongol

Tungus

ilaci third; ilan three /Manchu [as]

Basque

heren third; hiru three

Stomach, belly, abdomen; the back, rear, backward

has stomach, belly, abdomen /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian has is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

*katŝ? back, hump/Finno-Ugrian

also see Hungarian bél "gut, intestine"

Sumerian

hás abdomen; haš₄back [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

*h.aŝy- {} *h.ac entrails /Semitic Protoform [ss]

h_aŝu^ human lungs, belly, entrails; h_iŝu^ a part of the human body /Akkadian
h.aŝaⁿ viscera (internal parts of the body); intestines /Arabic [ss]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 271 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

gw@z@g (guz@g) stomach /Awngi; gwa"d@gw /Bilin; gwa"z- /Kemant
gwozgw /Qwara; g@zu /Xamir; gizu /Xamta

Cushitic, East

godaba stomach /Alaba; godoba /Darasa; goda'ba /Kambata; godoba , godowa /Sidamo; gaxate /Tsamay

Omotic

gau stomach /Dorze; gawoo /Gidicho (Haruro); gawaa /Koyra (=Kore?); ga(w)oo /Zayse

Basque

heste (U) gut, intestine

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

hasha' bowels, viscera, intestines /Persian [fjs]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

Quechua

huicsa belly; huasa back [q1]

hát back /Hungarian
hátsó (hátulsó) back part, rear /Hungarian
hát-ra {hát "back" + suffix -ra "to, towards"} backward, to the rear; retreat /Hungarian

Uralic

kutte back /Uralic

Sumerian

_ed back, spine

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

iзt back /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 239 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

gid back /Xamta

Cushitic, East

gedeena after /Sidamo
gedaal behind after /Somali

Omotic

egadee behind /Koyra (=Kore?)
gedo behind /Kulla
gedo back part /Ometo

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 408 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

k'udee behind /Burji
g'uta above there /Dullay

Altaic

*gedi back, behind /Altaic [ss]

*ged back, after /Turkic [ss]

kedin Old Turkic [ss]
kaj Chuvash [ss]
ke-lin Yakut [ss]

*gede / *gez^|ige 1 back of the head 2 plait 3 leaning or bending backwards 4 to bend backwards /Mongolian [ss]

gede 1, gedereg 'on back', gez^|ige 1,2 /Written Mongolian; gedergu 'lying on the back', gez^|ige 'back troups, reserve' (SH), giz^|iga" 'plait, scruff' (MA) /Middle Mongolian; ged-reg 'back (adv.)', gezeg 1,2, gedger 3, gedij- 4 /Khalkha; gedr.g@ 'back (adv)', giz^|@g@ 1, 2 /Kalmuck; gedi:- 4, g@z^|ig 2 /Dagur; g@de:ngi: 3, g@de:- 4, gidergu 'backwards' /Monguor [ss]

*gedi-muk back of the head /Tungus [ss]

gedemuk /Negidal; gedúmúk /Even; gedimuk /Evenki [ss]

*ki/ta\ North /Japanese [ss]

ki/ta\ /Old Japanese; kita/ /Tokyo [ss]

ato back, rear /Japanese

Basque

atze (B,G,U) back part

Indo-European

Romance

atrás behind; atrasado backward /Spanish

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

haz Back; name of a plant and a tree; -- hazu 'l-matn, The part of a horse's back where the saddle or a load is placed /Persian [fjs]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

Quechua

itiriy to move back; to withdraw [q2]

hat six /Hungarian

Uralic

*kutte six /Uralic

kuusi 6 /Finnish{t>s}; xót 6 /Vogul

kuuz (num) six /Vaddja [fv]
hoot, qåt /Man's'i [Chong]

In Uralic languages 6 was the main multiplier and the counting system went from 1 to 6, not to 10. //// 7,8,9 were invented after the separation of these languages. Sumerian also had a memory of this since its number system was 60 based, numbers above 6 are combinations of the old numbers. From [fh]

Altaic

_alti 6 /Altaic{k>g>ø}

Sumerian

_aš 6 /Sumerian {k>g>ø}{t>š}

Etruscan

huth six [lb]

{for some this is not 6}

Household, Family, Community; Common, Shared

ház house, home, dwelling, residence /Hungarian
ház-i household, house-, domestic /Hungarian
ház-as married; ház-as-ok married couple /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian ház is of FU origin.

*kota hut (Proto FU) [Chong]
*kat house; home; clan; (nest) /Proto Uralic [fh]

Ainu

kotan village [sm]

Altaic

*kad' house/place /Altaic [fh]

Turkish kent town; (settlement) . Turkish kat apartment; flat . Turkish konut residence . Azeri kend country . Mongol kota city . Uzbeg kota house . Chagatai kotan "wiestall" ? stable of somekind? [fh]

Turkic

ketek bird-house (i.e. chicken coop, hen coop, pigeon loft); öÿ house /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus/Manchu [as]

haša small storage house?

hecen wall; city, town
hethe property
hoton town, city

Dravidian

kud.l. front room of house (Kota); gud.il, gud.alu, gud.isalu, gud.asalu, gud.asala hut with a thatched roof (Kannad.a); kut.i house, abode, home, family, town, tenants; kut.ikai hud made of leaves, temple; kut.ical hut; kut.icai; kut.iai small hut, cottage; kut.il hut, shed, abode; kut.an:kar hut, cotage (Tamil); gud.i central room of a house, living room (Kui); gud.d.i temple (Gondi); kot.ika hamlet; gud.i temple (Telugu) (DEDR 1655) [sk]

ku_da cage (made of bamboo); ku_d.a hen-coop, pig-sty; cage (Kuwi); kut.gle the hoop or spring of a kind of mouse-trap (Malto); ku_t.u nest, birdcage, coop, hive, pen, sty, kennel, receptacle for grain, dome; cage; ku_t.a_ppu plaited coop for fowls, etc.; ku_n.t.u hen-coop (Tamil); gu.r. (obl. gu.t.-) nest, large hollow (Kota); ku.d. nest; kwa.t.-a.s- calf-shed; cowshed of Badaga village (Toda); gu_d.u nest, dove-cot, fowl-house, lodging, trap for catching wild animals, cage, pit of the stomach, hollow in bones (Kannad.a); nest, cocoon, bird-cage, hollow (Tulu); gu.d.i nest, pig-pen, fowl-house (Kod.agu); gu~_d.u nest, cage, niche in the wall, sheath (Telugu); gu_d.a nest, wooden trap (Parji); gu_d.e, gu_d.u nest (Gadba); gu_d.a_ bird's nest; ku_t.ini a stone-fall trap for birds; goda_ nest (Gondi)(DEDR 1883) [sk]

kot.t.il workshop, house, shed, cowhouse (Malayalam); hut, shed, cow-stall; kot.t.am cattle-shed (Tamil); kot.t.age stall or outhouse (esp. for cattle), barn, room (Kannad.a); kot.t.i shed (Kod.agyu; kot.t.a hut or dwelling of Koragars; kot.ya shed, stall (Tulu); kot.t.a_mu stable for cattle; kot.t.a_yi thatched shed (Telugu); kor.ka cowshed (Kolami Naikr.i Gondi); khot.a id. (Naikr.i); kot.am id. (Gondi); kot.a hamlet (Malto)(DEDR 2058) [sk]

Indo-European

Germanic

house /English; Haus /German

(1) Slavic [rd]

*ko,tja /Proto Slavic

Old Church Slavic ko,ŝta `hut, tent'; Old Russian kuĉa `hut, cabin'; Ukrainian ku/ĉa `bird-cage, pig-sty'; Bulgarian ka>/ŝta `house'; Serbo-Croatian ku\ \c/a `house'; Slovene ko,/ ĉa `peasant hut, shack'

(2) Slavic [rd]

*kotъ II /Proto Slavic

Old Czech kot `booth, stall (market)' [m o]; ko/t `booth, stall (market)'; Serbo-Croatian ko:t (dial.) `sty for domestic animals, young animals'

Old English head|or `incarceration, jail' is a cognate according to [rd]

(3) Slavic [rd]

*kotъcъ /Proto Slavic

Church Slavic kotъcъ `cage'; Russian kote/c (dial.) `(fish-)trap made from brushwood'; Czech kotec `sty'; Old Czech kotec `booth, stall (market)'; Old Polish kociec `enclosure for domestic animals'; Serbo-Croatian ko\tac `cattle-shed, weir'; Slovene ko/t@c `sty, bird-cage'

Curiously, Old English head|or `incarceration, jail' is also listed as a cognate of these according to [rd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kad house (Iranian) [Chong, fjs]

hazar town residence, a settled abode, home; presence; remaining in a place (opp. to travel) /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

gys house, home /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

gus' house (Savi); gos. house (Shina); ge_s'in, gus'i_n, ges'in house; go_s'in:g (Pas'ai) [sk]

ku_t.a a house, dwelling (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
kut.umba household; family /Sanskrit

köz- common, shared; public; "together with" /Hungarian

Uralic

*kite, kiteppe central /Proto FU [Chong]

köˆt interspace; (the) middle /Khanty; kwät'l middle /Man's'i [Chong]

kooza (adv.) together, jointly; kooza (prp.) together (+com) /Vaddja [fv]

köz-igaz-gat-ás administration; local government; köz-jog common law; köz-kincs public property; köz-rend public order; köz-társaság republic; common wealth; közön-ség public; audience; közön-es common; general; usual; köz-ös common, national közös-ség community; köz-ép middle, centre /Hungarian

Japanese

kozoru to bring together; kozotte in a body; en masse; as one man; unanimously; as a unit; solidly

Basque

-gaz 'with' comitative suffix found in the Bizkaian dialect in the west /Basque

"Interestingly, the Bizkaian dialect in the west has the quite different comitative suffix <-gaz>, which behaves in an anomalous way among case-suffixes and looks very much like a formerly independent element which has been abruptly glued onto a preceding noun phrase with no case-marking. The origin of this is unknown, but it seems to contain the suffix <-z> (phonetic [-s]). This thing is today the ordinary instrumental suffix in all varieties, but, in early Basque, it appears in a variety of forms in which it arguably has a comitative function. Some of us therefore suspect -- but cannot demonstrate -- that this <-z> was once the ordinary comitative suffix, but that it has become specialized as an instrumental with the rise of the new comitative formations." [lt3]

Etruscan

ceus "family, companion" [az96]
ceusn "family, community" [az96]
< *kiw-is [az96]
cisuita, cisvita "belonging to the clan, community" [az96]
cisum "(part) of the family" [az96]

Indo-European/Anatolian

kTTãna, kTTa (A) relatives /Lycian [cb]

heb-eg to stutter, stammer /Hungarian

Uralic

Etymology?

Dravidian

habakka 1. 1) startle; 2) stutter; 2. 1) startled; 2) stuttering; 3) confused /Brahui

ebad.a, ebra_si a man who has difficulty in speaking; a foolish, silly man; ebad.atana the manner or being of an ebad.a; silliness; ebad.i a woman who has difficulty in speaking; a silly woman; ebad.isu to be afflicted with difficulty in speaking; e_bra_si a foolish, silly man (Kannad.a); ebul.ante (Tulu); ebbera_si, ebbra_si, e_bhra_si, e_bhyara_si (Telugu); ebbe, e_bhya nasty; ebbetana, ebberika nastiness, disgust; loathsomeness; e_va, e_ve dislike, disgust; baseness, vileness (Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

hpwr N /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr loquacious, speaking foolishly

LS2 182

LS2 v: hApowr

hpr V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr to speak foolishness

LS2 182

Indo-European

Anatolian [cb2]

hapari- 'to bargain' /Palaic
happaraizzi 'sells' /Hittite

c.f. the unattested IE root *Hop- 'to trade'

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

habar "news, word, matter" /Baluchi [ak1]

From New Persian-Arabic xabar

habar discussion, conversation. P. khabar /(Northern) Baluchi [mld]
habkagh v. to stutter. Si. habak /(Northern) Baluchi [mld]

hegy tip, peak, mountain /Hungarian {/gy/ like a palatised /d'/}

Uralic

Hungarian hegy is possibly of FU origin. [see Chong]

kadza: kirve kadza the more pointed corner of the axe (Southern Estonian - kirves axe); kasa corner, projection, protruding (Finnish); kadz'a the more pointed corner of the axe (Tver Karelian); gæcˆcˆe end, point (Lappish); kaza the more pointed corner of the axe (Olonets) [Chong]

Altaic/Tungus

ukada hill; ukûda hill /Manchu [as]

Basque

egi (B,G), top, ridge, summit; truth
hegi border, corner, edge; top, ridge, summit

cf Hungarian igaz- "true".

Dravidian

Tamil kuntu a small hill. Kannad.a gudda, guddu mountain, hill; gudde heap, pile; gutta, gutte hillock. Kod.agu gudde heap. Tulu gudde hill, (B-K. also) heap. Telugu gutta hill, hillock, mountain, heap; guddamu, guddamu a plot of land, field; Gadba gudiya a small field for cultivation of vegetables. Gondi gutta hill, mountain; Kond.a gude hill field; gudri hillock. Pengo guti bank of river. Mand.a guti id. (DEDR 1682) [bur84]

gud.d.e heap, pile (Kannad.a); heap (Tulu); gut.t.a hillock, heap (Telugu); gud.d.amu, gud.d.a_mu a plot of land, field; gud.d.e, gud.d.i_ field on mountain slopes, a high field (Telugu); gud.iya a small field for cultivation of vegetables (Gadba); gud.ia field of dry cultivation; gud.i_ka dry land; ku_dia paddy field; gud.iya field, esp. a dry one suitable for ploughing (Kuwi) (DEDR 1682). [sk]

Indo-European

Germanic

? Hügel a hill /German

Albanian

kodër hill

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ko[h] (n.) mountain; ko[h]i mountainous /Baluchi [mab]
ko[h]s∂r (n.) mountain top; ko[h]ystan (n.) mountainous-region /Baluchi [mab]
kot (small) heap, pile /Baluchi [mab]

héja hawk, kite /Hungarian

Uralic

{Hungarian /j/ sounds like English /y/}

Altaic/Tungus

giyahûn hawk /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

ke_ya shrike bird (Kuwi); snipe or similar bird (Parji); ke_ga magpie (Kui)(DEDR 1994)[sk]

vij kite (Kota); bijju a voracious bird, paradoxurus pallassii (Kannad.a)(DEDR 5389).[sk]

hév warmth; ardour, zeal; hev-ít to heat; hev-es hot; hő heat /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian origin unknown. [Chong]

? kiivas hot-headed, hot-tempered; vehement, violent (Finnish) [Chong]

{also see Hungarian forr "to boil etc."}

Sumerian

íb, éb (v.) to be angry; to flare up in anger; to curse, insult.[jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h.^i shine, appear (sun, gods, king) /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947), #133> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

hau y burn /Bilin; hau y burn /Xamir

Semitic

h!aw, haw fire /Geez

Egyptian

h!?'y shine /Old Egyptian

Cognate Set <Ehret (1988) , #10> [oi4]

Cushitic

Cushitic, East

iib- warm /Proto East Cushitic

iib- warm /Proto Highland East Cushitic

Cushitic, South

?`ab- white /Proto South Cushitic

?`ab- white /Proto Rift

Omotic

aba sun /Proto Omotic

Altaic

*p`o\re fire; burn /Altaic [ss]

*p@\-i fire /Japanese [ss]

pi\ Old Japanese; hi/ Tokyo [ss]

hi sun; fire, flame, blaze /Japanese

Turkic

heves desire, inclination /Turkish
howur heat, fever, ardour; höwes 1. desire (for) 2. interest, zeal /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

heva to get upset, to become temporarily estranged because of a violent internal pain; to be madly keen, passionately fond of. /Rapanui [anon]

Ga heva te va'e ihi, spread-leg devotee (insulting term for "woman"). [anon]

hú /Rapanui [anon]

(1) to catch fire, to burn (of fire); ku hú á te ahi, the fire is burning.
(2) to blow strongly (of wind).
(3) to be furious, in a rage, to be mad (angry); ku hú á tou tagata hoônui era kia au, that important man is mad at me.

Etruscan

cavatha, cautha, cavutha, kavtha deity [mp68: 407]
"burning, heat, god of heat" [az96]
caveth "burn (imperative)" [az96]

Phoneme /c/ is an unaspirated /k/
while /th/ is the aspirated /t/

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

hû [hvar] Sun; hvar [-] n. sun, glow /Avestan

hawa' (in P. hawa), affection, favour, love, mind, desire; hawajir sultry afternoon-heats; hawajis (pl. of hajisat) thoughts occurring to the mind, suggestions; carnal desires; hiwas lust, heat /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says these are all loans from Semitic/Arabic

Yuki

hiwho, hi'-uh-hoh hot₁ [y84]

hiány defect, deficiency; lack of something /Hungarian
heon /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]

Uralic

aju (n.) need /Vaddja [fv]
ajõa (v) to need /Vaddja [fv]

Sino-Tibetan

Chinese meaning "be vacant; desolate; widely separated; neglect"

kuang 4 /Modern Chinese < khwàŋ /Middle Chinese < kh^wāŋs /Old Chinese [ss]

Indo-European

Celtic

? iùnais want, Early Irish inguáis, Old Irish ingnais, absence: *in-gnáth, from gnáth, known, custom; [from mcb]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

hAni decrease, diminution; deprivation of /Sanskrit

hib-a fault, mistake; blemish, flaw; hib-ás defective, deficient; guilty; hib-áztat to blame /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

hbd blame, disapprove of; hbn (be) guilty; hbnt crime /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

xwb V /Aramaic [cal]

011 ImpArEg,Palm,JLAGal,Syr to incur a debt 012 Palestinian,CPA,Syr to sin 013 Syr to be punished 014 Syr to be in trouble 015 Syr to become worse 016 Syr to be lacking 017 Syr to be broken 041 Syr to owe 042 Syr to be guilty 021 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to condemn 022 Syr to make inferior 023 JBA to make obligatory 024 Syr to conquer 051 Syr to be conquered 052 Syr to be condemned 053 Syr to admit one's guilt 054 JLATg to sin 055 Palestinian to be guilty 056 JBA to be bound

LS2 218, J 429

xwb N xwb) /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArEg,Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr debt, obligation 2 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr guilt 3 Palestinian,Syr sin, iniquity

LS2 218

LS2 V: x:awbe)

*h.i/ab(V)r- spot on the skin, bruise, wound /Semitic Protoform [ss]

iba:ru 'a mark of discoloration on the skin' /Akkadian; h.abbu:ra: 'wound, slash'; h.a>barbu:ro:t 'skin specks' /Hebrew; h.abburta: 'a mark of violence, wound, discoloring' ; h.a"bri: 'wound' /Judaic Aramaic; h.@ba:rta: 'vulnus; cutis corneae' /Syriac; h.ibr- 'mark of beating; a healed wound' /Arabic; h.@b@rb@re 'eruption on the skin' /Geez [ss]

[ss] says this may be related to

*h.br 'to paint, dye, mark': /Semitic Protoform

ebe:ru 'to paint the face' /Akkadian; h.ibr-, h.iba:r-, h.aba:r- 'marque, signe' /Arabic; h.a:bara 'to dye' /Geez; h.o/bir 'multicolore' /Soqotri [ss]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

∂yb fault, defect, blemish /Baluchi [mab]

Basque

hoben (L,LN,U) fault, blame, culpability
oben (B) fault, blame, culpability

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*qiγ^we- scabby (паршивый) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN282]

*qi.wwa.- bad, poor (плохой), plain (некрасивый) /Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN798]

qiwwa (III) /Koryak; qiwwa /Alutor [ss]

*qiwe- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN287]

qiwe-lah bad, poor (плохой) /Sedank dialect; kivą-lexin leprosy (lepra infectus) /West Itelmen [ss]

{in leprosy the skin flakes away in small scales}

híg-ít to thin, dilute; higany quicksilver, mercury /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, the origin of Hungarian híg is unknown. [see Chong]

Basque

higi-tu (L,LN,Z,U) to agitate; to move; to stir
higi-dura movement, motion

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1] (?)

hugros, a, on: wet, moist, fluid (opp. xêros), 2. hugra, Ion. hugrê, hê, the moist, i.e. the sea 3. to hu. and ta hu. wet, moisture 4. metra hugra kai xêra liquid and dry measure 5. thêres hu. water-animals 6. of the bowels or faeces, loose II. soft, pliant, supple 2. languid, feeble, of one dying 3. of substance, flaccid, flabby b. tender 4. moist with wine, tipsy 5. of the eyes, melting, languishing 6. of language, smoothly flowing b. soft, dainty, luxurious, voluptuous 8. of the vowels a i u, sometimes long and sometimes short

hinni (hisz believes) to believe; think; trust /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hinni is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

Indo-European

hoys anticipation, confidence, faith, hope, reliance (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Yuki

hanak, hana know₂, think, believe [y84]

hír news; fame /Hungarian
hir-telen sudden, abrupt, without warning {root hír "news"} /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, the origin of Hungarian hír is unknown. [see Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

kiilaa messenger /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

hr about something; send message /Old Egyptian [cgj]
h.r' , h.r'wy immediately /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

hirō announcement; hiromeru spread, disseminate; hiromeya town crier /Japanese

Austric

kerere messenger /Moriori [mor]
karere, kaiwaewae, matarere messenger /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

a_ra, ha_ra taking, conveying; seizing; carrying away or off; removing; retaining; offering; ha_raka taking; bringing; conveying; seizing; hara bringing, conveying, carrying; haraka_ra a courier /Kannad.a; harika_r-a, parika_r-a a courier, a runner; a swift, fleet man; a hawker, a chandler; haravu to spread; harad.u to spread; haravad.i the state of becoming public or manifest; manifestation; display, parade; he_r-u to spread about, to display, to manifest (Kannad.a) [sk]

he_raka, he_rika, he_riga, ho_rika, ho_riga a spy, a secret emissary or agent (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 5691]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

kêrussô to be a herald, officiate as herald; to be an auctioneer; make proclamation as a herald / c. acc. pers., summon by herald

Germanic

âr messenger /Old English [sc1]
áirus messenger /Gothic; ârr /Old Icelandic [sc2]

English herald derives from Middle French heralt (var. heraut, whence French héraut), earliest as hirauz from Frankish *hariwald "the chief of an army" [ep: 286]

Indo-Iranian

ar- to go, to send, to bring; to move; to excite /Sanskrit < *h₃er- to rise /PIE [al]

kīrķ praiser; kīrtķ mention; good report, fame < kr. mention with praise /Sanskrit

hív to call, invite /Hungarian
híve follower; hívek congregation (religious); parishioners /Hungarian
híven truly, faithfully /Hungarian
kíván wish, desire /Hungarian

Uralic

hív to call, invite /Hungarian

One expert source thinks Hungarian hív is 'possibly' of FU origin. Another expert says it is of debatable origin, but may be related to Hungarian kíván. [Chong]

kíván wish, desire /Hungarian

Expert source says kíván is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Austronesian

hiva to want /Roviana [pn1]

Etruscan

xavex "(one who) shouts, invokes?" [az96]

{Etruscan /x/ = /kh/}

Indo-European

Anatolian

kave a priest /Carian [cb2]
kave a priest /Lydian [cb2]

Priests invoked or called the gods in ancient times. They were the intermediaries between the gods and mere mortals.

kavar- a sacred place /Phrygian [cb2]

[cb2] compares this to Lydian kave 'priest' which he lists as deriving from the unattested IE root *k'eu- (to foresee)

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

khwandan to read, to recite; to invite, invoke, convoke, call; to sing, to chaunt; to decipher, to explain; to study; khwah wishing, desiring, needing, wanting, requiring, calling for; desire, petition; either, or, whether; khwahani wish, desire, longing for; khwahanidan to wish; to ask; to cause to petition; to cause to wish, will, want /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

hū or hvā (hávate and huváte, Vedic; classical hváyati, -te) call; call upon; invoke especially a god; háva call; hūti invocation < hū /Sanskrit

híz- get fat; híz-ott being fat /Hungarian
háj fat, blubber /Hungarian

Uralic

*kate to fatten /Ugrian; *kuu fat, blubber /F.U

Sumerian

_ia fat, cream, oil; he ₂abundant
gu feed, food

Basque

gizen (C) fat

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

hazab (v.n.) being fat; being full; -- hazib short and big-bellied. /Persian [fjs]
huzub being fat; being full /Persian [fjs]

These are loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

holló raven /Hungarian

Uralic

holló raven /Hungarian

According to [bl] Hungarian holló is of Uralic origin?

korppi raven /Finnish ?

But apparently the real Huns (500-700 AD) also named a 'raven' as khulla [bl]

Caucasian

*GHwV:l/V a k. of bird (jackdaw, crow) /North Caucasian [ss]

*G|w|ilV 1 jackdaw 2 partridge /Andian [ss]

G|a/lo 1 /Avar; G|ola 2 (Gig.) /Chamalal [ss]

*q:ulq:a crow /Dargwa [ss]

q:ulq:a /Chiragh [ss]

*q:Iw|al/a ( ~ -L/-) 1 crow 2 wild birds (generic) 3 jackdaw /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

q:w|aLa-z/ 1 /Adyghe; q:w|aLa-bzuw 2 /Circassian; qIaLa 3 /Ubykh [ss]

Tomorrow, day, yesterday

hol-nap tomorrow /Hungarian
nap day, sun /Hungarian

Uralic

Official source says hol-nap is derived from hol "dawn" which it considers of FU origin + nap "day" where it considers nap to be possibly derived from a F-U root. [Chong]

hoˆla sunrise (Northern Khanty); hoˆtne in the morning (Southern Khanty); hol, qol morning; holi east; in the morning (Man's'i) [Chong]

Austro-Asiatic

hilok a day; en hilok the same day (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Niger-Congo (?)

ëllëk tomorrow /Wollof [pc2]

Dravidian

elle tomorrow; ellaji day after tomorrow (Tulu); elli tomorrow; ellun.d.i day after tomorrow (Telugu.)(DEDR 845). [sk]

nela_, ne_la_ tomorrow (Kur.ux); lle id. (Malt.o)(DEDR 3656).[sk]

Yuki

k'awlom morning₁; k'auláⁿk in the morning [y84]
hau'-tek morning [y84]

Sino-Tibetan

*na>p morning, tomorrow /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

m@nap² the early morning. /Kachin
KC *nap tomorrow. /Lushei

see Garo khi>nap-o tomorrow; Moshang i-nap, Namsangia ni-nap id.,
Rawang na>p ni id. [ss]

Altaic

nippō a daily report [daily news, a daily] /Japanese
nippon-bare a glorious day; glorious weather /Japanese
Nippon Japan; ? land of the rising Sun /Japanese

teg-nap yester-day /Hungarian

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

dig yesterday /Persian [fjs]

zí yesterday. P. dí-rúz /N. Baluchi [mld]

hólyag bladder, blister; blockhead /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian hólyag is of unknown origin. [Chong]

kupla, kuula, kuulo bubble; bladder; bump; fish-sound (Finnish); koˆm£@n fish-sound (Khanty); hoˆm@l bladder; blister; corn (Southern Khanty); gob'le roe of the perch (Inari Lappish); gob'lo lung (Southern Lappish); [(?) kawelm bladder; bubble (Man's'i)]; kõwõl, kuwõl water bubble (Mari) [Chong]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

haulak a blister on the hands or feet; ruin, destruction; a dried grape, raisin; -- holak, A game with nuts. /Persian [fjs]

Altaic (1) [kl]

Turkic

aaljï blister, pockmark /Khakas

Altaic (2) [Chong]

Turkic

[? kabarcIk blister; bubble; kabarIk puffy, swollen; kabartI bulge, swelling (Turkish)]

Tungus

[? obonggi bubble (Manchu)]

hom-ály darkness, obscurity, dimness; mystery; homály-os dim, obscure; dull; not clear;
kom-oly grave, serious; kom-or gloomy, sombre /Hungarian

Uralic

homály cloud /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

homály darkness, obscurity, dimness; mystery; homályos dim, obscure; dull; not clear /Hungarian

One expert source says Hungarian homály is from

*kum3 /Proto FU [Chong]

kovol cloud (Erz'a); kumuri little cloud (Finnish); kymõr cloud (Vichegda Komi); x^mxaDas dense, thick, etc. (Sosva Man's'i); kovõl cloud (Mokša) [Chong]

Another expert source says Hungarian homály is derived from an earlier hom- which is the root of F-U origin. [Chong]

komoly grave, serious; komor gloomy, sombre /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian komor is of Turkic origin, while komoly is possibly related to komor. [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 218 #1> [oi4]

Bedawiye, Beja

geem , giim fog cloud (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, Agaw

gun, gum (ac#c#. wl) fog /Awngi; gum fog /Xamta

Cushitic, East

gomet cloud /Alaba; gooma cloud /Kambata; gom-, gomic#c#o fog /Sidamo

Semitic

gime, gum fog, cloud, mist /Geez

Omotic

gumo sky /Anifllo; gumoo fog, sky /Kafa; gumo sky /Mocha; guma cloud /Ometo; gumaa cloud /Wolamo

Austric

? kumaku , kum'ku damp /Moriori [mor]
? hina grey /Moriori [mor]

komaru, kikiwa dark /Mäori [ng]
kömaru cloudy /Mäori [ua]

Altaic

*k'olmV shadow, cloud /Altaic [ss]

*köl- 1 shadow 2 to shadow /Turkic [ss]
*kVlm- shadow /Tungus [ss]
*kúru'm- cloud /Korean [ss]
*kumua cloud /Japanese [ss]

kumwo /Ancient Japanese [ss]
kúmo /Tokyo; kúmo' /Kyoto [ss]

kumoru to become cloudy (overcast); cloud over; to become dim; fog up; be obscured; be blurred; to be gloomy; kumorasu to make cloudy, overcast, becloud; dim, make opaque; blur; fog /Japanese

Turkic

gama∫yk hazy, cloudy, dull /Turkmen [glnp]
gümana doubtful, uncertain, hardly possible /Turkmen [glnp]

ümez fog; ümezlemek to grow foggy, dim /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

kammu (kammi-) to be overcast, dark; kammal cloudiness, haziness (Tamil); kappu darkness, blackness; kappiri duskiness, partial darkness (Telugu); kap- (-t-) (clouds) to overcast the sky (Kond.a) (DEDR 1221).[sk]

homok sand /Hungarian

Uralic

homok 'sand' < homok /Old Hungarian < *humuki /Late Ancient Hungarian < *humuki /Old Chuvash < *kumuki /Proto Turkic [art:0, p.108]

Altaic

hama, hamabe the beach; sands /Japanese

*ki_umo ( ~ -i_o-) sand, dust /Altaic [ss]

*Kum sand /Turkic [ss]

qum /Old Turkic; kum /Turkish; kom /Tatar; Gum /Azeri; Gum /Turkmen; kumaq /Yakut [ss]

*kumaki earth; sand grains /Mongolian [ss]

qumag|, qumaki /Written Mongolian; qumaqi (Hp), xumaki (HY) /Middle Mongolian; xumag, xumxi /Khalkha [ss]

*kime ( ~ -u"-) shore, sand beach /Tungus [ss]

kimewun /Even [ss]

Austric

? one beach /Moriori [mor]

Ulwa

(1) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*dhghom- - ground /PIE [cb2]

Tocharian

tkam, kem ground /Tocharian [cb2]

(2) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

ammos or hammos, hê, sand

hon home; country; honn at home; ott-hon "(at) home" /Hungarian

Uralic

One official source says that, hon derives from honn which possibly derives from FU root. [Chong]

jun at home (Man's'i); kony- resettle (Nganasan) [Chong]

Another source thinks it is possibly derived from otthon "at home" [Chong]

kotonna (adv) at home < koto (n) house, home /Vaddja [fv] (????)

Altaic

hongoku home; homeland; one's own country; hon-seki home; domecile /Japanese

kon- alight, settle on (Turkish) [Chong]

Yuki

han house [y84]

horzs-ol graze, scratch, bruise /Hungarian
karc (n.) scratch; karc-ol to scratch, scrape, etch /Hungarian

Uralic

horzs-ol "to rub" /Hungarian {/zs/ similar to French /j/}

This one is seen as of FU origin. [Chong]

*korwa-, *kor3- /Proto FU

karvia rake, rub, scratch, etc. (Fi); kuran rake (KoV); k‹oårš@l- scratch with a hook, etc. (Mn'MK); kurjal- scrape/scratch off (UdS)

karc-ol "to scratch" /Hungarian {/c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

This one is thought to be of Germanic origin [Chong]

(0) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [ap: p.43]

Indo-Aryan

root carş- / karş- ‘to drag, to draw furrows’,

Indo-Aryan carş- goes back to Proto-Aryan *carš- < early Proto-Aryan *cerš- < *kerš- from Proto-Indo-European *kwels- ‘to draw furrows’

Iranian

Avestan karša- m. n. ‘furrow’.

(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [Cheung]

Iranian

*garŝ- ? to knead, rub (?) /Proto Iranian

New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Pash. g|o:ŝ.t `millet, particles of rice ground and made into bread'

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit cognates: ghars.- `to rub' (Kaus/+)

(2) Indo-European

Germanic

scratch /English
Kratzen scrape (sound); kratzen (vt) to scratch /German

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

hahrt'i 'scrape' (cl.2)
hahrt'oh 'scrape' (cl.3)

Altaic (?)

*k`i\rga to scrape, file /Altaic [ss]

*Kyrk- to shear, scrape /Turkic [ss]

qyrq- /Old Turkic; kyrk- /Turkish; Gyrk- /Turkmen; kyrt- /Yakut [ss]

*kirga- to shear, shave /Mongolian [ss]

kirg|a- (SH), korg|a- (IM), qirg|a- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; x/arga- /Khalkha; kirg|@- /Kalmuck; c/irGa- /Monguor [ss]

*xigdi- to comb /Tungus [ss]

*ky[\]rk- / *ka>/rk- to shear, scrape /Korean [ss]

ky[\]rk- / ka>/rk- /Middle Korean; ky(l)k-, ka(l)k- /Modern Korean [ss]

*ka\k- to scratch, scrape /Japanese [ss]

ka\k- /Old Japanese; ka/k- /Tokyo [ss]

Caucasian (?)

*He>rx|wA / *He>wx|wA to comb; to scratch, scrape /North Caucasian [ss]

*=ox|w|- to comb /Andian [ss]

=ox|w|- Andi [ss]

=uIx|:a-n to comb /Lak [ss]

*?abx|w|- / *?ibx|w|- to comb /Dargwa [ss]

abx|-es /Akusha; abx|- / ibx|- /Chiragh [ss]

*?erx|w|a 1 to comb 2 to scratch, scrape 3 comb (n.) /Lezghian [ss]

*x|w|a 1 to scratch 2 to rub /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-h_w|a-ra/ 1 /Abkhaz; h_w|a-ra 1 /Abaza; x|w|a-n 2 /Adyghe; x|w|a-n 2 /Circassian; x|w|ax|w|a/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]

Back
Home
Main page

Additions by Fred Hámori in red.

The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.

Last updated 13 April 2009