magyar14

Magyar
Word List
GA-GE

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.

Twig, stick, loppings, branch; stake, knife, sword

gally twig, sprig; loppings /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 68 #3> [oi4]

Omotic

k'ulloo stick w. spherical end /Kafa; kalloo stick /Koyra (=Kore?); kulloo wood /Shinasha; kalloo stick /Zayse

Cushitic, East

k'al- sacrifice slaughter /Oromo

Altaic

*goli log, wooden block /Altaic [ss]

*Ko"l- 1 wooden board, support for a gun 2 woodblock 3 cross-bar (over fire) /Turkic [ss]

ko"lo" 3 /Yakut [ss]

*go"le- ( ~ -u"-) (wooden) crane, wooden log for lifting logs to a carriage /Mongolian [ss]

*gola 1 log 2 burnt log, firewood /Tungus [ss]

golo 1 /Negidal; Goldon, Golton 2 /Manzhu; Golon|qo 2 /Nanai; Golon|qo 2 /Ulcha; Golo 1, 2 /Orok; gol 2 /Even; golo 1 /Evenki [ss]

*kura-i log with unpeeled bark /Japanese [ss]

kure /Old Japanese [ss]

Caucasian

*ga>lV ( ~ -l/-) stick /North Caucasian [ss]

*gala 1 wooden skittles 2 birch-tree /Nakh [ss]

gala 1 /Chechen; gal 2 /Batsbi [ss]

*gelV (~-@-,-o|-,-r-) pole /Tsezian [ss]

gilu /Tsezi; gelu /Khvarshi [ss]

ĉ:ala bayonet /Lak {The original meaning was 'long stick' [ss]}

*ga>l(V)gV stick /Caucasian [ss] < *ga>lV ( ~ -l/-) stick [ss]

Dravidian (Number in DED: 2587)

*cil.- branch, bifurcation /Dravidian [ss]

*cil.- branch, bifurcation /South Dravidian [ss]

cilla (Tiyya, Calicut) small branch of a tree /Malayalam; cil.l.e bifurcation, a fork (as that formed by two branches) /Kannada; gellu. (?) (B-K) branch, twig /Tulu [ss]

*Sil branch of a tree, tine of antlers, tributary of river /Nilgiri [ss]

cil /Kota [ss]

*cil.l.- bifurcated /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: cil.l.a (B)
Derivatives: Also cil.l.u a fork (as that formed by two branches) [ss]

*SeL- (*z^|-) branch /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

cella, jella "branch, bough" /Parji [ss]

ger-ely spear, lancet /Hungarian

Uralic

Also cf. Hungarian karó "pointed stake (also used to impale)"

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

gharil a man of a loosely-built frame; a long spear /Persian [fjs: 885]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

(2) Indo-European

Proto IE *g^haiso- (*g^h@iso- : *g^he:iso-) [pok: 610]

English meaning: stick; dart; German meaning: `Stecken, auch als Wurfspies|'

Germanic

Apparently we had Proto Germanic *gaisa 'spear' [db: 572]

Where /z/ changed into /r/

Proto-Frisian: *ge:r [db: 572]

-ger spear /Old Frisian

Germanic cognates: ON geirr, OE ga:r, OS,OHG,MHG,MLG ge:r, MDu. geer `spear' [db]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic (?)

gyr N /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArMesop,Palestinian,CPA,Syr,JBA arrow

LS2 100

LS2 v: ge)rA)

kar-ó pointed stake (also used to impale)/Hungarian

Altaic

*ga>\r/[a\] sharp edge /Altaic [ss]

*gara bough, stick /Tungus [ss]

gara /Evenki; gar /Even; gaja /Negidal; gar, gara /Solon; Gar@x@n 'branch' /Modern Manchu; gar /Zhurzhen; Gara /Nanai; Gara /Ulcha; Gara /Orok; ga: /Oroch; ga: /Udighe [ss]

Caucasian

*k.ara ( ~ -@) stick, log /North Caucasian [ss]

*k.aru ( ~ -o-) log /Andian [ss]

k.aru /Akhvakh; c^.aw /Chamalal; k./aru /Tindi; k.aru /Karata [ss]

*k.ara 1 rolling pin 2 battledore, roller 3 stick /Lezghian [ss]

k.ar 1 Lezghi; k.ar 2 Tabasaran; k.ar 3 Agul; k.ar 3 Rutul [ss]

*go:rV ( ~ -y:-) pole, piece of log /North Caucasian [ss]

*ga:ra 1 a piece of cloven log 2 block /Nakh [ss]

ga:ra /Chechen; gar /Ingush [ss]

*gVrV-lV rolling-pin, beater /Andian [ss]

gere/lo /Avar [ss]

*gerV (~@,y,o|,-l-) 1 pole 2 log /Tsezian [ss]

giri 1 /Tsezi; giri 2 /Ginukh; giri /Khvarshi [ss]

*k:or(a) ( ~ -y-) pole /Lezghian [ss]

gor, gorgor Udi [ss]

Dravidian

ka_r..u stake for impaling criminals (Tamil,Malayalam); kar..uku id. /Malayalam; ka_r..u sharp-pointed pieces of wood strung around cow's neck, trident /Tamil; ko.w point, pointed stick, wooden skewer used by Kotas, peg /Toda; kar.., kar..u an instrument for perforating an elephant's ear /Kannad.a [sk]

gar.., gar..a, gar..u, gar..uvu, gar..e, gad.e, gad.i bamboo rod or stake, bamboo, pole, staff, bamboo pole on which Kollat.igas or Dombas tumble, churning stick /Kannad.a; kari bar with which a door is fastened /Tulu; kare, gare the pole to which a bucket is attached in a country water-lift /Tulu; gar.a pole, long stick (Kond.a); kar..ai elephant-goad /Tamil; garud.agamba a pillar of wood before a ca_vad.i to which culprits used to be tied /Kannad.a; a high stone-pillar before a tempe, on which, at festivals, a flambeau is put; its base bears an image of garud.a /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European (?)

Proto Indo-European *gw|eru- [pok: 723]

English meaning: pole, pike ; German meaning: `Stange, Spies|'

kard sword /Hungarian

Uralic

har knife; kar dagger /Forrest-Nenets [fv]

Afro-Asiatic

qorte knife, sword /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*ga>\r/[a\] sharp edge /Altaic [ss]

*ger/ 1 notch of an arrow, arrow 2 aim (of a gun) /Turkic [ss]

kez (MK) 1 /Karakhanid; kez 'arrow shaft' (Abush., Pav.C.) /Middle Turkic; gez 2 /Turkish; ga"z 1 /Azeri; ke:z 2 /Gagauz; gezlik 'small knife' /Turkmen; kez 1 /Kazakh; kid|e (dial.) 1 /Bashkir; kes 1 (Tuv., Tof.) /Tuva-Tofalar [ss]

*gara bough, stick /Tungus [ss]

*ka/rh knife, sword /Korean [ss]

khal (Modern Korean); ka/r (ka/rh-) (Middle Korean) [ss]

*ka\ta\na\ knife /Japanese [ss]

ka\ta\na\ (Old Japanese); katana/, kata/na (Tokyo); ka/ta\na\ (Kyoto); katana/ (Kagoshima) [ss]

Turkic

kertik cut; incision; kertmek 1. to cut slightly; make an incision 2. to eat away 3. to leave (something) /Turkmen [glnp]

Caucasian

*k.irV knife, axe /North Caucasian [ss: 2187]

*k.irV big knife, hatchet /Andian [ss: 1441]

Avar: k.erelo (Unt.); Akhvakh: k.eru (Tlan.)

*k.ira 1 hook,stick with a hook 2 fang 3 hatchet, small axe /Lezghian [ss: 1477]

Lezghi: k.ir 1,2; Tabasaran: k.ir 2; Rutul: k.iruw 3 (Khnov.); Tsakhur: k.era 3; Kryz: k.ir 1; Budukh: k.ir 1; Archi: k.iri 3

Dravidian

kartari a knife; a dagger; a small ; ku_rahu sword (Kannad.a); kirtalagu a drawn blade of a knife or sword; kittalagu a small blade (Kannad.a lex); kartana cutting, clipping, shearing (Kannad.a, Sanskrit.)(Ka.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

ćorda sword /Serbo-Croatian
kord sword /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

kareta, kareti knife /Avestan] [sk]

kard a knife /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

karč knife /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

*kr.taka, *kartta_ra, *karta knife [sk]; kartya, krtya_ knife /Sanskrit
kr.ti knife or dagger (RV.) [sk]

gar arrogant, disdainful, haughty, presumptuous /Hungarian
garázda wild, savage; garázd-álkodás brawling; riot; havoc /Hungarian
goromba harsh, rough; raw /Hungarian
harag anger, bad feelings; harag-szik to be cross; to be angry /Hungarian
horoguvec "got angry" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, haragudott) [gzb1]

Uralic

*kore(-) anger /FinnUgor

The origin of Hungarian gar is unknown while goromba is thought to be of Slavic origin.

Sumerian

gir₁₀, gi₉, ge₉ anger, fury; kúr hostile, belligerent [jh]

Elamite

harikka hostile [oi2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h'r rage /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

k)r V /Aramaic [cal]

021 Syr to trouble 022 Syr to shame 023 Syr to accuse 024 Syr to punish 051 Syr to be put to shame 052 Syr to be reproached

LS2 315

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 79 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

kwal- angry /Awngi; kar- angry /Qwara; kwar- kar- angry disturbed /Xamir

Cushitic, East

kw@ray- angry /Saho

Semitic

*kry *krh angry /Proto Semitic

Chadic

kwar hatred /Sura

Omotic

kaar- angry /Kafa; kaara- angry /Mocha

Austric

horiri enemy /Moriori [mor]
hara, mahie crime /Mäori [ng]

Austro-Asiatic

kala jhagr.a, kala jhogr. to quarrel, to wrangle; kharhia kharhi to quarrel with each other; kharhiau to quarrel (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

Turkic

hyrawa wild; hyrsyz evil, malicious, spiteful, angry /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

haradachi anger; wrath; displeasure

Basque

gordin raw, uncooked (C); obscene,offensive(B,G); cruel, ruthless(Z)

aharratu (L,LN,Z,U) to argue; to get angry
herra (L,LN,Z,U) hate, rancour, hatred
gorroto (C) hatred, rancour, ire, animosity

Dravidian

*kir- (*-d-) anger, angry; displeased .Dravidian [ss]

*kir- angry /South Dravidian [ss]

cirukku (cirukki-) to be angry with /Tamil; ki:ru to rage, burn with rage or great desire /Kannad.a [ss]

*cirr- anger, displeasure /Telugu [ss]

kir-e:ng abuse /Brahui [ss]

*ku:r.- wicked, cruel; rude /Dravidian [ss]

*ku:r.- bad, vulgar, rude /South Dravidian [ss]

ku:r.ai dullness of intellect, stupidity /Tamil; ku:r.a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; vulgar, etc. /Kannada; ku:r.e; ku:r., ku:ra fierce, cruel; ku:r.a-na:yi a ferocious, mean dog /Kannada; ku:l.a, khu:l.a bad, mean, cruel /Tulu; ku:r-na:yi a fierce dog /Tulu [ss]

*ku:k- foolish man /Nilgiri [ss]

ku:kn /Kota [ss]

*ku:l.- a wicked man, a cruel man /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: ku:l.a; Dialect forms (1): ku:l.u~d.u [ss]

ku_r..a a vulgar, rude, stupid, useless, mean, or vile man; ku_r.., ku_ra fierce, cruel (Kannad.a); ku_l.a, khu_l.a bad, mean, cruel (Tulu); ku_l.a, ku_l.u~d.u a wicked man, a cruel man (Telugu)(DEDR 1913). [sk]

cir-ukku (cir-ukki-) to be angry with; cer-u (-v-, -nt-) to hate, dislike, detest, be angry with; cer-r-am love-quarrel; cirar-r-u (cirar-r-i-) to be angry with /Tamil; cirv- (cirt-) id. /Kota; kir-k violent anger, madness; kir- tot.-. kir-k 0ot.- to become mad with anger (lit. anger strikes him); ker-n gwil.- to murmur in protest /Kota; ki_r-u to rage, burn with rage or great desire; keral. to become angry, begin to rage; keral.cu to enrage /Kannad.a; cir-r-a, cir-r-u anger, displeasure; cir-acir-a sullenness, ill-humour; cer-acer-al-a_d.u to be angry or furious; keralu to be angry or enraged /Telugu; kireni sullen, surly, out of temper /Kui [sk]

kar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to resent, get angry with; n. rancour, vengeful enmity; kar-ukar-u (-pp-, -tt-) to rage; kar-utto_r enemies; kar-uppu anger, displeasure; kar-umu (kar-umi-) to show signs of anger, be enraged; kar-uvam anger; kar-uval sign of anger; kar-uvu (kar-uvi-) to exhibit signs of displeasure; to rankle, entertain malice, implacable hatred; n. anger, wrath; enmity, hostility, hatred /Tamil; kar-ukka to rage; kar-ukar-ukka id., be beside oneself; kar-ukar-e_ fiercely, intensely; kar-avu rage /Malayalam; kar- enmity, anger /Toda; kar-upu, kar-uhu envy; kar-ubu, kar-umbu to envy; n. envy; kar-uba an envious man; fem. kar-ubi; kar-ubatana the state of being an envious person, envy /Kannad.a; kar.vita_na_, kar.wita_na_ to envy /Gondi; ka_r.bi anger; kar.bigattasi a bad-tempered man (r. = r)(Kuwi); xar angry /Bra_hui_ [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

orgê anger, wrath, orgêi chrêsthai to be in a passion
org-ilos [i^], ê, on, inclined to anger, irascible
org-izô make angry, provoke to anger, irritate

Albanian

urrej to hate

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghwer- wild beast [ahd]
*gher scratchy, rough, tearing. /PIE [see mcb]

Celtic

garbh rough /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish garb, Welsh garw, Breton garu, hard, cruel: *garvo-; Indo-European gher, scratchy, rough, tearing. [see mcb]

Armenian

gor noise, yelling; gorahl boast, brag, dare, have the audacity (to do sg);
goroz arrogant, proud /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [see Chong]

Slavic

graja uproar, riot, clamour; noise, hubbub; alarm, outcry, commotion, fuss /Serbo-Croatian
ogorčiti to embitter, irritate, provoke; gall, sour /Serbo-Croatian
goropad rage, fury, fierceness; grub rude, uncivil; brutal, vulgar /Serbo-Croatian
hrubý rude /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

gram (past part. adj.) enraged, angered, to growl in rage /Avestan
ghrrumbem roar /Pashto [tr]

harr abhorring, detesting /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

hirar detesting, expressing abhorrence of anyone before his face /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

karih one who abhors, detests, loathes, or abominates; loath, averse, unwilling /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

khára (adj.) harsh /Sanskrit
garh blame, reproach; garhita despised /Sanskrit
ghorá awful, dreadful, horrid /Sanskrit

Scratches, grooves, valleys, hills, mountains etc.

garan valley /Hungarian
horho mountain road; peak /Hungarian

Uralic

*kur,*war mountain in several Uralic languages sometimes "mountain forest".

Official source says horho is ultimately related to Hungarian horzsol "bruise", "graze", "scratch". [Chong]

kuru nook; dark passage in a house; narrow path between fences (Estonian); kuri narrow stretch of a lake; narrow bottom of a ditch; narrow stretch of land; tract; lane (especially for cattle); side , quarter (?); kuru deep furrow or groove; depression between mountains, mountain gap (Finnish); hor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Kazym Khanty); kor cavity, longitudinal hole; bed of a brooklet, of a torrent; gap in forest or high grass (Tremjugan Khanty) / [? guran depression, ditch, pit, ravine (Komi); gurrâ chip, dint (in the edge) cleft, small mountain gap; cunnus (Lappish - from Finnish?)] [Chong]

uurõ (n) groove; furrow /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

kur mountain; giri road, expedition, feet

Niger-Congo (?)

xeer / doj (n.) rock, stone /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

h.r hill, mountain /Phœnician [cgj]

*harr- mountain /Northwest Semitic [ahd]

har mountain /Hebrew [ahd]

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 229 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*gol- edge valley /Proto East Cushitic

golo valley /Afar; gol foot of hill /Somali; gola corner; goluu valley /Oromo; kolle river /Gollango; kolle river /Gawwada; gole river /Tsamay

Altaic

*k`uri hill /Altaic [ss]

*Korum /Turc
*kür /Mongol
*xure' /Tungus
*kòrán /Korean
*kùrùa /Japanese [ss]

*goblu valley /Altaic [ss]

*Ko:l valley /Turkic [ss]

kol (?) /Old Turkic; go:l /Turkmen [ss]

c.f. jar ravine, gulley /Turkmen [glnp]

*gowl river; river valley, centre /Mongolian [ss]

g|oul /Written Mongolian; qol (SH), g|ol (MA) /Middle Mongolian [ss]
gol /Khalkha; g|ol /Kalmuck; gol (Tod. 132) /Dagur; Gor (MGCD Gol) /Monguor [ss]

*gola valley /Tungus [ss]

golo /Manchu [ss]

c.f. holo valley /Manchu [as]

*ko:r valley /Korean [ss]

ko:l /Modern Korean; ko:r /Middle Korean [ss]

Austric

? aranui passage /Moriori [mor]
riu, awaawa, wharua valley /Mäori [ng]

kor mountain /Proto-Oceanic; goro- /Sinagoro; golo- /Manggarai; gor- Proto-East Central Papuan; tolo- hills (Saa, Ulawa); toro- hills /Wango; toro-puki- mound /Maori; koro- heap /Viti; tolo- to rise /Florida; kari- mountain /Kewa; gulod- mountain /Tagalog, gorot- mountain /Igorot; turod- hill /Ilokano [pkm]

Basque

haran (L,LN,Z,U) valley

harri stone, rock

[c.f. the Caucasian, Dravidian and Albanian]

Caucasian

*Gwe:rV stone /North Caucasian [ss]

*qe:ra stone /Nakh [ss]

qe:ra /Chechen; qera /Ingush; qer /Batsbi [ss]

*G|:ur (~G|-,-o-,-l) stone /Tsezian [ss]

G|Iul /Tsezi; G|ur /Khvarshi; G|ur /Inkhokvari [ss]

Dravidian

ar-ai rock, ledge, grinding stone (Tamil); ar flat rock (Kota); ar- id. (Toda); ar-e stone, rock, slab; ra_yi stone (Kannad.a); r-a_yi, ra_yi (stem r-a_-, ra_-) stone, rock; r-appa a small stone (Telugu)(DEDR 321).[sk]

ho_ru_ hill (Kuwi); ho_ru mountain, rock (Kuwi); so_ru hill, mountain (Kui); kur.u hill; kur.o mountain, forest (Gondi); gor-on (pl. gor-oku/gor-onku) hill, mountain, forest on a hill (Kond.a) [sk]

kolli valley (Malayalam); gulf, bay (Kannad.a); small stream with rocky bed (Kod.agu); a bay (Tulu)(DEDR 2137). [sk]

gar gorge /Brahui

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*g^wrH-i- mountain, rock, stone /PIE [bd]

Paleo-Balkan

kiri- [or kira] mountain, forest /Thracian [cb,id]

Albanian

*gur(i)- stone, rock /Proto Albanian [bd]

gur [m] stone, rock /Albanian [bd]

[c.f. the Basque, Caucasian and Dravidian]

Armenian

hahrel- (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [see Chong]

Slavic

gora mountain; wood(s), forest; highlands /Serbo-Croatian
hora mountain /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

garayô [gairi] mountains /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

girí-h mountain /Sanskrit

horol- graze, scratch /Hungarian
hornyol- incise, notch; horony a furrow, groove, notch /Hungarian
karom claw; karmol claws,scratches /Hungarian
köröm finger nail /Hungarian

Uralic

*kore scratch, etch, scrape /F.U.

Hungarian horol is of FU origin. [Chong]

Officially, hornyol- is possibly of F-U origin and horony is derived from the former. [Chong]

kuurna furrow, groove (Finnish); korno path, way (Mari) [Chong]

Hungarian karom is officially derived from karmol- to claw, scratch which is considered to be possibly onomatopoeic or descriptive. [Chong]

Hungarian köröm is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

har mill, chew, ...
hur to scratch, etch; kur ₉ to cut

Altaic

*k`ar/a ( ~ -u, -i) to scrape, grind, bite /Altaic [ss]

*Kar/- 1 to dig 2 to scrape, scratch 3 plane /Turkic [ss]

qazy- 1 /Old Turkic; kazag|y 3 /Turkish; Gaza- 2 /Turkmen; xyr- 2 /Chuvash; x|as- 1 /Yakut [ss]

*karu- to rasp, plane; to rake up /Mongolian [ss]

xara- /Khalkha; xar- /Kalmuck [ss]

*xar-ku"- 1 to bite 2 to sting /Tungus [ss]

ajki.- 2 /Negidal; x|ajqo- 1, 2 /Nanai; x|ac^o- 2 /Ulcha; x|a:tu.-la- 2 /Orok; arqú.- 2 /Even; arki- 2 /Evenki [ss]

*ka:r- to plough; to grind, plane /Korean [ss]

ka:r- /Middle Korean; ka:l- /Modern Korean [ss]

*k`[u\]ri to rake up /Altaic [ss]

*ku"re- 1 to rake 2 spade, shovel /Turkic [ss]

ku"ri- 1, ku"rga"k 2 /Old Turkic; ku"rek 2 /Turkish; ku"rek 2 /Turkmen; k@w|rez/e 2 /Chuvash; ku"rt- 1 /Yakut [ss]

*kura-, *kurija- to gather, collect /Mongolian [ss]

xura-, xura:- /Khalkha; xori- , xore:- /Dagur; xura:- /Monguor [ss]

*xeri- / *xeru- 1 to rake up 2 to sweep /Tungus [ss]

ej- 1 /Negidal; eri- 2 /Manzhu; xeti- 1 (*xer-c^i-) /Nanai; xeru- 1 /Ulcha; xeri- 1 /Orok; er- 1 /Even; eru- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*ku\r- to delve /Japanese [ss]

ku\r- /Old Japanese; kur- /Tokyo [ss]

Basque

karrask (onomat.) sound of cracking, crackling, splitting.
karraskari (n./adj.) gnawer; gnawing
karraskailu (n.) scraper, rasp, grater, file

Basque root is karrask (onomat.) sound of cracking, crackling, splitting.

karramarro crab /Basque (????)

Dravidian

*o\gir claw, nail /Dravidian [ss]

*ugir finger-nail /South Dravidian [ss]

ukir finger-nail, toe-nail, claw /Tamil; ukir finger-nail, toe-nail, claw /Malayalam; ugur nail, claw /Kannad.a; ugi to hurt, tear, rend with the nails; ugurisu to scratch asunder /Kannad.a; oy nail /Kodagu; uguru nail /Tulu [ss]

*ugi>r /Nilgiri [ss]

*go:r- nail /Telugu [Basic form: go:ru] [ss]

*oger nail /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

go:r (pl. go:d.l) /Kolami; go:r (pl. go:rl.) /Naikri; go:r /Naiki; ge:ri (pl. ge:ril) /Parji; ge:re /Salur [ss]

*go:r- nail /Gondwan [ss]

*go:r- /Gondi [ss]

go:r /Sironcha [ss]

go:ru /Konda [ss]

*go:r (*-u:-) /Pengo-Manda [ss]

gu:r (pl. -ke) /Manda [ss]

*go:r- /Kui-Kuwi [ss]

go:ra /Kui; (Fitzgerald): go:ru: /Kuwi; (Schulze): go:ru /Kuwi; (Sunkarametta): go:ru (pl. go:rka) /Kuwi; (Parja Kondhs): go:ru (pl. go:rka) /Kuwi; Derivatives: Also Kui gro:pa (gro:t-) to claw, scratch; n. act of clawing, scratching, a scratch [see ss]

*orq nail /North Dravidian [ss]

orOx Kurukh; orgu /Malto [ss]

ho:r finger /Brahui [ss]

Indo-European

Romance

garra claw /Portuguese
gheară claw; talon; ungula; pounce /Rumanian

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

kohri 'scrape (s a butchered hog), pick (as a chicken), rub' (cl.2)
kohrnib 'scraping instrument'

Muskogean/Eastern

kalaffi to scratch (deeply) once; to mark once, score (kalafchi, kalafhili, kalafhachi) {/kalaf-li} /Alabama [tm]

kalli to scratch (deeply) repeatedly; to mark (more than once) (kalchi, kalhili, kalhachi) {/kal(af)-li} /Alabama [tm]

horzs-ol graze, scratch, bruise /Hungarian
karc (n.) scratch; karc-ol to scratch, scrape, etch /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian horzsol is derived from a F-U root

*korwa-, *kor3- (Proto FU) [Chong]

{Hungarian /zs/ similar to French /j/}

Officially, Hungarian karcol is supposed to be of German origin. [Chong]

{Hungarian /c/ like /ts/ or /tz/}

(0) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [ap: p.43]

Indo-Aryan

root carş- / karş- ‘to drag, to draw furrows’,

Indo-Aryan carş- goes back to Proto-Aryan *carš- < early Proto-Aryan *cerš- < *kerš- from Proto-Indo-European *kwels- ‘to draw furrows’

Iranian

Avestan karša- m. n. ‘furrow’.

(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian [Cheung]

Iranian

*garŝ- ? to knead, rub (?) /Proto Iranian

New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Pash. g|o:ŝ.t `millet, particles of rice ground and made into bread'

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit cognates: ghars.- `to rub' (Kaus/+)

(2) Indo-European

Germanic

scratch /English
Kratzen scrape (sound); kratzen (vt) to scratch /German

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

hahrt'i 'scrape' (cl.2)
hahrt'oh 'scrape' (cl.3)

Altaic (?)

*k`i\rga to scrape, file /Altaic [ss]

*Kyrk- to shear, scrape /Turkic [ss]

qyrq- /Old Turkic; kyrk- /Turkish; Gyrk- /Turkmen; kyrt- /Yakut [ss]

*kirga- to shear, shave /Mongolian [ss]

kirg|a- (SH), korg|a- (IM), qirg|a- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; x/arga- /Khalkha; kirg|@- /Kalmuck; c/irGa- /Monguor [ss]

*xigdi- to comb /Tungus [ss]

*ky[\]rk- / *ka>/rk- to shear, scrape /Korean [ss]

ky[\]rk- / ka>/rk- /Middle Korean; ky(l)k-, ka(l)k- /Modern Korean [ss]

*ka\k- to scratch, scrape /Japanese [ss]

ka\k- /Old Japanese; ka/k- /Tokyo [ss]

Caucasian (?)

*He>rx|wA / *He>wx|wA to comb; to scratch, scrape /North Caucasian [ss]

*=ox|w|- to comb /Andian [ss]

=ox|w|- Andi [ss]

=uIx|:a-n to comb /Lak [ss]

*?abx|w|- / *?ibx|w|- to comb /Dargwa [ss]

abx|-es /Akusha; abx|- / ibx|- /Chiragh [ss]

*?erx|w|a 1 to comb 2 to scratch, scrape 3 comb (n.) /Lezghian [ss]

*x|w|a 1 to scratch 2 to rub /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-h_w|a-ra/ 1 /Abkhaz; h_w|a-ra 1 /Abaza; x|w|a-n 2 /Adyghe; x|w|a-n 2 /Circassian; x|w|ax|w|a/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]

hernyó worm [that which chews grooves] /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, thought possibly to be related to hornyol- "groove", "notch". [Chong]
See Basque haran "valley" or Hungarian garan "valley", horony "groove" etc.

Altaic

*o:\re worm, snake /Altaic [ss]

*o"ren snake /Turkic [ss]

vereni (Bulg.) /Old Turkic; v@w|re(n) /Chuvash [ss]

*u:re 1 worm 2 snake /Tungus [ss]

uje 1 /Negidal; weren 2 /Ulcha; u:re 1 /Evenki [ss]

*b@\r@\ti\ big snake /Japanese [ss]

wo\ro\ti\, wo\ro\di\ /Old Japanese; o/rochi /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

gurçuk worm /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

iro maggot /Moriori [mor]
iro maggot; noke, toke worm /Mäori [ng]

Basque

har worm

Dravidian

*er- worm /Dravidian [ss]

*Ir-ai worm /South Dravidian [ss]

irai intestinal worm /Tamil; ira bait, worms /Malayalam; ere a worm that lives in orts, a worm in general, bait /Kannada; ere, ere pul.u worm (earthworm, tapeworm) /Kodagu; eru moth, worm /Tulu [ss]

*er- earthworm /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: era; Dialect forms (1): erra [ss]

*er- (*-r-) earthworm /Gondwan [ss]

*er.-/*er- earthworm /Gondi [ss]

er.e pur.uk "earthworms" /Koya; erad /Maria [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

eulê, hê, worm, maggot, the larva of the fly; of common worms

(2) Indo-European

Greek

helmins -minthos (which is cognate with helix ?)

Germanic

helminth a worm esp. a parasitic intestinal worm /English

Indo-Iranian

kŗ'mi worm /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern (????)

oya maggot, screw worm, larva (Cochliomyia hominivorax) /Alabama [tm]

-gat, -get frequentive formative suffix which denotes that the action is continued for an extended period of time with or without interruption. /Hungarian

Uralic

Also c.f. Hungarian suffixes -kod, -ked, -köd; -koz, -kez, -köz which form the so-called reflexive verbs most often from active verbs /Hungarian

These create verbs describing the action of the agent (usually one's self). The reflexive verb is always intransitive and nearly always ends with an -ik suffix (the so-called -ik verbs).

Basque

-keta 1) search; 2) large amount of; 3) activity; 4) season, weather 5) competition

Chukchee-Kamchatkan (??)

*-cit- mutual action (обоюдное действие) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN233]

-cit- /Chukchee; -cit- /Koryak; -cit- /Alutor [ss]

Dam, dike, obstacle; bank of a river; limit, frontier; extent of power; end, extremity

gát dam, dike; obstacle /Hungarian

Niger-Congo (?)

gatandu to block /Wollof [pc2]

Altaic/Turkic

gaçy dike; gatla dam, dike /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

kat.a bank of river (Pengo); gat.u (pl. gat.ku) bund, bank (of river, tank, etc.)(Kond.a); boundary, beach, shore; end of a table, field, etc. (Kuwi); ket.t.u bank, dam (Tamil); kat. bank of river (Gondi); gat.t.u bank (Gadba); dam, embankment (Kannad.a, Telugu); bund of field (Kuwi); pl. gat.ka id. (Kuwi); ga_ttu_ (pl. ga_ttu_na, ga_tka) boundary; ka_dagattu bank of river (Kuwi); kat.t.e id. (Kannad.a); bund of tank (Kod.agu); kat.t.a dam, embankment (Telugu, Gondi); bund of field (Kolami, Pengo); id., dam, dike (Naikr.i); kat.t.a_ a dam in the river for catching fish (Gondi) (DEDR 1147).[sk]

ko_t.i weir of a tank, outlet for surplus water (Tamil); ko_d.i a passage to carry off excess water, outlet of a tank (Kannad.a); outlet of tank (Telugu)(DEDR 2197) [sk, bur84]

Indo-European/Slavic

gat flood-gate, sluice, lock /Serbo-Croatian

határ limit; boundary; frontier /Hungarian
The area of the clan/nation settlements kat=house, kunte=clan, clan area in Uralic but also in Altaic.
hat extent of effect, power /Hungarian
-hat- allowed, able infix /Hungarian << Uralic *katte-

Uralic

hotolm power /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, hatalom) [gzb1]

Officially, Hungarian hat- is of FU origin and határ is a possible derivative of hat. [Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

kattan (n.) power, strength /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

kudurru border (pl. kudurrī) /Akkadian [ahd]

[from ahd and listed under Semitic ntr "to see, watch, guard"]

xwT N xwT) /Aramaic [cal]

1 ImpArEg,Palestinian,Sam,Syr,JBA thread 2 Syr root thread 3 Syr measuring cord 4 Syr seam 5 JLAGal border line 6 JBA fringe

LS2 220

LS2 V: xuwTA)

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #545> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

hata outside, space outside house/village (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, South

haa+ beyond /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic

Turkic

hudut limits; frontier /Turkish
het 1. limit, boundary, border 2. boldness, courage /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

hethe property /Manchu [as]
kadalambi to rule, to govern /Manchu [as]

Japanese

hate end; extremity; limits; bounds

Dravidian

hadd border; boundary; bounds; rank, position; place /Brahui; haddu a limit, a border; the end or extremity of /Kannad.a; haddubastu settlement or demarcation of boundaries (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

ka_t.u border, limit; a measure = 4 an.aippu = more than 2 acres; burning-ghat, burial ground; place; tract of land; dry land; small village (Tamil.lex.) cf. kat.t.a bund of field (Kolami); gat.u (pl. gat.ku) bund (Kond.a); gat.t.u (pl. gat.ka) bund of field (Kuwi); gat.u boundary, end of field (Kuwi) [sk]

catir boundary, limit (Tamil); atir id. (Malayalam); adiri border (Kannad.a); adiru, aduru a limit, boundary wall (Tulu)(DEDR 2325). [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

hatar territory, district, country /Serbo-Croatian < from Hungarian

Indo-Iranian

qadir potent, powerful, able, capable, skilful; the powerful, an attribute of God /Persian [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

hadd, had (v.n.), setting bounds; defining; boundary, term, limit, extremity, extent; a goal for racers, a starting-post; bar, obstruction, impediment, separation; point of a thing, edge (of wit or of steel), sharpness; cause of urgency; anger, rage, fury; a restrictive ordinance of the divine law; legal punishment (especially by the lash) for certain crimes /Persian [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

[h]∂dd (n.) border, boundary line, place /Baluchi [mab]

Yuki

hât great, large [y84]

gatya loincloth; drawers; pair of trousers /Hungarian {Phoneme /ty/ like palatised /t'/}
kötény apron (loincloth?) /Hungarian

Uralic

gagya underpants /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

/gy/ like a palatised /d'/

kaatsa pants /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian gatya is also believed to be a loan from Slavic. [Chong]
Then where did the Vaddja borrow the word from - Russian?

/ty/ like a palatised /t'/

Sumerian

gada linen (clothing) [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

kitun clothes /Akkadian

ktn linen /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic/Tungus

gocika outer-trousers /Manchu [as]

Basque

? galtza pants, trousers

Dravidian

gud.igi breeches (Kannad.a); gud.igican.n.a a sort of breeches that go a little beyond the knee (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

callat.am short drawers (Tamil, Malayalam); tcallad.amu (Telugu); calal.m, cal.m, colal.m, co.l.m perineal cloth (Kota); cad.d.i, can.aka, can.n.a, cen.n.a breeches which reach only to the middle of the thighs; callan.a, cal(a)n.a, collana, col.n.a drawers or breeches of different length (Kannad.a); callan.a, calla_na short breeches reaching only to the middle of the thighs (Tulu); calla_d.amu, ced.d.i short trousers reaching only to the knee or the middle of the thigh (Telugu) (DEDR 2379). [sk]

kadale a rag (Tulu); gatla, getli, gette, gete, gende cloth (Gondi); kadiya, kediya cloth, waistcloth (Pengo); kediya, kidiya a cloth (Mand.a)(DEDR 1190). [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

chi^tôn, in Ion.Prose ki^thôn, ônos, ho, Dor. ki^tôn (q. v.):-- garment worn next the skin, tunic I. in early times, only of a man's tunic 2. later worn also by women II. coat of mail, prob. of leather covered with scales or rings III. part of a shoe that coats the foot, upper IV. metaph., any coat, case, or covering 2. vesture

Slavic

gaće drawers, pants /Serbo-Croatian
гащи (gashya) pants /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian

gud.igi breeches (Hindi_); gud.adhi_ (Hindi_, Mara_t.hi_); gud.igican.n.a a sort of breeches that go a little beyond the knee (Kannad.a lex.); gud.gi, gud.ge drawers (Kon:kan.i_ lex.) [sk]

Evil base, mean, lying; foul, stinking, dirt, muck, unclean, impure

gaz- evil, base; gaz-ember villain, scoundrel /Hungarian
haz-ug a lie; haz-ud to lie /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian gaz- is believed to be 'possibly' of Slavic origin. [Chong]
Hungarian hazud is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

huš terrible,wild,angry; guz, huz to gnash the teeth, to bare the teeth [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

gat (n.) a lie, anus, ass /Wollof [pc2]
kaaci (n.) a lie /Wollof [pc2]

Ainu

kosunke to tell lies [sm]

Altaic

*k`iuse bad behaviour /Altaic [ss]

*ku"s- to be angry, offended /Turkic [ss]

ku"s- /Old Turkic; ku"s- /Turkish; ku"s- /Azeri

*kosin| mockery, joke /Mongolian [ss]

*ku/sa\i bad habit /Japanese [ss]

kuse /Old Japanese; kuse/ /Tokyo [ss]

*ki_oc^i nasty /Altaic [ss]

*KAc^a- to be nasty, rough (of a person) /Turkic [ss]

*kec^eg|u" difficult, unpleasant /Mongolian [ss]

kec^egu", kec^egu"u" Written Mongolian; ke|c^u 'stupid' (IM), kec^e'u(n), kec^a'u 'hard; stupid' (SH) Middle Mongolian; xecu": Khalkha; kecu": Kalmuck; kec^u: Dagur [ss]

*kus- hate, uneasiness /Tungus [ss]

kus^u-n Manzhu [ss]

*ku\c^h(y)- nasty /Korean [ss]

ku\c^h(y)-, ku\c^- Middle Korean [ss]
kut- (kuc^-) Modern Korean [ss]

Japanese

gesu low, mean, base, vulgar fellow
uso lie; falsehood

Basque

gezur (C), guzur (B) lie, falsehood
gezur-beltz (G) n. calumny, slander, libel (lit. black lie)

Dravidian

pusi to become or prove untrue, lie; bear no fruit, not to attain ripeness; falsehood, lie, hypocricy, idle prattle, bearing no fruit; pusiga liar (Kannad.a); hus'i a lie, falsehood (Tulu); busa_na_ to lie (Gondi); pu_sa_ lie; pu_sa_-ka_t.anji liar (Kui); pussowi, pu_so_vi cheating, pretending (Kuwi); pasyare liar; pasyetre to tell lies; paslaha liar; false; pasadeye to accuse falsely (Malto) [sk]

[The phonetic correspondence of initial p > h can occur between other Dravidian languages, and sometimes within the same language other than Kannada and Tulu] [kk]

*kac- angry, hostile /Dravidian [ss]

*kac- to quarrel; angry /South Dravidian [ss]

kasaru to bargain bitterly /Tamil; kayakka to quarrel, abuse /Malayalam; kasaru ill-humour /Kannad.a; kacca:d.uni to quarrel /Tulu [ss]

*kajj-/*kas- quarrel, dispute, fight, battle /Telugu [ss]

*kajar fear, anger /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

kayri "an enemy, talebearer" /Parji; kayar "anger, sorrow" /Kondekor Gadba [ss]

*ka:c- hostile /Gondwan [ss]

*kac- to be vexed, get annoyed /North Dravidian [ss]

kackacrna: /Kurukh [ss]

Indo-European

Celtic

cas gnash the teeth /Gaelic; cais hate /Irish; câs hate /Welsh [mcb] {these are thought to derive from the same origin as cas "steep, sudden" [see mcb]!?}

Slavic

guzica (fig.) mean (despicable) fellow [from guz buttocks, bottom, backside] /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

a:-si- `to lie'; a:sito: 'lying' /Avestan [al]

kazib a liar; false; failing to conceive (camel) /Persian [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

hass a lie; hassas a liar /Persian [fjs]

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

gaz- weed /Hungarian
geszt 1) a tree trunk's darker, inner core; 2) grove /Hungarian
gúzs withe; guzsaly distaff /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian geszt is of unknown origin [Chong]
While gúzs and guzsaly are thought to be of Slavic origin [Chong]

Sumerian

geš, giš, ngeš, ngiš tree; wood; etc.

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

gwz#2 N gwz) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,JBA,Mand staff 2 JBA tree trunk, stem

LS2 108 J 219 AAC 119

LS2 v: gawAzA)

gwz( N gwz() /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr rod, trunk 2 Syr forma originaria ? (grammatical)

LS2 112

LS2 v: guwz(A)

Altaic

*gàči (~ *gèča) branch, bough /Altaic [ss]

aĝaç branch, tree, wood /Turkish [listed under ács carpenter in Chong]

Basque

gezuraga brambly place {derived from gezur "lie" + -aga "abundance of"}

Caucasian

*Goz|V green colour; dirt /North Caucasian [ss]

*G|izi dirt /Andian [ss]

G|uzi /Andi; G|izi /Akhvakh; G|iz /Chamalal; G|izi /Tindi [ss]

*x|ys ( ~ G|:-,-z:) dirt /Tsezian [ss]

G|iz /Bezhita; G|yz /Gunzib [ss]

*q:ac:y- green /Lezghian [ss]

q:ac:u /Lezghi; G|aze-f /Agul [ss]

Dravidian

kasa, kasavu rubbish, sweepings, weed (Kannad.a) (DEDR 1088) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

gas twig, a stalk /Gaelic, gas /Irish [mcb]
geug a branch /Gaelic, geug, géag /Irish, géc / Early Irish [mcb]

húgy urine /Hungarian {/gy/ like palatised /d'/}

Uralic

*kVc'e, *kVn'c'e urine (Proto Uralic) // *kunc'e urine (Proto FU) [Chong]

kuse- (Finnish); kos- (Khanty); hos- (Southern Khanty); kudz' urine (Komi); gudzˆ'dzˆâ- (Lappish); kun's'- (Man's'i); kõzˆa- (Mari); kyz' urine (Udmurt) [Chong]

kinzi- (Kamas); kunc- (Motor); küz urine (Šölqup) [Chong]

Sumerian

kàš urine [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

? qašan urine (Old Turkic); ka$an urine (Turkish) [Chong]

Tungus

udzˆihi bladder (Ewen); udzˆik bladder (Ewenki); xudzˆun anus (Nanay) [Chong]

*kVdzˆV urine (Proto-Tungusic) [Chong]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*thąs urine (моча) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN155]

*hąttą-t urine (моча ) < **thąthąt /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN329]

?ą'ttąt, ?ąt- (I) /Chukchee; hąttą " (I) /Koryak [ss]

*thił, *this " /Proto Itelmen [ss;PN155]

thes-thes urine (моча ) /Sedank dialect; txil'-tciľ "urina" /West Ielmen [ss]

kosz muck, dirt /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian kosz is of uncertain origin [Chong]

Sumerian

kàš urine [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

kosoo uncleanliness /Mandinka [pc1]
kus buttocks /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

h.s excrement /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*kuŝi to rot /Altaic [ss]

*kuŝu 1 touchwood 2 dandruff, soot /Tungus [ss]

kutin 1 [ = kuĉin] /Negidal; x|osori, x|usuri 2 /Manzhu; kuĉ 1 /Even; kuĉu 1 /Evenki [ss]

*ku\sy\- odorous /Korean [ss]

kusu-hada /Modern Korean; ku\sy\- /Middle Korean [ss]

*ku\sa\- foul, stinking /Japanese [ss]

ku\sa\- /Old Japanese; kusa/- /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

gäz dirt; gäzlemek to get dirty /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

kasu dregs /Old Japanese [ss]
kaso dregs; refuse; dross; kuso excrement
kuzu waste; rubbish; scum

Caucasian

*ĉE>xwA urine; excrements, rubbish /North Caucasian [ss]

*ĉVx|-ar rubble, quarry-stone /Nakh [ss]

ĉx|ar /Chechen; ĉx|ar /Ingush [ss]

*ĉul| (~ ĉol|w|) 1 urine 2 dung (of a horse, donkey) /Lezghian [ss]

ĉux 1 /Lezghi; ĉux 1 /Tabasaran; ĉuxw|-an 2 /Rutul [ss]

ĉxir a pile of dry dung /Khinalug [ss]

*ĉ/@xw|@ 1 urinate 2 rain 3 hail /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-ĉ/x|w|-ra/ 1 /Abkhaz; q:e-ŝ/x@-n 2 /Adyghe; q:e-ŝx@-n 2 /Circassian; tw|a/-ŝ/x 3 /Ubykh [ss]

*k.[u]rĉ.V (~ -c./-) dung, excrements /North Caucasian [ss]

*k.uĉ.V dung (of small animals) /Andian [ss]

k.uĉ. /Avar [ss]

*k.[u]rĉ.(a) dung: 1 of small animals 2 of birds 3 of sheep /Lezghian [ss]

k.a"ĉ., k.a"ĉ.e 1 Kryz; k.iĉ.a?_ 2 Budukh; k.urĉ. 3 Archi [ss]

k.yĉ faeces; bird's excrements /Khinalug [ss]

Dravidian

*k^ac- dirt, impurity /Dravidian [ss]

*kac- uncleanness; dirt /South Dravidian [ss]

kacat.u uncleanness, dirtiness, dregs, blemish, fault, imperfection /Tamil; kacci straw, stubble, rubbish /Malayalam; kasa, kasavu rubbish, sweepings, weed, useless plant, afterbirth, placenta /Kannada; kajavu, kaja:vu rubbish, sweepings, afterbirth /Tulu [ss]

*kas- /Nilgiri protoform [ss]

*kas- impurity, dirt, foulness, sin /Telugu [ss]

*kas-a: dirt on the body /North Dravidian [ss]

kassa: "layer of dirt on the body" /Kurukh [ss]
kase /Malto [ss]

kasa, kasavu rubbish, sweepings, weed (Kannad.a) (DEDR 1088) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

cosmal rubbish, refuse of meat, etc. /Gaelic [mcb]
gusgul refuse, dirt, idle words, roaring /Gaelic [mcb]

Armenian

kos dirt; eczema, leprosy; moss, seaweed /Old Armenian - Dorosmai [Chong]

Baltic

gâzê rubbish, trash, gâzês excrement /Prussian [lp]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

khaz 'dirt of the body, garments, and the like; etc.' /Persian [fjs]

khashak chips, leaves, sprigs, shoots, suckers, young grass, small bits of wood, shavings, parings, or refuse of any kind; also dust, motes, straws, or anything similar which gets into the eye or liquors; rubbish, siftings /Persian [fjs]

k∂ččyl evil-smelling mud, filth /Baluchi [mab]
k∂d manure /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

gosnala a place where dirt is thrown /Khowar

Mayan

Chorti [cw] (?)

kusum 'mold, fungus, plant rust'
kusum taka 'moldy, having mold'
kusumer 'mold, covered with fungus'
kusumran 'become moldy' (cl.3)
kusumres 'cause to mold, allow to mold' (cl.2a)

Quechua

qicha; qichalira // qecha // q'echa; q'echalera // q'icha diarrhoea [q2]
qichay // qechay // q'ichay to evacuate diarrhoea [q2]
qichaykuy // q'echaykuy to soil [q2]
qusqu fatty (dirty) [q2]

Ulwa

kisa residue; sediment; grounds; dregs [ud]

gáz-ol to run down/over; to crush to death /Hungarian

Uralic

legázol to trample down {le- "down" + gázol "to trample, crush"} /Hungarian
lagassaa to devastate /Vaddja [fv]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #31> [oi4]

Cushitic

Bedawiye, Beja

gid- throw down (Bedawiye, Beja)
gadam(Ro) root/roots (Bedawiye, Beja)

Agaw

g@d@mt- lie(on) /Awngi

Cushitic, East

gadi down /Oromo

Cushitic, South

gad- subdue /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic/Tungus

gisambi to be exterminated /Manchu [as]

Indo-European

Slavic

gaziti to oppress, crush, grind down, treat roughly,trample upon /Serbo-Croatian
po-gaziti to trample down, tread upon, crush under foot /Serbo-Croatian

газя (gazya) to trample /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

khauza trampled upon, ruined /Persian [fjs]

gége throat, larynx /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian gége is onomatopoeic. [Chong]

koˆngli Adam's apple (Khanty - Sam loanword?) [Chong]
guog'gom larynx (Lapp) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 368 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

ko'kkee throat, uvula /Burji
ook /Elmolo
k'onk'oo /Oromo
kikke /Sidamo

Omotic

kokkee throat, uvula /Koyra (=Kore?)

Altaic/Turkic

kekirdek larynx /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric (?)

kaki neck /Moriori [mor]

Caucasian

*q.a>q.ari / *q.a>raq.i throat /North Caucasian [ss]

*q.@q. (~-i-,-y-) throat, larynx /Tsezian [ss]

q.eIq. Ginukh [ss]

q.aq.ari throat /Lak [ss]

*q.aq.a(ri) throat /Dargwa [ss]

sus-q.aq.a /Akusha; q.aq.are /Chiragh [ss]

*q.arq. / *q.arq.ar throat /Lezghian [ss]

G|arG|ar Lezghi; q.arq.ar Tabasaran; q.urq. Agul; q.aq.ar-ak Rutul; q.aq.@ra Archi; q:oq: Udi [ss]

*q.@r@q.@ /*[q.w|]@r@q.w|@ 1 throat, gullet 2 cervical vertebrae /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-q.@rq.@/ 1 Abkhaz; q.@rq.@ Abaza; ps/a-gw|@rq: 2 Adyghe; ps/a-kw|@q:w| Circassian [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*'kŭk pit; throat 1 (яма; горло 1) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN213]

*kuk- pit; to dig pit 1; one-eyed 2 (яма; рыть яму 1; одноглазый 2) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN631]

kúkąl , kuwlε- 2 /Chukchee; kok-jo- 1 /Koryak; kuk-julγą-n /Alutor [ss]

*k'ik' /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN217]

k'ik' throat (горло) /Sedank dialect; kyk, Pl. kikelen guttur, trachea /West Itelmen; kiγa guttur, trachea /SIT [ss]

Indo-European/Anatolian

UZUhuhurt(i)- `throat' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Cognate or source of ^UZUhu(wah)hurti- `idem' /Hittite [hcm1]

gerinc spine, backbone /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian gerinc is thought to be a descriptive word.[Chong]

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Sumerian

eğir, eğer (n.) back; stern (of a ship); end; limit; future; inheritance; (prep.) behind; (adv.) afterwards.[jh]

Altaic/Turkic

geri back, backward (Turkish) [Chong]

geri∫ back, spine /Turkmen [glnp]

gerj- to blaze up, take fire; be induced (of an electrical current); to kindle, heat etc. /Hungarian

Uralic

haragra gerjed fly into a rage {where harag anger} /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian gerjed is of unknown origin and is unrelated to harag [Chong]

{Hungarian /j/ like English /y/ in /yes/}

Sumerian

kára, kár, guru₆ to shine, illuminate, to be bright [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 60 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

Cushitic, East

diratu fire (Tambaro = Qabena); ji?'ira /Burji; gira /Sidamo; giira /Hadiyya; gira /Darasa; gira /Kambata; gira /Saho; gira pl girar /Afar; qoyra wood /Konso

Cushitic, South

waginimo pl magiru firewood /Alagwa; magiirmo pl maagir /Gorowa; magino pl magidu /Burunge; migirmo pl migir /Iraqw

Semitic

gir-um girr-um fire god of fire /Akkadian

Egyptian

d_r fire /Old Egyptian

Omotic

ge?'a fire /Janjero

Austro-Asiatic

kere to prepare charcoal, to carry out the process by which charcoal is made (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

*giola ( ~ -l/-, *gi_alo) to burn, fire /Altaic [ss]

*gal fire /Mongolian [ss]

qal (HI, SH), qal (IM), g|al (MA) /Middle Mongolian; gal /Khalkha; g|al /Kalmuck; gali, gal/ /Dagur; Gar /Monguor [ss]

*gul- 1 to blaze 2 to set fire 3 (bon)fire 4 hearth /Tungus [ss]

golo-wun 3 /Negidal; Golon tuwa 3; gulgin 'flame' /Manzhu; Gola- 2, Golz^|o~ 4 /Nanai; Gol-z^|o(n) 4 /Ulcha; gu.l- 2 /Even; gul- 1 /Evenki [ss]

*giu:l/o ( ~ -e) to smoke, fume /Altaic [ss]

*golu-mta hearth /Mongolian [ss]

golomt /Khalkha; g|ulm.t /Kalmuck [ss]

*gu":l- to smoke, fume /Tungus [ss]

gulu- (On.) /Nanai; gi:l- /Even [ss]

*k@r- to be smoked /Korean [ss]

k@l- /Modern Korean [ss]

*ku\su\-(m)p- to smoke, fume /Japanese [ss]

kusuba- /Old Japanese; kusubu/r- /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

hararet heat, fever /Turkish
köre-mek to begin to burn properly /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

gerhen bright; gerhen (mukiyembi) dawn; geri sparks /Manchu [as]

Basque

gar (C) flame

Dravidian

kerj- to warm oneself by the fire; kercip- (kercit-) to warm somebody else (Parji); re_s- to warm by the fire (aphaeresis of k-)(Kond.a); grehpa (greht-) to warm, warm by the fire, broil, foment; n. act of warming by the fire, fomentation (Kui); ke_r.njali to warm oneself in the sun; krenj- (-it-) to warm oneself; kreh- (krest-) to warm another (Kuwi)(DEDR 1967).[sk]

karw-, karv-, kar-, kar.- to burn; karv-, karsahta_na_, kar.ih- to burn; kar.ha field fit for burning cultivation (Gondi) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

gorjeti to burn, be consumed by fire; be lighted; blaze, flame /Serbo-Croatian
gorući burning, on fire /Serbo-Croatian
kuriti to burn (fuel); heat, warm /Serbo-Croatian
horieť burn /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

kara ray, beam /Sanskrit
gharmá warmth, heat < ghr. glow, be warm /Sanskrit

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Last updated 18 January 2008