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Magyar
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
This page contains a few coarse words that may offend some people.
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fárad
to tire, get tired; to take the trouble to do something; fárad-t tired, weary /HungarianUralic
One official says Hungarian fárad is of FU origin.
*p8rk3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Another source says it is derived from the root fár(a) and adds that a Turkic connection is incorrect [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
wrdj be weary (O.K.); wrd be weary /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*vąrhet-
(~ V-) flexible; weak; to grow weak 1; to rest /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]wą'r?i-
, wúr?i- ; wąr?ε't- 1 /Chukchee; vąrhat- /Palan [ss]Altaic
*p`ára to be tired /Altaic [ss]
*ā.r-
/TurcDravidian
va_ra (va_ri-) to be wearied, tired, cramped after exertion (Kui); varuntu (varunti-) to suffer, be distressed, grieved, become emaciated, take pains, make great efforts, make a supplication; varuttu (varutti-) to cause pain, afflict, vex; n. suffering, pain; varuttam suffering, pain, strain, difficulty, effort, exhaustion, weariness (Tamil) [sk]
var..alikai weariness, fatigue (Tamil); ba.l. fatigue; ba.l.- (ba.l.y-) to become exhausted from hunger (Kota); bar..al(u) to become weary, be fatigued, droop, fade, to cast down, be distressed; bar..alike, bar..alke weakness, fatigue, distress (Kannad.a); bal.alik tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion (Tulu); va_r.ag a_- to become tired (Mand.a); br.ac- (-it-) to be tired of (Kuwi)(DEDR 5293). [sk]
farag
to carve, cur, hew, whittle /HungarianUralic
*par3- cut, remove, scrape, shave /Proto-Uralic) [Chong]
Altaic
furu cut to pieces (Manchu - Sauvageot) [Chong]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
bwrr∂g to cut (with a slicing motion) /Baluchi [mab]
We need /b/ > /f/ in Hungarian, but /b/ > /v/ usually?
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Some coarse words
fasz
coarse term for penis, dick /Hungarian {/p/ > /f/}Uralic
Estonian
vitt (noun) vulva, cunt, pussy note E.g. Mine vittu! - Fuck off! (Liter.Go into cunt); puts cunt note Pronunciation /puts´/(palatalized) [source]
Hungarian
fasz, pöcs coarse terms for penis {/p/ > /f/}
picsa coarse term for female genitals
Hungarian picsa sounds like English pitcher or what those in the Media call the "Bigger Pitcha".
Seen as loans from probably Slavic, notwithstanding the Caucasian or Dravidian and Iranian parallels.
Altaic
pic (noun, pronounced: pitch) son of a bitch /Turkish [source]
Basque
pito (colloq.) penis
{c.f. zakil (C) (anat.) penis}
Caucasian [ss]
*pu:t.i / *bu:t.i (~ -e) genitals (mostly female) /North Caucasian
*but. ( ~ -u:-) vulva /Nakh
Chechen: bud; Ingush: bud
*but.a vulva, vagina /Andian
Andi: but.a ; Akhvakh: but.a ; Chamalal: but.a ; Tindi: but.a ; Karata: but.a ; Botlikh: but.a ; Bagvalal: but.a ; Godoberi: but.a
*byt.V A ( ~ -i-) vagina /Tsezian
Tsezi: bet.i ; Ginukh: bet.e
put.i a hollow stalk, tube /Lak
*put.i 1 chibouque 2 anus /Dargwa
Akusha: put.i 1 ; Chiragh: put.e 2
Comments: The common meaning is "hollow tube" (cf. the Lak. form).
*p:ot. (~-u-) 1 penis 2 vagina /Lezghian
Agul: but. 1 ; Budukh: bit.i 2
Dravidian
poccu woman's pubic hair, vulva, anus (Tamil); pocca, pocci membrum muliebre (Malayalam); po_s vulva (Brahui); poj id. (Ko.); pucci, pucce id. (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4476) [sk]
Indo-European
(A) PENIS from [ahd]
*pes- penis /Proto Indo-European
Suffixed form *pes-ni- pencil, penicillium, penis, from Latin pĕnis (< *pesnis), penis, tail. (Pokorny 3. pes- 824.)
>>>>> (I) from [fjs]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
faz, fizaz the male organ of generation /Persian
>>>>> (II) from [source]
Romance
Occitan: viech (masc. noun) penis note Old slang, not very offensive. The phrase "viech d'ase" (pronounced "biedaze") (literally, "donkey's cock") is used to express surprise or dismay: "Viech d'ase, m'an panat l'autòSpanish picha (noun, fem.) penis; pijo penis, used as an insult and as an exclamation note used in Murcia, in Madrid it means prepy boy; pijo, pija (noun, masc. or fem.) penis note As an adjective ("Un niño pijo" "Una tia pija") means snob, snooty.; pito (masc. noun) penis note Uruguayan slang for penis. 'Chupame el pito" (suck my dick), 'Agarrame el pito' (grab my dick). See also 'pedazo' and 'verga'; pico penis note Spoken only in Chile. In other parts of South America they say "Ocho y pico" like eightish
Germanic
Low German
Pietsa - m. (pl - sch) penis /Low German [Rempel]
Yiddish
putz (noun) dick, penis note As in, "He's such a putz" or "I bet his putz is softer than a boiled carrot". It may be familiar from American slang.
Slavic
Bulgar: pischka penis.
(B) VULVA from [Pokorny: 1523]
*pi:zda:- English meaning: vulva; German meaning: `weibliche Scham'
Albanian
pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'
Slavic
Russian pizda/, Polish. pizda ds., daraus entlehnt (?) lit. pyzda\, Latvian. pi:zda f. ds., und apr. peisda `Arsch'.
>>>>> (I) from [sk]
Indo-Iranian
posa anus, vulva (Pkt.); posan.a anus (Pkt.); phosa id. (Skt.); *pucca vulva (Skt.) (CDIAL 8248)
puttara
vulva (Pkt.); pu~_tu part of the body behind the pudenda (K.); puti_ vulva; phuti_, phuddi_ vulva of small girl (Ku.); puti vulva; putu vulva of young woman (N.); pot.h, pot.i rectum (K.); pu~t.ki anus (B.); pu_t. sacrum bone of a cow (H.)>>>>> (II) from [source]
Armenian
buts (noun) cunt, female genitals note prononciation like English "boots" with a shorter oo. Almost exclusively used "anatomically". No other meaning
Romance
Portuguese: puta bitch note Puta is feminine, Puto is masculine; Occitan: puta (fem. noun) † whore, prostitute note Same meaning as "putan", but never used as an interjection.; Catalan: puta (fem. noun) whore, bitch; Rumanian: pizdã (fem. noun, pl. pizde) cunt
Germanic
Icelandic
pussa cunt, pussy
Low German
puse "vulva" [?]
High German
puderdose (fem. noun) pussy, twat note rather nice discription for a pussy but should not be used in polite conversations.
Slavic
Cseh: píča cunt; Slovak: piča (noun, fem.) vagina (cunt) note Female counterpart of "kokot" (see the entry); the same rules of usage; its weaker version (as an insult of a female) could be "krava" (cow). Its alternative as both male and female insult is "kurva" (whore)(see the entry).; Bulgar: pischka penis; Polish: pizda pussy; pizdka little pussy; Ukranian: пізда ~ pizda (noun) cunt, pussy, vagina note Accent is on 'da'.
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fej
head (anat.); leader /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian fej-, fő derive from FU.
*pänge (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
Altaic/Tungus
bojiya headman of a clan /Manchu [as]
fel,
föl up; above; fel-felé upwards /HungarianUralic
Official source says that fel, föl derive from föl "skimmings" which is of F-U origin. [Chong]
*p8"l3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Etruscan
falatu, fala sky
The Etruscan 'falatu' is a reconstructed word from ancient sources
fél
to fear, be afraid, to cower /Hungarian {p>f}Uralic
Hungarian is officially of FU origin.
*pele- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
pelätä (Finnish) [Chong]
peljims to fear /Erzya [fv]
Sumerian
buluh to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright [jh]
Dravidian
*pal.- to cower, crouch /Dravidian [ss]
*Pal.- to cower /South Dravidian [ss]
pal.ku (pal.ki-), par.ku (par.ki-) to cower, crouch /Tamil; pal.un|n|uka to cower, stoop /Malayalam [ss]
*pal.-g- to crouch, bend /Gondwan [ss]
par.g- (-it-) (tiger) to crouch (BB) /Konda [ss]
*palg- to bend forwards, stoop down /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
palga (palgi-) /Kui [ss]
Muskogean/Eastern
pìila to be bothered about, worried, distracted {/pila} /Alabama [tm]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
bhoiH-eh2-tei fear /PIE [rd]
Italic
bajule cringe /Portuguese
Slavic
Old Church Slavic: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Russian: bojat'sja `fear, be afraid'; Ukrainian: boja/ty sja `fear, be afraid'; Czech: ba/ti se `fear, be afraid'; Slovak: bat' sa `fear, be afraid'; Polish: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Slovincian: bu\oje>c sa, `fear, be afraid'; Upper Sorbian: bojec/ so `fear, be afraid'; Lower Sorbian: bo/jas/ se `fear, be afraid'; Bulgarian: boja/ se `fear, be afraid'; Serbo-Croatian: bo\jati se `fear, be afraid'; Slovene: boja/ti se `fear, be afraid' [rd]
Baltic
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: b(o)i(?)-a?-tei [rd]
Lithuanian: bijo/ti(s) `fear, be afraid'
Latvian: bija^t(ie^s) `fear, be afraid' [verb]; bi^tie^s `fear, be afraid'
Old Prussian: bia:twei `fear, be afraid' [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bhaya fear , alarm dread apprehension, dismay, danger, peril, distress; danger from /Sanskrit
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Half, divided, separated, fork
fél, fele
half; (one) side (of two) /HungarianUralic
Uralic *pälä half
Lapp boelle side, half, Votjak pal side, half, Zürjen pel side,
Vogul poal half, Ostjak palek half, Samoyed pel'l'e half.
Hungarian is officially of FU origin.
pieli: suupieli corner of the mouth (suu mouth); pieltä- tilt, tip to the side; [? puoli half] (Finnish) / pe£@k (Khanty) / pel@k (Souther Khanty - derivative) / põl (Komi) / bælle half; side; the fellow of something (Lappish) / paal, pääl, poål (Mn') / pel side; pel@ half (Mari) / pel' side; pele half; pola wife (Mordvin) / pal (Udnurt) [Chong]
pool half /Vaddja [fv]
Altaic
*pa:\li to be separated, divided /Altaic [ss]
*beldir cross-roads, separation of two roads or rivers /Turkic [ss]
*belĉir cross-road; joint of two rivers /Mongol [ss]
*pa:lan bifurcation, fork /Tungus [ss]
ha:la:n /Evenki; xalan /Negidal; pa:la~ /Nanai; xala(n) /Ulcha; xa:la(n) /Oroch; xala(n) /Udighe [ss]
*p@:r- to be opened, separated /Korean [ss]
p@:l-, p@:lli-, paly- (trans.) Modern Korean; p@:r- Middle Korean [ss]
*pi\ra\k- to open /Japanese [ss]
pji\ra\k- /Old Japanese; hira/k- /Tokyo; hi/ra/k- /Kyoto; hi\ra\k- /Kagoshima [ss]
Turkic
bölek part; bölek-bölek to pieces; bölekleyin partial /Turkmen [glnp]
bölmek to divide, to part; bölüm section /Turkmen [glnp]
pol 1. floor 2. half 3. sex /Turkmen [glnp]
[glnp] suggests that pol is also found in Russian - not to mention Altaic, Uralic etc.
Sumerian
bar
halfDravidian
*pa:l- portion /Dravidian [ss]
pa_l part (Malayalam); division, part, portion, share (Kannad.a); part, portion, share, section, fraction (Tol. Er..ut. 165); dividing, apportioning (Patir-r-up. 16,19); moiety; middle (Kalit. 90); pa_n-mai portion, share (Tamil); pa.lm portion, division (Kota); po.lm share; subdivision of patrilineal sib (Toda); pa.li ma.d. to divide, distribute (Kod.agu); pa_lu share, portion, part, division (Tulu); id., lot, fraction (Telugu); pe_la portion (Parji) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
polu- semi-, demi-, half- /Serbo-Croatian
polo- semi /Slovak
polovina /Russian
polowina (pl.) halves /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vol.em, vol.ya_ either of the two halves of a coconut (Kon:kan.i_ lex.)
vál
to split, separate, divide /HungarianUralic
Hungarian vál is officially of F-U origin.
valka(ma) hard, small haven. landing-place (Finnish); wyg@l- come down, descend, sink (Khanty); wag@t- come down, descend, sink (South Khanty); vuol'ge depart, go, start; go, leave home (Lappish); jol-wagl- descend (Man's'i - jol- down); wale-, wole- descend; lower (of price); set (of the sun) (Mari); valgo- come down and sit (of birds); descend; go down (of stars) (Mordvin) [Chong]
Niger-Congo (?)
waala (v.) to part, segment; waala (n.) share, segment /Wollof [pc2]
Dravidian
*val.a- to cut /Dravidian; *vāl.- to peel, to slice /Dravidian [ss]
vilaku to be separated; vilan:ku to be separated; n. obstruction, hindrance (Tamil); vilakku separation, interdict; vilan.n.uka to go aside, fall across, cross over, be transverse; vilan.n.a across, athwart; vilan.n.u what is across, fetters (Malayalam); vi_lu to be separated, leave (Telugu) (DEDR 5423) [sk]
pil. (pil.v-, pin.t.-, pil.p-, pit.t.-) to burst open, be rent or cut, be broken to pieces; divide; pil.appu crevice, cleft, splitting; pil.avai piece /Tamil; pil.aruka to split; cleave; pil.arcca splitting, a cleft /Malayalam; pil.arppu, pil.appu cleft, rent, crack /Malayalam; pil.igu, hil.gu, hil.i to break, crack, burst /Kannad.a; pulevu a crack /Tulu; p(r)e_lu to crack, burst (?Telugu); pr.i_ to be split open (Pengo); plinga to be split, cracked /Kui; bri_phali, plih'nai to hatch /Kuwil vil. split, to open out /Tamil; vil.avu cleft, crack /Tamil; vil.l.uka to burst open, crack, break /Malayalam; vil.l.al hollow, rent; vil.l.u crack, aperture /Malayalam; vil.uruka to split, open /Malayalam; buluni, bul.l.uni a sore or wound to enlarge; crack, slit /Tulu; buluni to be open /Tulu [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
pałka
to be split in more than two pieces, splintered {/pał (at)-ka1} /Alabama [tm]villa
fork; vas villa pitchfork / Hungarian {/p/ > /v/}Uralic
? villám lightning {bifurcation of electrical energy?} /Hungarian
[could also be read literally as "my fork"]
Altaic
*pa:\li to be separated, divided /Altaic [ss]
*pa:lan bifurcation, fork /Tungus [ss]
ha:la:n /Evenki; xalan /Negidal; pa:la~ /Nanai; xala(n) /Ulcha; xa:la(n) /Oroch; xala(n) /Udighe [ss]
Dravidian
vilaku to be separated; vilan:ku to be separated; n. obstruction, hindrance (Tamil); vilakku separation, interdict; vilan.n.uka to go aside, fall across, cross over, be transverse; vilan.n.a across, athwart; vilan.n.u what is across, fetters (Malayalam); vi_lu to be separated, leave (Telugu) (DEDR 5423) [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
vile hay-fork, pitchfork /Serbo-Croatian
vidlička fork /Slovak
vilka fork /Russian
wila, wilica, razklonenie /Bulgar
Muskogean/Eastern (??)
falakto to be forked (as a stick) /Alabama [tm]
filammi to fork off, take a fork off a main route, branch off, cut off from a main path (of one) Usage: Older word /Alabama [tm]
filammichi to make (someone) turn off at a fork in the road, make (someone) change direction /Alabama [tm]
filanka1 road or stream that forks and splits off, side road [/filam-ka1] /Alabama [tm]
filanka2 to take a fork off a main route, branch off, cut off from a main path; to turn off a path (of one) Usage: Newer form. /Alabama [tm]
fíllanka to be forking, have a branch off, have a turn-off (of a road) {/filam-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
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fenn
above, upstairs, overhead /HungarianUralic
Origin ?
Muskogean/Eastern
páana top side /Alabama [tm]
fészek
nest /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian fészek is derived from a FU root.
pizë (Erzya); pesä (Finnish); p@l (Khanty); pit (Southern Khanty) [Chong]
pesä nest /Vaddja [fv]
Dravidian
pase, hase a layer; a bed; a beautiful seat; pase nil to be on a seat (Kannad.a); hase a spot on the ground decorated with flowers or colours; hase-jagali an artificially raised spot to put the ornamented seat upon; hase-man.e a plank used to form a hase; the ornamented seat itself (Kannad.a); a_sandi a couch, the seat of which is made of basket work; a_sana sitting (Kannad.a); a seat in general: a stool, chair etc.; sitting in pecular postures, according to the custom of devotees (Kannad.a); asi, hasi that which is laid on the ground (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
pad.u, had.u to lie down; to set as the sun (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
a_sana a seat in general: a stool, chair etc.; sitting in pecular postures, according to the custom of devotees (Sanskrit); pa_sa_da lofty platform, terrace, high building (Pali); pa_sa_ya palace (Pkt.) [sk]
fés-ű
comb; fés-ül to comb /HungarianUralic
Officially Hungarian fésű "comb" is thought to possibly be derived from Hungarian fej "head" [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #183> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
f@c#- grind /Awngi
Cushitic, East
fid/- comb /Somali
Cushitic, South
fits'- sweep /Proto West Rift
Dravidian
ba_cu to comb (Kannad.a); barcu (Tu.); va_ru to cut length-wise; to trim a palm leaf to write upon; to put the hair in order by a comb, to comb (Tamil, Malayalam); va_r-u, va_l.u id. (Malayalam); vakir to cut in longitudinal little pieces, to divide, slice; to part or disentangle as the hair (Tamil, Malayalam); ba_cisu to cause to comb (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
pacali, paccinai, pac- (-it-) to scratch; pahinai to scrawl (Kuwi); pac- to scratch (Pengo, Mand.a); comb hair (Mand.a); pecer a comb (Mand.a); par-an.t.u, par-a_n.t.u, pir-a_n.t.u, pur-a_n.t.u to scratch as with nails (Tamil); paran.t.uka to scratch, scrape (Malayalam); parad.u, paracu to scratch with the finer or nails, claw; harnku to scratch with nails (Kannad.a); paran:kuni, parn:kuni, parkuni id. (Tulu); pars- (parast-) to scratch (part of body)(Kolami); pars- to scratch (Naikri); parc- to scratch; partid the itch; paytil urticaria (Parji); pa_rc-, pars- to scratch (body, etc.); pa_rs- (pa_ris-) to scratch with fingernails or claws; parru prickly heat (Gadba); pas- (-t-) to scratch with the nails; pasay a_- to get scratched (Kond.a); pacc- to scratch (Pengo)(DEDR 4023).[sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
фас-
(fas-) to comb /Ossetic [va: 35]figy-el
to watch, observe, keep watch over; notice /HungarianUralic
Hungarian figyel is officially believed to be derived possibly from fülel- "listen attentively" [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
While vigyáz is officially derived from a F-U root.
viisa- lie in wait for, watch for; viisu- lie in wait, lurk (Estonian); viz'- keep, observe, tend, etc (Komi); vodz'-, vodz'- defend, keep (something somewhere), preserve, protect, etc. (Udmurt) [Chong]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
wis 'care, attention, guardian or protector'
wisi 'tend or see to, look after' (cl.1)
Austro-Asiatic
bhidia, bhiduk spy; bhidi to spy (Santali.lex.) [sk: 5691]
Dravidian
bhidi to keep secret, to keep one's own counsel, to spy, to pry into, to reconnoitre, to search for a clue, to act secretly; bhidikate ja~ha~nake hataoa he will buy something to enable him to spy; bhidia a spy; bhiduk a spy, a pretender (Santali.lex.) bedaku to seek, to search for, look for (Ka.); vetaku, vetuku, vedaku (Telugu); bedaku search (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 6786]
ve_gimpu waking from sleep, keeping awake; ve_gincu to keep awake; ve_gu to watch without sleeping; ve_cu to wish for, hope, expect, watch for (Telugu); be_hu, be_gu spying (Kannad.a); e_gu, ve_gu (Telugu); ve_, ve_y, ve_gu, ve_vu (Tamil); ve_vu (Malayalam); be_gu-ga_r-a, be_hu-ka_r-a a spy (Kannad.a); ve_vuka_ran- (Tamil); ve_gulava_d.u (Telugu); be_hinava a spy, a scout (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) [sk: 5691]
Etruscan (?)
veitha "careful, fair" < "vacillating" [az96]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bhudh- observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Slavic
*búděti
/Proto Slavic [rd]búděti
`be awake, keep watch' /Old Curch SlavonicBalto-Slavic
*bud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
bude`/ti `be awake, keep watch' Lithuanian [rd]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bheudh-, *bhoudh observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Greek
pšuqomai `give notice' [rd]
Slavic
*bl,usti /Proto Slavic [rd]
bl,usti `watch, guard' [verb] Old Church Slavonic
bljusti/ `guard, observe' [verb], bljudu/ [1sg], bljude't [3sg] Russian
blju\ \sti (archaic) `guard, observe' [verb], bl,u/de:m [1sg] Serbo-Croatian [rd]
Balto-Slavic
*bioud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bo/dhati `observe, heed' /Sanskrit [rd]
(3) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*weid- to know, to see [cb1]
Different grades of ablaut generated different meanings of the same root. In several languages the word for 'to know' acts as a Perfect tense form (like Greek oida). The explanation seems simple: 'I know' meant just 'I have seen'. [cb1]
Greek
Greek oida (I know); idein (to see): *w disappears everywhere in Ionic and Attic dialects;
Doric Greek woida (I know) [cb1]
Celtic
Common Celtic *wid- (to know), *widtos (knowledge); *windo- (white, clearly seen) >
Old Irish fнs (vision), find (white), fiuss (knowledge), ro-fhetar (I know); Welsh gwyn (white), Gaulish vindos (white), Breton gwenn (white), Cornish guyn (white), Irish & Scottish Gaelic fios (knowledge), fнs (vision), fionn (white) [cb1]
Italic
Latin video (I see); >
Sardinian videre (to see), Aromunian vedu, Romanian vedea, Ladin vair, Italian vedere, Catalan veurer, Spanish & Portuguese ver, Occitan veire, French voir [cb1]
Germanic
Common Germanic *wit- (to know); >
Gothic & Old Swedish & Old English witan (to know), Old Norse vita, Old High German wizzan, Old Frankish wita; Gothic weitan (to see); English wise, German wissen (to know), Icelandic & Faroese vita, Norwegian vite, Swedish veta, Danish vide, Frisian witten, Dutch weten, Afrikaans weet [cb1]
Paleo-Balkan
Phrygian wit- (to know), witeto (he looked) [cb1]
Armenian
Armenian gitem (I know) [cb1]
Slavic
Common Slavic *vide.ti (to see), *ve.dati (to know); >
Ukrainian viditi, vidati, Bulgarian vidya (I see), Macedonian vidam (I see), Serbo-Croatian vidjeti (to see), Slovene & Czech videti (to know), vedeti (to know), Slovak videt' (to see), vedet' (to know), Polish widziec' (to see), wiedziec' (to know), Lower Sorbian wjez'es' (to know), widz'es' (to see), Belorussian vedac' (to know), Russian videt' (to see), vest' (news), Old Russian vedat' (to know) [cb1]
Balto-Slavic
Common Baltic *woid- (to know), *wid- (to see); >
Old Prussian waidimai (we know), widdai (I saw); Lithuanian vysti (to see), Sudovian izvнst (to see), vidйt (see; borrowed from Slavic) [cb1]
Indo-Iranian
Avestan vaeda (I know), vaйdha (knowledge, information), vista (known) [cb1]
Sanskrit vǔda (I know) - from here the name Veda comes [cb1]
fiz-et
to pay, discharge, settle /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian fizet is possibly derived from fûz- "bind", etc.. [Chong]
Another expert (TESz) says venni/vesz "to buy, purchase" is probably related to vinni/visz- "carry". which according to (MÉK) is derived from a F-U root. [see Chong]
Altaic
*basi payment, loan /Altaic [ss]
*bas-yg 1 a k. of tax 2 a coin /Turkic [ss]
basyg| (OUig) 1 /Old Turkic; pus 2 /Chuvash [ss]
*basa- payment /Tungus [ss]
*psku:i'i/-, psku/- to loan, borrow /Korean [ss]
k:ui-, k:u- /Modern Korean; psku:i'i/-, psku/- /Middle Korean [ss]
*pi/sa/k- to sell, barter /Japanese [ss]
p(j)i/sa/k- /Old Japanese; hisag- /Tokyo [ss]
fog
a tooth; peg /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian fog is derived from a FU source.
*pinge /FU
pii tooth (of a comb), peg (of a rake) /Finnish; pöngk /Khanty; pin' (Komi, Udmurt); ? badne /Lapp; pängk /Man's'i; pü, püj /Mari; pej, pen'g, pev /Mordvin [Chong]
Indo-European
Celtic
fiacaill a tooth /Gaelic, fiacail /Irish, Old Irish. There is an Early Irish fec for féc, a tooth, a stem *veikkâ [mcb]
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Catch, trap, seize, snare; spider
fog-ad
to take; fog-lal to occupy, seize; fog-ó pliers, pincers, handle; fog-oly captive, prisoner < fog- to hold, grasp, catch /HungarianUralic
*pung3- /Ugric
pøw- (Konda Man's'i, Tavda Man's'i); puuxi, puu¥i, puuwi catch, grab, seize (Middle Lozva Man's'i); puu- seize (Nether Lozva Man's'i); puww- (Pelymka Man's'i, Sosva Man's'i) [Chong]
fék
to halt << halter, bridle /Hungarian << pakke /Ugrianpók spider; pók-háló spider's web, cobweb /Hungarian
pánk spider; pánkháló spider's web, cobweb /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
Sumerian
pag to catch (birds) [Chong]
pag, bag to cage, shelter (birds) [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
paka (v.) to snatch /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
px N /Aramaic [cal]
1 Palestinian,CPA,Syr,JBA trap
LS2 562
LS2 v: paxA)
Sino-Tibetan
*Pa:k grasp, embrace /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "to beat" [ss]
bo 2 Modern (Beijing) < pâk Middle Chinese < pa:k Old Chinese
phak embrace, hug. /Burmese [ss]
Altaic
? ba- /Classical Mongol [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*peγą
- to throw; to rope in for neck 1 (бросать; заарканить за шею 1) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN85]*peγą-łhitn-u- to rope in, to catch by lasso neck (заарканить, поймать арканом шею) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1504]
pεγą
-c?inn-u- /Chukchee [ss]*pax-čo-
/Proto Itelmen [ss: PN86]paxčo-kes
to throw (бросать) /Sedank dialect [ss]Dravidian
bakka_ claws of a crab, forceps, shears /Kur.ux [sk]
bála
spider; pók ant; pid to catch /Dravidian-KurIndo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
pagê [a^], hê, (pêgnumi) anything that fixes or fastens, snare, noose 2. metaph., trap, snare; pa^gis, idos, hê, (pêgnumi) = pagê , trap 2. metaph., trap, snare, of women
Albanian
veg(e') handle (of pot), hook, curved handle /Albanian [bd]
[which apparently derives from *ueiH, *ueHi- to revolve, spin, plait /PIE [bd]]
Slavic
pauk spider; paučina cobweb /Serbo-Croatian
pavúk spider /Slovak
паук (pauk) spider /Russian
Indo-Iranian
pac, fasten, bind (in compounds) /Sanskrit
pā'c,a bond, snare, trap < pac, /Sanskrit
pakkad. seize /Sanskrit [sk]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
pach'mut (mut : bird) 'bird trapping'
ah pach'mut 'bird trapper'
pach'mah 'trap animal (esp. with the deadfall)' (cl.3)
pach'bir 'crushed, caught in a trap'
pach'k'ah 'get crushed, get caught in a trap' (cl.3)
C.f.. Chorti mut bird with Hungarian madár bird
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föld
earth, soil, the ground, the earth /HungarianUralic
Officially, Hungarian föld is possibly related to föl "up". [Chong]
Dravidian
vayal, vayyakal paddy field, agricultural tract, open space, plain; vayar--karai, vayar--ka_t.u tract of wet lands, paddy field (Tamil); vayal, vail paddy field (Malayalam); bayal(u), bayil(u), baylu, vayal open space, field, plain (Kannad.a); be.li paddy field (Kod.agu); bayilu, bailu fertile kind of rice field in low land which can be easily irrigated (Tulu); bayalu open space or field, plain, meadow (Telugu) [sk]
Indo-European
*uelt open field /Proto Indo-European [js]
folde
f earth, land, country /Old English [sc1]foly-am
river, stream; foly-ás course, flow, run; discharge, flux; foly(ik) flow, run, stream; ensue, follow, go on, be in progress; foly-ó river, stream; folytat- continue, go ahead/on, run on; extend, prolong, follow, lead (a life), live, pursue, wage (a war) [Chong] {archaic phoneme /ly/ is now the same as English /y/}Uralic
Officially, the Hungarian root is foly(ik) which is possibly of FU origin.
? poˆ¶!jÅ bubbling, gushing water (Nizjam Khanty); p¿lidÅ gushing water (Obdorsk Khanty) [Chong]
őj
brook /Vaddja [sk]Dravidian
oyi, hoyi to pour /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) cf. pey to pour down into /Tamil; po_yu to pour /Telugu; pey to rain, fall (as dew or hail); pour down or into; poci to ooze, percolate, flow /Tamil; poy to pour, cast; pouring /Kannad.a; po_yu to pour, cast in metal /Telugu; poy- (water) pours, flows, to be spilled, flow /Gondi; poe~_na_ to fall (of rain) /Kur.ux; poye (pos-) to rain /Malto [sk]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*wleik- flow /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
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Spin, braid, confuse, complicate
fonal
thread, yarn (-ál is a deverbial suffix) /HungarianUralic
*puna spin, twist /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
puno- /Finnish; pyn- braid, twist /Komi; bâdne- spin, twist /Lapp; pun- twist /Man's'i; põne-, pune- braid, spin, twine, twist /Mari; pun- /Udmurt; pün'o- twine, twist /Kamas; fonu- to braid /Nganasan [Chong]
väntüä (v) to wind; to braid /Vaddja [fv]
Niger-Congo (?)
woñ (n.) thread /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
pwwne turn, change /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
pny (v.) /Aramaic [cal]
011 passim to turn 012 Syr to be turned 013 Syr to return 014 JLAGal to release 015 Syr %lwAt nap$eh% to recover one's senses 016 Syr %xzA)% to see again 017 JBA to ease oneself 041 Syr to turn 042 Syr %(al% to care for 021 Syr to give back 022 Syr to pay back 023 Syr %petgAmA)% to reply 024 Syr to hear 025 Syr to satisfy 026 Syr to turn s.t. 027 JLAGal,JLATg,JBA to remove 028 JLAGal,JLATg to empty out 029 JLAGal to dismiss (from school) 0210 JLAGal to complete 051 Syr to be made to return 052 Syr to be returned 053 Syr to be repaid 054 Syr to be replied 055 JLAGal to be removed 056 JLAGal to be at leisure 057 JLAGal to be released 058 JLAGal to be dismissed (from school) 059 JLAGal to be completed 0510 JBA to relieve oneself 0511 JBA to be completed 031 Syr to turn s.t. 032 Syr to avert 033 Syr to convert 034 Syr to give back 035 Syr to lead back 036 JLAGal,JBA to free for interpretation
LS2 578
Austric
miro(a), whenu(a) to spin /Mäori [ng]
Sino-Tibetan
*[ph]a>n|H twist, spin, spindle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "twist, spin"
fang 3 /Modern (Beijing) < phwa/n| /Middle Chinese < phan|? /Old Chinese
Tibetan phan| spindle. [ss]
Kachin g@ban|3 a hand-spindle. [ss]
*phuan cloth, garment /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "long garment"
fen 1 /Modern (Beijing) < phu"n /Middle Chinese < ph@n /Old Chinese [ss]
Kachin: phun3 put on and wear, as a coat. [ss]
Lushei: puan, pon cloth, a garment, KC *puan. [ss]
Kiranti: *bha"\n wear [ss]
ban-, bha(t)- wear, put on (as ornament) /Thulung [ss]
*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]
{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]
a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]
phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]
*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]
pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]
burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]
siunu /Nepali [ss]
Dravidian
*pin.-/*pi:nd.- to entwine, twist /Dravidian [ss]
*p_en. -: *pen. -V- `to twine, twist' /Dravidian [mw1: DEDR 4160a]
pe~_d.u, pe_d.u to twist, twine; pe_nu to twist, entwine; twist tow or three single threads into a thick thread (Telugu); pe_nd. to twist, twine (rope)(Naikri); pen.e to intertwine, twist, plait, braid (Toda); pin.ai to entwine; being knit together (Tamil); pin.i fastening, plait; pin.akku twisting, interlacing (Tamil); pin.a tying (Malayalam); pi.n. to become entangled (of ropes)(Kota); pena a twist of ropes; pena_cu to twist, twist together; pinning to be twisted (Brahui) (DEDR 4160). [sk]
ban.d.e, ban.d.a wool; ad.i-ban.d.a the wool at the belly of a sheep (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
vanth "demoness or fury associated with Xarun" [am91, glb, EM]
"Parca" [az96]; "one who turns" > "spin" [az96]
venzile "servile, client" [az96] root of vanth [az96]
Altaic
*p`u/n/e hair; feather /Altaic [ss]
*hu"-su" hair /Mongol [ss]
*pun/e- hair /Tungus [ss]
fenix@ 'hair, fur', funig|e /Modern Manchu; fun-ir-xie /Zhurzhen [ss]
*pa/na/i feather /Japanese [ss]
pa/ne/ (Old Japanese); ha\ne (Tokyo); ha/ne\ (Kyoto); ha/ne (Kagoshima) [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*pan fabric /PIE [js]
Greek
see wánax [am91]
Slavic
vuna wool /Serbo-Croatian [p>v] (meaning totally different to Hungarian!!!)
vlna wool /Slovak
Muskogean/Eastern
paanałi
to put in with, mix (one object) in /Alabama [tm]paanałka
1. to intermingle with, mix with (of one or one group) 2. to be mixed together (of different kinds of things); to be racially integrated /Alabama [tm]panayka to have a sprained or turned ankle; to warp (as new lumber left out in the weather); to be curled up (as a cat or dog) {/panay-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
panayli to wind, twist, turn, make (one object) crooked {/panay-li} /Alabama [tm]
pànkachi to be twisted, turned, coiled, crooked, gnarled, curved, warped, spiraled, wrung, serpentine {/pan(ay)-ka1-chi2} /Alabama [tm]
pànnichi to keep twisting, coil {/pan(ay)-li-chi2} Var: pannichi /Alabama [tm]
bonyo
- complicate, confuse /HungarianUralic
puna distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle /Finnish; poˆn'- roll up, wrap up; poˆn't' a kind of tress used by men /Khanty; bodnje twist (also in rope); bending; cross-grain in wood of tree; warp; bodnjâ screw, turn, twist; change direction, change course for; tangle, disarrange, make a mess of; etc. /Lapp; [? põn'em plait, tress /Mari; bin'- roll up; wind up, wind /Udmurt] [Chong]
Hungarian bonyo- is a descriptive word according to one source. [see Chong]
also see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian forr- "to heal,join,knit"
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forr-ad
to heal, join, knit (as in a wound, a fracture); forr-aszt to solder, join; forr-aszt-ó solder /HungarianUralic
also see Hungarian fon "to spin, plait, braid"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
Dravidian
poru (-v-, -nt-) to join, unite, combine; poruttu (porutti-) to fit, adapt, prepare, adjust (Kampara_. Maruttumalai. 90); to cause to agree, to reconcile (Kur-al., 633); to join together, knit, unite; joining, junction, confluence; joint, suture of bones in the body (Panavit.u. 298); joining in carpentry; knot of a plant; uniting (Kampara_. Kumpakarn.a. 157); agreement, engagement; poruttu-ve_lai joinery (W.)(Tamil lex.); porutu (poruti-) to be joined, united with; join together, unite; porun(nu)-tal to be suitable, satisfactory (Nan-. 137); to agree, consent; poruntu-tal to agree, consent (Kampara_. Maruttu. 85); to make a contract, an agreement; to cohabit with (Man.i. 23,46)(Tamil lex.) poruntar weavers, makers of mats and baskets; po_r joining fast together; poruttam agreement, bargain, contract, treaty, covenant /Tamil; poruttu joint, joining, agreeing /Malayalam; pore to be joined, be put or attached to, joint, come near; n. joining, union, nearness, vicinity, side; pondu union, collection; porduge joining, contact, touch, union, harmony, nearness, an appendage /Kannad.a; po_r joining fast together (Maturaik. 354); po_r-k-katavu batten door; folding doors, as joined (Cilap. Arum. Akara_ti.); po_r-r-iya_tal grasping or securing closely (Na_mati_pa. 757); potivu union (Tamil lex.); por..i joint (Perun.. Ucaik. 48,87)/Tamil(Tamil lex.) por-i joint, jointure (Paripa_. 11,64); letter, character, writing /Tamil(Tamil lex.) po_ra < po_d.a hollow; pri the joints of a bamboo, a cane or the fingers /Malto [sk]
par-r-a-vaittal to solder, weld together (Tamil); pattisu id (Kannad.a); par-r-a_cu solder; support, prop; refuge (I_t.u, 8,9,1)(Tamil.lex.) par-r-utal to become joined or welded together, as metals soldered; par-r-in-ar relations; friends, adherants, allies; par-r-un-ar friends (Tamil.lex.); par-r-u to stick; paste, solder (Tamil); adhesion (Malayalam); par-r-ikka to fix, join, paste (Malayalam) [sk]
főz
to cook /HungarianUralic
fő-
boil, fől-, főz- cook, heat /Hungarian [Chong]Officially, Hungarian főz is of FU origin.
*peje- cook (Proto FU) [Chong]
paista- cook (Finnish); pu- cook (Komi); piit- cook (Man's'i) / pi-, pide- cook (Mordvin) [Chong]
pék baker /Hungarian
This one is allegedly a loan from Indo-European
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
psi cook, boil; psdj shine /Old Egyptian [cgj]
pise be cooked, melted; boil, bake, melt /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #394> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
bisil cool /Somali
Semitic
bsl ripen, cook /Geez; bs#l cook /Hebrew
Egyptian
psy, fsy cook /Old Egyptian
Berber
@fsi dissolve /Berber
Altaic
Turkic
bi$- cook (Azeri); pas- steam (Chuvash); miš- bake; parda. pešerü steam (noun) (Tatar); pi$- cook (Turkish); pišir- cook (Uzbek) [Chong]
bi∫-du∫ meal; bi∫irmek to cook, prepare a dish; bi∫mek to be cooked /Turkmen [glnp]
peç etmek to bake /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
budzˆa- cook /Manchu [Chong]
bujumbi to boil, to cook /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
*vis- to cook; to heat in the sun /Dravidian [ss]
*vis- heat; sunshine /South Dravidian [ss]
bisil, bisal, bisul heat and glare of the sun, sunshine /Kannad.a; besal.ige fire-pan; bisi, bisu, bisupu heat /Kannad.a; bisi heat, warmth esp. of sun /Tulu; bisulu sunshine; bisale\, bisal.e\ an earthen vessel /Tulu [ss]
*bic- to cook /North Dravidian [ss]
bi?ina: (bicc-) "to be cooked, baked, boiled, parched in heat" /Kurukh; bice "to be cooked, be heated" /Malto [ss]
bis-ing (bisis-), bis-inging to be baked, cooked, ripen /Brahui [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
pessô soften, ripen, or change by means of heat: I. of the West wind, ripen fruit generally, bring to maturity II. by the action of fire, cook, dress, esp. bake and related meanings
(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction: *pekw- `to cook, bake'
Greek
płssw
, płttw `to bake, to cook, to ripen'Italic
Latin coquo: `to cook'
Slavic
Old Chuch Slavonic peko, `to bake'
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian kepu\ `to bake, to roast', etc.
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*paĉ- to cook /Proto Iranian
Avestan: LAv. pac- `to cook' ; Middle Persian: MMP pwx- `to cook', (nomin.) MMP pwx `eatables, food (?)' ;Parthian: pc- `to cook' ; Khotanese: pajs- (pas/-), (pass.) pach- (pas/-), (nomin. ag.) LKhot. pajsa:ka- ; Sogdian: BSogd. (')pc-, CSogd. pc- `to cook, boil' ; Chorasmian: pc- `to cook', (pass./intr.) ps- `to be cooked, become ripe', (nomin.) pcyk `cooker'
New West Iranian: NP puxtan/paz- `to cook; to ripen; (dial.) `to digest, defecate', Bal. pac^- `to boil, cook', Zaz. pewtis^/pewz^en-, Anar. -ipex/ (impv.) ipez, Ham. peta"n/pej-, Naini pa"xa"/pi:c^- `to cook', Khuns. pez-/pet `to ripen; to cook', Sang. (ppp.) be-piz^e/, Shamerz. ba"-peta/, Surkh. (ppp.) pa%t, Lasg. b a/-piz e `cooked'
New East Iranian: Oss. I. fycyn/fyx(t), D. ficun/funxt `to boil, be boiled; to bake, be baked', Yaghn. pac^-/pa/s^ta `to cook, bake', (inch.) Sh. pis-/pa":xt, Yagh. pu>xs-/pu>/xta `to be boiled, ripen, etc.', Wa. p@c^.-/p@s^.t `to ripen, be cooked', (caus.) Rosh. pe:j-/poxt, Bart. pe:j-/pu"xt, Ishk. pac-/püx(t)-, Wa. pac-/pact `to boil, cook', (sec. caus.-inch.) Yaghn. pu>xso/n-/pu>xso/nta `to cook, bake'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: pac- `to cook, to bake' (RV+)
(3) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
*paxŝ- to cook /Proto Iranian
Middle Persian: MMP pxŝ- `to grow ripe; wither, fade' ; Chorasmian: px- `to cook [intr.]' ; New West Iranian: NP paxŝi:dan/paxŝ- `to burn; to waste away with grief', Zaz. peyŝa:yiŝ/peyŝen `to roast, cook', Gazi pe: ŝ-/pa"xt `to cook', Siv. paŝ-/pat `to bake (bread)'
fúj
to blow; << Uralic *puweUralic
*puwe
blowAltaic
*pul-gi
to blowfūha
wind and waves; storm, tempest /Japanesefirtina gale, storm /Turkish
Austric
puhi blow /Moriori [mor]
Indo-European
Slavic
vjetar wind; breeze; storm, gale /Serbo-Croatian
vietor wind /Slovak
vihar, vihor, vijor hurricane gale, whirlwind, storm /Serbo-Croatian
vihar /Slovene
víchrica hurricane /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vi_j, vyaj fan; vi_jana fanning (Sanskrit) [sk]
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Ear; to hear
fül
ear /HungarianUralic
Hungarian fül is officially of FU origin.
*peljä (Proto FU)
p@l (Khanty); p@t (Southern Khanty); pel' (Komi, Udmurt); bæl'lje (Lappish); pil' (Man's'i); p@l@š (Mari); pil'iš (Malmyzˆ Mari); pile (Mordvin) [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*vilu- ear /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]
*vil_u= ear /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]
vi' l_u= /Chukchee; vi l_ u= /Koryak; vilu= /Palan; vilu= /Alutor [ss]
*'e.lwe.-, *'il(u)- ear /Proto Itelmen [ss]
'elwe-leŋ, Pl. 'il' ear /Sedank dialect; 'ąlluγu-ląn auris /West Itelmen; ĭaŭin, Pl. 'ivut auris /SIT [ss]
hall
to hear; hears /HungarianUralic
kuullua to hear /Vaddja [fv]
According to one source, Hungarian hall is of FU origin and relates to :-
kuuntele- listen (Finnish); kuntele- listen (Karelian); kunh@l- (Khanty); huntt- hear, percieve, notice (Southern Khanty); gon'de- catch a fish (Lappish); koontl-; qont- find, perceive, see (Man's'i); kunda- catch (Mordvin) // kaïa hunt (En'ec'); hana- hunt (N'en'ec') [Chong]
Also,
[? *kule- (Proto FU) // kuule- (Finnish) / kol- (Khanty) / hut- (Southern Khanty) / kyl- (Komi, Udmurt) / gullâ- (Lappish) / qåål-, qwaal-; xuuli¥- listen (Man's'i) / kola- (Mari) / kule- (Mordvin)] [Chong]
Altaic [from Chong]
*xül1V ear; to hear (Proto Altaic)
Turkic
qulaq ear (Azeri); *kul-kak ear (Proto Turkic); kolak ear (Tatar, Uigur); kulak ear (Turkish); quloq ear (Uzbek)
Mongol
[? xulugu earwax (Classical Mongol)]; *kul-ku to be audible, to be heard (Proto Mongol)
Tungus
*xul- to be audible, to be heard (Proto Tungusic)
Korean
*kul(l-)i ear (Proto Korean)
Japanese
*ki-k hear (Proto Japanese)
Dravidian
ke_l.-tal to investigate (Tamil.Insc. Co_r..ava. 66); to hear, harken, listen to (Tol. Po. 513)(Tamil)
ke_l. to hear (Kannad.a,Malayalam)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]
a_lay(i)su to listen, attend to, mind; a_lisu id., be heard, make oneself to be heard, cry aloud (Kannad.a); a_laisuni to listen to, hear attentively (Tulu); a_lakincu, a_lincu to hear, listen or attend to, give ear to (Telugu) (DEDR 383). [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
haalo to hear, obey (an order), listen /Alabama [tm]
háalo to hear, hear about (someone) /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
hąl-
hear [y84]halló
'hello' /HungarianUralic
The standard Hungarian verb 'to hear' is hall and there is speculation that 'halló' might have come into common usage with the invention of the telephone in the 19th. Century. Hungarians would address someone on the telephone with the greeting hallom 'I hear (you)' or with hallod 'do or can you hear (me)'
Early pioneering work was done by the Hungarian inventor Tivadar Puskás and his brother Ferenc in setting up the first telephone exchange as a result of which the word 'hello' came into common usage.. [source1, source2]
Indo-European
In IE it is claimed that hello has purely IE origins.
hello apparently is seen as deriving from halloo (v. hence n.) related to Early Middle English (1500-) hallow; Medieval French-Early French (1700-) halloer 'to pursue (game) with shouts; an echoic variation of Medieval French-Early French haler 'to excite dogs by shouting hale! variation of vare!, itself with variation haro! [ep: 276]
Quelle Surprise!
The following sample of websites also have 'similar' explanations all of which are ignorant of the Hungarian connection :-
(a) The current form arose in 1883 as an alteration of hallo, itself arising in 1840 from holla, hollo `a shout to attract attention.' It is possible that holla/hollo came from the earlier English exclamation holla! `stop!' Interestingly, holler `shout' comes from the same source. [source]
(b) The use of hello as a greeting is only as old as the telephone. The first recorded use is from 1883. It does, however, have earlier origins in other senses. It is a variant of hallo, which dates to 1840 and is a cry of surprise. That in turn is related to halloo, a cry to urge on hunting dogs. Halloo dates to about 1700, but a variant, aloo, appears in Shakespeare's King Lear a century earlier than that. And there is an even earlier variant, hollo, which dates to at least 1588 when Shakespeare used it in Titus Andronicus. There are also cognates in other Germanic languages. [source]
Typically, the equally possible and simpler Hungarian explanation or connection is not known or is simply ignored.
But, let us not stop there.
This site has a curious take on a prime "...example of a pragmatic summarizing symbol that reflects the complexity of the American unconscious".
Sigh. Some even claim that 'hello' somehow derives from 'HELL'!!!
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fürd-õ
bath- (house, tub) /HungarianUralic
Official source says that Hungarian fürd(ik) is related to fertô "slough (of crime)"; "swamp", it also points out that fertô is related to fetreng "roll about" which in turn it relates to forog- "turn". [Chong]
Jeeez! The Slavic words are related by [rd] to 'battle, strife, fight' etc.even though /p/ can become /f/ in Hungarian
Indo-European [rd: 475]
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian pirti\s `bath-house'; Latvian pi\rts `bath-house'
Slavic
Russian pert' (dial.) `Karelian cottage'; Old Russian pürtü `bath-house'
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
[rd] lists Sanskrit pr/t- (RV) `battle, strife, fight' as a cognate of these Slavic words.
Well, check out similar Hungarian bir- 'to wrestle, struggle with'; ver- 'to beat, to hit'; ver-e-ked 'to fight, battle'
Japanese
furo bath, bath-tub
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Whistle, whisper; flute, pipe, reed
furulya
flute, pipe /HungarianUralic
pilli flute /Vaddja [fv]
Dravidian
pirur.i flute /Kond.a; piror.i id. /Kui; pi_ru_ri, pi_rud.i, pi_rur.i id. /Kuwi; pe~_o_e_ id., pipe, whistle (Kur.ux) [sk]
pu_ri a wind instrument; pu_rikai trumpet (Tamil) (DEDR 4368) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
frula (reed-) pipe; flute /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
pirilli_ a kind of musical instrument /Prakrit [sk]
Basque (??)
txirula (LN,U) and xirula small Basque end-blown flute
Caucasian (??)
c.ur@la 'neck of zourna (flute)' < Proto Lezghian (Caucasian) *c.:urVl(a) (this noun originally meant 'filter, sieve', as seen from external evidence). [ss]
see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"
füttyi
, füty-ül to whistle /Hungarian {onomatop.}Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #7> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
fuuc#'- drizzle /Gidole
fuuj- whistle /Konso
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 29 #6> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*fuud/l- whistle /Proto East Cushitic
food/i whistle /Somali
foor- whistle /Boni
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #2.026> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
food/i whistle /Somali
Cushitic, South
*fuutl- whistle /Proto South Cushitic
futl- whistle /Iraqw
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 169b #3> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
food/i whistle /Somali; fiikk'o /Kambata; fiikk'o /Alaba; fiikk'o /Qabena
Semitic
fs!y whistle /Geez
Altaic
Turkic
fýsýldamak, fisildi whisper /Turkish (??)
py∫yrdamak to whisper; py∫yrdy whisper /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
ficakû flute, pipe; ficambi to whistle, to play a flute; fican whistle /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
bugari, bugiriya a large bamboo flute (Ir.); bugiri bamboo flute (Pa_lKu.); buguri id. (A_lKu.); bugi.r flute (Kota); puxury Toda flute (Toda); buguri id. (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4239).[sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
fead a whistle, Irish fead, Middle Irish fet-, fetán, a flute, a whistle, Welsh chwythell, a whistle, chwyth, a blast, breath, *wviddo-, *svizdo-, Latin sibilus, English sibilant. [mcb]
fideag a small pipe, reed, flute /Gaelic; fideóg /Irish [mcb]
Slavic
fićukati
to whistle; hiss; pipe /Serbo-Croatiansíp
whistle; shepherd's pipe /HungarianUralic
also see szív, szop "to suck up, to suckle" /Hungarian < FU, Sumerian etc
Sumerian
sipad, sibad, sipa
shepherd [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*s/V:p whisper, whistle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "whistling of the wind" [ss]
sa 4 Modern (Beijing) < sëp Middle Chinese < s@:p Old Chinese
s/ub, s/ib (p., i. s/ubs) to whisper, s/ab-s/ob whispering /Tibetan
*supi- secret, whisper /Kiranti [ss]
su"pilo| whisper /Thulung; sibi secret, sibila:m secretly /Limbu; supi whispering /Kulung [ss]
*c/ip whisper, chirp /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "whisper"
ji /Modern (Beijing) < cjip /Middle Chinese < c/ip /Old Chinese [ss]
c^ap3 to chirp, as a small bird, (H) c^i-jap, c^i, c^it id. /Kachin [ss]
c^iap to cheep, chirp. /Lushei [ss]
Altaic
*sip`i
a kind of pipe [ss] /AltaicEtruscan
suplu whistler, piper
Indo-European
Italic
silbar ?, chiflar ? /Spanish; subolo /Latin
Slavic
šapat whisper; šapnuti to whisper; šaptati to prompt; whisper /Serbo-Croatian
šepkať, šepot whisper /Slovak
shepot whisper /Russian; [epot /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
shpeelak whistle; shpun shepherd /Pashto [tr]
Mayan Languages
Meaning "to whistle"
t#uubal (v.i.), wibal (v.t.) /Huas; s#u<us#ub /Yuca; s#us#u' /Itza; s#us#ub /Mopa; s#us#ub(ta) /Tzot; s#.uub-a /Teco; s#ubanic /Uspa; 'aj s#ub /Pmam [jd]
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fut
to run /HungarianUralic
Officially of FU origin.
pot- flee, take to flight (Khanty); pokte- drive, drive away, persecute, put to flight (Mari) [Chong]
pakta leap; run away, take to flight (Šölqup) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
wth flee /Egyptian [cgj]
pwt run, flee, go /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
atafuta in a hurry, helter-skelter /Japanese
Indo-European
Celtic
fuadarach hasty, in a hurry /Gaelic; fuadar haste /Irish; from fuad- of fuadaich drive away /Gaelic? Cf. Scottish foutre [mcb]
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gagy-og
to babble, prattle; gág-og to cackle {-og suffix of repetition} /HungarianUralic
Onomatopoeic origins perhaps.
The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
Sumerian
gagig to lament; to wail [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
keeku to cackle /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
gxk V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr,CPA,Palestinian to laugh 012 Palestinian to bow down 013 Syr to gleam 041 Syr to deride 021 Palestinian to laugh 022 Palestinian,Syr to joke with, to sport with, to play 023 Palestinian,Syr to deride 024 Palestinian to bow down 031 Syr to deride 121 Syr to show oneself cowardly
LS2 113
Altaic/Turkic
gagylda-mak to cackle, croak; gygyr-mak to gab, chatter, whistle, cry out; gygyry∫-mak to shout back and forth; hikirdemek to snicker, giggle; hikirdi giggle, snicker; hykyrdamak to chuckle, giggle; hykyrdy laugh, chuckle, giggle; kikirdemek to giggle /Turkmen [glnp]
käkelemek to cluck; käkilik partridge /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
kekkat.t.am loud laughter; kekkali (-pp-, -tt-) to laugh violently; n. loud laughter (Tamil); kek smile, laughter; ke(k) kisad laughing; koks-/keks' in- to make noise of laughter (Toda); geggili, geggalu derision (Telugu)(DEDR 1933). [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
kakka^bizô, cackle, of partridges
Germanic
cackle /English
gaggle (of geese); giggle /English
{Ultimately echoic according to [ep]}
Muskogean/Eastern
kakkahka to cackle (as a hen) {prob. /kakkah-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
kakkakkak the sound a chicken makes when cackling /Alabama [tm]
kac-ag
to laugh heartily {-ag suffix of repetition} /HungarianUralic
Onomatopoeic origins perhaps.
The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?
{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}
Niger-Congo (?)
kex-kexi (v.) to laugh /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret () , #226> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'asa'- laughing sound (to make) /Oromo
qas- *P laugh /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
qas- laugh /Proto West Rift
Austric
kata laugh /Moriori [mor]
kata laugh; katakata laughter /Mäori [ng]
Dravidian
kicv- (kict-) to make a grimace (of derision etc.) by opening mouth and drawing back lips, open mouth at death (Tamil); kisa, kisi, kisu; kisikisi nagu to grin in laughter, grin (Kannad.a)(DEDR 1510). [sk]
kizay- (-t-) to jeer at, ridicule (Kond.a); kijowi joke; kijowigatti witty; kitzowi ki_nai to jest, jeer, joke; kijovi joke; kijovi ki- to make fun, joke (Kuwi); qese to tease, disturb (Malt.o)(DEDR 1518). [sk]
Indo-European
Greek
ka^ch-azô laugh aloud; also in nasalized form kanchazô /Classical Greek [lsj1]
(Prob. onomatopoeic, by dissim. fr. cha cha 'ha! ha!') [lsj1]
Slavic
kesenje grinning, sniggering; kesiti to grin, show one's teeth /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
has laugh /Sanskrit
hása laughter < has /Sanskrit
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gal-
ád base, mean /HungarianUralic
Hungarian gyaláz is possibly from Turkic. [Chong]
Hungarian gyilkol, gyűlöl are of unknown origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
gul (v.) to destroy; to be destroyed; to obstruct; to extinguish; to fall upon; to destroy utterly; (adj.) evil; enormous; gùl, gal 5 to overwhelm; hul(3) (n.) evil; (v.) to destroy; to ruin; to harm; adj., bad, evil; hated; hostile, malicious [jh]
Altaic
yala slander (Osman Turk) [Chong]
yala crime (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
dzˆali wicked (Manchu) [Chong]
*ga>/li to hate; wild /Altaic [ss]
*K(i)al wild, rough /Turkic [ss]
qal (OUigh.) /Old Turkic; qal (QB) /Karakhanid; qal (CC) /Middle Turkic; Galdav /Turkmen; qaltaq /Balkar; xal /Khakassian; xal-mal /Tuva-Tofalar; kal /Altai; kal /Shor; xal /Yakut [ss]
*galz^|ag|u wild, rabid /Mongol [ss]
g|alz^|ag|u, g|alz^|ig|u /Written Mongolian; ulu xaliz^|axu 'without any difficulty' /Middle Mongolian; galz|u: /Khalkha; galzu: /Buriat; g|alzu: /Kalmuck; Galz^|u: /Ordos; Ganz^|ir- /Baoan; Galz^|u: /Shary-Yoghur; Garz|/u:, Galz^|u: /Monguor; galz^|o:, galez^|o: /Dagur [ss]
*galu- to hate /Tungus [ss]
galu.t- /Even; Galo- /Nanai; Galu.- /Ulcha; Galu.- /Orok; galu- /Oroch; galu- /Udighe [ss]
*ki/ra/p- to hate /Japanese [ss]
ki/ra/p- (Old Japanese); ki\ra- (Tokyo); ki/ra/- (Kyoto); kira/- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Austric
guluhin- to bring on disorder, to confuse; gulo- riot, confusion; gulungan- to run over /Philippines [pkm]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
jallad A skinner; an executioner, or whipper; flagellant; -- jalladi falak, The planet Mars
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
jalladi {a jalladi} Executioner's office; cruelty, villainy
common to both Persian and Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]
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Additions by
Fred Hámori in red.![]()
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Last updated 19 June 2007