Magyar
Word List
FA-GA

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
This page contains a few coarse words that may offend some people.

fárad to tire, get tired; to take the trouble to do something; fárad-t tired, weary /Hungarian

Uralic

One official says Hungarian fárad is of FU origin.

*p8rk3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Another source says it is derived from the root fár(a) and adds that a Turkic connection is incorrect [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

wrdj be weary (O.K.); wrd be weary /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*vąrhet- (~ V-) flexible; weak; to grow weak 1; to rest /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]

wą'r?i- , wúr?i- ; wąr?ε't- 1 /Chukchee; vąrhat- /Palan [ss]

Altaic

*p`ára to be tired /Altaic [ss]

*ā.r- /Turc
*hari- /Mongol
*paru- /Tungus
*phar- /Korean
*pátá- /Japanese [ss]

Dravidian

va_ra (va_ri-) to be wearied, tired, cramped after exertion (Kui); varuntu (varunti-) to suffer, be distressed, grieved, become emaciated, take pains, make great efforts, make a supplication; varuttu (varutti-) to cause pain, afflict, vex; n. suffering, pain; varuttam suffering, pain, strain, difficulty, effort, exhaustion, weariness (Tamil) [sk]

var..alikai weariness, fatigue (Tamil); ba.l. fatigue; ba.l.- (ba.l.y-) to become exhausted from hunger (Kota); bar..al(u) to become weary, be fatigued, droop, fade, to cast down, be distressed; bar..alike, bar..alke weakness, fatigue, distress (Kannad.a); bal.alik tiredness, fatigue, exhaustion (Tulu); va_r.ag a_- to become tired (Mand.a); br.ac- (-it-) to be tired of (Kuwi)(DEDR 5293). [sk]

farag to carve, cur, hew, whittle /Hungarian
forgács chips, cuttings, fillings, scobs, shavings /Hungarian

Uralic

*par3- cut, remove, scrape, shave /Proto-Uralic) [Chong]

Altaic

furu cut to pieces (Manchu - Sauvageot) [Chong]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bwrr∂g to cut (with a slicing motion) /Baluchi [mab]

We need /b/ > /f/ in Hungarian, but /b/ > /v/ usually?

Some coarse words

fasz coarse term for penis, dick /Hungarian {/p/ > /f/}
picsa coarse term for female genitals /Hungarian
pöcs another coarse term for penis /Hungarian

Uralic

Estonian

vitt (noun) vulva, cunt, pussy note E.g. Mine vittu! - Fuck off! (Liter.Go into cunt); puts cunt note Pronunciation /puts´/(palatalized) [source]

Hungarian


fasz, pöcs coarse terms for penis {/p/ > /f/}
picsa coarse term for female genitals

Hungarian picsa sounds like English pitcher or what those in the Media call the "Bigger Pitcha".

Seen as loans from probably Slavic, notwithstanding the Caucasian or Dravidian and Iranian parallels.

Altaic

pic (noun, pronounced: pitch) son of a bitch /Turkish [source]

Basque

pito (colloq.) penis

{c.f. zakil (C) (anat.) penis}

Caucasian [ss]

*pu:t.i / *bu:t.i (~ -e) genitals (mostly female) /North Caucasian

*but. ( ~ -u:-) vulva /Nakh

Chechen: bud; Ingush: bud

*but.a vulva, vagina /Andian

Andi: but.a ; Akhvakh: but.a ; Chamalal: but.a ; Tindi: but.a ; Karata: but.a ; Botlikh: but.a ; Bagvalal: but.a ; Godoberi: but.a

*byt.V A ( ~ -i-) vagina /Tsezian

Tsezi: bet.i ; Ginukh: bet.e

put.i a hollow stalk, tube /Lak

*put.i 1 chibouque 2 anus /Dargwa

Akusha: put.i 1 ; Chiragh: put.e 2

Comments: The common meaning is "hollow tube" (cf. the Lak. form).

*p:ot. (~-u-) 1 penis 2 vagina /Lezghian

Agul: but. 1 ; Budukh: bit.i 2

Dravidian

poccu woman's pubic hair, vulva, anus (Tamil); pocca, pocci membrum muliebre (Malayalam); po_s vulva (Brahui); poj id. (Ko.); pucci, pucce id. (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4476) [sk]

Indo-European

(A) PENIS from [ahd]

*pes- penis /Proto Indo-European

Suffixed form *pes-ni- pencil, penicillium, penis, from Latin pĕnis (< *pesnis), penis, tail. (Pokorny 3. pes- 824.)

>>>>> (I) from [fjs]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

faz, fizaz the male organ of generation /Persian

>>>>> (II) from [source]

Romance

Occitan: viech (masc. noun) penis note Old slang, not very offensive. The phrase "viech d'ase" (pronounced "biedaze") (literally, "donkey's cock") is used to express surprise or dismay: "Viech d'ase, m'an panat l'autòSpanish picha (noun, fem.) penis; pijo penis, used as an insult and as an exclamation note used in Murcia, in Madrid it means prepy boy; pijo, pija (noun, masc. or fem.) penis note As an adjective ("Un niño pijo" "Una tia pija") means snob, snooty.; pito (masc. noun) penis note Uruguayan slang for penis. 'Chupame el pito" (suck my dick), 'Agarrame el pito' (grab my dick). See also 'pedazo' and 'verga'; pico penis note Spoken only in Chile. In other parts of South America they say "Ocho y pico" like eightish

Germanic

Low German

Pietsa - m. (pl - sch) penis /Low German [Rempel]

Yiddish

putz (noun) dick, penis note As in, "He's such a putz" or "I bet his putz is softer than a boiled carrot". It may be familiar from American slang.

Slavic

Bulgar: pischka penis.

(B) VULVA from [Pokorny: 1523]

*pi:zda:- English meaning: vulva; German meaning: `weibliche Scham'

Albanian

pith (pidhi) m. `vulva'

Slavic

Russian pizda/, Polish. pizda ds., daraus entlehnt (?) lit. pyzda\, Latvian. pi:zda f. ds., und apr. peisda `Arsch'.

>>>>> (I) from [sk]

Indo-Iranian

posa anus, vulva (Pkt.); posan.a anus (Pkt.); phosa id. (Skt.); *pucca vulva (Skt.) (CDIAL 8248)

puttara vulva (Pkt.); pu~_tu part of the body behind the pudenda (K.); puti_ vulva; phuti_, phuddi_ vulva of small girl (Ku.); puti vulva; putu vulva of young woman (N.); pot.h, pot.i rectum (K.); pu~t.ki anus (B.); pu_t. sacrum bone of a cow (H.)

>>>>> (II) from [source]

Armenian

buts (noun) cunt, female genitals note prononciation like English "boots" with a shorter oo. Almost exclusively used "anatomically". No other meaning

Romance

Portuguese: puta bitch note Puta is feminine, Puto is masculine; Occitan: puta (fem. noun) † whore, prostitute note Same meaning as "putan", but never used as an interjection.; Catalan: puta (fem. noun) whore, bitch; Rumanian: pizdã (fem. noun, pl. pizde) cunt

Germanic

Icelandic

pussa cunt, pussy

Low German

puse "vulva" [?]

High German

puderdose (fem. noun) pussy, twat note rather nice discription for a pussy but should not be used in polite conversations.

Slavic

Cseh: píča cunt; Slovak: piča (noun, fem.) vagina (cunt) note Female counterpart of "kokot" (see the entry); the same rules of usage; its weaker version (as an insult of a female) could be "krava" (cow). Its alternative as both male and female insult is "kurva" (whore)(see the entry).; Bulgar: pischka penis; Polish: pizda pussy; pizdka little pussy; Ukranian: пізда ~ pizda (noun) cunt, pussy, vagina note Accent is on 'da'.

fej head (anat.); leader /Hungarian
fej-es headstrong, obstinate; fejedelem reigning prince, sovereign /Hungarian
main, chief /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian fej-, derive from FU.

*pänge (Proto Uralic) [Chong]

Altaic/Tungus

bojiya headman of a clan /Manchu [as]

fel, föl up; above; fel-felé upwards /Hungarian

Uralic

Official source says that fel, föl derive from föl "skimmings" which is of F-U origin. [Chong]

*p8"l3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Etruscan

falatu, fala sky

The Etruscan 'falatu' is a reconstructed word from ancient sources

fél to fear, be afraid, to cower /Hungarian {p>f}

Uralic

Hungarian is officially of FU origin.

*pele- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

pelätä (Finnish) [Chong]
peljims to fear /Erzya [fv]

Sumerian

buluh to worry; to be nervous, frightened; to hasten, hurry; fright [jh]

Dravidian

*pal.- to cower, crouch /Dravidian [ss]

*Pal.- to cower /South Dravidian [ss]

pal.ku (pal.ki-), par.ku (par.ki-) to cower, crouch /Tamil; pal.un|n|uka to cower, stoop /Malayalam [ss]

*pal.-g- to crouch, bend /Gondwan [ss]

par.g- (-it-) (tiger) to crouch (BB) /Konda [ss]

*palg- to bend forwards, stoop down /Kui-Kuwi [ss]

palga (palgi-) /Kui [ss]

Muskogean/Eastern

pìila to be bothered about, worried, distracted {/pila} /Alabama [tm]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

bhoiH-eh2-tei fear /PIE [rd]

Italic

bajule cringe /Portuguese

Slavic

Old Church Slavic: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Russian: bojat'sja `fear, be afraid'; Ukrainian: boja/ty sja `fear, be afraid'; Czech: ba/ti se `fear, be afraid'; Slovak: bat' sa `fear, be afraid'; Polish: bojati se, `fear, be afraid'; Slovincian: bu\oje>c sa, `fear, be afraid'; Upper Sorbian: bojec/ so `fear, be afraid'; Lower Sorbian: bo/jas/ se `fear, be afraid'; Bulgarian: boja/ se `fear, be afraid'; Serbo-Croatian: bo\jati se `fear, be afraid'; Slovene: boja/ti se `fear, be afraid' [rd]

Baltic

Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: b(o)i(?)-a?-tei [rd]

Lithuanian: bijo/ti(s) `fear, be afraid'
Latvian: bija^t(ie^s) `fear, be afraid' [verb]; bi^tie^s `fear, be afraid'
Old Prussian: bia:twei `fear, be afraid' [rd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

bhaya fear , alarm dread apprehension, dismay, danger, peril, distress; danger from /Sanskrit

Half, divided, separated, fork

fél, fele half; (one) side (of two) /Hungarian

Uralic

Uralic *pälä half
Lapp boelle side, half, Votjak pal side, half, Zürjen pel side,
Vogul poal half, Ostjak palek half, Samoyed pel'l'e half.

Hungarian is officially of FU origin.

pieli: suupieli corner of the mouth (suu mouth); pieltä- tilt, tip to the side; [? puoli half] (Finnish) / pe£@k (Khanty) / pel@k (Souther Khanty - derivative) / põl (Komi) / bælle half; side; the fellow of something (Lappish) / paal, pääl, poål (Mn') / pel side; pel@ half (Mari) / pel' side; pele half; pola wife (Mordvin) / pal (Udnurt) [Chong]

pool half /Vaddja [fv]

Altaic

*pa:\li to be separated, divided /Altaic [ss]

*beldir cross-roads, separation of two roads or rivers /Turkic [ss]

*belĉir cross-road; joint of two rivers /Mongol [ss]

*pa:lan bifurcation, fork /Tungus [ss]

ha:la:n /Evenki; xalan /Negidal; pa:la~ /Nanai; xala(n) /Ulcha; xa:la(n) /Oroch; xala(n) /Udighe [ss]

*p@:r- to be opened, separated /Korean [ss]

p@:l-, p@:lli-, paly- (trans.) Modern Korean; p@:r- Middle Korean [ss]

*pi\ra\k- to open /Japanese [ss]

pji\ra\k- /Old Japanese; hira/k- /Tokyo; hi/ra/k- /Kyoto; hi\ra\k- /Kagoshima [ss]

Turkic

bölek part; bölek-bölek to pieces; bölekleyin partial /Turkmen [glnp]
bölmek to divide, to part; bölüm section /Turkmen [glnp]

pol 1. floor 2. half 3. sex /Turkmen [glnp]

[glnp] suggests that pol is also found in Russian - not to mention Altaic, Uralic etc.

Sumerian

bar half
bar to divide, split [jh]

Dravidian

*pa:l- portion /Dravidian [ss]

pa_l part (Malayalam); division, part, portion, share (Kannad.a); part, portion, share, section, fraction (Tol. Er..ut. 165); dividing, apportioning (Patir-r-up. 16,19); moiety; middle (Kalit. 90); pa_n-mai portion, share (Tamil); pa.lm portion, division (Kota); po.lm share; subdivision of patrilineal sib (Toda); pa.li ma.d. to divide, distribute (Kod.agu); pa_lu share, portion, part, division (Tulu); id., lot, fraction (Telugu); pe_la portion (Parji) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

polu- semi-, demi-, half- /Serbo-Croatian
polo- semi /Slovak
polovina /Russian
polowina (pl.) halves /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vol.em, vol.ya_ either of the two halves of a coconut (Kon:kan.i_ lex.)

vál to split, separate, divide /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian vál is officially of F-U origin.

valka(ma) hard, small haven. landing-place (Finnish); wyg@l- come down, descend, sink (Khanty); wag@t- come down, descend, sink (South Khanty); vuol'ge depart, go, start; go, leave home (Lappish); jol-wagl- descend (Man's'i - jol- down); wale-, wole- descend; lower (of price); set (of the sun) (Mari); valgo- come down and sit (of birds); descend; go down (of stars) (Mordvin) [Chong]

Niger-Congo (?)

waala (v.) to part, segment; waala (n.) share, segment /Wollof [pc2]

Dravidian

*val.a- to cut /Dravidian; *vāl.- to peel, to slice /Dravidian [ss]

vilaku to be separated; vilan:ku to be separated; n. obstruction, hindrance (Tamil); vilakku separation, interdict; vilan.n.uka to go aside, fall across, cross over, be transverse; vilan.n.a across, athwart; vilan.n.u what is across, fetters (Malayalam); vi_lu to be separated, leave (Telugu) (DEDR 5423) [sk]

pil. (pil.v-, pin.t.-, pil.p-, pit.t.-) to burst open, be rent or cut, be broken to pieces; divide; pil.appu crevice, cleft, splitting; pil.avai piece /Tamil; pil.aruka to split; cleave; pil.arcca splitting, a cleft /Malayalam; pil.arppu, pil.appu cleft, rent, crack /Malayalam; pil.igu, hil.gu, hil.i to break, crack, burst /Kannad.a; pulevu a crack /Tulu; p(r)e_lu to crack, burst (?Telugu); pr.i_ to be split open (Pengo); plinga to be split, cracked /Kui; bri_phali, plih'nai to hatch /Kuwil vil. split, to open out /Tamil; vil.avu cleft, crack /Tamil; vil.l.uka to burst open, crack, break /Malayalam; vil.l.al hollow, rent; vil.l.u crack, aperture /Malayalam; vil.uruka to split, open /Malayalam; buluni, bul.l.uni a sore or wound to enlarge; crack, slit /Tulu; buluni to be open /Tulu [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

pałka to be split in more than two pieces, splintered {/pał (at)-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
pałłi to split (several things) in two; to cut something open in more than one place {/pał (at)-li} /Alabama [tm]

villa fork; vas villa pitchfork / Hungarian {/p/ > /v/}

Uralic

? villám lightning {bifurcation of electrical energy?} /Hungarian

[could also be read literally as "my fork"]

Altaic

*pa:\li to be separated, divided /Altaic [ss]

*pa:lan bifurcation, fork /Tungus [ss]

ha:la:n /Evenki; xalan /Negidal; pa:la~ /Nanai; xala(n) /Ulcha; xa:la(n) /Oroch; xala(n) /Udighe [ss]

Dravidian

vilaku to be separated; vilan:ku to be separated; n. obstruction, hindrance (Tamil); vilakku separation, interdict; vilan.n.uka to go aside, fall across, cross over, be transverse; vilan.n.a across, athwart; vilan.n.u what is across, fetters (Malayalam); vi_lu to be separated, leave (Telugu) (DEDR 5423) [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

vile hay-fork, pitchfork /Serbo-Croatian
vidlička fork /Slovak
vilka fork /Russian
wila, wilica, razklonenie /Bulgar

Muskogean/Eastern (??)

falakto to be forked (as a stick) /Alabama [tm]

filammi to fork off, take a fork off a main route, branch off, cut off from a main path (of one) Usage: Older word /Alabama [tm]

filammichi to make (someone) turn off at a fork in the road, make (someone) change direction /Alabama [tm]

filanka1 road or stream that forks and splits off, side road [/filam-ka1] /Alabama [tm]

filanka2 to take a fork off a main route, branch off, cut off from a main path; to turn off a path (of one) Usage: Newer form. /Alabama [tm]

fíllanka to be forking, have a branch off, have a turn-off (of a road) {/filam-ka1} /Alabama [tm]

fenn above, upstairs, overhead /Hungarian

Uralic

Origin ?

Muskogean/Eastern

páana top side /Alabama [tm]

fészek nest /Hungarian
feze "the nest of" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, fészke) [gzb1]

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian fészek is derived from a FU root.

pizë (Erzya); pesä (Finnish); p@l (Khanty); pit (Southern Khanty) [Chong]

pesä nest /Vaddja [fv]

Dravidian

pase, hase a layer; a bed; a beautiful seat; pase nil to be on a seat (Kannad.a); hase a spot on the ground decorated with flowers or colours; hase-jagali an artificially raised spot to put the ornamented seat upon; hase-man.e a plank used to form a hase; the ornamented seat itself (Kannad.a); a_sandi a couch, the seat of which is made of basket work; a_sana sitting (Kannad.a); a seat in general: a stool, chair etc.; sitting in pecular postures, according to the custom of devotees (Kannad.a); asi, hasi that which is laid on the ground (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

pad.u, had.u to lie down; to set as the sun (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

a_sana a seat in general: a stool, chair etc.; sitting in pecular postures, according to the custom of devotees (Sanskrit); pa_sa_da lofty platform, terrace, high building (Pali); pa_sa_ya palace (Pkt.) [sk]

fés-ű comb; fés-ül to comb /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian fésű "comb" is thought to possibly be derived from Hungarian fej "head" [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #183> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

f@c#- grind /Awngi

Cushitic, East

fid/- comb /Somali

Cushitic, South

fits'- sweep /Proto West Rift

Dravidian

ba_cu to comb (Kannad.a); barcu (Tu.); va_ru to cut length-wise; to trim a palm leaf to write upon; to put the hair in order by a comb, to comb (Tamil, Malayalam); va_r-u, va_l.u id. (Malayalam); vakir to cut in longitudinal little pieces, to divide, slice; to part or disentangle as the hair (Tamil, Malayalam); ba_cisu to cause to comb (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

pacali, paccinai, pac- (-it-) to scratch; pahinai to scrawl (Kuwi); pac- to scratch (Pengo, Mand.a); comb hair (Mand.a); pecer a comb (Mand.a); par-an.t.u, par-a_n.t.u, pir-a_n.t.u, pur-a_n.t.u to scratch as with nails (Tamil); paran.t.uka to scratch, scrape (Malayalam); parad.u, paracu to scratch with the finer or nails, claw; harnku to scratch with nails (Kannad.a); paran:kuni, parn:kuni, parkuni id. (Tulu); pars- (parast-) to scratch (part of body)(Kolami); pars- to scratch (Naikri); parc- to scratch; partid the itch; paytil urticaria (Parji); pa_rc-, pars- to scratch (body, etc.); pa_rs- (pa_ris-) to scratch with fingernails or claws; parru prickly heat (Gadba); pas- (-t-) to scratch with the nails; pasay a_- to get scratched (Kond.a); pacc- to scratch (Pengo)(DEDR 4023).[sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

фас- (fas-) to comb /Ossetic [va: 35]

figy-el to watch, observe, keep watch over; notice /Hungarian
vigy-áz to take care; to be careful; to pay attention; to watch; be on one's guard, beware, look out /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian figyel is officially believed to be derived possibly from fülel- "listen attentively" [Chong]

{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

While vigyáz is officially derived from a F-U root.

viisa- lie in wait for, watch for; viisu- lie in wait, lurk (Estonian); viz'- keep, observe, tend, etc (Komi); vodz'-, vodz'- defend, keep (something somewhere), preserve, protect, etc. (Udmurt) [Chong]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

wis 'care, attention, guardian or protector'
wisi 'tend or see to, look after' (cl.1)

Austro-Asiatic

bhidia, bhiduk spy; bhidi to spy (Santali.lex.) [sk: 5691]

Dravidian

bhidi to keep secret, to keep one's own counsel, to spy, to pry into, to reconnoitre, to search for a clue, to act secretly; bhidikate ja~ha~nake hataoa he will buy something to enable him to spy; bhidia a spy; bhiduk a spy, a pretender (Santali.lex.) bedaku to seek, to search for, look for (Ka.); vetaku, vetuku, vedaku (Telugu); bedaku search (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 6786]

ve_gimpu waking from sleep, keeping awake; ve_gincu to keep awake; ve_gu to watch without sleeping; ve_cu to wish for, hope, expect, watch for (Telugu); be_hu, be_gu spying (Kannad.a); e_gu, ve_gu (Telugu); ve_, ve_y, ve_gu, ve_vu (Tamil); ve_vu (Malayalam); be_gu-ga_r-a, be_hu-ka_r-a a spy (Kannad.a); ve_vuka_ran- (Tamil); ve_gulava_d.u (Telugu); be_hinava a spy, a scout (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) [sk: 5691]

Etruscan (?)

veitha "careful, fair" < "vacillating" [az96]

(1) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*bhudh- observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]

Slavic

*búděti /Proto Slavic [rd]

búděti `be awake, keep watch' /Old Curch Slavonic
bdet' (archaic) `be awake, keep watch, observe' /Russian
bdi/ti `awake, keep watch' /Czech
bdiet' `awake, keep watch, follow' /Slovak
budzic/ `awaken, arouse' [verb] Polish
bz/es/ `awake, keep watch' /Lower Sorbian
bdja `awake, keep watch' /Bulgarian
bdje\ \ti (archaic) `be awake, keep watch' /Serbo-Croatian
b(@)de./ti `be awake, keep watch' /Slovene [rd]

Balto-Slavic

*bud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]

bude`/ti `be awake, keep watch' Lithuanian [rd]

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*bheudh-, *bhoudh observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]

Greek

pšuqomai `give notice' [rd]

Slavic

*bl,usti /Proto Slavic [rd]

bl,usti `watch, guard' [verb] Old Church Slavonic
bljusti/ `guard, observe' [verb], bljudu/ [1sg], bljude't [3sg] Russian
blju\ \sti (archaic) `guard, observe' [verb], bl,u/de:m [1sg] Serbo-Croatian [rd]

Balto-Slavic

*bioud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

bo/dhati `observe, heed' /Sanskrit [rd]

(3) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*weid- to know, to see [cb1]

Different grades of ablaut generated different meanings of the same root. In several languages the word for 'to know' acts as a Perfect tense form (like Greek oida). The explanation seems simple: 'I know' meant just 'I have seen'. [cb1]

Greek

Greek oida (I know); idein (to see): *w disappears everywhere in Ionic and Attic dialects;
Doric Greek woida (I know) [cb1]

Celtic

Common Celtic *wid- (to know), *widtos (knowledge); *windo- (white, clearly seen) >
Old Irish fнs (vision), find (white), fiuss (knowledge), ro-fhetar (I know); Welsh gwyn (white), Gaulish vindos (white), Breton gwenn (white), Cornish guyn (white), Irish & Scottish Gaelic fios (knowledge), fнs (vision), fionn (white) [cb1]

Italic

Latin video (I see); >
Sardinian videre (to see), Aromunian vedu, Romanian vedea, Ladin vair, Italian vedere, Catalan veurer, Spanish & Portuguese ver, Occitan veire, French voir [cb1]

Germanic

Common Germanic *wit- (to know); >
Gothic & Old Swedish & Old English witan (to know), Old Norse vita, Old High German wizzan, Old Frankish wita; Gothic weitan (to see); English wise, German wissen (to know), Icelandic & Faroese vita, Norwegian vite, Swedish veta, Danish vide, Frisian witten, Dutch weten, Afrikaans weet [cb1]

Paleo-Balkan

Phrygian wit- (to know), witeto (he looked) [cb1]

Armenian

Armenian gitem (I know) [cb1]

Slavic

Common Slavic *vide.ti (to see), *ve.dati (to know); >
Ukrainian viditi, vidati, Bulgarian vidya (I see), Macedonian vidam (I see), Serbo-Croatian vidjeti (to see), Slovene & Czech videti (to know), vedeti (to know), Slovak videt' (to see), vedet' (to know), Polish widziec' (to see), wiedziec' (to know), Lower Sorbian wjez'es' (to know), widz'es' (to see), Belorussian vedac' (to know), Russian videt' (to see), vest' (news), Old Russian vedat' (to know) [cb1]

Balto-Slavic

Common Baltic *woid- (to know), *wid- (to see); >
Old Prussian waidimai (we know), widdai (I saw); Lithuanian vysti (to see), Sudovian izvнst (to see), vidйt (see; borrowed from Slavic) [cb1]

Indo-Iranian

Avestan vaeda (I know), vaйdha (knowledge, information), vista (known) [cb1]

Sanskrit vǔda (I know) - from here the name Veda comes [cb1]

fiz-et to pay, discharge, settle /Hungarian
vesz (venni) buy, purchase /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian fizet is possibly derived from fûz- "bind", etc.. [Chong]

Another expert (TESz) says venni/vesz "to buy, purchase" is probably related to vinni/visz- "carry". which according to (MÉK) is derived from a F-U root. [see Chong]

Altaic

*basi payment, loan /Altaic [ss]

*bas-yg 1 a k. of tax 2 a coin /Turkic [ss]

basyg| (OUig) 1 /Old Turkic; pus 2 /Chuvash [ss]

*basa- payment /Tungus [ss]

*psku:i'i/-, psku/- to loan, borrow /Korean [ss]

k:ui-, k:u- /Modern Korean; psku:i'i/-, psku/- /Middle Korean [ss]

*pi/sa/k- to sell, barter /Japanese [ss]

p(j)i/sa/k- /Old Japanese; hisag- /Tokyo [ss]

fog a tooth; peg /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian fog is derived from a FU source.

*pinge /FU

pii tooth (of a comb), peg (of a rake) /Finnish; pöngk /Khanty; pin' (Komi, Udmurt); ? badne /Lapp; pängk /Man's'i; , püj /Mari; pej, pen'g, pev /Mordvin [Chong]

Indo-European

Celtic

fiacaill a tooth /Gaelic, fiacail /Irish, Old Irish. There is an Early Irish fec for féc, a tooth, a stem *veikkâ [mcb]

Catch, trap, seize, snare; spider

fog-ad to take; fog-lal to occupy, seize; fog-ó pliers, pincers, handle; fog-oly captive, prisoner < fog- to hold, grasp, catch /Hungarian

Uralic

*pung3- /Ugric

pøw- (Konda Man's'i, Tavda Man's'i); puuxi, puu¥i, puuwi catch, grab, seize (Middle Lozva Man's'i); puu- seize (Nether Lozva Man's'i); puww- (Pelymka Man's'i, Sosva Man's'i) [Chong]

fék to halt << halter, bridle /Hungarian << pakke /Ugrian

pók spider; pók-háló spider's web, cobweb /Hungarian
pánk spider; pánkháló spider's web, cobweb /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

Sumerian

pag to catch (birds) [Chong]
pag, bag to cage, shelter (birds) [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

paka (v.) to snatch /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

px N /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Syr,JBA trap

LS2 562

LS2 v: paxA)

Sino-Tibetan

*Pa:k grasp, embrace /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "to beat" [ss]
bo 2 Modern (Beijing) < pâk Middle Chinese < pa:k Old Chinese

phak embrace, hug. /Burmese [ss]

Altaic

? ba- /Classical Mongol [Chong]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*peγą- to throw; to rope in for neck 1 (бросать; заарканить за шею 1) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN85]

*peγą-łhitn-u- to rope in, to catch by lasso neck (заарканить, поймать арканом шею) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1504]

pεγą-c?inn-u- /Chukchee [ss]

*pax-čo- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN86]

paxčo-kes to throw (бросать) /Sedank dialect [ss]

Dravidian

bakka_ claws of a crab, forceps, shears /Kur.ux [sk]

bála spider; pók ant; pid to catch /Dravidian-Kur

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

pagê [a^], hê, (pêgnumi) anything that fixes or fastens, snare, noose 2. metaph., trap, snare; pa^gis, idos, hê, (pêgnumi) = pagê , trap 2. metaph., trap, snare, of women

Albanian

veg(e') handle (of pot), hook, curved handle /Albanian [bd]

[which apparently derives from *ueiH, *ueHi- to revolve, spin, plait /PIE [bd]]

Slavic

pauk spider; paučina cobweb /Serbo-Croatian
pavúk spider /Slovak
паук (pauk) spider /Russian

Indo-Iranian

pac, fasten, bind (in compounds) /Sanskrit
pā'c,a bond, snare, trap < pac, /Sanskrit
pakkad. seize /Sanskrit [sk]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

pach'mut (mut : bird) 'bird trapping'
ah pach'mut 'bird trapper'
pach'mah 'trap animal (esp. with the deadfall)' (cl.3)
pach'bir 'crushed, caught in a trap'
pach'k'ah 'get crushed, get caught in a trap' (cl.3)

C.f.. Chorti mut bird with Hungarian madár bird

föld earth, soil, the ground, the earth /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian föld is possibly related to föl "up". [Chong]

Dravidian

vayal, vayyakal paddy field, agricultural tract, open space, plain; vayar--karai, vayar--ka_t.u tract of wet lands, paddy field (Tamil); vayal, vail paddy field (Malayalam); bayal(u), bayil(u), baylu, vayal open space, field, plain (Kannad.a); be.li paddy field (Kod.agu); bayilu, bailu fertile kind of rice field in low land which can be easily irrigated (Tulu); bayalu open space or field, plain, meadow (Telugu) [sk]

Indo-European

*uelt open field /Proto Indo-European [js]

folde f earth, land, country /Old English [sc1]
Węlt world /German

foly-am river, stream; foly-ás course, flow, run; discharge, flux; foly(ik) flow, run, stream; ensue, follow, go on, be in progress; foly-ó river, stream; folytat- continue, go ahead/on, run on; extend, prolong, follow, lead (a life), live, pursue, wage (a war) [Chong] {archaic phoneme /ly/ is now the same as English /y/}

Uralic

Officially, the Hungarian root is foly(ik) which is possibly of FU origin.

? poˆ¶!jÅ bubbling, gushing water (Nizjam Khanty); p¿lidÅ gushing water (Obdorsk Khanty) [Chong]

őj brook /Vaddja [sk]

Dravidian

oyi, hoyi to pour /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) cf. pey to pour down into /Tamil; po_yu to pour /Telugu; pey to rain, fall (as dew or hail); pour down or into; poci to ooze, percolate, flow /Tamil; poy to pour, cast; pouring /Kannad.a; po_yu to pour, cast in metal /Telugu; poy- (water) pours, flows, to be spilled, flow /Gondi; poe~_na_ to fall (of rain) /Kur.ux; poye (pos-) to rain /Malto [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*wleik- flow /Proto Indo-European [cg2]

Spin, braid, confuse, complicate

fonal thread, yarn (l is a deverbial suffix) /Hungarian
fon to spin (thread, yarn, wool), plait, braid /Hungarian

Uralic

*puna spin, twist /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]

puno- /Finnish; pyn- braid, twist /Komi; bâdne- spin, twist /Lapp; pun- twist /Man's'i; põne-, pune- braid, spin, twine, twist /Mari; pun- /Udmurt; pün'o- twine, twist /Kamas; fonu- to braid /Nganasan [Chong]

väntüä (v) to wind; to braid /Vaddja [fv]

Niger-Congo (?)

woñ (n.) thread /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

pwwne turn, change /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

pny (v.) /Aramaic [cal]

011 passim to turn 012 Syr to be turned 013 Syr to return 014 JLAGal to release 015 Syr %lwAt nap$eh% to recover one's senses 016 Syr %xzA)% to see again 017 JBA to ease oneself 041 Syr to turn 042 Syr %(al% to care for 021 Syr to give back 022 Syr to pay back 023 Syr %petgAmA)% to reply 024 Syr to hear 025 Syr to satisfy 026 Syr to turn s.t. 027 JLAGal,JLATg,JBA to remove 028 JLAGal,JLATg to empty out 029 JLAGal to dismiss (from school) 0210 JLAGal to complete 051 Syr to be made to return 052 Syr to be returned 053 Syr to be repaid 054 Syr to be replied 055 JLAGal to be removed 056 JLAGal to be at leisure 057 JLAGal to be released 058 JLAGal to be dismissed (from school) 059 JLAGal to be completed 0510 JBA to relieve oneself 0511 JBA to be completed 031 Syr to turn s.t. 032 Syr to avert 033 Syr to convert 034 Syr to give back 035 Syr to lead back 036 JLAGal,JBA to free for interpretation

LS2 578

Austric

miro(a), whenu(a) to spin /Mäori [ng]

Sino-Tibetan

*[ph]a>n|H twist, spin, spindle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "twist, spin"

fang 3 /Modern (Beijing) < phwa/n| /Middle Chinese < phan|? /Old Chinese

Tibetan phan| spindle. [ss]

Kachin g@ban|3 a hand-spindle. [ss]

*phuan cloth, garment /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "long garment"

fen 1 /Modern (Beijing) < phu"n /Middle Chinese < ph@n /Old Chinese [ss]

Kachin: phun3 put on and wear, as a coat. [ss]

Lushei: puan, pon cloth, a garment, KC *puan. [ss]

Kiranti: *bha"\n wear [ss]

ban-, bha(t)- wear, put on (as ornament) /Thulung [ss]

*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]

{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]

a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]

phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]

*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]

pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]

burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]

siunu /Nepali [ss]

Dravidian

*pin.-/*pi:nd.- to entwine, twist /Dravidian [ss]
*p_en. -: *pen. -V- `to twine, twist' /Dravidian [mw1: DEDR 4160a]

pe~_d.u, pe_d.u to twist, twine; pe_nu to twist, entwine; twist tow or three single threads into a thick thread (Telugu); pe_nd. to twist, twine (rope)(Naikri); pen.e to intertwine, twist, plait, braid (Toda); pin.ai to entwine; being knit together (Tamil); pin.i fastening, plait; pin.akku twisting, interlacing (Tamil); pin.a tying (Malayalam); pi.n. to become entangled (of ropes)(Kota); pena a twist of ropes; pena_cu to twist, twist together; pinning to be twisted (Brahui) (DEDR 4160). [sk]

ban.d.e, ban.d.a wool; ad.i-ban.d.a the wool at the belly of a sheep (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

vanth "demoness or fury associated with Xarun" [am91, glb, EM]
"Parca" [az96]; "one who turns" > "spin" [az96]
venzile "servile, client" [az96] root of vanth [az96]

Altaic

*p`u/n/e hair; feather /Altaic [ss]

*hu"-su" hair /Mongol [ss]

*pun/e- hair /Tungus [ss]

fenix@ 'hair, fur', funig|e /Modern Manchu; fun-ir-xie /Zhurzhen [ss]

*pa/na/i feather /Japanese [ss]

pa/ne/ (Old Japanese); ha\ne (Tokyo); ha/ne\ (Kyoto); ha/ne (Kagoshima) [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*pan fabric /PIE [js]

Greek

see wánax [am91]

Slavic

vuna wool /Serbo-Croatian [p>v] (meaning totally different to Hungarian!!!)
vlna wool /Slovak

Muskogean/Eastern

paanałi to put in with, mix (one object) in /Alabama [tm]

paanałka 1. to intermingle with, mix with (of one or one group) 2. to be mixed together (of different kinds of things); to be racially integrated /Alabama [tm]

panayka to have a sprained or turned ankle; to warp (as new lumber left out in the weather); to be curled up (as a cat or dog) {/panay-ka1} /Alabama [tm]

panayli to wind, twist, turn, make (one object) crooked {/panay-li} /Alabama [tm]

pànkachi to be twisted, turned, coiled, crooked, gnarled, curved, warped, spiraled, wrung, serpentine {/pan(ay)-ka1-chi2} /Alabama [tm]

pànnichi to keep twisting, coil {/pan(ay)-li-chi2} Var: pannichi /Alabama [tm]

bonyo- complicate, confuse /Hungarian

Uralic

puna distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle /Finnish; poˆn'- roll up, wrap up; poˆn't' a kind of tress used by men /Khanty; bodnje twist (also in rope); bending; cross-grain in wood of tree; warp; bodnjâ screw, turn, twist; change direction, change course for; tangle, disarrange, make a mess of; etc. /Lapp; [? põn'em plait, tress /Mari; bin'- roll up; wind up, wind /Udmurt] [Chong]

Hungarian bonyo- is a descriptive word according to one source. [see Chong]

also see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian forr- "to heal,join,knit"

forr-ad to heal, join, knit (as in a wound, a fracture); forr-aszt to solder, join; forr-aszt-ó solder /Hungarian

Uralic

also see Hungarian fon "to spin, plait, braid"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"

Dravidian

poru (-v-, -nt-) to join, unite, combine; poruttu (porutti-) to fit, adapt, prepare, adjust (Kampara_. Maruttumalai. 90); to cause to agree, to reconcile (Kur-al., 633); to join together, knit, unite; joining, junction, confluence; joint, suture of bones in the body (Panavit.u. 298); joining in carpentry; knot of a plant; uniting (Kampara_. Kumpakarn.a. 157); agreement, engagement; poruttu-ve_lai joinery (W.)(Tamil lex.); porutu (poruti-) to be joined, united with; join together, unite; porun(nu)-tal to be suitable, satisfactory (Nan-. 137); to agree, consent; poruntu-tal to agree, consent (Kampara_. Maruttu. 85); to make a contract, an agreement; to cohabit with (Man.i. 23,46)(Tamil lex.) poruntar weavers, makers of mats and baskets; po_r joining fast together; poruttam agreement, bargain, contract, treaty, covenant /Tamil; poruttu joint, joining, agreeing /Malayalam; pore to be joined, be put or attached to, joint, come near; n. joining, union, nearness, vicinity, side; pondu union, collection; porduge joining, contact, touch, union, harmony, nearness, an appendage /Kannad.a; po_r joining fast together (Maturaik. 354); po_r-k-katavu batten door; folding doors, as joined (Cilap. Arum. Akara_ti.); po_r-r-iya_tal grasping or securing closely (Na_mati_pa. 757); potivu union (Tamil lex.); por..i joint (Perun.. Ucaik. 48,87)/Tamil(Tamil lex.) por-i joint, jointure (Paripa_. 11,64); letter, character, writing /Tamil(Tamil lex.) po_ra < po_d.a hollow; pri the joints of a bamboo, a cane or the fingers /Malto [sk]

par-r-a-vaittal to solder, weld together (Tamil); pattisu id (Kannad.a); par-r-a_cu solder; support, prop; refuge (I_t.u, 8,9,1)(Tamil.lex.) par-r-utal to become joined or welded together, as metals soldered; par-r-in-ar relations; friends, adherants, allies; par-r-un-ar friends (Tamil.lex.); par-r-u to stick; paste, solder (Tamil); adhesion (Malayalam); par-r-ikka to fix, join, paste (Malayalam) [sk]

főz to cook /Hungarian

Uralic

fő- boil, fől-, főz- cook, heat /Hungarian [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian főz is of FU origin.

*peje- cook (Proto FU) [Chong]

paista- cook (Finnish); pu- cook (Komi); piit- cook (Man's'i) / pi-, pide- cook (Mordvin) [Chong]

pék baker /Hungarian

This one is allegedly a loan from Indo-European

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

psi cook, boil; psdj shine /Old Egyptian [cgj]
pise be cooked, melted; boil, bake, melt /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #394> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

bisil cool /Somali

Semitic

bsl ripen, cook /Geez; bs#l cook /Hebrew

Egyptian

psy, fsy cook /Old Egyptian

Berber

@fsi dissolve /Berber

Altaic

Turkic

bi$- cook (Azeri); pas- steam (Chuvash); miš- bake; parda. pešerü steam (noun) (Tatar); pi$- cook (Turkish); pišir- cook (Uzbek) [Chong]

bi∫-du∫ meal; bi∫irmek to cook, prepare a dish; bi∫mek to be cooked /Turkmen [glnp]
peç etmek to bake /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

budzˆa- cook /Manchu [Chong]
bujumbi to boil, to cook /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

*vis- to cook; to heat in the sun /Dravidian [ss]

*vis- heat; sunshine /South Dravidian [ss]

bisil, bisal, bisul heat and glare of the sun, sunshine /Kannad.a; besal.ige fire-pan; bisi, bisu, bisupu heat /Kannad.a; bisi heat, warmth esp. of sun /Tulu; bisulu sunshine; bisale\, bisal.e\ an earthen vessel /Tulu [ss]

*bic- to cook /North Dravidian [ss]

bi?ina: (bicc-) "to be cooked, baked, boiled, parched in heat" /Kurukh; bice "to be cooked, be heated" /Malto [ss]

bis-ing (bisis-), bis-inging to be baked, cooked, ripen /Brahui [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

pessô soften, ripen, or change by means of heat: I. of the West wind, ripen fruit generally, bring to maturity II. by the action of fire, cook, dress, esp. bake and related meanings

(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]

Indo-European reconstruction: *pekw- `to cook, bake'

Greek

płssw, płttw `to bake, to cook, to ripen'

Italic

Latin coquo: `to cook'

Slavic

Old Chuch Slavonic peko, `to bake'

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian kepu\ `to bake, to roast', etc.

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

*paĉ- to cook /Proto Iranian

Avestan: LAv. pac- `to cook' ; Middle Persian: MMP pwx- `to cook', (nomin.) MMP pwx `eatables, food (?)' ;Parthian: pc- `to cook' ; Khotanese: pajs- (pas/-), (pass.) pach- (pas/-), (nomin. ag.) LKhot. pajsa:ka- ; Sogdian: BSogd. (')pc-, CSogd. pc- `to cook, boil' ; Chorasmian: pc- `to cook', (pass./intr.) ps- `to be cooked, become ripe', (nomin.) pcyk `cooker'

New West Iranian: NP puxtan/paz- `to cook; to ripen; (dial.) `to digest, defecate', Bal. pac^- `to boil, cook', Zaz. pewtis^/pewz^en-, Anar. -ipex/ (impv.) ipez, Ham. peta"n/pej-, Naini pa"xa"/pi:c^- `to cook', Khuns. pez-/pet `to ripen; to cook', Sang. (ppp.) be-piz^e/, Shamerz. ba"-peta/, Surkh. (ppp.) pa%t, Lasg. b a/-piz e `cooked'

New East Iranian: Oss. I. fycyn/fyx(t), D. ficun/funxt `to boil, be boiled; to bake, be baked', Yaghn. pac^-/pa/s^ta `to cook, bake', (inch.) Sh. pis-/pa":xt, Yagh. pu>xs-/pu>/xta `to be boiled, ripen, etc.', Wa. p@c^.-/p@s^.t `to ripen, be cooked', (caus.) Rosh. pe:j-/poxt, Bart. pe:j-/pu"xt, Ishk. pac-/püx(t)-, Wa. pac-/pact `to boil, cook', (sec. caus.-inch.) Yaghn. pu>xso/n-/pu>xso/nta `to cook, bake'

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit cognates: pac- `to cook, to bake' (RV+)

(3) Indo-European [from Cheung]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

*paxŝ- to cook /Proto Iranian

Middle Persian: MMP pxŝ- `to grow ripe; wither, fade' ; Chorasmian: px- `to cook [intr.]' ; New West Iranian: NP paxŝi:dan/paxŝ- `to burn; to waste away with grief', Zaz. peyŝa:yiŝ/peyŝen `to roast, cook', Gazi pe: ŝ-/pa"xt `to cook', Siv. paŝ-/pat `to bake (bread)'

fúj to blow; << Uralic *puwe
vihar storm /Hungarian

Uralic

*puwe blow

Altaic

*pul-gi to blow

fūha wind and waves; storm, tempest /Japanese
fūi direction of the wind /Japanese

firtina gale, storm /Turkish

Austric

puhi blow /Moriori [mor]

Indo-European

Slavic

vjetar wind; breeze; storm, gale /Serbo-Croatian
vietor wind /Slovak

vihar, vihor, vijor hurricane gale, whirlwind, storm /Serbo-Croatian
vihar /Slovene
víchrica hurricane /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vi_j, vyaj fan; vi_jana fanning (Sanskrit) [sk]

Ear; to hear

fül ear /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian fül is officially of FU origin.

*peljä (Proto FU)

p@l (Khanty); p@t (Southern Khanty); pel' (Komi, Udmurt); bæl'lje (Lappish); pil' (Man's'i); p@l@š (Mari); pil'iš (Malmyzˆ Mari); pile (Mordvin) [Chong]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*vilu- ear /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]

*vil_u= ear /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]

vi' l_u= /Chukchee; vi l_ u= /Koryak; vilu= /Palan; vilu= /Alutor [ss]

*'e.lwe.-, *'il(u)- ear /Proto Itelmen [ss]

'elwe-leŋ, Pl. 'il' ear /Sedank dialect; 'ąlluγu-ląn auris /West Itelmen; ĭaŭin, Pl. 'ivut auris /SIT [ss]

hall to hear; hears /Hungarian

Uralic

kuullua to hear /Vaddja [fv]

According to one source, Hungarian hall is of FU origin and relates to :-

kuuntele- listen (Finnish); kuntele- listen (Karelian); kunh@l- (Khanty); huntt- hear, percieve, notice (Southern Khanty); gon'de- catch a fish (Lappish); koontl-; qont- find, perceive, see (Man's'i); kunda- catch (Mordvin) // kaïa hunt (En'ec'); hana- hunt (N'en'ec') [Chong]

Also,

[? *kule- (Proto FU) // kuule- (Finnish) / kol- (Khanty) / hut- (Southern Khanty) / kyl- (Komi, Udmurt) / gullâ- (Lappish) / qåål-, qwaal-; xuuli¥- listen (Man's'i) / kola- (Mari) / kule- (Mordvin)] [Chong]

Altaic [from Chong]

*xül1V ear; to hear (Proto Altaic)

Turkic

qulaq ear (Azeri); *kul-kak ear (Proto Turkic); kolak ear (Tatar, Uigur); kulak ear (Turkish); quloq ear (Uzbek)

Mongol

[? xulugu earwax (Classical Mongol)]; *kul-ku to be audible, to be heard (Proto Mongol)

Tungus

*xul- to be audible, to be heard (Proto Tungusic)

Korean

*kul(l-)i ear (Proto Korean)

Japanese

*ki-k hear (Proto Japanese)

Dravidian

ke_l.-tal to investigate (Tamil.Insc. Co_r..ava. 66); to hear, harken, listen to (Tol. Po. 513)(Tamil)
ke_l. to hear (Kannad.a,Malayalam)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]

a_lay(i)su to listen, attend to, mind; a_lisu id., be heard, make oneself to be heard, cry aloud (Kannad.a); a_laisuni to listen to, hear attentively (Tulu); a_lakincu, a_lincu to hear, listen or attend to, give ear to (Telugu) (DEDR 383). [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

haalo to hear, obey (an order), listen /Alabama [tm]
háalo to hear, hear about (someone) /Alabama [tm]

Yuki

hąl- hear [y84]

halló 'hello' /Hungarian

Uralic

The standard Hungarian verb 'to hear' is hall and there is speculation that 'halló' might have come into common usage with the invention of the telephone in the 19th. Century. Hungarians would address someone on the telephone with the greeting hallom 'I hear (you)' or with hallod 'do or can you hear (me)'

Early pioneering work was done by the Hungarian inventor Tivadar Puskás and his brother Ferenc in setting up the first telephone exchange as a result of which the word 'hello' came into common usage.. [source1, source2]

Indo-European

In IE it is claimed that hello has purely IE origins.

hello apparently is seen as deriving from halloo (v. hence n.) related to Early Middle English (1500-) hallow; Medieval French-Early French (1700-) halloer 'to pursue (game) with shouts; an echoic variation of Medieval French-Early French haler 'to excite dogs by shouting hale! variation of vare!, itself with variation haro! [ep: 276]

Quelle Surprise!

The following sample of websites also have 'similar' explanations all of which are ignorant of the Hungarian connection :-

(a) The current form arose in 1883 as an alteration of hallo, itself arising in 1840 from holla, hollo `a shout to attract attention.' It is possible that holla/hollo came from the earlier English exclamation holla! `stop!' Interestingly, holler `shout' comes from the same source. [source]

(b) The use of hello as a greeting is only as old as the telephone. The first recorded use is from 1883. It does, however, have earlier origins in other senses. It is a variant of hallo, which dates to 1840 and is a cry of surprise. That in turn is related to halloo, a cry to urge on hunting dogs. Halloo dates to about 1700, but a variant, aloo, appears in Shakespeare's King Lear a century earlier than that. And there is an even earlier variant, hollo, which dates to at least 1588 when Shakespeare used it in Titus Andronicus. There are also cognates in other Germanic languages. [source]

Typically, the equally possible and simpler Hungarian explanation or connection is not known or is simply ignored.

But, let us not stop there.

This site has a curious take on a prime "...example of a pragmatic summarizing symbol that reflects the complexity of the American unconscious".

Sigh. Some even claim that 'hello' somehow derives from 'HELL'!!!

fürd-õ bath- (house, tub) /Hungarian
fürd-és bathing, swimming /Hungarian
fürd, füröd to take a bath; fürd(ik) bathe, take a bath; have a swim /Hungarian

Uralic

Official source says that Hungarian fürd(ik) is related to fertô "slough (of crime)"; "swamp", it also points out that fertô is related to fetreng "roll about" which in turn it relates to forog- "turn". [Chong]

Jeeez! The Slavic words are related by [rd] to 'battle, strife, fight' etc.even though /p/ can become /f/ in Hungarian

Indo-European [rd: 475]

Balto-Slavic

Lithuanian pirti\s `bath-house'; Latvian pi\rts `bath-house'

Slavic

Russian pert' (dial.) `Karelian cottage'; Old Russian pürtü `bath-house'

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

[rd] lists Sanskrit pr/t- (RV) `battle, strife, fight' as a cognate of these Slavic words.

Well, check out similar Hungarian bir- 'to wrestle, struggle with'; ver- 'to beat, to hit'; ver-e-ked 'to fight, battle'

Japanese

furo bath, bath-tub

Whistle, whisper; flute, pipe, reed

furulya flute, pipe /Hungarian

Uralic

pilli flute /Vaddja [fv]

Dravidian

pirur.i flute /Kond.a; piror.i id. /Kui; pi_ru_ri, pi_rud.i, pi_rur.i id. /Kuwi; pe~_o_e_ id., pipe, whistle (Kur.ux) [sk]

pu_ri a wind instrument; pu_rikai trumpet (Tamil) (DEDR 4368) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

frula (reed-) pipe; flute /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

pirilli_ a kind of musical instrument /Prakrit [sk]

Basque (??)

txirula (LN,U) and xirula small Basque end-blown flute

Caucasian (??)

c.ur@la 'neck of zourna (flute)' < Proto Lezghian (Caucasian) *c.:urVl(a) (this noun originally meant 'filter, sieve', as seen from external evidence). [ss]

see Hungarian szűr "to filter, strain"

füttyi, füty-ül to whistle /Hungarian {onomatop.}

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #7> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

fuuc#'- drizzle /Gidole
fuuj- whistle /Konso

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 29 #6> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*fuud/l- whistle /Proto East Cushitic

food/i whistle /Somali
foor- whistle /Boni

Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #2.026> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

food/i whistle /Somali

Cushitic, South

*fuutl- whistle /Proto South Cushitic

futl- whistle /Iraqw

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 169b #3> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

food/i whistle /Somali; fiikk'o /Kambata; fiikk'o /Alaba; fiikk'o /Qabena

Semitic

fs!y whistle /Geez

Altaic

Turkic

fýsýldamak, fisildi whisper /Turkish (??)
py∫yrdamak to whisper; py∫yrdy whisper /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

ficakû flute, pipe; ficambi to whistle, to play a flute; fican whistle /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

bugari, bugiriya a large bamboo flute (Ir.); bugiri bamboo flute (Pa_lKu.); buguri id. (A_lKu.); bugi.r flute (Kota); puxury Toda flute (Toda); buguri id. (Kannad.a) (DEDR 4239).[sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

fead a whistle, Irish fead, Middle Irish fet-, fetán, a flute, a whistle, Welsh chwythell, a whistle, chwyth, a blast, breath, *wviddo-, *svizdo-, Latin sibilus, English sibilant. [mcb]

fideag a small pipe, reed, flute /Gaelic; fideóg /Irish [mcb]

Slavic

fićukati to whistle; hiss; pipe /Serbo-Croatian
fijukati to whistle, whiz; moan /Serbo-Croatian
fućkalica whistle; fućkati to whistle, hiss /Serbo-Croatian

síp whistle; shepherd's pipe /Hungarian
szip-ant to take a breath of air, suck in air /Hungarian

Uralic

also see szív, szop "to suck up, to suckle" /Hungarian < FU, Sumerian etc

Sumerian

sipad, sibad, sipa shepherd [jh]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/V:p whisper, whistle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "whistling of the wind" [ss]
sa 4 Modern (Beijing) < sëp Middle Chinese < s@:p Old Chinese

s/ub, s/ib (p., i. s/ubs) to whisper, s/ab-s/ob whispering /Tibetan

*supi- secret, whisper /Kiranti [ss]

su"pilo| whisper /Thulung; sibi secret, sibila:m secretly /Limbu; supi whispering /Kulung [ss]

*c/ip whisper, chirp /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "whisper"
ji /Modern (Beijing) < cjip /Middle Chinese < c/ip /Old Chinese [ss]

c^ap3 to chirp, as a small bird, (H) c^i-jap, c^i, c^it id. /Kachin [ss]
c^iap to cheep, chirp. /Lushei [ss]

Altaic

*sip`i a kind of pipe [ss] /Altaic

Etruscan

suplu whistler, piper

Indo-European

Italic

silbar ?, chiflar ? /Spanish; subolo /Latin

Slavic

šapat whisper; šapnuti to whisper; šaptati to prompt; whisper /Serbo-Croatian
šepkať, šepot whisper /Slovak
shepot whisper /Russian; [epot /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

shpeelak whistle; shpun shepherd /Pashto [tr]

Mayan Languages

Meaning "to whistle"
t#uubal (v.i.), wibal (v.t.) /Huas; s#u<us#ub /Yuca; s#us#u' /Itza; s#us#ub /Mopa; s#us#ub(ta) /Tzot; s#.uub-a /Teco; s#ubanic /Uspa; 'aj s#ub /Pmam [jd]

fut to run /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially of FU origin.

pot- flee, take to flight (Khanty); pokte- drive, drive away, persecute, put to flight (Mari) [Chong]

pakta leap; run away, take to flight (Šölqup) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

wth flee /Egyptian [cgj]
pwt run, flee, go /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

atafuta in a hurry, helter-skelter /Japanese

Indo-European

Celtic

fuadarach hasty, in a hurry /Gaelic; fuadar haste /Irish; from fuad- of fuadaich drive away /Gaelic? Cf. Scottish foutre [mcb]

gagy-og to babble, prattle; gág-og to cackle {-og suffix of repetition} /Hungarian

Uralic

Onomatopoeic origins perhaps.
The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?

{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

Sumerian

gagig to lament; to wail [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

keeku to cackle /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

gxk V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,CPA,Palestinian to laugh 012 Palestinian to bow down 013 Syr to gleam 041 Syr to deride 021 Palestinian to laugh 022 Palestinian,Syr to joke with, to sport with, to play 023 Palestinian,Syr to deride 024 Palestinian to bow down 031 Syr to deride 121 Syr to show oneself cowardly

LS2 113

Altaic/Turkic

gagylda-mak to cackle, croak; gygyr-mak to gab, chatter, whistle, cry out; gygyry∫-mak to shout back and forth; hikirdemek to snicker, giggle; hikirdi giggle, snicker; hykyrdamak to chuckle, giggle; hykyrdy laugh, chuckle, giggle; kikirdemek to giggle /Turkmen [glnp]

käkelemek to cluck; käkilik partridge /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

kekkat.t.am loud laughter; kekkali (-pp-, -tt-) to laugh violently; n. loud laughter (Tamil); kek smile, laughter; ke(k) kisad laughing; koks-/keks' in- to make noise of laughter (Toda); geggili, geggalu derision (Telugu)(DEDR 1933). [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

kakka^bizô, cackle, of partridges

Germanic

cackle /English
gaggle (of geese); giggle /English

{Ultimately echoic according to [ep]}

Muskogean/Eastern

kakkahka to cackle (as a hen) {prob. /kakkah-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
kakkakkak the sound a chicken makes when cackling /Alabama [tm]

kac-ag to laugh heartily {-ag suffix of repetition} /Hungarian

Uralic

Onomatopoeic origins perhaps.
The only other possibility is that the Hungarian must be a loan. Right?

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Niger-Congo (?)

kex-kexi (v.) to laugh /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret () , #226> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

k'asa'- laughing sound (to make) /Oromo
qas- *P laugh /Yaaku

Cushitic, South

qas- laugh /Proto West Rift

Austric

kata laugh /Moriori [mor]
kata laugh; katakata laughter /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

kicv- (kict-) to make a grimace (of derision etc.) by opening mouth and drawing back lips, open mouth at death (Tamil); kisa, kisi, kisu; kisikisi nagu to grin in laughter, grin (Kannad.a)(DEDR 1510). [sk]

kizay- (-t-) to jeer at, ridicule (Kond.a); kijowi joke; kijowigatti witty; kitzowi ki_nai to jest, jeer, joke; kijovi joke; kijovi ki- to make fun, joke (Kuwi); qese to tease, disturb (Malt.o)(DEDR 1518). [sk]

Indo-European

Greek

ka^ch-azô laugh aloud; also in nasalized form kanchazô /Classical Greek [lsj1]

(Prob. onomatopoeic, by dissim. fr. cha cha 'ha! ha!') [lsj1]

Slavic

kesenje grinning, sniggering; kesiti to grin, show one's teeth /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

has laugh /Sanskrit
hása laughter < has /Sanskrit

gal-ád base, mean /Hungarian
gyal-áz to slander, curse, defame; gyal-áz-ás outrage, infamy, disgrace /Hungarian
gyil-kol to kill, murder; gyil-ok dagger /Hungarian
gyűl-öl to hate /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian gyaláz is possibly from Turkic. [Chong]
Hungarian gyilkol, gyűlöl are of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

gul (v.) to destroy; to be destroyed; to obstruct; to extinguish; to fall upon; to destroy utterly; (adj.) evil; enormous; gùl, gal 5 to overwhelm; hul(3) (n.) evil; (v.) to destroy; to ruin; to harm; adj., bad, evil; hated; hostile, malicious [jh]

Altaic

yala slander (Osman Turk) [Chong]
yala crime (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
dzˆali wicked (Manchu) [Chong]

*ga>/li to hate; wild /Altaic [ss]

*K(i)al wild, rough /Turkic [ss]

qal (OUigh.) /Old Turkic; qal (QB) /Karakhanid; qal (CC) /Middle Turkic; Galdav /Turkmen; qaltaq /Balkar; xal /Khakassian; xal-mal /Tuva-Tofalar; kal /Altai; kal /Shor; xal /Yakut [ss]

*galz^|ag|u wild, rabid /Mongol [ss]

g|alz^|ag|u, g|alz^|ig|u /Written Mongolian; ulu xaliz^|axu 'without any difficulty' /Middle Mongolian; galz|u: /Khalkha; galzu: /Buriat; g|alzu: /Kalmuck; Galz^|u: /Ordos; Ganz^|ir- /Baoan; Galz^|u: /Shary-Yoghur; Garz|/u:, Galz^|u: /Monguor; galz^|o:, galez^|o: /Dagur [ss]

*galu- to hate /Tungus [ss]

galu.t- /Even; Galo- /Nanai; Galu.- /Ulcha; Galu.- /Orok; galu- /Oroch; galu- /Udighe [ss]

*ki/ra/p- to hate /Japanese [ss]

ki/ra/p- (Old Japanese); ki\ra- (Tokyo); ki/ra/- (Kyoto); kira/- (Kagoshima) [ss]

Austric

guluhin- to bring on disorder, to confuse; gulo- riot, confusion; gulungan- to run over /Philippines [pkm]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

jallad A skinner; an executioner, or whipper; flagellant; -- jalladi falak, The planet Mars

From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

jalladi {a jalladi} Executioner's office; cruelty, villainy

common to both Persian and Arabic without proof positive to which it belongs originally according to [fjs]

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Last updated 19 June 2007