magyar1

Magyar
Word List
AB-AG

List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.

abroncs hoop, tyre /Hungarian << Iranian

Uralic

Hungarian abroncs is often claimed to be a loan from Slavic

Indo-European

Slavic

obruč hoop, tyre; ring /Serbo-Croatian
obruč hoop /Slovak
obruch hoop /Russian; obry` /Bulgar

apyrankė bracelet /Lithuanian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

abrajan bracelet; an anklet /Persian [fjs]
abranjan, abranjin, a bracelet or anklet (of gold or silver). /Persian [fjs]

Possible sources of both Slav and Magyar forms!!

Demonstrative Pronoun

az "that" (demonstrative pronoun) /Hungarian
ez "this" (dem. pronoun) /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]

a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)

Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]

[? *e this (Proto FU); et that (conjunction), egä, iga every (Estonian); e- in että that (conjunction) (Finnish); âttì that (conjunction) (Lappish)] / [? it now, in just now; this (Khanty); e-: sy this, that, eta this, edz'i so (Komi); e-: emb& if, when, ese that one, esë there (inessive), estë from there (elative), es't'a so, es't'amo such, ete this; i-: is't'a so, is't'amo such (Mordvin)]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

kase (dem. prn) this here, that there /Vaddja [fv]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #347> [oi4]

Semitic

d- this /Aramaic; z- this /Hebrew; d_u (demonst.) /Arabic

Egyptian

s (s', z) man

Berber

i_d ayd ad (demonst.) /Berber

Altaic

[? incˆä so (Old Turkish); ene this (Buryat); edüge now (Classical Mongol) // ädu here (Ewenk)] [Chong]

∫u this, that /Turkmen [glnp]

Caucasian

es this; eg, is that /Georgian [pjh]

Etruscan

ita, itu, ta this [lb]

(0) Indo-European

*s- (demonstrative pronoun) /PIE [cb2]

Armenian

es, isah, os this (Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Anatolian

es- this /Lydian [cb2]
asa-, asi- that /Hittite [cb2]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

e this, these; he, she, it, they. /Baluchi [mab]

abba {az "that" + ba "into"} into that, to that; there /Hungarian
ebbe {ez "this" + be "into"} in/into this /Hungarian

Uralic

With abba, ebbe the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the b- of the suffix.

Dravidian

abe/ba_n (obl. aben.-/ba_n.-) there; aben.i/ba_n.i of that place, belonging to that place; abekan man belonging there (Kond.a)(DEDR 1). [sk]

Afro-Asiatic

b "in, from, among" /Phœnician [cgj]

Indo-European

IE Root

epi, opi near, at, against [ahd]

Greek

epi on, over, at [ahd]

Italic

ob, ob- before, to, against /Latin [ahd]

Slavic

ob on /Old Church Slavonic [ahd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

abhí to, unto; against /Sanskrit
ápi unto, on, to, thereto /Sanskrit

abból {az "that" + ból "from"} from/of that, therefrom /Hungarian
ebből {ez "this" + ből "from"}from/of this, out of this /Hungarian
-ból, -böl from, out of /Hungarian

Uralic

With abból, ebből the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the b- of the suffix.

Afro-Asiatic

ebol out, forth /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
bal, bol outside; (of time) out of, beyond /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

addig {az "that" + -ig} until then; as far as that; till, until; as far as that; up to that time /Hungarian
eddig {ez "this" + -ig} till now; so far; hitherto; up to the present; as far as this; up to this point /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian suffix -ig expresses

(a) adverb of place -> it denotes "termination of something"
(b) time -> it expresses (i) a point or (ii) duration of time.

Hungarian adverb addig is formed from 'demonstrative pronoun' a(z) that + -ig
Hungarian adverb eddig is formed from 'demonstrative pronoun' e(z) this + -ig

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

adi as far as, until, (in adi muh#h#i) until /Akkadian [oi3]
`d until, even /Phœnician [cgj]
’ade up to, until /Ugaritic

Dravidian

tanaka, tanka, anaka upto that measure; till, until, as far as (Kannad.a); danake, da_ka_, da_ke (Telugu); tane (Malayalam); tan-ai quantity, number, measure (Tamil.)(Kannad.a lex.) cf. tan-ai a particle denoting quantity and time-limit (Ta.)(DEDR 3147) [sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

dde- A, de- B (up to, until) /Lycian [cb]

Romance

ădhūc of time, hitherto, till now; till then; still, even now /Latin
hūc hither, to this place /Latin

c.f. Latin hūc with the Hungarian suffix -ig

ata prep. (Arab. hatta) until; ata que until./Old Spanish [osr]

até till /Portuguese

Indo-Iranian

tak up to, so long as (Nepa_li, Bengali, Or.iya_); tak till, as much as (Hindi_); tuvak, ta_k, tuva_k so many, so much (Old Sinhalese); ta_k, tek till, as far as (Sinhalese) [sk]

arra {az "that" + -ra "to,towards"}there, that way (indicating direction) /Hungarian
erre {ez "this" + -re "to,towards"}this way (indicating direction) /Hungarian
iránt, irány-á-ba(n) towards /Hungarian
rá on; onto; upon him;her;it; rá- prefix "on, onto"; -ra, -re suffix "to, towards" /Hungarian

Uralic

arra, erre /Hungarian

the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the r- of the suffix.

iránt, irány-á-ba(n) towards /Hungarian

One official source thinks Hungarian iránt derives from FU.

*ar3, *ur3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Another source thinks the origin derives from a fossilized root ir- [Chong]

rea 'to, towards, onto' /Old Hungarian from 1055 AD [bl]

The oldest and longest piece of Magyar comes from 1055 AD, from the Royal Chart of the Tihany Abbey which reads

feheruuaru | rea | meneh | hodu | utu | rea

It is curiously still understandable to a modern Hungarian and today would be written as

Fehérvárra menô hadútra meaning ' To the military way going to White Castle'

rá 'to, towards, onto' /Modern Hungarian
rea /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

One official source thinks Hungarian rá derives from FU.

? *rang3 (Proto Ugric)

r^ngx@ outside, without (Nether Konda Man's'i); r^ngokÅ aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Pelymka Man's'i); rang outside, without; rangk‹à· aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Tavda Man's'i) [Chong]

Another source says rá derives from an earlier *ro¥- which could be related either to the (Man's'i) words listed here or to those related to Hungarian rokon "kin", etc. [Chong]

Yukaghir [emas]

A small group of transitive verbs are built from intransitive stems by an applicative-like derivation, i.e., the derived transitive verb signifies essentially the same action as the basic intransitive, but this action is construed as directed towards a specific endpoint, for example :-

ørn'e-ri- `shout to somebody'
køt'egej-re- `rush towards something'

Sumerian

ra(-g/h) prep., dative suffix - for - denotes the animate being towards whom or in favor of whom an action is done. [jh]

ri demonstrative affix, that, those; regarding that (where the reference is to something outside the view of the speaker - over yonder). [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

r (prep.) from, to, at, concerning /Egyptian [cgj]
erat "to"; ero for, to, as regards to /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Ainu

orun to {directed towards} [sm]

Altaic

-ri, -ru directional suffix /Turkish

Basque

ara (B,G); hara (L,U) there (indicating direction, towards)
-ra suffix "to"; -rantz suffix "towards"

Etruscan

-eri, -ri gerundive suffix, postposition "for, for the sake of" [az96, mp68: 400]
locative, instrumentive suffix [mp68: 396]

-tra "toward" [az96]

Indo-European

Celtic

ri to, against /Gaelic, re /Irish, ri, fri /Old Irish [mcb]

Classical Armenian [cao]

arr preposition; arr to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to

Anatolian

-tar "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

raa- ('toward the speaker') /Pashto [tr]

Sino-Tibetan/Tamangic

Nar-Phu [mn0]

-re dative, locative

The Nar-Phu language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Chantyal, Gurung, Manangba, Tamang, and Thakali]. There are a number of phonological and lexical differences between the dialects of Nar and Phu.

Nar-Phu is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. The only prefix is negative a- : a-câ-w ‘don’t eat it!’.

Chantyal [mn1]

dative

-ra

locative

-ri
-ªŋ [with a few common nouns, deictics, case clitics]
-chª [with the noun mħun 'night]
-ra [in a few special expressions]
-muwa

Chantyal is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. There are only two sorts of native prefixes: the negative prefixes a- and tha- on verbs and adjectives, and the deictic prefixes yi- ‘this’, ħª- ‘that’, and wu- ‘yonder’. A small number of prefixes may be found with Nepali borrowings, but these are not productive in Chantyal.

ide, itt(en) here; in this place /Hungarian
oda there; ott(an) there, in that place /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]

a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)

Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

Hurrian-Urartian [ryan]

edia there

Ainu [sm]

otta in, at {postposition}

Burushaski [dg]

to - there; it - over there
tóla - thither; íta - to over there
tólum - from there; ítum - from over there

Dravidian [sk]

a_da that place, there (Telugu); atan there; adar.in therefrom (Naikri); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that over there (Kui); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that most remote; asan, hasan there, thither; ayya_, hayya_ there, in that place (Kur.ux) (DEDR 1)

Indo-European

Celtic

Gaelic ud yon, yonder, Irish úd, Early Irish út; for sud (sút), q.v. For loss of s, cf. the article [mcb]

Armenian

ahd, ahyd, aht that, there (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Anatolian

[-tta] "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Functionally = Hittite -kan. = Lycian -te and Palaic -tta. [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

idha here, now /Avestan

adda (adv.) there /Baluchi [mab]
oda (adv.) over there /Baluchi [mab]
yda (adv.) here /Baluchi [mab]
e-dem this way, hither /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

adás (pron.) yon, yonder, that, that there /Sanskrit
idám (adv.) now; here /Sanskrit

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

ta '(locative and instrumental particle)'

Ulwa

âduh (interj.) here! [ud]
iduh (interj.) there! [ud]

így in this way; like this /Hungarian {/gy/ like palatised /d'/}
úgy so, like that /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian így is seen as being related to Hungarian ez "this", itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", ilyen "such as this" and officially deriving from FU [Chong]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

One expert source sees Hungarian úgy as derived from a FU root. [Chong]
Another expert source sees úgy as related to Hungarian az "that" (see above)

{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

Altaic

Turkic

îdi thus, in such a way /Khakas [kl]

(idä RI:1506 Sagay, edäy RI:848, edii RI:854 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha); îdi dee, îdök tee so, as it is; îdi tee çaxsï it is good as it is; ediibä, pidiibä, qaydiiba? RI:854 like this, like that or otherwise?; edäy keräk, çaqsï RI:849 that's right, good!. [kl]

Tungus

uttu thus, in this manner /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

at.t.e_ in that manner; at.u, at.ula, at.ulu, at.t.ulu, at.lu thus (Telugu); dahun, daun, duhun in this manner (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 1) [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

íta (adv. used with adjs. and advs.) so, thus /Latin

Indo-Iranian

íti in this way, thus, so /Sanskrit
itthā' (Vedic only) and, itthám (adv.) in this way; so /Sanskrit

achscin lady /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
aszon /Old Hungarian {16th. Century} [bm]
asszony lady, queen /Hungarian

Uralic

boldog asszony mother goddess /Hungarian
bovdug blessed /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]

Hungarian boldog "blessed" is rarely used today. The use of the word is not limited to Hungarian, in Latin there is beatus, in Slavic blag, blazen, in English blessed. [gzb1]

However, Hungarian boldog is officially of unknown origin! [Chong]

Sumerian

gašan queen, lady, proprietor [jh]

Elamite

asan goddess [fh16]

Altaic

asina the mother goddess/wolf totem of origin /Turkic [fh16]

qatuni "queen"; qan qatuni "empress" /Cuman [pbg]

Etruscan

aisna, aisuna, eisna divine, of the gods, divine service [az96, glb, mc91, pa, dep]; aisuna king of the sacred (rex sacrorum) [az96]

(0) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

[h]atun lady (honorific) /Baluchi [mab]

(1) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*die:u- god /PIE [bd]

Albanian

*d^z/ie:u god /Proto Albanian [bd]

zot God {An old compound for `heavenly father'. -t apparently reflects Alb. at(e') < a(t)ta `father'} [bd]

zo(n)je' `lady, mistress, patroness' [bd]
which derives from Alb. *zotVnia: {goddess?} [according to bd]

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*gwen- a woman, a wife /PIE [cb1]

The stem must be rather archaic - the original meaning was not just "a woman", but "an honoured woman", which witnesses that it was born in ancient matriarchate times. Germanic meaning "queen" and Sanskrit "goddess" make this more than just a version.
The gender is in most cases feminine, which is natural; however, Old English is neuter. In majority of languages this noun was of a-stems. [cb1]

Greek

gunй(a woman, a wife) - from *gunб [cb1]

Celtic

Common Celtic *ben- (a woman), gen. sg. *bnбs (of a woman) >
Old Irish ben, Irish Gaelic bean, Scottish Gaelic bean, Manx ben, Cornish benen, Welsh benyw [cb1]

Germanic

Common Germanic *kwen- (woman) >
Gothic qino (a woman), qйns (a queen), Old English cwйn (woman, wife, queen), Old High German cwбn, Old Norse kwaen; English queen, Scottish queyn (a queen), Swedish kvinna (a woman), Icelandic kona, kvennmaor, Faroese kona, Danish kvinde, Dutch kween (old cow), Frisian kwyn [cb1]

Anatolian

Common Anatolian *gwana (a woman) >
Luwian wanatti Avestan g@nб (a woman) [cb1]

Paleo-Balkan

Phrygian bon-ekos (a wife) - a suffix added [cb1]

Tocharian

Tocharian A s'дn (a woman), Tocharian B s'ana [cb1]

Armenian

Armenian kin (a woman, a wife), gin [cb1]

Slavic

Common Slavic *z'ena (a woman) >
Belorussian z'ana, Bulgarian & Polish & Serbo-Croatian & Slovene & Czech & Slovak & Ukrainian & Russian z'ena, Sorbian z'ona [cb1]

Baltic

Common Baltic *gen- (a woman) >
Old Prussian voc. sg. genno (woman!), *genб (a wife, a woman), Sudovian *genв (a woman, a wife) [cb1]

Indo-Iranian

Persian & Tadjik zan [cb1]

Sanskrit janis, gnб (a woman, a goddess), Singhalese gani;
Kashmiri zanana [cb1]

Cut, split, fine, small, little, tiny, young

ács carpenter; ács-ol to cut /Hungarian
vé-s to cut, engrave; vés-ő chisel; vés-és engraving /Hungarian
vá-j hew /Hungarian

Uralic

Two sources suggest a Turkic origin for Hungarian ács.

from the Turkic agacˆ "branch etc." [Chong]

Hungarian vés is officially of FU origin

*wän'gc'e- cut, slash (Proto FU) [Chong]

Dravidian

acc- to split, saw; acca_na_ to cut off (hand, foot, etc.)(Gondi); asye to chisel (Malt.o); haccu, heccu to cut in pieces; hacci to divide (vegetables and fruits)(DEDR 46). [sk]

u_c- to scrape, plane; us- to pare; oochana a carpenter's plane (Gondi) [sk]

va_cci, va_ycci, va_t.ci adze (Tamil); va_cci adze, scraper (Malayalam); po.d.c adze (Toda); ba_ci id. (Kannad.a); ba_ci, ba_ji (Tulu) (DEDR 5339).[sk]

*vas- sharp /Dravidian [ss]

vij- (-it-) to break into small pieces (Kuwi)(DEDR 5411).[sk]

Etruscan

vuisi- "sharp" [az96]

Indo-European

Italic

vōmis, *vos-mis, vōmer plow-share, colter /Latin

Slavic

vajar sculptor, engraver; vajati to sculpt, engrave; cut, emboss /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

vîs- to pierce /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

vas to cut /Sanskrit
vAsi a carpenter's adze; vAzI also written {vAsI} ; accord. to some connected with {vrazc} a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel /Sanskrit [iits1]

fesz-e-get to pry, try to open; fesz-ít to stretch, expand, strain /Hungarian
has-ad tear,rend,crack; has-ít split; has-o-gat to split into fine strips /Hungarian
has-on-lo similar (things cut are identical at the cut) /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian feszít- tighten (transitive); feszül- tighten (intransitive) is of unknown origin. [Chong]

also see Hugarian fakad "to split, burst; to blossom"

Sumerian

haz, haš to break or cut off; to thresh grain [jh]
? púš tightness etc. [jh,Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h.sk. cut off, hew off /Egyptian [cgj]
psš divide; psšw divider (of property); psšt division, share /Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

qşb to cut, cut off /Semitic Root [ahd]

qaşaba to cut up /Arabic [ahd]

qsm to divide, distribute, assign, ordain, practice divination /West Semitic [ahd]

Arabic qisma "portion, lot, destiny, fate" from qasama "to divide, distribute, assign, foreordain".[ahd]

hśm to smash, shatter, destroy /Arabic Root [ahd]

h.şş to cut, divide, diminish /Semitic Root [ahd]

h.āşaş to divide /Hebrew [ahd]

Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #16> [oi4]

Chadic

*fas%@ break /Proto Chadic

f@hl break /Gaanda; fasaa break /Hausa; pese hatch /Kera
p@hl@ break /Margi; paj break /Tumak

Altaic

*piuĉa to tear, split, cut /Altaic [ss]

byĉ- / *bic to cut /Turkic [ss]

byĉ- /Old Turkic; biĉ- /Turkish; biĉ- /Turkmen; p@s/- /Chuvash [ss]

*biĉi 1 small 2 to demolish, crush /Mongolian [ss]

b/acxan 1, b/acla- 2 /Khalkha; biĉkn. 1 /Kalmuck; piĉi 'into small pieces' /Dagur; paz^|il@ 'into small pieces' /Monguor [ss]

see Hungarian pici "small" below.

*puŝe- 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through /Tungus [ss]

fusxu- 1 /Manzhu; xuĉe-remz^|i 2 /Orok; huĉe-rge 1 /Evenki [ss]

*pĉy/ĉ(h)- to tear /Korean [ss]

ĉ:it- (-ĉ-) /Modern Korean; pĉy/ĉ(h)- /Middle Korean [ss]

*pa\sa\-m- to cut, shear /Japanese [ss]

pa\sa\-m- /Old Japanese; hasa/m-u /Tokyo [ss]

hasaisuru, hishigu to crush, smash, shatter, crack to pieces, break up /Japanese

Dravidian

isigka crack, slit, chink; isigna_ (isgya_) to open in long slits, chap, crack /Kur.ux; hisi to burst (as a jack fruit, a very tight jacket; to crack (as a wall, a cooking vessel) (Kannad.a lex.); pasuge, hasige, hasuge dividing, separating; division; part, portion, share; apportionment; arrangement, disposition /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) hasige dividing etc.; division or sharing of the produce between the cultivator and landlord; hasige-pat.t.a a list or account of the division of the produce; hasige-mutsaddi a clerk who keeps the account of such division; hasige a toll (as of vegetable, grain) exacted by official personages from the vendors /Kannad.a [sk]

Etruscan

hisu acute, fine [az96]

Indo-European

Slavic

isitniti to cleave (split, chop, cut) small, make chips /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

fass (v.n.) separating, pulling (one thing from another); etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says this is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

Indo-Aryan

has to open, bloom, blow; to brighten up, or to clear up (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

hat 'a splitting or cleaving'
hati 'split, crack open' (cl.1)

k'as 'a breaking, a breaking off'
k'asan 'a break'
k'asi 'break a thing, break in two' (cl.1)

pici tiny, minute, small; picike very tiny, small {see -ka, -ke diminutive suffix} /Hungarian

Uralic

*piC'V small /Uralic [mc2]

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

*pojka boy /FinnUgor

fioka > fiu boy /Hungarian
poika boy, son; pojo boy /Vaddja [fv]

[English boy is not really related since it comes from a totally different meaning and replacing the old word knave (German knabe). Originally "boy" meant a servant.]

Sino-Tibetan

*po:k child /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Meaning "servant; groom" [ss]
pu 2 /Modern (Beijing) < buk /Middle Chinese < bo:k /Old Chinese
bō /Vietnamese

phrug, phrug-gu, phru child, a young one. /Tibetan; pauk young of animals; sprout. /Burmese [ss]

Altaic

*biĉa small /Altaic [mc2]

baji a little bit more, a while; biha a bit, a little /Manchu [as]

*ba\ka young /Altaic [ss]

*baga young, small /Mongolian [ss]

baga Khalkha; bag|@ Kalmuck [ss]

*ba\ka\- young /Japanese [ss]

wa\ka\- Old Japanese; waka/-i Tokyo [ss]

Austric

poki son, male child /Rapanui [anon]

poki atariki eldest son; poki hagupotu youngest son; poki hágai adopted son. [anon]

poto short; potoki youngest child /Moriori [mor]
tamariki, puhou young /Mäori [ng]
paku, pakupaku small /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian

*b[a]c.V kid, young goat /North Caucasian [ss]

*p:ac.V-j 1 small 2 kid 3 small sheep /Lezghian [ss]

bac.i 2 /Lezghi; bic.i 1 /Tabasaran; bic.i-f 1 /Agul; bac.i 3 /Rutul; byc.yc. 2 /Tsakhur [ss]

Dravidian

*pi:c-/ *picc- small, short /Dravidian [mc2]

pi_cca, pi_ccan what is small, dwarfish, immature /Malayalam; pi_cu shortness, smallness; picce shortness or deficiency in measure or weight /Kannad.a; pi_cilu thin, slender /Tulu; picca low, base, mean; short, deficient, false /Telugu; picin-a_r-i, picin-e_r-i miser; picin-i niggard; miserliness, niggardliness; picuku (picuki-) to be niggardly; picukku miserliness, niggardliness; picukkar mean-minded persons; picupicuttavan- niggard /Tamil; pis'ukku niggardliness; pis'ukkan niggard, miser /Malayalam; picci Mammon; pici parsimony, stinginess; stingy, miserly /Tulu; piccapat.t.u stinginess, miserliness; pisid.i, pisina_ri, pisini miserly, stingy; pisini-got.t.u miser; pikku to be miserly; pi_na_si stingy person /Telugu [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

see ? poco /Spanish

Indo-Iranian

pā'ka (1) calf, young; (2) simple /Sanskrit

This one is thought to have the literal meaning of "sucking" and hence is believed to derive from the root pā 'drink' /Sanskrit

Ulwa

basaka, bisika small; little [ud]
baka small child; bakaka child, offspring [ud]

ici-pici tiny /Hungarian

Uralic

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Altaic/Turkic

az little, few; az-azdan little by little; az-oblak a little bit /Turkmen [glnp]
u∫ak small, little, fine; u∫amak to become smaller; u∫atmak 1. to make smaller, shallower 2. to exchange, barter /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

itiiti, kitakita tiny; iti, pakupaku, ririki small /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

ittini very little (Tamil); ittiri, icciri id. (Malayalam); is's'i a little (Malayalam); isumanta adj., adv. a litt,e a particle, a jot; incuka a little; adv. a little somewhat (Telugu); ijik a little (Gondi); izri small, little (Kond.a); icuk a little (Mand.a); icki, icke little, small, tiny (Pengo); icci, ici, i_ci small (Kuwi); uccai, hu_cai (Kuwi)(DEDR 410).[sk]

as'u thin, slender (Malayalam); a_cu anything small or mean, minuteness, trifle (Tamil); asi, asa thinness, leanness, minuteness (Kannad.a); asi slight; asadu small, slender (Telugu)(DEDR 341).[sk]

Indo-European/Slavic (??)

úzky small /Slovak; uzkij narrow /Russian

Quechua

achiwa small [q2]
as little; small quantity [q2]
uchuklla; uchulla // uchuy // huch'uy // ichik small [q2]

Yuki

?u·čič small₂ [y84]

To hold a grudge, take revenge, to hate; bad, opposite, contrary, hostile

acsar-kod to hold a grudge {-kod suffix of action} / Hungarian
zsar-nok despot, tyrant /Hungarian
{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}

Sumerian

sar, šar driven out, pursued [jh] ??

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 118 #> [oi4]

Cushitic

d/1ur- dirt /Proto East Cushitic

c#'ure?'e dirt /Burji; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Oromo; j'ur- bad /Konso; t'ur- bad, dirty /Sidamo; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Hadiyya; t'er- bad /Yaaku; c#'uul?'- choke /Burji

Omotic

c#'ullut choke /Koyra (=Kore?)

Altaic

*i_u:/c^`e bad, anger /Altaic [ss]

*o":c^ revenge, anger /Turkic [ss]

o"c^ Old Turkic
o":c^ Turkmen
v@w|z^|@w| Chuvash
o"s Yakut [ss]

*o"c^e to take revenge, be inimical /Mongolian [ss]

o"c^eldu"- (MA) Middle Mongolian [ss]

*(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn /Tungus [ss]

u.c^an|kat- 1 /Even [ss]
uc^in- 2 /Evenki [ss]

*a\c^hj@/t- to hate /Korean [ss]

a\c^hj@/t- Middle Korean [ss]

*u/tu/a- alienated, discontent /Japanese [ss]

u/two/- Old Japanese [ss]
uto/- Tokyo [ss]

Austric

ati /Rapanui [anon]

1. to take revenge; ati ki... to take revenge against (someone), ati i... to avenge (someone). He ati te kopeka o te îka ki te to'a The avenger of the victim takes revenge against the assassin.

2. to get even, to pay back. Te tagata nei ina kai pu'a mai te rima, e ati ró au ana haga ki a au mo te haga. This man did not give me hand, I'll get even when he needs me for some work.

3. (arch.) he ati, he ora to serve and live. Said of persons who took refuge from their enemies with another clan and earned their lives by serving them well.

taua, utu revenge /Mäori [ng]

Basque

txar (C) bad

Dravidian

it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Tamil); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Malayalam); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Kannad.a); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Telugu)(DEDR 435). [sk]

etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Tamil); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Malayalam); edyr enemy (Kota); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (Toda); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Kannad.a); edike in front (Kod.agu); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tulu); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Telugu); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795). [sk]

Indo-European/Anatolian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

utál to hate, abhor, detest, despise /Hungarian

Uralic

According to one source, Hungarian utál is derived from a FU root.

? aa¥@t- spew, spit, vomit (Obdorsk Khanty, Upper Demjanka Khanty, KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); åjt- id. (Middle Konda Man's'i, Nether Konda Man's'i) / aajtaxt- id. (Sosva Man's'i - -axt is a suffix) [Chong]

According to another source, -ál in the Hungarian might be a suffix of repetition and the etymology is uncertain. [see Chong]

In other words we don't have a clue.

Austric

eete, disgusting, ugly /Rapanui [anon]

Often used jocularly to refer to persons: tou eete era, that fellow. Ku eete á tooku manava. I am revolted by (mo...), I am disgusted at (ki...). [anon]

Dravidian

u_t.u (u_t.i-) to sulk, show displeasure; u_t.al sulking; ut.al (ut.alv-, ut.an-r--) to be enraged, quarrel, fight; ut.ar-u (ut.ar-i-) to be enraged at; ut.ar-r-u (ut.ar-r-i-) to provoke, infuriate (Tamil) [sk]

at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]

Etruscan

hate, hathe "hateful, hostile" [az96]
hatu, hatrunia (fem.) "hateful, angry, sullen" [az96]

Indo-European

Anatolian

Hittite

i-da-lu noun; accusative singular neuter of <idālu> evil, harm /Hittite [ho]

Luvian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

Greek

*odussomai "I hate" [ep: 448]
*odussos "irritated, irritable" [ep: 448]

Italic

ōdī , ōdisse , ōsūrus (fut. part.) to hate, detest, dislike /Latin

Said to be a "defective" verb.
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain [ep: 448]

odio /Italian; odio /Spanish; odieux /French < ŏdĭum -i (n.) hatred /Latin

Latin origin is unknown/uncertain according to [ep: 448] who suggests that ōdī and ŏdĭum might perhaps be akin to Latin odor "a smell".

External parallels are ignored, as so often happens in Indo-European studies.

Germanic

atol hateful /Old English

[az96] compares Modern English hate with the Etruscan.

Here is what [ep: 280] says

English 'to hate' is from Middle English haten, earlier hatien, derives from Old English hatian, intimately akin to the Old English (n.) hete.

odious /English < French < Latin [ep: 448]

Armenian

ahtel- /Armenian- Dorosmai [Chong]

ácsor-og to loiter, to stand about; to wait /Hungarian
őgyel-eg to loaf, lounge, loiter /Hungarian

Uralic

oottõa to wait /Vaddja [fv]

Officially, the origin of Hungarian őgyeleg is unknown. [Chong]

{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}
{Hungarian /gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}

Niger-Congo (?)

edoo (n.) waiting period /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

axerat stand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*ič`V to hope [ss]

*(h)iča- /Mongol [ss]
*iče- /Tungus [ss]

Turkic

idediji watchful; ideg 1. tending, care 2. surveillance; ideg-sorag 1. search 2. investigative, watchful; idemek 1. to search for 2. to inform about /Turkmen [glnp]

gara∫-mak to wait /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ta_r-u, ta_ru to lurk, lie in wait (Telugu); tar-uku to linger, loiter (Tamil); ta_ri to wait (Koraga)(DEDR 3193). [sk]

Basque

itxaron (B,G,U), itxoin (B,G) to wait; to hope, to trust

igurika (L,LN,,Z) adv. waiting, expecting
igurikarazi (L,LN,Z) v.t. to cause to wait, to make someone wait
igurikatu (L,LN) v.t. to wat for, to watch for
iguriki (L,U) v.t. to wait for, to watch for

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian [Cheung]

*uat- to hope for /Proto Iranian

Prefixed form: *a:-uat-

Sogdian: CSogd. 'wt- `to hope for', (nomin.) SSogd. ''wth `faith' (v. MHC: 32.8), CSogd. 'wt (m.) , (obl.) CSogd. 'wty `hope'

Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. 'wt

New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Oss. I. ud, D. od `ghost, soul, spirit'

Indo-Aryan

āc,a's wish, hope [supposedly derived from c,an.s "say in a loud and solemn way" + ā] /Sanskrit

āc,ā' hope [younger form of āc,a's] /Sanskrit

Give, take, exchange

ad to give; elõ-ad to perform {elõ- prefix meaning 'before; in front of'}/Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian ad is believed to be of FU origin.

*amta /Uralic

anda- /Estonian; anta- /Finnish; oˆntas /Khanty; ud- give to drink /Komi; vuow'de- /Lapp; ando- feed, nourish /Mordvin; ud- give a drink /Udmurt; // ati- lend /Nganasan - F-U loanword? [Chong]

Altaic

*iát`a to give /Altaic [ss]

ataeru to give /Japanese

Austric (?)

oatu offering /Moriori [mor]

Caucasian

*=VtV' to give [ss]

Dravidian

*od- to give [ss]

Etruscan

ut- to give [pa]; to carry out, to perform [lb]

(1) Indo-European

Reconstructed

*dó- to give, to take, exchange /proto IE [cb2]

Celtic

doenti (they give; 3st pl. pres. Celtiberian) [cb2]

Italic

dirsa, dida- (Pelignan) I give /Umbrian [cb2]

do, dăre, dĕdo, dătum (1) to offer, give, grant, lend, bestow; to hand over, commit, devote; (2) to cause, bring about, put /Latin [Cassell]

Paleo-Balkan

tón 'a present' /Thracian [cb2]

Anatolian

da - to give /(Hittite, Luwian, Lycian B, Lydian) [cb2]

Indo-Iranian

dā give, bestow, grant /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Classical Armenian [cao]

tam I give; permit, let /Classical Armenian [cao]

c.f. the definite form (first person singular) of

Hungarian adom 'I give (it)' = ad 'give' + -om 'I'

et verb; 3^rd. singular aorist of tam

c.f. the 3^rd. singular indefinite form of Hungarian ad verb 'to give'

{Aorist (n.) a Greek tense expressing indefinite past time; Aoristic (adj.) indefinite in point of time.}

odutta vola "gave" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]
adta "gave" /Modern Hungarian

Uralic

Old Hungarian had odutta (past tense) with an auxiliary verb vola, now obsolete in modern Hungarian [gzb1]

ottada v to take /Olonets; ottaa /Karelian [fv]

Indo-European

Reconstructed

*dó- to give, to take, exchange /Proto IE [cb2]

Italic

deded he gave /Oscan [cb2]

Anatolian

dadón they gave /Phrygian [cb2]

Indo-Iranian

dattá given [ppl.] /Sanskrit

cf. Modern Hungarian adott "given"

Crown, top, shoot, sprout, rise, climb, jump, dance etc.

ág (tree) branch; (river) branch, arm /Hungarian

Uralic

While the origin of Hungarian ág is uncertain. Two postulates abound :-

1) *sange, *šange /Proto Ugric [see Chong]
2) *šangka /Proto FU [see Chong]

Sumerian

áhi, ah₅, á arm; wing; horn; side; strength; work performance; wages; moment [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

'hmw branches /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set < Sasse (1983) , p. 268 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hak'a?'a tree, wood /Burji; hakk'a /Sidamo; hakk'a /Hadiyya; hak'a /Kambata; hak'a /Alaba; hak'- /Darasa

h!ak branch /Saho

Omotic

haag*o tree, wood /Dime; aag*o /Ari; haaqa /Bana (Hamer); aka /Karo

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 11a #1> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

agadaa arm /Saho
agedaa arm /Afar

Semitic

agada_ thigh/shin bone /Geez

Altaic

agacˆ "branch etc." /Turkish [Chong]

∫aha branch; ∫ahalak branchy; ∫ahalamak to branch out /Turkmen [glnp]

Basque

aga (B,G) beam; long pole
haga (L,LN,Z,U) long pole, stick

Dravidian

ad.aru twig; ad.iri small and thin branch of a tree; ad.eri small branches (Kannad.a); ad.aru twig (Tulu) (DEDR 67) [sk]

ege small branch, sprout; en:kli thin branch (Kannad.a); egg a branch, bough; eggelu a small branch (Tulu); en:kili branch (Kor.ux); rivva, rivat.a a twig (Telugu); irg kindling (dry plants with leaves still on)(Kota) (DEDR 826) [sk]

aga-ncs antlers /Hungarian

Uralic

The horns of a stag were often worn by shamans as a crown [hh96]

Sumerian

aga ₍₃₎diadem, circlet, crown (of legitimate kingship); turban [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <brb9167> [oi4]

iggi upper part /Berber

Altaic

*iu/gu up, above /Altaic [ss]

*ju"g- / *jog- up, above /Turkic [ss]

ju"geru" /Old Turkic [ss]

*o"g|e- upwards /Mongolian [ss]

o"gede /Written Mongolian; o'e-de /Middle Mongolian [ss]
o":d /Khalkha; o":d@ /Kalmuck; we:d /Dagur [ss]

*ug-i: above, up /Tungus [ss]

uvi- ~ ug|i- /Negidal; ve-si- /Manzhu; uwu-j /Nanai; uji- /Ulcha; ui, uwu /Orok; wi-si /Zhurzhen; o"g|ú- /Even; ug|i: /Evenki [ss]

*u\(h) up, above /Korean [ss]

wi /Modern Korean; u\(h) /Middle Korean [ss]

*u/-pa- up, above /Japanese [ss]

u/-pe /Old Japanese; ue/, u\e /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

∫ah horn (of an animal); ∫ahly horned /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ucci crown of head, head, summit, zenith; ucca_n.i highest point, top, summit; ukkam head (Tamil); ucci crown of head; ucca_n.i highest point, summit, top (Malayalam); us'ky top of tree, zenith (Toda); ucci top or crown of head (Kannad.a,Tulu)(DEDR 579). [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

uccá lofty; uccāķs (adv.) high of sound, loud /Sanskrit

ágas-kod- to rear up (horse); to stand on tip-toe /Hungarian
hág to climb up, to mount; hágó mountain pass /Hungarian
ug-or to spring, jump, leap (up); ug-rál, ug-rik to jump about /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian hág "ascend" derives from

*kanke- climb up /F.U.

Hungarian ug- "jump" is of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

kun _4,5 ladder, stairs [jh]

ugu- (prep.) upon, over, on top; after; comparative enhancer of adjectives [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

'hi to fly /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 39 #6> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

heg-, hog- erect(to be)/stand /Proto East Cushitic

hej- ej- erect(to be) stand /Oromo; hinj-i- lift /Somali; ogu rise /Saho

Niger-Congo (?)

éeg to climb /Wollof [pc2]
ekateku to be chipped, lift up and raised /Wollof [pc2]
ëkati to lift /Wollof [pc2]

jóg to arise, get up /Wollof [c2]
og to lift up (a garment) /Wollof [pc2]

Austric

eke to climb, to mount, to mount (a female for copulating), to surface (of fish), and by extension, to bite he eke te kahi the tuna bites. /Rapanui [anon]

ake- up, upward, to ascend /Anutan; uka, uta- towards mountains, inland /Polynesia; akyat- to rise, ascend /Tagalog; angkat- to lift /Indonesia; to be elevated /Ngaju-Dyak; ascent /Hova; atas, atat- above /Proto-Austronesian; ake- upward indicator /Polynesia; ata- up /Nakanai [pkm]

kake ascend /Moriori [mor]
eke, piki ake, pikitia, piki climb /Mäori [ua]

Austro-Asiatic

coga, coghe to climb up into or on (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Sino-Tibetan

Chinese meaning "to lift (heavy objects)"

gang 1 /Modern Chinese < ka.un /Middle Chinese < krōn /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese kō; ageru [ss]

Chinese meaning "to set up, lift up"

kang 4 /Modern Chinese < khaŋ /Middle Chinese < khāŋ-s /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese kō; gō; ageru; ataru; sakarau [ss]

Chinese meaning "to lift, raise"

ang 2 /Modern Chinese < nâŋ /Middle Chinese < nāŋ /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese gō; kō; agaru; ageru; aogu [ss]

Chinese meaning "to lift"

xian 1 /Modern Chinese < xăr /Middle Chinese < xar /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese ken; kon; kin; agaru; ageru [ss]

Chinese meaning "to rise, overcome"

teng /Modern Chinese < dAŋ /Middle Chinese < Łhāŋ /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese tō; agaru; ageru; noboru; noru [ss]

Chinese meaning "to lift, raise; set forth; display; swear, proclaim"

cheng 1 /Modern Chinese < c'hin /Middle Chinese < thaŋ /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese shō; hakaru; tonaeru; homeru; tataeru; ageru; kanau [ss]

Chinese meaning "to rise above, raise; carry through, achieve"

xiang 1 /modern Chinese < sjaŋ /Middle Chinese < snhaŋ /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese shō; sō; jō; noboru; ageru; harau; tasukeru [ss]

Chinese meaning "to rise, surge, start; to lift, promote"

ju 3 /Modern Chinese < kö' /Middle Chinese < kla? /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese kyo+; ageru+; agaru+ [ss]

Chinese meaning "to lift; curve up"

jiao 3 /Modern Chinese < kéw /Middle Chinese < k(r)aw? /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese kyō; ageru; agaru; mageru; magaru; tameru [ss]

Chinese meaning "falcon flag; bending upwards (of hair)"

yu 2 /Modern Chinese < jö /Middle Chinese < la /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese yo; hata; agaru; ageru [ss]

Chinese meaning "be precariously high"

qiao 2 /Modern Chinese < gjew /Middle Chinese < g(h)ew /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese kyō; gyō; ageru; tsumadateru [ss]

Chinese meaning "to jump"

yong 3 /Modern Chinese < jö'iŋ /Middle Chinese < loŋ /Old Chinese [ss]

c.f. Japanese yō; oduru; odori [ss]

Altaic

*oge to rise [ss] /Altaic [ss]

*i_a:gV (~ e:-, -k`-) to rise /Altaic [ss]

*ia:g-, *ia:g-na- 1 to rise, get up 2 to roll over, fall over 3 climb over /Turkic [ss]
*(h)aji-su- to come close to, come up to /Mongolian [ss]
*iaga- /Tungus [ss]
*a/nka/- 1 to raise 2 give /Japanese [ss]

a/ga/- 1 /Old Japanese; a\ge- 1, 2 /Tokyo [ss]

agari rise; ascent; ageru to raise, elevate, lift up /Japanese
okoru to rise, arise, spring up; okiru to get up; rise /Japanese
odoru to dance; jump, leap, spring /Japanese

Basque

igo (B,G,U), igon (B), igan (L,LN,Z) to climb, rise; to go up
jagi (B), jaiki (C) to get up, to rise; to rise up, to rebel
ega (B,G); hegal, hego (L,LN,Z,U) wing; hega-tu to fly

Caucasian

*=a":GV to stand up; to erect; high /North Caucasian [ss]

*=o:G|- / *=e:bG|- 1 to erect, plant 2 to sit /Nakh [ss]

=o:G|- /Chechen; =oG|- 1, =aG|- 2 /Ingush; =oG|- 1, =aG|- 2 /Batsbi [ss]

*=iG|- 1 to stand 2 auxiliary verb 3 to plant, erect /Andian [ss]

*=o|x|- B to stand up /Tsezian [ss]

=u"x|- /Ginukh; =ah- /Khvarshi; =aG|-ic.- /Bezhita [ss]

*jaq:V- 1 high 2 long /Lezghian [ss]

jarG|i 1 /Lezghi; jaG|-li 1 /Tabasaran; ja?|aldi-l 1 /Agul; q:-aG|a 1 /Kryz; aqa 2 /Archi [ss]

*=HiqE: to rise, grow /North Caucasian [ss]

*=oq:- ( ~ -a-) 1 to stand up 2 to rise, grow 3 to raise /Andian [ss]

=aq:n- 1 /Avar; aq:- (Tseg.) 3 /Akhvakh; eq:n- 2 /Chamalal; =aq:- 2 /Karata [ss]

also see =aq:-a/r- 'to stand up (frequently)' /Avar [ss]

*=[y]x|:- tall, high, large /Tsezian [ss]

=ix|-iju /Tsezi; =yx|u /Inkhokvari [ss]

buIx|-t:ul-s:a high, tall /Lak [ss]

*=uq- to grow /Dargwa [ss]

=uq-es /Akusha [ss]

*?ix|:a- 1 to stand 2 to stand up /Lezghian [ss]

x|IyG|I-y=x|Ia- 1 /Rutul; x|:a- 2 /Archi [ss]

*q/:Ia ( ~ *q./Ia) to raise, to lift /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

?a-t@-n /Adyghe; ?a-t@-n /Circassian; q.a/-s/a- /Ubykh [ss]

*=Hix|V to fly /North Caucasian [ss]

liI=x|:a-n to fly /Lak [ss]
*?ix|I- to fly /Dargwa [ss]
*?ix|V to fly /Lezghian [ss]

*Ho>gV> to play; to dance; playful, silly /North Caucasian [ss]

*HVgV- playful, silly /Andian [ss]

ha/ga= /Avar [ss]

uk:a-n to play /Lak [ss]

*?ak:a- 1 to play 2 to dance /Lezghian [ss]

=iga- 2 /Rutul; a=ga- 1 /Tsakhur [ss]

*-gV- 1 to dance 2 silly, silly person /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/ga 2 /Abkhaz; laga 2 /Abaza; w@z^|/@-n 1 /Adyghe; w@z^|@-n 1 /Circassian; w@g/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]

Dravidian

*ek- to climb; *eg- (*n-) to jump, fly /Dravidian [ss]

eHku-tal mount, climb, get up; uka (-pp-, -nt-) to ascend, rise, soar upward /Tamil; ekku to rise, increase, swell; egi, ege to rise, spring up, fly or bound; eguru, evuru to fly, jump up/ Telugu; ikattal to leap over, jump over/Tamil; ukal.i to jump, leap/Tamil; egarike jumping; egaru to rise; to fly; to jump /Kannad.a; egaru, eguru /Telugu; egarisu to cause to rise in the air or to fly; to cause to spring or jump /Kannad.a; ekayincu, egirincu /Telugu(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

heg- (-it-) to climb (Kuwi); senga (sengi-) to climb; n. act of climbing; senger.i ladder (Kui)(DEDR 2752).[sk]

akai (-v-,-nt-) to flourish, sprout; (-pp-,-tt-) to sprout, raise; akaippu rising, elevation /Tamil; aka germ, bud, shoot /Malayaman; age seedling, shoot from the root of a plant or tree /Kannada; age paddy seedling /Koda; agge shoot of a branch /Tulu [bur]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

egeirô, Aeol. inf. egerrên Ep. impf. egeiron fut. egerô aor. êgeira I. Act., awaken, rouse 2. rouse, stir up 3. raise from the dead 4. raise, erect a building II. Pass., with pf. Act. egrêgora, wake 2. rouse or stir oneself, be excited by passion, etc III. intr. in Act., arouse oneself

Celtic

uachdar surface, summit /Gaelic, so Irish, Old Irish uachtar, ochtar: *ouktero-, root eu@g, ve@g, rise, be vigorous, as in uasal, q.v. Cf. Welsh uthr, admirandus [from mcb]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

hach 'rising, raising up, increase, swelling up'
hachi 'raise, lift' (cl.1)
hachbah 'arise, raise itself, get up (as from bed), rise (as a stream), be erect, ascend (as smoke), sprout (as a plant)' (cl.3)

Quechua

huqariy, ugariy, sogariy, qoqariy (various dialects) to raise; to lift up [q2]

Yuki

kok'- (?) rise₁; k'a'k rise₂ [y84]
hák'i up₄ top, north [y84]

együgyű silly /Hungarian
ugor to spring, jump, leap (up); ug-rál to jump about /Hungarian

Austric

hoko to jump; to rock or swing in rhythm with the chants in festivals, as was the ancient custom; an ancient dance. /Rapanui [anon]

Altaic

ugoki movement, motion /Japanese
ugoku move, stir; work, operate; shake, swing, sway /Japanese
ugomeku wriggle, squirm /Japanese
ugu stupidity, silliness; ugu-na silly, stupid; obtuse /Japanese

Caucasian

*Ho>gV> to play; to dance; playful, silly /North Caucasian [ss]

*HVgV- playful, silly /Andian [ss]

ha/ga= /Avar [ss]

uk:a-n to play /Lak [ss]

*?ak:a- 1 to play 2 to dance /Lezghian [ss]

=iga- 2 /Rutul; a=ga- 1 /Tsakhur [ss]

*-gV- 1 to dance 2 silly, silly person /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/ga 2 /Abkhaz; laga 2 /Abaza; w@z^|/@-n 1 /Adyghe; w@z^|@-n 1 /Circassian; w@g/- 1 /Ubykh [ss]

Yuki

wok-, wahk' dance, sing [y84]

gyakor-ol practise, exercise; gyakr-an often /Hungarian

Uralic

*jowkke often /F.U

Niger-Congo (?)

jikko habit, character /Wollof [pc2]

Altaic

Tungus

jaci too, very; frequently /Manchu [as]

Japanese

jikkō practice; yako a preparatory course /Japanese

Basque

joka-tu (C) to compete; to play

Indo-European

Italic

jugar to play /Spanish [q1]

Germanic

jiukan to contend /Gothic [sc2]

Yuki

yik game [y84]
yi?-, yik'-, yi, yik play [y84]

Old, collapse, fall down, fear, terror, constrict, narrow, ease, reduce.

agg aged, senile, very old; old man /Hungarian
agg- collapse, fall down /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially Hungarian agg "aged etc." is of FU origin.

*songke /Proto FU [Chong]

šonggo old /Mari [Chong]

Hungarian agg- "collapse etc." is rarely used and is dialectal.
Officially, it is possibly related to agg "aged", "very old", etc.) [see Chong]

Sumerian

sunğin, etc. ancient, old; to decay; decay, rot; past; to ruin [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 15 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

?'akaak- old man, grandfather /Proto East Cushitic

ahaahac#c#i mothers's father /Burji; akaakuu grandfather /Oromo; akaaka old man /Konso; akaak old man /Sidamo; ahaaho great grandfather /Gollango

Dravidian

ake grandfather, ancestor (Kui); akka mother's father (Parji); akko_ id. (said by granddaughter); akko great-grandfather; akko daughter's son or daughter, grandson's wife; ukko (i.e. akko) maternal grandfather (Gondi); ako (pl. -r) id. (Pengo); akenja grandfather (Kui); akku (Kuwi) (DEDR 24).[sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

akaa uncle, old man /Pashto [tr]

agg-asz-t to alarm, frighten; agg-od(ik) to worry /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian agg- is of FU origin.

*angke /Proto FU

anke- /Finnish; šog /Komi [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

'h.зt beware /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic/Tungus

akacuka anxious, uneasy /Manchu [as]

Austric

ágaága to fidget, to be worried, fidgety /Rapanui [anon]

/g/ represents the sound /ng/ as in English <sing> [anon]

Dravidian

agi to tremble, fear; agurvu, agurbu amazement, terror; a terrible form; agurvisu to be terrifying or formidable; terrify (Kannad.a); aguruni to totter, stagger (Tulu); agurvu fear, terror; agurpu, agurvu 'bhayan.karamu' (Telugu)(DEDR 12). [sk]

an.kala_yppu disquiet, mental worry; an.kala_y (-pp-, -tt-) to lament, grieve, sorrow, be envious, covet (Tamil); an.gal to grieve, be afflicted (Kannad.a); an.kala_ykka to lament, grieve; an.kala_ppu anxiety, worry, disquiet (Malayalam); an.gu greed; an.galappu, an.gala_pa covetousness; an.gid.pini to be greedy, covetous; an.gipuni to wish, be greedy of; an.gele a greedy person, glutton; an.n.an.yuni to be greey of, covet (Tulu); an.gala_rucu to grieve, lament, cry out from grief, fear or pain; an.gada misfortune, trouble; mental agony, anxiety (Telugu); anglna_, angla'a_na_ to weep loudly (Kur.ux); an.gla-pm desire, liking (Kota); an.gala_rcu, an.gala_cu to cry from grief, grieve, sorrow; an.gala_pu lamentation, grief (Kannad.a.)(DEDR 31). [sk]

e_n.ku (e_n.ki-) to pine, languish, long for, yearn after; e_kkam despondency, craving; e_kkar-u (e_kkar-i-) to languish, long for; e_car-u (e_car-uv-, e_car-r--) to long for, desire, be troubled, feel sorry; e_car-avu desire, longing; regret, penitence (Tamil); e_kkam grief, anxiety (Malayalam); e.n.g- (e.n.gy-) to grieve; e.katm extreme sorrow (Kota); e_vuro greediness; ye_vura excessive desire (Tulu); e~_karu, e~_ka_ru to long; e~_kat.a strong desire, longing; e~_cu to harass, torment, annoy, trouble; e~_pu torment (Telugu); e_va jealous (Kolami); e_xna_ to be dissatisfied, want more (Kur.ux); ge to be dissatisfied (Malt.o)(DEDR 878). [sk]

Etruscan

acnina possession [mp68: 405]; hostility, threat [az96] /Etruscan
acns terror, veneration? [az96] /Etruscan

(1) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*h₂eng/^h- /PIE [db]

Germanic

ongost fear /Old Frisian [db]

Germanic cognates: OHG angust, MHG angest, MLG angest, anxt, MDu. ang(e)st, ancst, anx(t), anst, hancst, anxste `fear', cf. also the adjectival formations Goth. aggwus, ON o/ngr, o,ngr, OE enge, OS engi, OHG angi, engi, MHG, MLG enge, OFris. ong- (cf. s.v. ogneil), MDu. enge, inge `narrow' [db]

see Hungarian enyhe "to mitigate, ease, alleviate, appease, reduce" below.

(2) Indo-European

Germanic

ege fear, terror; egesa m terror, fear /Old English [sc1]
agis (gen. agisis), fright, fear, terror /Gothic [sc2]

(3) Indo-European

Germanic

aghast terrified, appalled; struck with terror /English

Derives from Middle English agast, agasted p.p. of agasten to alarm, terrify where a- < Old English ā- is an 'intensive' according to [ep: 253] listed under 'ghost'

enyhe mild light; enyhít to mitigate, ease, alleviate, appease, reduce /Hungarian

Uralic

One official source says this is 'possibly' of FU origin. [Chong]

*onya tame, good-natured /Uralic [ryan]

Altaic

Turkic

ince slender, thin, fine, slight /Turkish (?)
ynjyk 1. capricious, whimsical 2. tender, fond, delicate /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

enihun light (not heavy) /Manchu [as]

Indo-European (??)

Reconstructed

*weny- /PIE [ryan]
*h₂eng/^h-u- narrow /PIE [al]

Italic

angi-portus `blind alley, side street' /Latin [al]

Germanic

engi, enge narrow /Old High German [sc3]
enge narrow, oppressive, cruel /Old English [sc1]

aggwus* `narrow' /Gothic [al]

Armenian

anjowk `narrow' /Armenian < Iranian [al]

Slavic

o,zúkú [adj] `stenÒj' "stenos" /Old Church Slavonic [al]

Indo-Iranian

*Hanj/^h-u- narrow /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]

Iranian/Persian

hnzwg- /anzu:k/ `narrow' /Middle Persian [al]
'njwg- /anzu:k/ `narrow' /Parthian [al]

Indo-Aryan

am.hu/- narrow /Sanskrit [al]

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Last updated 23 June 2007