Etruscan Hungarian
This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
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turi
"to turn, spin" [az96]; turia "Turô"; "(goddess of) turning" [az96] /Etruscancsűr-ni-(csavar-ni)
to twist about, wring out /HungarianUralic
in several F.U. languages t'ser /Zurj, ĉers to spin, braid /Votj
{Hungarian suffix <-ni> forms the infinitive}
Sumerian
ŝer-im
part of a loomAfro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #64> [oi4]
Omotic
?'ur twist (v.t.) /Ari
t'ur twist (v.t.) /Dime
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
t∂rr∂g to turn (physically: the face, the body, etc.); to turn (a colour); to wander. /Baluchi [mab]
t∂rren∂g to turn (transitive); to stir (a liquid); to translate /Baluchi [mab]
tusiu, tusnu
swollen, jammed, rich, smug, excited [az96] /Etruscandús
thick, rich, abundant, opulent /HungarianUralic
busás
rich, ample /Hungarian (????)Dravidian
tu_cu cloth, garment, cotton (Tamil); du_su, du_sa, du_s.ya cloth, cotton, calico (Kannad.a) [sk]
Indo-European
Greek
da^sus, eia, u, Ion. fem. dasea /Calssical Greek [lsj1]
I. with a shaggy surface
1. hairy, shaggy 2. thick with leaves 3. generally, rough, thick 4. d. oura cloudy
II. 1. hoarse 2. aspirated
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
du_s.ya
fine cotton cloth /Sanskrit [sk]tuskó log; block, wedge; tuszk-ol to push, to shove /Hungarian (????)
Indo-European/Slavic
tiska throng, crush; crowd; jam /Serbo-Croatian
tiesniť sa throng /Slovak
useti
draw (water) [glb] /EtruscanUralic
húz to draw, pull; huzat draught (wind; a cover one pulls on or over) /Hungarian
Hungarian húz derives from FU.
*kut3- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
vizet merít to draw water [víz water, merít to dip, plunge, draw] /Hungarian
Sumerian
gíd [BU] n., length; v., to lengthen; to draw, pull, tow; to measure out; to manage; to reach out (to take) (to be long and throat-like with motion away from); adj., long; distant [jh]
Related to but opposite in meaning to gud8 short [jh]
{also see Hungarian kis 'little,small'; kicsi 'petty, trifling, short'}
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 288 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
gus- lead after self draw /Awngi; gwosa"s- draw drag carry off by force /Bilin
Cushitic, East
geess- accompany lead /Oromo
Semitic
gas#@s# abala carry everything /Tigre
Omotic
goc#'- (goc#-?) draw /Gimira; geec#(c#)- draw drag /Kafa; geec#c#i- draw /Mocha
Cognate Set <Bender (1988) , #157> [oi4]
Proto Omotic goc# 'pull'
North Omotic
goc#'- (goc#-?) draw /Gimira; g@zza pull /Chara; (gis#e) pull /Dizi; gAs (gec# kic#) pull /Kafa; (kwe*zi) pull /Mao
Proto North Ometo goc# (gos# gas#) 'pull'
Proto South Ometo goc# (gos# gas#) 'pull'
South Omotic
go'(o')c# pull /Ari
Altaic
uzanmak be extented to, stretch out on, extend to /Turkish
Dravidian
hucc- to put on cloth (Kui); hu_cali to put on clothes; hucinai to dress; hoc-, oc- (-it-) to put on, wear (loincloth)(Kuwi) [sk]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
k∂šš∂g to pull, draw, take out /Baluchi [mab]
Slavic
úsek stretch /Slovak
Quechua
huishina (n.) spoon; (v.) to take water and put it into a bigger container [q1]
Give, take, exchange
ut-
to give [pa]; to carry out, to perform [lb] /Etruscanad
to give; elõ-ad to perform {elõ- prefix meaning 'before; in front of'}/HungarianUralic
Hungarian ad- is officially believed to be of FU origin.
*amta /Uralic
anda- /Estonian; anta- /Finnish; oˆntas /Khanty; ud- give to drink /Komi; vuow'de- /Lapp; ando- feed, nourish /Mordvin; ud- give a drink /Udmurt; // ati- lend /Nganasan - F-U loanword? [Chong]
Altaic
*iát`a
to give /Altaic [ss]ataeru
to give /JapaneseAustric (?)
oatu offering /Moriori [mor]
Caucasian
*=VtV'
to give /Caucasian [ss]Dravidian
*od-
to give /Dravidian [ss](1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*dó- to give, to take, exchange /proto IE [cb2]
Celtic
doenti (they give; 3rd pl. pres. Celtiberian) [cb2]
Italic
dirsa, dida- (Pelignan) I give /Umbrian [cb2]
do, dăre, dĕdo, dătum (1) to offer, give, grant, lend, bestow; to hand over, commit, devote; (2) to cause, bring about, put /Latin [Cassell]
Paleo-Balkan
tón 'a present' /Thracian [cb2]
Anatolian
da - to give /(Hittite, Luwian, Lycian B, Lydian) [cb2]
Indo-Iranian
ā
give, bestow, grant /Sanskrit(2) Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
tam I give; permit, let /Classical Armenian [cao]
c.f. the definite form (first person singular) of
Hungarian adom 'I give (it)' = ad 'give' + -om 'I'
et verb; 3rd. singular aorist of tam /Classical Armenian [cao]
c.f. the 3rd. singular indefinite form of Hungarian ad verb 'to give'
{Aorist (n.) a Greek tense expressing indefinite past time; Aoristic (adj.) indefinite in point of time.}
odutta vola "gave" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]
adta "gave" /Modern Hungarian
Uralic
Old Hungarian had odutta (past tense) with an auxiliary verb vola, now obsolete in modern Hungarian [gzb1]
ottada v to take /Olonets; ottaa /Karelian [fv]
Indo-European
Reconstructed
*dó- to give, to take, exchange /Proto IE [cb2]
Italic
deded he gave /Oscan [cb2]
Anatolian
dadón they gave /Phrygian [cb2]
Indo-Iranian
dattá given [ppl. of root dā give, bestow, grant] /Sanskrit
cf. Modern Hungarian adott "given"
uxumsna
one who yokes, binds [az96] /Etruscaniga
yoke /HungarianIndo-European
ok yoke /Old Norse [ep: 322]
also see *yug- to bind, to harness /PIE [cb1] whose cognates include
Greek dzugon 'yoke' //// Latin jungere 'to bind', jugum 'yoke' //// Common Celtic *con-yungi- 'to bind', *yougo- 'yoke' > Irish & Scottish cuing 'yoke', Welsh iau 'yoke', Old Welsh iou, Old Cornish ieu, Breton geo, ieo, Gaulish Ver-iugo-dumnus (a personal name) ////Sanskrit yugam 'yoke', yuñjati 'binds' //// Avestan yaoj-, yuj- 'to harness', Persian juHittite iukan 'yoke' //// Armenian luc 'yoke' //// Common Germanic *jaukiz 'yoke' > Gothic juk 'yoke', Old English géoc, Old Icelandic eykr, Old Saxon uk, Old High German juh //// Lithuanian jungti 'to harness', jungas 'yoke' //// Common Slavic *jïgo 'yoke' > Russian & Bulgarian & Polish & Slovene igo, Kashubian jigoe, Polabian jeigü [cb1]
jó "good, fine, proper, suitable, fit" /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
yз fine, fair /Ph?nician [cgj]
Altaic
iyi good, well; the good /Turkish
yoi good; fine; nice /Japanese
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
jo proper time for ploughing or sowing /Bengali, Or.iya_; yo_gya fit for yoking /Pa_n..; draught animal (AV.); yogga fit /Pali; yo_je_ti yokes, ties /Pali; jo_e_i yokes, joins /Prakrit; joenda_ to yoke, harness /Lahnda_; jon.a_ to yoke /Punja_bi_ [sk]
uzr
, uzarale robbed, widowed , bereaved [az96] /EtruscanUralic
lezze widow /Vaddja [fv]
özvegy
widow, widower /Hungarianvacal
, vacil, vacl libation [g/lb83 56, pa, dep] ; augur [az96] /Etruscan[A "libation" is "a sacrifice, by a drink-offering or by pouring oil or wine on the ground".]
Uralic
becs value; becs-es valuable, precious /Hungarian {v > b}
becsül to honour, to esteem, respect /Hungarian
fel-becsül, meg-becsül to evaluate /Hungarian
According to one official source, Hungarian becs is 'possibly' of Turkish origin, while another source lists no such connection. [see Chong]
{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}
Sumerian
peš precious, valuable [jh]
Hurrian-Urartian
badu-si/e precious, majestic [ryan]
Indo-European
wasa to esteem /Hittite [cb]
waŝha- `sacralized object' (or sim.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
vanth
"demoness or fury associated with Xarun" [am91, glb, EM];fonal thread, yarn (-ál is a deverbial suffix) /Hungarian
fon to spin (thread, yarn, wool), plait, braid /Hungarian
Uralic
*puna spin, twist /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
puno- /Finnish; pyn- braid, twist /Komi; bâdne- spin, twist /Lapp; pun- twist /Man's'i; põne-, pune- braid, spin, twine, twist /Mari; pun- /Udmurt; pün'o- twine, twist /Kamas; fonu- to braid /Nganasan [Chong]
väntüä (v) to wind; to braid /Vaddja [fv]
Niger-Congo (?)
woñ (n.) thread /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
pwwne turn, change /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
pny (v.) /Aramaic [cal]
011 passim to turn 012 Syr to be turned 013 Syr to return 014 JLAGal to release 015 Syr %lwAt nap$eh% to recover one's senses 016 Syr %xzA)% to see again 017 JBA to ease oneself 041 Syr to turn 042 Syr %(al% to care for 021 Syr to give back 022 Syr to pay back 023 Syr %petgAmA)% to reply 024 Syr to hear 025 Syr to satisfy 026 Syr to turn s.t. 027 JLAGal,JLATg,JBA to remove 028 JLAGal,JLATg to empty out 029 JLAGal to dismiss (from school) 0210 JLAGal to complete 051 Syr to be made to return 052 Syr to be returned 053 Syr to be repaid 054 Syr to be replied 055 JLAGal to be removed 056 JLAGal to be at leisure 057 JLAGal to be released 058 JLAGal to be dismissed (from school) 059 JLAGal to be completed 0510 JBA to relieve oneself 0511 JBA to be completed 031 Syr to turn s.t. 032 Syr to avert 033 Syr to convert 034 Syr to give back 035 Syr to lead back 036 JLAGal,JBA to free for interpretation
LS2 578
Austric
miro(a), whenu(a) to spin /Mäori [ng]
Sino-Tibetan
*[ph]a>n|H twist, spin, spindle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "twist, spin"
fang 3 /Modern (Beijing) < phwa/n| /Middle Chinese < phan|? /Old Chinese
Tibetan phan| spindle. [ss]
Kachin g@ban|3 a hand-spindle. [ss]
*phuan cloth, garment /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning "long garment"
fen 1 /Modern (Beijing) < phu"n /Middle Chinese < ph@n /Old Chinese [ss]
Kachin: phun3 put on and wear, as a coat. [ss]
Lushei: puan, pon cloth, a garment, KC *puan. [ss]
Kiranti: *bha"\n wear [ss]
ban-, bha(t)- wear, put on (as ornament) /Thulung [ss]
*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]
{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]
a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]
phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]
*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]
pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]
burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]
siunu /Nepali [ss]
Dravidian
*pin.-/*pi:nd.- to entwine, twist /Dravidian [ss]
*p_en. -: *pen. -V- `to twine, twist' /Dravidian [mw1: DEDR 4160a]
pe~_d.u, pe_d.u to twist, twine; pe_nu to twist, entwine; twist tow or three single threads into a thick thread (Telugu); pe_nd. to twist, twine (rope)(Naikri); pen.e to intertwine, twist, plait, braid (Toda); pin.ai to entwine; being knit together (Tamil); pin.i fastening, plait; pin.akku twisting, interlacing (Tamil); pin.a tying (Malayalam); pi.n. to become entangled (of ropes)(Kota); pena a twist of ropes; pena_cu to twist, twist together; pinning to be twisted (Brahui) (DEDR 4160). [sk]
ban.d.e, ban.d.a wool; ad.i-ban.d.a the wool at the belly of a sheep (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
*p`u/n/e hair; feather /Altaic [ss]
*hu"-su" hair /Mongol [ss]
*pun/e- hair /Tungus [ss]
fenix@ 'hair, fur', funig|e /Modern Manchu; fun-ir-xie /Zhurzhen [ss]
*pa/na/i feather /Japanese [ss]
pa/ne/ (Old Japanese); ha\ne (Tokyo); ha/ne\ (Kyoto); ha/ne (Kagoshima) [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*pan fabric /PIE [js]
Greek
see wánax [am91]
Slavic
vuna wool /Serbo-Croatian [p>v] (meaning totally different to Hungarian!!!)
vlna wool /Slovak
Muskogean/Eastern
paanałi
to put in with, mix (one object) in /Alabama [tm]paanałka
1. to intermingle with, mix with (of one or one group) 2. to be mixed together (of different kinds of things); to be racially integrated /Alabama [tm]panayka to have a sprained or turned ankle; to warp (as new lumber left out in the weather); to be curled up (as a cat or dog) {/panay-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
panayli to wind, twist, turn, make (one object) crooked {/panay-li} /Alabama [tm]
pànkachi to be twisted, turned, coiled, crooked, gnarled, curved, warped, spiraled, wrung, serpentine {/pan(ay)-ka1-chi2} /Alabama [tm]
pànnichi to keep twisting, coil {/pan(ay)-li-chi2} Var: pannichi /Alabama [tm]
bonyo- complicate, confuse /Hungarian
Uralic
puna distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle /Finnish; poˆn'- roll up, wrap up; poˆn't' a kind of tress used by men /Khanty; bodnje twist (also in rope); bending; cross-grain in wood of tree; warp; bodnjâ screw, turn, twist; change direction, change course for; tangle, disarrange, make a mess of; etc. /Lapp; [? põn'em plait, tress /Mari; bin'- roll up; wind up, wind /Udmurt] [Chong]
Hungarian bonyo- is believed to be a descriptive word according to one source. [see Chong]
see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
see Hungarian for-,per- "spin"
see Hungarian forr- "to heal,join,knit"
vecu
"alternate manner" [az96] < *wekw-/*wakw- [az96] /Etruscanvagy or; vagy-lagos alternative /Hungarian
veitha
"careful, fair" < "vacillating" [az96] /EtruscanUralic
figy-el to watch, observe, keep watch over; notice /Hungarian
Hungarian figyel is officially believed to be derived possibly from fülel- "listen attentively" [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
vigy-áz to take care; to be careful; to pay attention; to watch; be on one's guard, beware, look out /Hungarian
While vigyáz is officially derived from a F-U root.
viisa- lie in wait for, watch for; viisu- lie in wait, lurk (Estonian); viz'- keep, observe, tend, etc (Komi); vodz'-, vodz'- defend, keep (something somewhere), preserve, protect, etc. (Udmurt) [Chong]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
wis 'care, attention, guardian or protector'
wisi 'tend or see to, look after' (cl.1)
Austro-Asiatic
bhidia, bhiduk spy; bhidi to spy (Santali.lex.) [sk: 5691]
Dravidian
bhidi to keep secret, to keep one's own counsel, to spy, to pry into, to reconnoitre, to search for a clue, to act secretly; bhidikate ja~ha~nake hataoa he will buy something to enable him to spy; bhidia a spy; bhiduk a spy, a pretender (Santali.lex.) bedaku to seek, to search for, look for (Ka.); vetaku, vetuku, vedaku (Telugu); bedaku search (Kannad.a) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk: 6786]
ve_gimpu waking from sleep, keeping awake; ve_gincu to keep awake; ve_gu to watch without sleeping; ve_cu to wish for, hope, expect, watch for (Telugu); be_hu, be_gu spying (Kannad.a); e_gu, ve_gu (Telugu); ve_, ve_y, ve_gu, ve_vu (Tamil); ve_vu (Malayalam); be_gu-ga_r-a, be_hu-ka_r-a a spy (Kannad.a); ve_vuka_ran- (Tamil); ve_gulava_d.u (Telugu); be_hinava a spy, a scout (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.) [sk: 5691]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bhudh- observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Slavic
*búděti
/Proto Slavic [rd]búděti
`be awake, keep watch' /Old Curch SlavonicBalto-Slavic
*bud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
bude`/ti `be awake, keep watch' Lithuanian [rd]
(2) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*bheudh-, *bhoudh observe, notice, be awake /PIE [rd]
Greek
pšuqomai `give notice' [rd]
Slavic
*bl,usti /Proto Slavic [rd]
bl,usti `watch, guard' [verb] Old Church Slavonic
bljusti/ `guard, observe' [verb], bljudu/ [1sg], bljude't [3sg] Russian
blju\ \sti (archaic) `guard, observe' [verb], bl,u/de:m [1sg] Serbo-Croatian [rd]
Balto-Slavic
*bioud- /Proto Balto-Slavic [rd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bo/dhati `observe, heed' /Sanskrit [rd]
(3) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*weid- to know, to see [cb1]
Different grades of ablaut generated different meanings of the same root. In several languages the word for 'to know' acts as a Perfect tense form (like Greek oida). The explanation seems simple: 'I know' meant just 'I have seen'. [cb1]
Greek
Greek oida (I know); idein (to see): *w disappears everywhere in Ionic and Attic dialects;
Doric Greek woida (I know) [cb1]
Celtic
Common Celtic *wid- (to know), *widtos (knowledge); *windo- (white, clearly seen) >
Old Irish fнs (vision), find (white), fiuss (knowledge), ro-fhetar (I know); Welsh gwyn (white), Gaulish vindos (white), Breton gwenn (white), Cornish guyn (white), Irish & Scottish Gaelic fios (knowledge), fнs (vision), fionn (white) [cb1]
Italic
Latin video (I see); >
Sardinian videre (to see), Aromunian vedu, Romanian vedea, Ladin vair, Italian vedere, Catalan veurer, Spanish & Portuguese ver, Occitan veire, French voir [cb1]
Germanic
Common Germanic *wit- (to know); >
Gothic & Old Swedish & Old English witan (to know), Old Norse vita, Old High German wizzan, Old Frankish wita; Gothic weitan (to see); English wise, German wissen (to know), Icelandic & Faroese vita, Norwegian vite, Swedish veta, Danish vide, Frisian witten, Dutch weten, Afrikaans weet [cb1]
Paleo-Balkan
Phrygian wit- (to know), witeto (he looked) [cb1]
Armenian
Armenian gitem (I know) [cb1]
Slavic
Common Slavic *vide.ti (to see), *ve.dati (to know); >
Ukrainian viditi, vidati, Bulgarian vidya (I see), Macedonian vidam (I see), Serbo-Croatian vidjeti (to see), Slovene & Czech videti (to know), vedeti (to know), Slovak videt' (to see), vedet' (to know), Polish widziec' (to see), wiedziec' (to know), Lower Sorbian wjez'es' (to know), widz'es' (to see), Belorussian vedac' (to know), Russian videt' (to see), vest' (news), Old Russian vedat' (to know) [cb1]
Balto-Slavic
Common Baltic *woid- (to know), *wid- (to see); >
Old Prussian waidimai (we know), widdai (I saw); Lithuanian vysti (to see), Sudovian izvнst (to see), vidйt (see; borrowed from Slavic) [cb1]
Indo-Iranian
Avestan vaeda (I know), vaйdha (knowledge, information), vista (known) [cb1]
Sanskrit vǔda (I know) - from here the name Veda comes [cb1]
velu
cudgel, cylindrical rod [az96] /Etruscanfal
{d'>l} wall; pal-ánk wooden fence (Plank in English) << pal, pál-ca thin wood wands /HungarianUralic
*pa
tree, wood /UralicSino-Tibetan
*pa>[l] fence /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "hedge; fence" [ss]
fan 1 Modern (Beijing) < pw@n Middle Chinese < par Old Chinese [ss]
nphan1 a fence, as around a field. /Kachin
pal a fence, a palisade, a hedge, KC *pal. /Lushei [ss]
Austric
pa fence /Moriori [mor]
taiapa, taiepa fence /Mäori [ua]
Basque
palu stick; (fig.) punishment
Dravidian
pol
prop, stick used as a prop /Tamil; pol id. /Kannad.a; pollu id. (Tamil.lex.) [sk]*velg- fence /Dravidian [ss]
*ve:l-i fence /South Dravidian [ss]
ve:li fence, hedge, wall /Tamil; ve:li hedge, fence /Malayalam; be:li fence, hedge /Kannada; be:li fence /Kodagu; be:li fence, hedge /Tulu [ss]
*ve:l-i> fence, wall /Nilgiri [ss]
ve:j "fence" Kota; pe:s_y "stone wall of pen" Toda; pe:ly fence; ? pe:s_y yr dry buffaloes, buffaloes that have gone wild /Toda {Comments: Toda pe:ly borrowed from Kannada be:li.} [ss]
*velug- fence, hedge, enclosure /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: velugu // Dialect forms (1): velgu [ss]
*vel-g- fence /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
veleg (obl. velg-) /Kolami [ss]
*vel- fence /Gondwan [ss]
*vel- (caus. *vel-s-, der. *vel-m) to fence, enclose /Gondi
velgu go:d.a compound wall /Konda [ss]
ve_li
fence, hedge, wall /Tamil; hedge, fence /Malayalam; pe.ly fence /Toda; be_li fence, hedge /Kannad.a,Tulu; be.li fence /Kod.agu; vel(u)gu fence, hedge, enclosure /Telugu; veleg fence /Kolami [sk]pal 1) hedge; 2) border of matting round a tent; 3) receptacle (of matting etc. to hold grain) /Brahui
pol
prop, stick used as a prop /Tamil; pol id. /Kannad.a; pollu id. (Tamil.lex.) [sk]Indo-European
Celtic
fàl turf, sods, dike /Gaelic; fál hedge, fold /Irish; fál saepes (enclosing hedge) /Old Irish; gwawl rampart /Welsh, fahel murus (a wall bank or dyke - protection, defence) /Pictish, *vâlo- [mcb]
Italic
vallum -i a palisade of stakes; a fortification, defence /Latin
palillu stick /Spanish
Germanic
plank /English
-walu staff, stick /Old Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: Goth. walus `staff', ON vo,lr `round staff', OE walu `weale/wale, stripe after a blow', MLG wal `staff' [bd]
Possibly a European substratum word? [db]
Paleo-Balkan
póltyn ‘a board fence, a board tower, a fortification of beams and boards?tm) (Etym. M.), from the IE *(s)p-tu-(n)-, compare with the Old-Icel. spjald (< *spel-to-s) ‘a board?tm), Anglo-Saxon speld ‘wood, log?tm), German spalten ‘to chop, to splinter?tm). The word is regarded as being Thracian because it is an element of the village name Poltym-bria, which is among the indisputably Thracian names ending on -bria. [id]
Slavic
palica stick /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
palva
split piece of wood /?Parji; pha_la board, slab /Pali; pha_l. slip of wood /Mara_t.hi_; palva split piece of wood /Parji [sk]fed-él
covering, ceiling /Hungarian < Ugrian *pente-le roof, coveringUralic
*pad'e
barrier, wall, (made of interwoven lattice of twigs) /FinnUgorSumerian
bád
wall, climb, ascend >> Semitic bet townAfro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 186 #. [oi4]
Cushitic, East
fas#- cover over /Burji
Omotic
pas#- cover over / Koyra (=Kore?)
Altaic
beton concrete /Turkmen [glnp]
{Said to derive from Russian} [glnp]
*p`ado wall /Altaic [ss]
*(h)adar 1 ceiling 2 shelves /Mongolian
*padira- wall /Tungus
*pa>\ra>\-m wall /Korean [ss]
Dravidian
pat.m ground for house (Kota); pat.t.i space before house, spreading space (?Kota); par. place (Naikr.i); pad. place, site (Parji) (DEDR 3878).[sk]
vit.t.am beam of a roof (Malayalam); but.t.a ceiling joist (Kod.agu) (DEDR 5395).[sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
pod floor; storey; podlaganje placing under; underlaying; padding, supporting; podlo meanly, basely; podloga base, basis; support; pad; mat; chock; ground, foundation; substratum /Serbo-Croatian
bedem wall of fortress or town, bulwark; (lit.) defence, protection; rampart /Serbo-Croatian
beton concrete /Serbo-Croatian
betón concrete /Slovak
betonen concrete /Bulgar; beton concrete /Russian
Anatolian
fadol he constructed /Lydian [cb2]
viD- to build /Lydian [cb2]
faTa- defense /Lydian [cb2]
wete to build /Palaic [cb2]
Muskogean/Eastern
ispata floor {ist- /pat(aa)-a (?)} /Alabama [tm]
itapata floor {prob. ita- /pat(aa)-a} /Alabama [tm]
[tm] refers to patli to spread, lay over, set out (plural objects) /Alabama [tm]
ispataaya floor {ist- /pataa-a} /Alabama [tm]
[tm] refers to patàali to spread out, lay over, lay out, set out (one object) /Alabama [tm]
itapatàaka floor covering (may refer to rug, carpet, linoleum, mat, etc) {ita- /pataa-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
[tm] refers to patàaka to be flat, be put, be placed, be set out, be laid out, be spread out {/patàa-ka1} /Alabama [tm]
pata floor, porch {[tm] says this is prob. from /pat(aa)-a} /Alabama [tm]
[tm] also refers to patli to spread, lay over, set out (plural objects) /Alabama [tm]
bódé (market) stall; (news) stand; tempory shelter; hovel, hut /Hungarian
Dravidian
bid.a_ramu house (Telugu); bid.a_ra id. (Kannad.a); vi_t.u house, habitation, abode (Pu.Ve. 3,15, Kol.u.); squares, as of a chess board (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
vit.a_ram camp (Pu. Ve. 8,16, Kol.u, urai.); house (Tamil); vi_t.u freehold property, house, esp. of a Na_yar or Janmi(Malayalam); vi_t.an headman, chief (Malayalam); bid.avu leaving space, space, room, interval (Kannad.a); bi_d.a_ra halting or dwelling place, house, lodgings (Kannad.a) (DEDR 5393). [sk]
bi_d.ike halting; a halting- or resting-place; a camp (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
vit.uti lodging place, place of temporary residence, that which is solitary (Tamil); bud.a_ra temporary abode, lodging (Tulu); vid.iyu to halt or stay temporarily, lodge; n. town, city, camp (Telugu)(DEDR 5393).[sk]
veru
cover < *wer- to guard [az96] /Etruscanbor
-ít, burk-ol to cover; bur-ok a cover /HungarianUralic
Hungarian <ÕR-> is thought to derive from ôröl- = "grind". [see Chong]
Sumerian
ùru
to guard, protect [jh]Afro-Asiatic
wršy watchman /Egyptian [cgj]
Altaic
*bùri
to cover, to shade /Altaic [ss]*bür-
/Turc*bórk`i
to cover; a cover /Altaic [ss]*börk
/Turc*ori ( ~ -e) to cover /Altaic [ss]
*o"rt- to cover /Turkic [ss]
o"rt- /Old Turkic; o"rt- /Turkmen [ss]
vit- /Chuvash [ss]
see Hungarian véd "to protect, cover etc."
*o"ru"- 1 top of milk 2 cover of roof-window /Mongolian [ss]
eruge, oruge 2 (SH) /Middle Mongolian; o"ro"m 1, o"rx(o"n) 2 /Khalkha; urum 1 /Dagur; rme:n 1 /Monguor [ss]
? see Hungarian orom "top, peak, summit etc."
*ora- 1 become covered by top (of milk) 2 (milk) top, cream /Tungus [ss]
Dravidian
*po:r- to cover /Dravidian [ss]
buraki
, buriki a veil; a cover of cloth of a carriage, palankeen etc.; a cloth covering the body and head of a horse; a top to a carriage /Kannad.a; va_ra, ba_ri anything which screens, covers or surrounds; a cover; va_ran.a armour, mail; va_rava_n.a a bodice; a quilted jacket, a cuirass, armour, mail; kavaca, kacuka, kuppasa (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]pir.k to cover or envelop completely (as a dead body with a cloth), cover, mask /Kond.a; pr.ik to cover /Kuwi; pr.ak to cover (Pengo,Manda) [sk]
po_r-r-i_t.u < po_r-r-u + it.u- a system of watching (po_r-r-i_t.u mutaliya pa_tuka_valum)(Tamil); po_r-r-u-tal to protect, cherish, keep with great care (po_r-r-i n-ariyavai po_r-r-al); to guard against (pur-acor- po_r-r-umin); po_r-r-u protection (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
*uer5 cover /PIE [js]
Celtic
aire heed /Irish, Old Irish [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vr. cover; barh to cover (Sanskrit.lex.); varaka a cloak; n. cloth; the cover or awning of a boat /Sanskrit [sk]
vile
weave, viscera < *vil-, *il- [az96] /EtruscanUralic
*pale
inner, among, from /FUbél, bel-ek
intestine(s), gut(s), viscera /Hungarian {v > b}also see Hungarian has "stomach, belly"
Sumerian
ïb, éb
middle, waistAltaic
*bòda
intestine, belly /Altaic [ss]*be:lke ( ~ -i) waist, lap /Altaic [ss]
*be:.l(k) waist /Turkic [ss]
bel /Old Turkic; bel /Turkish; bel /Azeri; bi:l /Turkmen; pile>k /Chuvash; bi:l /Yakut [ss]
*belkeg|u" waist /Mongolian [ss]
belxu":s /Khalkha; belku":sn. /Kalmuck [ss]
*belge lap /Tungus [ss]
belge /Negidal; belge /Nanai; belz^|e /Ulcha; bel/de /Orok; be:lgú /Even; belge /Evenki [ss]
Basque
sabel
stomachUlwa
bâ bowels; intestines [ud]
vilata
prisoner [az96] /EtruscanUralic
bilincs fetters, shackles /Hungarian {v > b}
Officially, Hungarian bilincs is of Turkish origin. [Chong]
Altaic
(?) belädek- /Bašqort; biläkcˆä /Chagatai; bilezik armlet, bracelet /Kyrgyz; bilekçe /Turkish; bilecˆüg, bilicˆeg ring /Classical Mongol [Chong]
vilia, vilinei
villager [az96] /EtruscanUralic
*ku
where /Uralic; *ki(me) outside /Ugorpolvi
generation (Finnish) / palvi (Karelian) / pug@l (Khanty) / pug@t (Southern Khanty) / paw@l (Man's'i) [Chong]falu
village /HungarianHungarian hely is of unknown origin. [see Chong]
In the Dravidian case, palli is a suffix which is used in combination with hundreds of Indian placenames. Note also that according to the phonetic correspondence between <p> and <h>, palli becomes halli and that there are literally hundreds of place-names in Kannada with the suffix halli in them. [kk].
In Hungary, there are many place names with the suffix -falu (meaning "village") and -hely ( meaning "place, location, address") such as Marosvásárhely of Old Hungary.
also see Hungarian állomás "station; military garrison"
Sumerian
ki
land, placeAltaic
ulu
clan, house, town/Altaicköj
town /Turkagïl
enclosure; dwelling; village; baliq town (Common Turkic) / agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish) // ajil; balgasun city (Classical Mongol) // falga clan; group of people living on one street (Manchu) / [Chong]Basque
hel
-bide addressDravidian
*pal.
- village /Dravidian [ss]pal.l.i hamlet, herdsman's village, hermitage, temple (esp. of Buddhists and Jains), palace, workshop, sleeping place, school, room (Tamil); hut, small settlement of jungle tribes, public building, place of worship for Buddhists or foreigners, mosque, royal couch (Malayalam); settlement, abode, hamlet, village; hal.l.i id. (Kannad.a); hamlet, small village (Tuli); palli village, hut (Telugu) [sk]
Wrestle, fight
vraθ
'you fight, you beat' /Etruscan [alinei]ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian
Uralic
veriä (v.) beat /Vaddja [fv]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian
{b>v, -ked suffix also forms a reflexive verb}
Hungarian ver- is 'possibly' of FU origin or is entirely of unknown origin according to two official sources. [see Chong]
[alinei] also states that its etymology or origin is unknown, but from which developed
Middle Magyar veret 'cannon shot' around 1462.
Etruscan
Etruscan vraθ 'you fight, you beat'
which in Hungarian would be vered or ütöd
fira
hostility; firin hostile; farsi hostility /Etruscan [az96]bir-koz to wrestle, struggle with /Hungarian {-koz suffix forms reflexive verb}
há(d)-ború war, "military fight" /Hungarian
Uralic
purõlõa to fight /Vaddja [fv]
also see Hungarian csata "battle, fight, struggle"
Sumerian
bir
to scatter, mix, wreck, to murder [jh]Niger-Congo (?)
bira (v.) to pile, have a confrontation /Mandinka [pc1]
boriŋ (v.) to wrestle, fall on opponent in a wrestle /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
*p`u>/ri to shake /Altaic [ss]
*ur- 1 to beat, hit 2 to pour, strew /Turkic [ss]
ur- (Orkh., OUigh.) 1 /Old Turkic; ur- (MK, QB) 1 /Karakhanid; ur- (Abushk., Pav.C.) 1 /Middle Turkic; vur- 1 /Turkish; vur- 1 /Azeri; ur- 1 /Gagauz; ur- 1 /Turkmen; hur- 1 /Khaladzh; u>r- 1 /Tatar; ur- 1 /Kirghiz; u>r- 1 /Kazakh; ur- 1 /Noghai; ur- 1 /Balkar; ur- 1 /Kumyk; ur- 1 /Karakalpak; ur- 1 /Uzbek; ur- 1 /Uighur; u>r- 1 /Bashkir; ur- 2 /Khakassian; ur- 2 /Tuva-Tofalar; ur- 2 /Altai; ur- 2 /Shor; vúw|r- 1 /Chuvash [ss]
*(h)u"re- to strew, scatter /Mongol [ss]
*por- to hit, strike /Tungus [ss]
f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' /Modern Manchu [ss]
*pu/ru/-p- to shake; to sieve /Japanese [ss]
pu/ru/-p- (Old Japanese); fu\ru- (Tokyo); fu/ru/- (Kyoto); furu/- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Austro-Asiatic
birot. at variance, at enmity with each other; birud opposition, contrareity, against; am birudre in opposition to thee (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
borrokatu to fight; borroka a fight (C)
Dravidian
po_r fight /Tamil; po_ri equal, rival, competitor /Tamil (Tamil lex.); vara_kam battle; va_rava_ram armour (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
fira
hostilityIndo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
palê [a^], hê, wrestling 2. generally, fight, battle
Italic [Cassell]
bellum, -i (n.) war, fighting /Latin
Old form DUELLUM
bello, -are // bellor, -ari to wage war, fight /Latin
bellĭcus, -a, -um of war, warlike /Latin
Celtic
farrach violence /Gaelic; farrach, forrach /Irish [mcb]
farral, farran anger, force /Gaelic; farrán vexation, anger, forrán oppression /Irish; forrán destruction /Middle Irish; forranach, destructive /Early Irish. [mcb]
Germanic
wera to defend (oneself) /Old Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: Goth. warjan, ON verja, OE,OS werian, OHG werien, wer(r)en, MHG wer(e)n, MLG we:ren, MDu. weren `hinder, forbid', cf. also *wari:n-: OS -weri, OHG -wari:, -weri:, MHG -wer(e), MLG -we:re, OFris. were (cf. s.v. 3. were), MDu. -were, -weer `-defence'; *werand-: pres. ptc. to wera, cf. also MLG wa:rent, -ant, OFris. werand (q.v.), werend; OFris. warand to *wara `defendere; *warno:: ON vo,rn `defence', OE wearn `refusal', OHG fure]warna `praeparatio', MHG warne, werne `caution, preparation', OFris. werne `pledge, damage', MDu. waerne `pledge'; *warnjanaN: ON verna, OE wiernan, OS wernian, OHG wernen, MLG wernen, warnen, OFris. werna (q.v.), warna, MDu. wa(e)rnen `refuse'; etc. [db]
Slavic
borac fighter, combatant; (fig.) struggler, contender; warrior /Serbo-Croatian
boriti to fight, struggle (with, against), combat, contest /Serbo-Croatian
prepirati to quarrel, wrangle, bicker, altercate; contest, wrestle for /Serbo-Croatian
borot'sya wrestle /Russian
borq se to wrestle (with, against) /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vârethrakhnish [vârethrakhni] victorious; smiting the enemy (lit.); verethra victory; strength of victory; (alternately) repel, resist; verethrakhnahe [verethrakhna] victoriousness (ahm158); m. victorious, smiting or killing the enemy /Avestan
vaira
hostile; enmity /Avestan [sk]var@qram `defence, shield' /Avestan [db]
*par- to fight, struggle /Proto Iranian [Cheung]
Avestan: LAv. p@r- `to fight, struggle' ; Khotanese: pur(r)- `overcome' ; Other Iranian forms: (+ *u_i-) ? Arm. (LW) goupar `fight'
Indo-European reconstruction: *per- `to strike'
Indo-European cognates: Arm. (aor.) ehar `struck', OCS pürjo, (püre>ti) `to argue, quarrel', Russ. pru (pere/t') `to push, drag', Lith. periu\ (per~ti) `to beat, lash with a besom (in a bath)'
ber revenge /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
pŕ.t
fight, battle; pŕ.tanā battle /Sanskrit
vuisi-
"sharp" [az96] /Etruscanvé-s to cut, engrave; v?c)s-? chisel; vés-és engraving /Hungarian
ács carpenter; ács-ol to cut /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian vés is officially of FU origin
*wän'gc'e- cut, slash (Proto FU) [Chong]
Two sources suggest a Turkic origin for Hungarian ács
from the Turkic agacˆ "branch etc." [Chong]
Dravidian
*vas- sharp /Dravidian [ss]
va_cci, va_ycci, va_t.ci
adze (Tamil); va_cci adze, scraper (Malayalam); po.d.c adze (Toda); ba_ci id. (Kannad.a); ba_ci, ba_ji (Tulu) (DEDR 5339).[sk]acc- to split, saw; acca_na_ to cut off (hand, foot, etc.)(Gondi); asye to chisel (Malt.o); haccu, heccu to cut in pieces; hacci to divide (vegetables and fruits)(DEDR 46). [sk]
u_c- to scrape, plane; us- to pare; oochana a carpenter's plane (Gondi) [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
vōmis
, *vos-mis, vōmer plow-share, colter /LatinIndo-Iranian/Iranian
vîs- to pierce /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vas to cut /Sanskrit
vAsi a carpenter's adze; vAzI also written {vAsI} ; accord. to some connected with {vrazc} a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel /Sanskrit [iits1]
vá-j
hew /HungarianDravidian
vij- (-it-) to break into small pieces (Kuwi)(DEDR 5411).[sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
vajar sculptor, engraver; vajati to sculpt, engrave; cut, emboss /Serbo-Croatian
xavex
"(one who) shouts, invokes?" [az96] /EtruscanUralic
hív to call, invite /Hungarian
híve follower; hívek congregation (religious); parishioners /Hungarian
híven truly, faithfully /Hungarian
One expert source thinks Hungarian hív is 'possibly' of FU origin.
Another expert says it is of debatable origin, but may be related to Hungarian kíván. [Chong]
kíván wish, desire /Hungarian
Expert source says kíván is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Austronesian
hiva to want /Roviana [pn1]
Indo-European
Anatolian
kave a priest /Carian [cb2]
kave a priest /Lydian [cb2]
Priests invoked or called the gods in ancient times. They were the intermediaries between the gods and mere mortals.
kavar- a sacred place /Phrygian [cb2]
[cb2] compares this to Lydian kave 'priest' which he lists as deriving from the unattested IE root *k'eu- (to foresee)
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
khwandan to read, to recite; to invite, invoke, convoke, call; to sing, to chaunt; to decipher, to explain; to study; khwah wishing, desiring, needing, wanting, requiring, calling for; desire, petition; either, or, whether; khwahani wish, desire, longing for; khwahanidan to wish; to ask; to cause to petition; to cause to wish, will, want /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
hū
or hvā (hávate and huváte, Vedic; classical hváyati, -te) call; call upon; invoke especially a god; háva call; hūti invocation < hū /Sanskritxia
doorkeeper [az96] /EtruscanUralic
kapu door, gate /Hungarian
Hungarian kapu is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
káva rim, well-curb /Hungarian
kav 'closet, cage' /Mordvin [ss]
Sumerian
ká
gate; ká-bar-ra outer door [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*k(h)a open, opening /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
meaning "door; household" [ss]
hu 4 Modern (Beijing) < g|o\ Middle Chinese < g(h)a:? Old Chinese
ho. Vietnamese
kah to divide, be stretched apart, be spread; tam-khah door, gate. /Burmese; c^in|kha1, nkha1 door, (H) sumkha be wide open. /Kachin; ka to open (as mouth, legs); mouth; KC *ka. /Lushei [ss]
*Qw|yj door, gate /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "gate" [ss]
wei 2 Modern (Beijing) < wyj Middle Chinese < w(h)@j Old Chinese
sgo door, go place, room. /Tibetan [ss]
Altaic
*kabu enclosure /Altaic [ss]
*quwara barrack, camp /Mongolian [ss]
xuaran| /Khalkha [ss]
*kaba- tent (covered with bark) /Tungus [ss]
qawa /Nanai; qau.ra(n) /Orok [ss]
*ko\'a>/r district /Korean [ss]
koyl /Modern Korean; ko\'a>/r /Middle Korean [ss]
see Hungarian kerül-et "district"
*kupai fence to keep away animals /Japanese [ss]
kupe /Old Japanese [ss]
*k`a/p`a barrier /Altaic [ss]
*KAp- 1 cover (n.) 2 gate, door 3 to close /Turkic [ss]
qapaq, qapqaq 1, qapyg| 2 /Old Turkic; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Turkish; qapy 2, qapa- 3 /Azeri; Gapaq 1, Gapy 2 /Turkmen
*kag|a- to hinder, close /Mongolian [ss]
qa'a- /Middle Mongolian; xa:- /Khalkha; xa:- /Dagur; xa:- /Monguor [ss]
*xapki- to block, partition /Tungus [ss]
apki:. /Negidal; x|aqpi.- /Nanai; x|aqpali. /Ulcha; x|aqpe: ~ x|apqe: /Orok [ss]
*ka/(m)pia/ wall /Japanese [ss]
ka/bje/ Old Japanese; ka\be Tokyo [ss]
Caucasian
North Caucasian
*ka>uV: gate, fence /North Caucasian [ss]
*kaw gate /Nakh [ss]
kow /Chechen; kow /Ingush [ss]
*ka?u gate /Andian [ss]
kawu/ /Avar; kawu /Andi; ko: /Akhvakh; kaw /Chamalal; kaw /Karata; k/awu /Godoberi [ss]
*kaw@ fence /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
c^/aw /Adyghe; c^aw, c^ow /Circassian [ss]
South Caucasian
(dial.) kawi 'fence, fortress' (probably an Adygh loanword) /Georgian [ss]
Dravidian
ka_pu
(Telugu, Kannad.a, Tulu) that which serves as a protection; watching, vigilance, preservation, protection; invocation of deities at the commencement of a poem to facilitate its successful completion; sacred ashes, as an amulet; bangle, bracelet, anklet; fence, hedge; surrounding wall, fortification; mound within a fort; door; royal seal; place of special protection; village, as in a pastoral region; guardian deities of the eight points of the compass; objects of enjoyment by a king (Tamil lex.) [sk]ka_ppu
, ka_val watching, caution, defence, guard, protection, that which serves as a protection, amulet, fence, fortification /Tamil; ci_ppu shutter of a sluice /Tamil [sk]kavun.i gate or fort of a city (Tamil); gavanu gate of a fort (Telugu); gavi a (covered or sheltered) place of resort; a gate (Kanad.a,Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
go_pura, go_hura a town-gate; a pyramidal tower over the gate of a city, over the gate of the encircling wall of a temple etc.; a gate so overbuilt; a gate in general (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
kapija gate, door-way; portal /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kaw / kawa" 'fence' /Ossetian [ss]
Indo-Aryan
go-pura
'gate-town', gate; kapATa door or door panel /Sanskritzal, zel, za-, zl, esal, esal-s, esl, e
śl two [am91, cb, lb, pa, dep, gzb] /EtruscanUralic
*s'ele
slice /Ugorszel to split, slice /Hungarian
? zsilip sluice, dike lock /Hungarian
Sumerian
sila, sil; síl, zil; si-il to cut into; to divide [jh]
si-il to split; to tear apart; to go away, absent oneself [jh]
Sino-Tibetan
*z|il/ divide, split /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
gsil to cut to pieces, to divide, to split. /Tibetan [ss]
z|en2 to clip, shear /Kachin [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Greenberg (1963) , #2> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
sal sharp (Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
sil knife /Xamir; selau sharp /Qwara
Chadic
salo cut /Ngizim; siil cut /Gulfei; hal stab /Buduma; zala arrow /Balda; sellam arrow /Mofu; suil knife /Gisiga; saalu knife /Barein
Altaic
*č`alu
to cut /Altaic [ss]*čal-
/Turc*c^e:\lV to split, hole, crack /Altaic [ss]
*dil- to split, cut in slices /Turkic [ss]
til- /Old Turkic; dil /Turkish; dilim /Azeri; dil- /Turkmen; c^@l- /Chuvash [ss]
*c^ilu"g|e space between, leisure /Mongolian [ss]
c^ilu"ge /Written Mongolian; c^olo (SH) /Middle Mongolian; c^o"lo": /Khalkha; c^o"le|:n /Kalmuck; c^ule: /Dagur; c/oloG 'enfonceurent' /Monguor [ss]
*z^|e:lge crack, narrow passage /Tungus [ss]
z^|elge~ /Nanai; z^|e:lge /Evenki [ss]
*sala to be separated /Altaic [ss]
*sal(u)- to become separated; to branch off /Mongolian [ss]
salu- /Written Mongolian; sala- /Khalkha; sal- /Kalmuck; sala-; sala: 'branch' /Dagur; sal-, sala 'branch' /Monguor [ss]
*salga- interval between legs 2 cross-road /Tungus [ss]
salga 1 /Negidal; salz^|a 2, sarg/a 1 /Manzhu; salGa~ 1 /Nanai; salda(n) 1 Orok; ha:lgú. 1 /Even; salgan 1 /Evenki [ss]
Dravidian
*sel- to split, crack /Dravidian [ss]
*sel-ai (*c-) crack /South Dravidian [ss]
sele\ chink, crack, flaw as in a stone /Tulu [ss]
*sel- (*c-) to cut /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: selagu; Dialect forms (1): selayu [ss]
*cal-q- to open; to split /North Dravidian [ss]
calxna: "to open, uncover" /Kurukh; calge "to split, or break open" /Malto [ss]
cal-[e:ng]ing to become cracked, split /Brahui [ss]
*cil.- branch, bifurcation /Dravidian (Number in DED: 2587) [ss]
*cil.- branch, bifurcation /South Dravidian [ss]
cilla (Tiyya, Calicut) small branch of a tree /Malayalam; cil.l.e bifurcation, a fork (as that formed by two branches) /Kannada; gellu. (?) (B-K) branch, twig /Tulu [ss]
*Sil branch of a tree, tine of antlers, tributary of river /Nilgiri [ss]
cil /Kota [ss]
*cil.l.- bifurcated /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: cil.l.a (B)
Derivatives: Also cil.l.u a fork (as that formed by two branches) [ss]
*SeL- (*z^|-) branch /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
cella, jella "branch, bough" /Parji [ss]
cf. Hungarian gally "twigs, branches, loppings"
Indo-European
Reconstruction
see *del, *dele "to split" /PIE [pa]
Germanic
and also see German Zahl "number" [pa]
Muskogean/Eastern
chałka
1. to be split, sliced [/chał (af)-ka1] 2. strip of leather, leather thong /Alabama [tm]Yuki
sil tear, rip [y84]
War, Battle, Fight, Struggle; noisy
zat
'battle' [alinei]Uralic
sõta war /Vaddja [fv]
csata battle, fight, struggle; csat-ár warrior /Hungarian
Hungarian csata is officially seen as of Slavic origin [alinei]
csatt-an (csatt-og) to crack (like a whip); to clap; to pop /Hungarian
Undoubtedly onomatop., much like the noise of battle!
Etruscan
zat 'battle' [alinei]
Indo-European/Slavic
Serb-Croatian četa 'troop, crowd'; Bulgar četa 'army, troop, crowd'; Russian četa 'couple, two' [alinei]
Dravidian
cat.a-cat.-en-al onom. expr. signifying the sound of falling trees, report of a gun, rattling of stones thrown; cat.a-cat.av-en-al onom. expr. signifying crash, peal of repeated sound; cat.a-put.-en-al, cat.a_r-en-al onom. expr. of crackling noise (Tamil); cat.a-cat.a crash, peal, descriptive of battle noises (Malayalam); cat.a.r in- to make noise like a whipcrack (Kota); cat.a-cat.a, cat.a-pat.a the snapping sound of corn in being parched; cat.al, cat.il imitation of the loud crack of a whip (Kannad.a); cat. noise of cracking fruit or nut (Kod.agu); cat.akka a slapping or cracking sound; cat.acat.a, cat.apat.a noise produced as in slapping or cracking a whip; cat.i_la a cracking sound; cat.uka a snapping sound (Tulu); cat.ka'a_na_, cat.ga'a_na_ to slap in the face (Kur.ux); car.-car.re to crackle (as wood in the fire)(Malt.o) [sk]
Yuki
t.'ąt-
slap1, throw at; spank [y84]catha
prisoner, capture, hunt, war /Etruscan [az96]Uralic
xont
army /Ugorhad, hadi war, military; hada-koz to battle; há(d)-boru war /Hungarian
Hungarian had- is of FU origin. [see Chong]
Hungarian had- "clan, army" is from Ugrian xonta "army",
Uralic kata "clan" also found in Altaic and Dravidian (c.f ku_t.a, ku_t.u, ku_d.u. crowd, company, fellowship etc.)
katona warrior /Hungarian
Hungarian katona is officially thought to be a Greek loanword that might derive from Thracian-Illyrian
Sumerian
gud2 warrior; gudibir war [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
kutu to defeat, overcome, dominate /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
gdd troop /Phœnician [cgj]
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 10 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
ad/- fight /Burji; had/- fight /Oromo; ad/- fight /Gidole
Altaic
kattō
complications, feud, trouble, discord, dissension, difficulties /JapaneseBasque
gudu combat, struggle, war
Dravidian
kantam
warrior /Dravidianka_tu (ka_ti-) to kill, murder, cut, divide; n. murder (Tamil); ka_du to war, fight, contend with (Kannad.a); ka_tal killing, fighting, cutting, breaking (Tamil); ka_duha fighting (Kannad.a); ka_duni to quarrel, fight, wrestle (Tulu); ka_da_t.a a fight, war, battle (Tulu) (DEDR 1447).[sk]
cati (-pp-, -tt-) to destroy, kill; cata_vu (cata_vi-) to be shattered or broken, be rotten, decayed; catai (-v-, -nt-) to be bruised, crushed; (-pp-, -tt-) to crush, bruise, mash; tatai (-v-, -nt-) to be shattered, made fruitless; tatar (-v-, -nt-) to be crushed (Tamil); cata a bruise; catayuka to be bruised, squashed; catekka to squash, crush, pound, bray; catun.n.uka to be crushed, compressed, beaten into another shape; catukkuka to bruise, macerate; catukku a bruise (Malayalam); cady a murder; pair word with cudy news (cudy cady); cac- to hammer with heavy blows, pat, stroke, kill (animal); cac a blow (Kota); to0x- (to0xy-) to be squeezed or smashed flat, (person) gets into difficulties; to0k- to squeeze or smash flat; toc- to beat (Toda); sadaku to beat; sade, sadi to pound to some extent, bruise, squash, crush; caccu, ceccu, jajju to strike, bruise, crush; tadaku, taduku, tade to strike, beat (Kannad.a); cade severe fighting, destruction of life; sadi striking, beating; sadevuni to get hardened, wear away as an earthen vessel; jajjuni to bruise, squash, pound (Tulu); cadiyu to be crushed or broken; cadupu to crush, kill; cadumu to strike; cadunu even, level (Telugu); catip- (catit-), cacip- (cacit-) to trample, kick (Parji)(DEDR 2322).[sk]
cat.t.u destruction, injury, waste (Ta.)(DEDR 2307).[sk]
at.a_pit.i violence (Tamil); violence, outrage, quarrel, uproar (Malayalam); at.a_vat.i outrage, violence; at.ipit.i broil, fray, scuffle (Tamil); quarrel, scuffle, affray (Malayalam); ad.a_vud.i alarm, confusion, quarrel, riot, fright (Kannad.a); ad.avadi, ad.a_vudi confusion, uproar, fright (Telugu)(DEDR 71). [sk]
at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Ta.)(DEDR 77). [sk]
ku_t.a, ku_t.u, ku_d.u a joining; a coming in contact with; a junction; connection, union; an assembly, a crowd; a heap, a quantity; company, fellowship (Kannad.a lex.); ku_t.t.atta_r members of a tribe; members of a society (Tamil lex.) ku_t.t.am union, combination, meeting; crowd, flock, herd, group; kindred, relations, tribe; friends, companions; class, kind, series, set, species, genus; association, kindred, battle (Tamil); assembly, caste, flock, assembly, court, quarrel (Malayalam) [sk]
c.f. Uralic kata "clan"
Etruscan
catha prisoner, capture, hunt, war [az96]
catu war [az96]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*kat- fight [cg2]; *kot- a battle [cb] /Proto Indo-European
Celtic
catu battle /Gaulish [cb says it derives from IE *kot- "a battle"]
cath battle, Irish, Old Irish cath, Welsh cad, Old Welsh cat, Cornish cas, Gaulish catu-; Old High German hadu-, fight, Anglo-Saxon heaðo-, German hader, contention; Sanskrit çatru, enemy; Greek kótos, wrath [mcb]
cogadh war, so Irish, Old Irish cocad: *con-cath, "co-battle" [mcb]
cothaich contend, strive; from cath, battle? [mcb]
cath nm. g.+a; v. chaith; pl.+an, fight, battle, fighting contest [mcf]
Germanic
guð (f.) war; guðrinc warrior /Old English [ws,sc1]
hadu- fight /Old High German, heaðo- /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]
hadern to quarrel (archaic) /German
-had battle /Old Frisian; -hathas /Goth; ho,t| (poet.) `battle' /Old Norse; heat|u- /Old English; hathu- /OS, hathu-, hadu- /Old High German, hader `fighting, quarrel' /MHG,. hade- /MDutch [db]
No certain IE etymology according to [db]
Slavic
hádať sa
, hádka quarrel /SlovakIndo-Iranian
Iranian
hit tumult, clamour, strife /Persian [fjs]
haija', haija war, battle, combat /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says haija', haija are loans from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Aryan
kadana slaughter, destruction, killing /Sanskrit [sk]
yuddhá fight, battle, contest; yudh fight /Sanskrit
Mayan
Yucatec(Yuca)
ajc'atun warrior [jd: 1893 T]
c'aatun warrior [jd: 1893 V]
c'atunmaac warrior [jd: 1893 S]
jc'atun warrior [jd: 1893 T]
ajc'atun warrior [jd: 1690/1898a]
zeri
rite, legal action? /EtruscanUralic
*seere
method, tool (Finno-Ugrian) [Chong]-sir
, -sur constitution, disposition (Khanty) / -sir, -sur clan, family, gens; constitution, disposition (Northern Khanty) / sir, s@r constitution, disposition (Southern Khanty) / s'er fashion, habit, way (Komi) / ĉær'dâ kind, species; sort (Lappish) / sir, šir constitution, disposition, way; folk-way, habit; kind, species (Man's'i) [Chong]szer apparatus, appliance; material, means; order, succession /Hungarian [Chong]
-szer/-szor/-ször time (occasion) /Hungarian [Chong]
szer-tart-ás
rite; szer-zõdés contract, treaty /HungarianAfro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 532b #6> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
saar- put on /Somali; seera law /Oromo; seera law /Sidamo
Semitic
s#r?` set forth, legislate /Geez
Altaic/Turkic
seri∫de means, remedy /Turkmen [glnp]
tär method, means, manner, way /Turkmen [glnp]
Austro-Asiatic
sarajan materials, elements, used mainly with regard to marriages, offerings and sacrifices; bapla sarajan the materials required for the proper celebration of a marriage (Santali.lex.) {bapla marriage (Santali.lex.) }[sk]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
zeri'a medium, means /Pashto [tr]
zic, zich-
to write, incise; zicu engraver; zec, śec mark, sign /EtruscanUralic
Old Hungarian gyak, Mans'i jēk 'incidere' + -u [alinei]
/gy/ similar to a palatised /d'/
? cikk
literary article; cikk-ez to write (an article) /Hungarianalso see semantically related words
Sumerian
sig10
to engrave [jh]Altaic
*ŝiuk`e to carve, tear /Altaic [ss]
*so"k- to split, tear apart /Turkic [ss]
so"k- Old Turkic; so"k- Turkmen [ss]
*su"ke axe /Mongolian [ss]
suke (SH) /Middle Mongolian; su"x /Khalkha; su"k@ /Kalmuck; sugu, suge: /Dagur; sugo /Monguor [ss]
*ŝuk- 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends /Tungus [ss]
ŝuki- 3, ŝukun 4 /Manzhu; ĉuktuli- 2 (On.) /Nanai [ss]
*sa\ki/- to carve, engrave /Korean [ss]
sa\ki/- /Middle Korean [ss]
*ĉ`o:\k`a ( ~ -u) to peck, gouge /Altaic [ss]
*ĉok- to peck /Turkic [ss]
*ĉoki- to strike, punish /Mongolian [ss]
*ĉo:k(i)- 1 to gauge 2 to stick into 3 to peck 4 to dig, delve /Tungus [ss]
Dravidian
*ĉek- to scrape, splinter, chip /Dravidian [ss]
*ĉek- chip, splinter /South Dravidian [ss]
cakkai chips, small wooden peg /Tamil; cakke, cekke, sakke, sekke chip /Kannada; cakke, cekke\, cekki chip, split, splinter /Tulu [ss]
*cek- (*s-) chip /Nilgiri [ss]
cek /Kota [ss]
*cekk- to pare, cut the side or rind of, sharpen (pencil), engrave, carve; n. the rind or parings of fruit, etc. /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: cekku; Also cekka piece, chip, slice;
cakku-ce:yu to chop, cut to pieces, mince /Telugu [ss]
*c/ek- (*c-?) to chip; chip of wood /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
sek- (sekt-) "to make pointed (piece of wood)" /Kolami; cekka "bark of tree" /Kinwat Kolami; s/ekk- "to chip, scrape" /Naikri; sek- "to plough" /Naiki; cekk- "to chip, scrape, plane" /Parji [ss]
*ĉek- to cut, scrape; piece, splinter /Gondwan [ss]
*ĉek- piece; to cut /Gondi
sek- (-t-) to plane, fashion things out of wood /Konda
*cek- to scrape; piece /Kui-Kuwi
*cak- a slice /North Dravidian [ss]
cakta:, cakti: /Kurukh; caka /Malto [ss]
Dual kingship
The Magyar nation, once long ago, had a dual kingship system of government not unlike the ancient Etruscans according to [alinei]
ZILA
PRINCEPS CIVITATIS ‘chief of the Etruscan community’ /Etruscan [alinei]Uralic [alinei]
gyula 'military leader with executive power' /Hungarian
(ancient forms JILA, DZ-LA)
Hungarian Gyula can mean (a) male given name; (b) a war or military leader with executive power under the dual kingship of the Magyar nation; the other was called the Kende or (the nominal civil administrator)
This form of dual kingship has its origins in the Turkic nations
(/gy/ is similar to a palatised /d'/)
Altaic [alinei]
Bashkir yulay
CANΘE
REX ‘king, highest institutional authority’ /Etruscan [alinei]Uralic [alinei]
kende 'revered king, but mostly ceremonial' /Hungarian
Hungarian KENDE (< Turkic), (ancient form K-ND-)
Altaic [alinei]
Tatar kündü, Khazar Kündäč 'reverence, deep respect'
Khakas Xündü 'respect, office bearer'
Mongol kündü 'important, respect'
zil, zilc, zilci, zilx, zilath
magistrate, official, praetor /EtruscanUralic
*sawe
word /Ugrianszó
word; szól to speak; szol-ás speech; szol-ít to call, speak /HungarianSumerian
sa_ 4
to name, to callSino-Tibetan
*sil/ voice, sound /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
gsil to toll, sound, ring. /Tibetan
nin|sen3, nsen3 the voice. /Kachin [ss]
Altaic
Turkic
*sab
word /AncTurkic∫iwe accent, dialect, talk /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
solimbi to call guests, to propose a position /Manchu [as]
Basque
solas
talk, conversation; solas-garri discussibleDravidian
*sol-
to speak /Dravidian [ss]celluka
, colluka (colli-, conn-) to say, declare, order; collikka to cause to say, declare, order; collikka to cause to say, repeat, read /Malayalam; col (colv-/colluv-, colli-) to say, speak, tell, mention, utter, express, recite, repeat, relate, quote, dictate, command, advise, inform, praise; n. word, term, saying, speech, proverb, maxim, declaration, promise, assurance, praise, incantation, curse, command, advice, part of speech; colavu saying, telling, proverb/Tamil; col word, command, advice, praise, fame /Malayalam; col command (Kota); sol, sollu to say, speak, tell; n. a word; sollisu to say, speak, tell; cause oneself to be said, be said, cause to speak, have said or told /Kannad.a; colli name (in songs)(Kod.agu); jo_l-, jo_linai to speak; jo_lali to answer; jo~_lki aiyali to discuss, talk; jolpu speech /Kuwi [sk]Indo-European
Albanian
ze' / zã sound, voice /Albanian [bd]
Slavic
sluga man-servant; menial; attendant; domestic /Serbo-Croatian
sluha servant /Slovak
zin-
make on the lathe [am91] /EtruscanUralic
czinalni to make, do /Old Hungarian {16th. Century} [bm]
csin-ál-ni to make, do; to produce /Hungarian
Hungarian csinál is also supposed to be a loan from Slavic
(-ni suffix marks the infinitive of the verb}
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
s.nc to be(come) strong, do (something) skillfully, build, produce, make /West Semitic [ahd]
Cognate Set <Newman et al. (1966) , #129> [oi4]
Chadic
c#in do /Angas; ya do /Chibak; yii do /Hausa; c#@ do /Tera
Indo-European
Slavic
čin
action, act, achievement, work, performance, fact, deed; činnost working /Czech; čin degree, fact, order, rank /Serbian; čin rank, put on stage, perpetration, order, fact, estate, degree, act /Croatian; čin step, status, rating, rank, order, dignify /Slovenian; činnosť work /SlovakIndo-Iranian
cin.n.a
done, performed, practised; su-cin.n.a well performed, accomplished; cin.n.a-vasin one who has reached mastership; cin.n.atta custom, habit (Pali.lex.) ci_rn.a done, performed, observed; studied, repeated (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]Mayan
Chorti [cw]
che'nah 'be done or made, be treated or handled, be made (to do)'
che'niix (che'n-ah-ix) 'it is already done (made)'
Quechua
china to make [q1]
zusle, zu
śle, zusle-i, zusleva, zuśleva, zusleva-i, zusleve, zuśleve, zuśleve-śUralic
zú-z to pound, to crush /Hungarian
Sumerian
sì
strike, damage, hurt, shake, demolish, raze, flatten, crush, blow; sig3,11 chopdown; ze cut, shearAfro-Asiatic
c
zz to be(come) strong /Semitic Root [ahd]c
āzaz to be strong /Hebrew [ahd]`zz, `z mighty /Ph?nician [cgj]
Hurrian
zaš-e strength; zaš-gu- kill, strike dead, eradicate /Hurrian [ryan]
zaš-ili powerful, strong, numerous; zaš-u- strengthen, increase /Hurrian [ryan]
Basque
zuzi-tu to destroy,undo,ruin; to stomp,squash; to tread underfoot
Dravidian
azâz torture /Brahui
Indo-European
Germanic
sûsl (n.) torment /Old English [sc1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
zizz coarse, rough /Pashto [tr]
Additional material by
Fred Hámori in red.
Copyright © 2000-2008
The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008