Etruscan Hungarian
Word List
SA-ŚA

This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
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sac-, śac-, sac-a, sac-ri "carrying out a sacred act, to consecrate" [glb, mp68, dep, pa] /Etruscan
sacni "priest" [glb 77]; "consecration" [mp68: 263] /Etruscan
sacni, sacniu, śacni-cn, śacni-tn, śacni-cla, śacni-tle, śacni-cl-eri, śacni-cś-treś "sacred place, sanctuary, consecrated" [mp68, pa, dep, gzb] /Etruscan
śacnic cilth "sanctuary" [mp68: 263] /Etruscan
sacnicleri "for the temple" [gm97] /Etruscan
sacnitalte, sacnisa, sacniśa "to consecrate" [mp68] /Etruscan
suc-, śuc-, śuc-i, śuc-ivn, śuc-ri "ritual act" [mp68] /Etruscan

szok- to get used to, get accustomed to /Hungarian
szok-ás habit, custom; szok-ás-os usual, customary /Hungarian

Uralic

Could a "ritual act" whether sacred or not also be seen in the light of the "customs" belonging to a people?

Altaic

zoku customs; manners /Japanese

(1) Indo-European

Slavic

šega custom /Serbo-Croatian
zvyk custom /Slovak

(2) Indo-European

see Latin săcer, -cra, -crum sacred, holy, consecrated; in bad sense 'accursed' , 'devoted to destruction', 'horrible'; săcerdōs, -dōtis a priest, priestess

see Greek hagios "holy" [dep]
see Oscan sakoro "sacred" [dep]
see Hittite saklai "custom" [dep]
see Indo-European *sak- "to consecrate" [pa]

szak age, era, period; branch, profession, subject; division, part, section; stanza, strophe, verse /Hungarian
szak-ma trade; profession; szak-ács cook /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian szak- is of FU origin.

(?) *s'ukk3 (Proto FU); *s'akk3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian szakma is from szakmány "contract" which is possibly related to szakad- "rip". which is considered a derivative of szak "age", "era", etc. [Chong]

Can 'cooking' or 'manufacturing' be thought of as a 'ritual act'?

Altaic

shoku an office; a post; duties; service; employment; work; a job; profession; a trade /Japanese
shokugyō an occupation, a calling; a profession; a trade /Japanese
suku to make, manufacture /Japanese

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

shakh a branch, bough, shoot, sucker, twig; a horn, antler; the arm, from the tip of the finger to the shoulder; the leg, from the groin to the foot; a small cut from a main stream; the spur of a cock; a rib; a bit, piece; a gusset, gore; the forehead; the main beam in the roof of a house; etc. /Persian [fjs]

shákh branch. P. /N. Baluchi [mld]

Indo-Aryan

zAkhA branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]

Watch, look, see;
Seer, haruspex

sem(niśsi) '(seeing) eyes' /Etruscan [alinei]

szem 'eye' /Hungarian

Uralic [Chong]

Hungarian szem is seen as of FU origin.

*silmä (Proto Uralic)

silm (Estonian); silmä (Finnish); sem (Khanty); s'in (Komi); ĉâl'bme (Lapp); säm, šäm (Man's'i); šin'dz'a (Eastern Mari - derivative); sinzä (Western Mari - derivative); sel'me (Md) / s'im, s'in (Udmurt)

sej, þej (En'ec'); sajma, sima (Kamas); häem, säew, sew (N'en'ec'); s'ajme, s'&jme (Nganasan); hæj, sajï, sæjj@, sej (Šölqup)

Sumerian [Chong]

sim to see through, etc.

Altaic [Chong]

Turkic

synĉla- observe (Kuman); sana- observe (Tatar)

Mongol

sube eye of a needle (Classical Mongol)

Tungus

sen eye of a needle (Manchu)

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

čam(m) 'eye' /Baluchi [ak1]
č∂mm eye /Baluchi [mab]
chham the eye. P. chashm /N. Baluchi [mld]

[alinei]'s interpretation is used to 'link' these words

sem(niśsi) '(looking, watching) eyes' /Etruscan [alinei]

nézésű 'appearing' /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian nézésű
< nézés 'look' + adjectival/verbal suffix which ascribes the attribute of 'watching'
< né-z 'to look, watch' (-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

natis "wise, seer" /Etruscan [az96]
nethśra haruspicina; netśvis haruspex /Etruscan [lb]

naz-ir "seers" of the old religion /Old Hungarian [hh96]
néz to look at smtg.; to watch /Hungarian

Uralic

nätšeä to see; to look; nätšijä (n.) witness /Vaddja [fv]
netez, neteződik to watch, look at smtg. /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

naz-ir "seers" of the old religion /Old Hungarian [hh96]
né-z to look at smtg.; to watch /Hungarian (-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

Hungarian néz is officially of FU origin.

*näke- see; watch /Proto FU [Chong]

neili to watch /Vogul; niutaGe watch /Ostjak; naani /Votjak
nähdä
to see /Finn; nägema see /Estonian; niegâdit dream /Lapp

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

ns.r to watch /Phœnician [cgj]

ntr to see, watch, observe, guard./Semitic Root [ahd]

naşāru to guard, protect /Akkadian [ahd]
naz.ara to see, watch /Arabic [ahd]

nwTr N nwTr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr custody; 2 Syr preservation; 3 Syr watching; 4 Syr conservation; 5 Syr observance

LS2 427

LS2 V: nuwTArA)
abs. voc: nuwTAr

nTr V /Aramaic [cal]

peal_1 passim to watch
__2 passim to keep, to observe
__3 BibArDan,Palestinian,Syr to retain in memory
__4 Syr to beware
__5 Syr,JBA to await
__6 Syr to notice
__7 Syr w. %dwkth% to assume another's duties
__8 Syr %)eblA)% to mourn
ethpeel_1 Syr,JBA to be watched
__2 Syr to be saved
pael_1 JBA,Palestinian,Syr to guard
__2 Palestinian to keep in memory
ethpaal_1 Syr to be saved
__2 JBA to be preserved
(h)afel_1 Syr to order to guard
__2 Syr to entrust
__3 Syr to reserve

LS2 426

@@rh N nTrt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Mand safekeeping, watching
Mand: naTarta

nTrh N nTrt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,Mand safekeeping, watching
Mand: naTarta

Altaic

Turkic

n@z@r- (Azeri); nazar look, glance; the evil eye; nezaret supervision (Turkish); nazar aspect, look (Uzbek) [Chong]

nazar look, glance; view, sight /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

nozoki a peep; nozoku to look

Austro-Asiatic

najari, nanjari blind of one eye (Mun.d.a_ri) (Mun.d.a_ri lex.) [sk]

Dravidian

nazar 1) sight; 2) sight of a gun; 3) evil eye /Brahui

ne_t.u (ne_t.i-) to seek, look out for, desire, consider, aim at (Tamil); nit.t.isu to look at, look at much, inquisitively or sternly, stare (Kannad.a) (DEDR 3766) [sk]

o_kku (no_kki-) to see, look at, behold, view, consider, reflect, regard, pay attention to, arrange, put in order, keep, protect, save, do, perform, resemble, compare, read, desire; n. eye, sight, look, beauty, meaning, intention, knowledgeness, greatness, mode, style; no_kkam eye, eyesight, look, gaze, glance, view, aspects of a planet, appearance, expression, cast of countenance, beauty, attractiveness, watch, design, object, intention, aim, sense, intelligence, attention, observa-tion, desire, indication, sign (Tamil); no_t.t.am examination of coins, assaying, scrutiny of gems, precious metals, etc., value, criticism as by a rival artist or workman, attempt at wit, endeavour to excel, hinder or baffle another in speech (Tamil); no_t.t.am viewing, examination, experienced eye, sharp sight, shroffage, fortune-telling; no_kkuka to look at, view, observe, look after, examine, be in a certain direction, seek, consider, regard, intend; no_kkam view, beauty, eye; no_kkal a look (Malayalam); no.t.- (no.c-) to look at, look for, examine, be looked at; no.t., no.t.m (obl. no.t.t-) a sight (Kota); no_kku look, watchfulness, sight, beauty (Malayalam); nwi.t. (nwi.t.y-) to look at; nwi.t. a sight (Toda); no_d.u to look, look on, look at, view, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see; no_d.uvike looking etc.; no_d.isu to cause to look; no_t.a looking at or on, viewing, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see; no_d.uvike looking etc.; no_d.isu to cause to look; no_t.a looking at or on, viewing, beholding, seeing, examination, a sight, spectacle, sight, the power of seeing, a look, appearance; no_t.aka a looker-on, spectator, eyewitness (Kannad.a); no.t.- (no.t.i-) to look at (Kod.agu); no_t.a sight, view, vision, aim; no_d.a_runi, no_d.a_vuni to point at, show; nu_t.a_vuni to show (Tulu)(DEDR 3794).[sk]

Etruscan

natis "wise, seer" [az96]
nethśra haruspicina; netśvis haruspex [lb]

(1) Indo-European

Slavic

nadzirati to supervise, oversee, inspect, control /Serbo-Croatian
nazočan present, attendant; witness; nazor opinion, view /Serbo-Croatian
názor opinion /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

nazar (v.n.), Looking at, beholding, seeing, gazing upon, viewing, turning the eyes or the mind towards, scanning; attending to; considering, pondering, weighing, measuring, rating, valuing, estimating; pride, selfesteem; sight, vision, view; look, glance; an oversight; doubt, uncertainty, perplexity /Persian [fjs]

nazur one who attentively looks at another he likes; one who is looked upon or revered above all others, a venerable or respectable man /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

n∂z∂r eyesight; the evil eye /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

netra eye; (leader) /Sanskrit

Supposed to derive from root "lead, guide, conduct, carry (off)" /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1

noos

(I). 1. mind, as employed in perceiving and thinking, sense, wit; 2. a. to have sense, be sensible, b. to have one's mind directed to something; 3. mind, more widely, as employed in feeling, deciding, etc., heart; 4. mind, resolve, purpose; 5. reason, intellect; (II). 1. act of mind, thought; 2. purpose, design; (III). sense, meaning of a word, etc.,

Etymology is apparently obscure.

ni! nini! look!; lo!; behold! /Hungarian

Uralic

nää to see /Vaddja [fv]
né-z 'to look, watch' /Hungarian

(-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

naa! interj here! /Vaddja [fv]
ni! nini! look!; lo!; behold! /Hungarian

Sumerian

nu image, likeness; máš look, inspect

Niger-Congo (?)

ñ (v) to see; ñaa (n) eye, etc /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

nau look, behold; sight, view, vision /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

Cognate Set <Newman et al. (1966) , #90> [oi4]

Chadic

ina see /Bole(wa); na see /Sura; na see /Tera
nan see /Mandara; na see /Zumu (dial. of Bata)

Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #111> [oi4]

Chadic

*na see /Proto Chadic

na see /Bachama; naa see /Karekare
na see /Tera; nahau see /Warji

Indo-European

e:n "look there!" /Proto Indo-European [ryan]

, inj. behold, lo! /Old High German

Blackfoot (Algonquian)

in-i (vti) / in-o (vta), "see" [ryan]

Muskogean/Eastern

má! má! look out!, watch out, hey!, wait! there! /Alabama [tm]

Usage: To draw someone's attention to. [tm]

From or related to

ma 1. that way; that one (distal; previously mentioned) /Alabama [tm]

Yuki

nąw- see [y84]

SMALLNESS, REDUCTION, NEED, WANT

seci to cut, smash [az96] /Etruscan
śucri, śuxu dividing, cutting part [az96] /Etruscan

csák "plow" /Hungarian
szaggat to rip, rend /Hungarian
szak-ít to rip, tear; szak-ad to fall; tear, rend /Hungarian
szeg to cut, chip, slice /Hungarian

Uralic

soka (n.) plow; sokams (v.) to plow /Erzya [fv]
csák "plow" /Hungarian

Hungarian csák is obsolete. [Chong]

zocoztia "tore" (past tense) /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, szakasztotta) [gzb1]
szaggat to rip, rend /Hungarian

-gat is the frequentive suffix of action.

also see Hungarian cikk

Sumerian

suh (2,3,5) v., to uproot, displace; to relocate, transfer; to become confused [jh]
zìg to expend, go out, uproot; zuh to steal, to rob [jh]
sig3,11 to chop down; sè(g) subdue, to subject [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

suxi (v.) to uproot, pluck /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

skз to plough /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Austro-Asiatic

cagar. , cagat to tear off; surka to strip off (Santali.lex.) [sk]
sigi to cut deeply with axe (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Altaic

Turkic

saka divide, watershed /Turkmen [glnp]

sökmek 1. to take apart 2. to rip out a seam 3. to plow 4. to reinvestigate;
sökülmek to rip out a seam /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

saku, sakeru to tear, split, cleave, rip; sogu to chip; slice off
saku, suku to plough, till; to break up (land)

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*šąγ- to dig, to dig out (рыть, копать) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1132]

rąγ- (I) /Chukchee; jąγ-, -cąγ- (I) /Koryak; t(ą)γ- /Alutor [ss]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/e:k cleave, split /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "split"
xi 1 Modern (Beijing) < siek Middle Chinese < se:k Old Chinese [ss]

ãc/heg (p. bs/ags, f. bs/ag, i. s/og to break, to split, gs/og / bs/og (p. gs/ags, bs/ags, f. gs/ag, bs/ag, i. gs/og) to cleave, to split, to tear. /Tibetan

*z|he/k /Kiranti [ss]

Basque

saki (LN) a large tear in clothing; sakitu to cut, make an incision (L,LN,U) /Basque
sega scythe; sega-tu (C) to cut, harvest /Basque

Dravidian

sugi to tear off, strip off, peel (Kannad.a); coxna_ to pluck, cull (Kur.ux); coge to pluck off, set free; cogre to drop off, get free (Malt.o)(DEDR 2644). [sk]

cakkai chips (Tamil); cake rind of fruits (Tamil); cekku to pare, cut the side or rind of; n. the rind or parings of fruits, etc. (Telugu); cekka piece (Naikri, Gondi); sek to plane, fashion things out of wood (Kond.a); sespa planing, scraping (?Kui); sesa shavings (?Kui); seka piece (?Kui); cakta_ a slice (Kur.ux); cegla_ chip, splinter (Kur.ux); caka a slice ; (Malt.o)(DEDR 2748). [sk]

sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece (Kannad.a); sigur-, sigur-u, sibar-u, sivar-u, sivur-u a splinter (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

sigasu to have split as wood; sigi to split as wood; to tear or rend with teeth as sugarcane /Kannad.a; sekke, cakke a chip; sekku to put in, to insert; serku id. /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke, sakke, sekke (Tadbhava of s'alka) a chip of wood /Kannad.a; cakke, cekke /Telugu; cakkai /Tamil; cakke a chip of wood or of stone /Kannad.a; cekku /Telugu; sigul.u, si_l., si_l.u to split, to be cleft; splitting; a split, a fragment, a piece /Kannad.a [sk]

cu_gna_ to harrow (Kur.ux); cge to poke, stir; cgure to poke, pick (as one's teeth or ear)(Malt.o)(DEDR 2719)[sk]

(1) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

sukustan to be broken or torn up /Persian [fjs]

shaqq (v.n.) splitting, tearing; cutting (a tooth); being difficult, troublesome (any work); remaining open (the eye of a corpse); being separate from one's people; separating, scattering; throwing into difficulties, paining, grieving; a fissure, crack, crevice; a half; day-break, dawn [shaqq khwurdan, To be or become split;<-> shaqq zadan (kardan), To tear, split, divide;]; shuquq (pl. of shaqq), Fissures, rents, crevices, chinks. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqa'iq (pl. of shaqiqat) fissures, cracks; etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqb, shiqb a cleft in a mountain or rock; a narrow pass between two hills; etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shiqqat the half, especially of anything split or torn the long way; a chip of wood; a rag of cloth /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*sek cut /PIE [js]

Italic

sĕco sĕcare sĕcŭi sectum, to cut, amputate, to wound, hurt; to divide, part /Latin

Slavic

sjeći hew, chop; split; lop, prune /Serbo-Croatian
sjeknuti to make short (sharp) cut /Serbo-Croatian
sekať cut /Slovak

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

suk 'a cutting, a trim'
suki 'cut off, trim, pare' (cl.1)

tz'ohk (from c'ok) 'broken part or half, piece, broken off end'

tz'ok 'a breaking, a snapping in two, an opening up'
tz'okem 'broken'
tz'okemir 'a break, a snap'
tz'oki 'break a thing, break in two, pull apart, open up' (cl.1)
tz'okbah 'break in two of itself, open itself up (said of the sky, meaning "to rain")'

Muskogean/Eastern

chikoffi to cut a piece (of meat), slice a piece (of meat) /Alabama [tm]
chikòoli to cut meat, slice meat, butcher (plural objects) /Alabama [tm]

seka to fall, founder [az96] /Etruscan

szak-ad to fall, drop; tear, rend /Hungarian

Ainu

cikka to drop [sm]

szakad-ék abyss, precipice, gap /Hungarian < szak-ad to fall, drop; tear, rend /Hungarian

Sumerian

sukud, zugud height, depth; tall, high [jh]

Altaic

suki, sukima crevice, chink, gap,crack /Japanese

Indo-European

psu^gma, atos, to IV. chink, fissure /Classical Greek [lsj1]

suka a crack, a gorge, a pass [id] /Thracian
šùkė [id] /Lithuanian

śuci, śucic, sucix piece, part [az96] /Etruscan

csak only, nothing but /Hungarian

Ainu

tek (suffix) a little [sm]

Altaic

*žōk`e nearly, hardly /Altaic [ss]

*jōk /Turc
*žug / *žüg /Mongol
*žuke /Tungu
*doku /Japanese [ss] > -dake only; no more; merely; so far as /Japanese

shika particle used with a negative meaning "no more than, only, no other than, etc." /Japanese

Quechua

shuclla only [q1]
chikalla just; only {chika "so much; so strong" + -lla "modesty" [q2]

csek-ély small, trifling {/cs/ similar to Basque /tx/ or English /ch/} /Hungarian
csök-ev-ény rudimentary; csökk-en to reduce, abate /Hungarian
sek-ély(es) shallow /Hungarian
scegin "poor" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century) [gzb1]; szeg-ény poor, not much /Modern Hungarian
szik-ár lean, slender /Hungarian
szük narrow, scarce /Hungarian

Uralic

*s'ukke small piece /Ugrian

Sumerian

sig9 narrow [jh]
sug4 , ; su (v.) to strip naked, lay bare; to empty; (adj.) empty, destitute.[jh]

Hurrian

zug@ 'small, short' [ss]

Niger-Congo (?)

seekee (adj) skint; sekeeriŋ. sekeeta (adj) skint, penniless /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

sh.w^ shorten /Old Egyptian [cgj]
sk empty (M.E.) (%t body,of words) /Old Egyptian [cgj]
skn be greedy, lust after /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

śyk to be(come) narrow, constricted /Semitic Root [ahd]
sâqu to be(come) narrow, tight /Akkadian [ahd]

Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 646b #6> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

jeg*a worthless, bad, ugly /Bilin

Cushitic, East

deega poor /Oromo
zeega poor /Qabena

Semitic

zegaa poor, subject, client /Geez

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 111 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

dikk'- small /Proto East Cushitic

t'ikk'- narrow / Proto Highland East Cushitic
c#'ikk'-ad/- narrow /Burji
t'ukk'- small /Hadiyya
d/iggo small /Oromo

Ainu

sak to be lacking, to be without [sm]

Altaic

*c'`iku few, poor/Altaic [ss]

*c'ikán/Turc
*c'üge-n/Mongol
*c'uki/Tungus [ss]

*sä'gu shallow/Altaic [ss]

*siga-r /Mongol
*sigi- /Tungus
*sai-m /Korean
*sú /Japanese [ss]

*sik`u small, few /Altaic [ss]

*sik /Turc
*sike- /Tungus
*skà- /Korean
*sùkù- /Japanese [ss]

*sio:k`u to be hollow, crack /Altaic [ss]

*suk- 1 to stick in, insert 2 hollow wood, whistle /Turkic
*sekeg|e / *segeg|e crack, hole /Mongolian
*si:k- 1 polynya 2 hollow vessel, whistle 3 to put into, insert /Tungus
*sky/-m, *ski/- 1 crack 2 to insert, to sheath /Korean
*suk- 1 to be hollow 2 crack, hole /Japanese [ss]

Turkic

cik, -cîk diminitive suffix; sîkî tight /Turkish

Japanese

chikai, short; early; immediate; near; close; shiganai poor; miserable; wretched; sukoshi little; small quantity; sukenai little; few; scanty; sukunai few; little; rare; scanty; meagre

Sino-Tibetan

*Ce>k ( ~ C/-, -i@-) emaciated /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "emaciated; suffering"
ji 2 Modern (Beijing) < z|jek Middle Chinese < z|(h)ek ( ~ z|/-) Old Chinese

c/ac/ to loose weight. /Burmese [ss]

Basque

zeken stingy, miserly; zikoitz niggardly; greedy
txiki-tu (B,G,U) to make small; to reduce; to rip

Caucasian

*z^|i>k.wA> / *k.i>z^|wA> short /North Caucasian [ss]

* ĉ.ik.:w|V- small, short (in height) /Andian [ss]

ĉ.ik.:u-b /Chamalal [ss]

* ĉ:i[k.]V- short /Lezghian [ss]

z^iq:i /Tabasaran; z^aq:e-f /Agul; z^|yk-dy /Rutul; ?z^|it.a-na /Tsakhur [ss]

*k./ac^.w|@ short /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-k./a/ ĉ. Abkhaz; ĉ./a ĉ./@ Adyghe; ĉ.as./ Circassian [ss]

*c./_wa":qV few /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.o|x|:- few /Tsezian [ss]

c.ox|x|u /Inkhokvari [ss]

*c.iq.w|- few /Dargwa [ss]

c.i:q.w|aj /Chiragh [ss]

*c^.w|eq.(a) (~-a"-,-i-) few /Lezghian [ss]

c^.uq. /Agul [ss]

Dravidian

*ĉik- small /Dravidian [ss]

*ĉik- small /South Dravidian [ss]

cikka in brief, in a nutshell /Tamil; cikkin.i young, small (said of girls) Malayalam; cikka, ciga little, small, young /Kannada; ci:ku smallness, littleness of size, used of grain and pulse; cikkatana childhood, youth /Kannada; cikk-ad.ake very young, tender areca-nut /Kodagu; cikka little, young, small, short /Tulu; cikini tender, young, small; cikke\ a dwarf; (B-K) cikkeli a small variety of mouse /Tulu [ss]

cikku (cikki-) to become lean or emaciated; cikal (cikalv-, cikan-r--) to diminish, decrease, perish; n. want, ruin (Tamil); cikk- (cikki-) to become tired; cikki numb sensation of mouth produced by areca-nut (Kod.agu); cikku to become lean or thin (Telugu); sik- (-t-) to be reduced (as body), fail (in flesh), pine in fear, etc. (Kond.a)(DEDR 2503). [sk]

cak lean (of meat); cakn lean man; fem. caky (Kota); cakku, cekku stunted, short, lean; cakke a weakling, lean person (Tulu)(DEDR 2268). [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

siogaid a starveling, lean person /Gaelic. [mcb]

Slavic

sićenje satiating, sating; sićušan tiny, minute, microscopic; petty, trifling, paltry; narrow-mindedness; sićušnost smallness, puniness; trifling matter; narrow-mindedness /Serbo-Croatian

Albanian

i/e cekët shallow

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

zakk (v.n.) squeezing, pressing; straightening /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

shaqi poor, miserable, wretched; insolent; villainous, vicious. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says the Persian is found in Arabic but the origin is uncertain.

zaiq, ziq (v.n.) being narrow, strait, or tight; being close, covetous; being unable to hold; tightness; anguish, vexation, grief, melancholy; straits, difficulties; dilemma; [ziqu 's-sadr ('n-nafas), Difficulty of breathing, asthma;] -- zaiyiq, Strait, narrow; close, miserly /Persian

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

zaiqat narrow circumstances, poverty, straits; one of the mansions of the moon; a tract between Ta'if and Hunain /Persian

[fjs] says the Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

Indo-Aryan

sUcIvaktra having a mouth or aperture as pointed as a needle , too narrow; sUcImukha the point of a needle; a partic. hell BhP. ; n. having a beak &c. as sharp as a nñneedle AV. Pan5cat. ; pointed or sharp as a needle MBh. ; narrow; sUkSma minute , small , fine , thin , narrow , short , feeble , trifling , insignificant , unimportant /Sanskrit [sk]

Blackfoot (Algonquin)

sikk decrease the mass of, lower

Muskogean/Eastern

sikóopa to be poor, be destitute, suffer hardship, be shabby; to be weak, feeble, sickly /Alabama [tm]

{poss. from /sikóopa-a} [tm]

Quechua

chikallanta a little {chikalla " just; only" + -nta "through, across"} [q2]
chuqu narrow and long [q2]

Ulwa

sikitnaka vt. (sikitpi) squeeze (e.g. in fist); crush with hand [ud]
sukutnaka vt. (sukutpi) clench; clinch [ud]

Yuki

tcuk fall4 off [y84]

csikó foal /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #122> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

c#@gw- small (to be) /Proto North Agaw

Cushitic, South

ts'igan- offspring/young /Proto Rift

Caucasian

*ĉ.a">ku> / *ĉa">k.u> young (of animals), boy /North Caucasian [ss]

*ĉik.e A kid /Tsezian [ss]

ĉik.i /Khvarshi; ĉik.e /Inkhokvari; ĉik.e /Bezhita; ĉik.e /Gunzib [ss]

ĉ.aku kid (less than 2-3 y. old) /Lak [ss]

*ĉ.ik.a chicken /Dargwa [ss]

*ĉ.a"k.u-j goat less than 2 years old /Lezghian [ss]

ĉ.ak.u /Agul [ss]

*ĉ./@k.w|@ 1 young boy, youngster 2 small /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a/- ĉ./k.w|@n 1 /Abkhaz; ĉ./k.w@n 1,2 /Abaza [ss]

szikk to dry /Hungarian

Basque

siku (B) arid
xukatu (U) to drain, dry (something) off; to remove water from

Dravidian

cukku (cukki-) to get dry /Tamil; cukkuka to grow dry, shrivel; cukku dry /Malayalam [sk]

Indo-European

Greek

psuchô dry, make dry /Classical Greek [lsj1]

Italic

siccus dry /Latin

zsugor-od to shrink; zsugor-i miser, niggard // miserly, niggardly /Hungarian

Sumerian

sig9 narrow [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

sgrh. to quell, make to cease /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic/Turkic

ÿygryl-mak 1. to shrink, be shy 2. to waver /Turkmen [glnp]
ÿygyr-mak 1. to crumple, twist, wrinkle 2. to draw in /Turkmen [glnp]

Basque

xuhur miserly; tight-fisted (with money)
zuhur wise, sensible, cautious, prudent; observant, shrewd, keen; stingy, economical, thrifty

Dravidian

surku, sukku to contract, shrivel, shrink, fade; surku, sukku, sun:ku, sokku contracting, shrivelling, shrinking, a wrinkle /Kannad.a; cukkuka to grow dry, shrivel (Malayalam) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

sgrog, sgrogag anything shrivelled, a shrivelled old woman, old cow or ewe /Gaelic, sgrog, shrivel; from the Scottish scrog, a stunted bush, sgroggy, stunted, English scraggy, Danish skrog, Swed. skrokk, anything shrunken, Norse skrokkr; sgruigean neck of a bottle, the neck (in ridicule) /Gaelic, Irish sgruigín, neck of a bottle, short-necked person; sgruit an old shrivelled person, a thin person /Gaelic, Irish sgruta, an old man, sgrutach, lean, sgrut, a contemptible person; cf. Norse skrudda, a shrivelled skin, old scroll [mcb]

Slavic

skratiti to shorten, abbreviate, cut, abridge, reduce in size; contract /Serbo-Croatian
skrb care; thrift, thriftiness; concern, worry; sorrow /Serbo-Croatian
skrbiti be thrifty, save /Serbo-Croatian
skrutiti to stiffen; solidify; coagulate, set, curdle /Serbo-Croatian
škrt stingy, avaricious, mean, miserly /Serbo-Croatian
skrčiť sa shrink /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian/Avestan

zhghórem keep /Pashto [tr] ?

Indo-Aryan/Sanskrit

su~gor.an. to shrink /Lahnda_; sa~gor.n.a_, su~gor.n.a_ to contract, draw up (as the arms and legs) /Punja_bi_; sakor.na_, sikor.na_, si~kor.na_ to contract, compress, crumple together; suker.na_, saker.na_ /Hindi_; sa~_gur.o narrow/Kumauni_; sa~_guro /Nepa_li; sa~_kur /Or.iya_; sa~_kar narrow; n. narrow lane /Hindi_; sakra_ tight, narrow /Hindi_; sa~_kr.u~ /Gujara_ti_; sa~_kad., sa~_kd.a_ tight, narrow /Mara_t.hi_; sa~_kad., sa~_kd.e~ a difficulty /Mara_t.hi_ [sk]

POINTEDNESS, EDGE, BORDER, SUDDENNESS, ANGULARITY, SEVERITY

śaca point; śacri to fix, fasten; śacrni sharp, pointed [az96] /Etruscan
śacrtuna incisor, chisel; śacu, śaxu acute, wise [az96] /Etruscan
< *stakh- point, sharpness [az96]

csák-ány pickaxe; csáklya grappling hook/iron; pickaxe; csák plow [archaic] /Hungarian
szeg 1) measure of land (archaic); 2) nail; 3) to break an oath /Hungarian
szek-erce pointed battle ax /Hungarian
szig-ony harpoon /Hungarian
szikl-ás rocky, craggy /Hungarian
zakl-at to molest, worry /Hungarian
zökk-en to jolt /Hungarian
zuh-an to fall suddenly, thud /Hungarian

Uralic

süng a wedge /Ugrian

Sumerian

sukur spear, lance [jh]

Scythian

sag-aris battle ax [Herodotus]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

sikkatu peg; zaqpu pointed /Akkadian [oi3]

skh N skt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr,JBA nail 2 Palestinian,Syr ploughshare 3 Syr wedge 4 Syr wart 5 JBA thorn 6 Palestinian peg

LS2 472

LS2 v: sek.t_A)

skyn N skyn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr,JBA knife

LS2 474, J 990

pl: s:ak.iyne)
LS2 v: sak.iyn

xcyn N xcyn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,JBA axe

LS2 251

LS2 V: xaciynA)

syqwr N syqwr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,Syr axe

LS2 496

LS2 v: siyquwrA)

Altaic

iuk`e to carve, tear /Altaic [ss]

*so"k- to split, tear apart /Turkic [ss]

so"k- Old Turkic; so"k- Turkmen [ss]

*su"ke axe /Mongolian [ss]

suke (SH) /Middle Mongolian; su"x /Khalkha; su"k@ /Kalmuck; sugu, suge: /Dagur; sugo /Monguor [ss]

*ŝuk- 1 chisel 2 to carve, engrave 3 to hit (with horns), butt, strike 4 notches on bow ends /Tungus [ss]

ŝuki- 3, ŝukun 4 /Manzhu; ĉuktuli- 2 (On.) /Nanai [ss]

*sa\ki/- to carve, engrave /Korean [ss]

sa\ki/- /Middle Korean [ss]

*s[e:]ĉ wise, careful /Altaic [ss]

*seĉ- to choose, select /Turkic
*seĉe-n wise, clever /Mongolian
*sa:ĉe be careful /Tungus
*sa/t@/- ( ~ -ua) wise /Japanese [ss]

Turkic

sygys a wedge /AncTurkic
ĉakan battle-axe (Kazakh, Kyrgyz); ĉaqan battle-axe (Uigur) [Chong]

Tungus

suhe axe; suhecen a small axe /Manchu [as]

Japanese

sōga claws and teeth; fangs

Austric

toki, piau axe /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian

*c.@q.V ( ~ -o>-,-e>-) sharp /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.o|q.V- ( ~ -o-) sharp /Tsezian [ss]

c.oq.iju /Tsezi; c.oq.q.u /Khvarshi

*c.aq.- sharp /Dargwa [ss]

c.aq.-si /Akusha [ss]

Dravidian

cakna_ to sharpen an edge instrument, whet (Kurux.); cake to sharpen, whet (Malt.o)(DEDR 2277). [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

see Latin sac- [az96]
see Latin sagax "shrewd, acute", sagio, staca [az96]

sĕcūris -is, axe, hatchet; esp. the headman's axe, hence supreme power, Roman supremacy; sĭca -ae dagger, dirk, poniard [Cassell]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

tshakush, tshaakuss hammer /Pashto [tr]

chakhmakh a battle-axe fastened to the saddle; etc /Persian [fjs]

chakhmagh, chakhmaq a kind of battle-axe; etc /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says chakhmagh, chakhmaq also in Turkish without proof positive to which it belongs originally

Indo-Aryan

sUcIvaktra having a mouth or aperture as pointed as a needle , too narrow; sUcImukha the point of a needle; a partic. hell BhP. ; n. having a beak &c. as sharp as a nñneedle AV. Pan5cat. ; pointed or sharp as a needle MBh. ; narrow; sUkSma minute , small , fine , thin , narrow , short , feeble , trifling , insignificant , unimportant; sUca a pointed shoot or blade of Kus3a grass; f. pointing out , indication Ja1takam. ; piercing; gesticulation; spying out , sight , seeing; sUcI a needle or any sharppointed instrument (e.g. `" a needle used in surgery "' , `" a magnet "' &c.) RV.; the sharp point or tip of anything or any pointed object Ka1v. [sk]

Quechua

chici splinter; chuki spear [q2]

Ulwa

suksuk spear, lance [ud]

Yuki

są(·)k, sah-ahk, sŭk', sank, sükh tooth, teeth [y84]

csecs pap, nipple /Hungarian
csecsemő suckling; baby; infant [/cs/ similar to /ch/ sound}/Hungarian

Altaic

*č`ăjižV breast /Altaic [ss]

*čijči /Turc
*čegeži /Mongol
*ča(i)ža-n /Tungus
*čjóč /Korean
*, *tìti /Japan [ss]

Dravidian

ca_ci mother's milk (nursery)/Tamil; ca_ci, ta_ci a childish word for the female breast /Kannad.a; ca_ci woman's breast /Telugu [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

chuchu a nipple /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

cu_cuka nipple (R.Pali.); cucuka, cucu_ka /Sanskrit; cu_a /Prakrit; cuci /Sanskrit [sk]

Quechua

chuchu nipple, breast [q1]
chichiy to suckle; to nurse; to give milk [q2]
chuchuchiy to suckle; to nurse; to give milk [q2]

csúcs point; summit, pinnacle; csücske point, tip; corner /Hungarian

Altaic

*ĉ`[i]ĉ`V spout, prick, penis /Altaic [ss]

*ĉiĉi- 1 to prick 2 prick, thorn, sprout /Mongolian [ss]

ĉiĉigina 'herb root' /Middle Mongolian; ĉiĉi- 1, ĉiĉu":r 2 /Khalkha; ĉiĉ@- 1, ĉiĉu":r, ĉiĉe|:sn. 2 /Kalmuck; ĉiĉi- 1 /Dagur [ss]

*ĉiĉ 1 penis 2 spout (of a tea-pot) /Tungus [ss]

ĉoĉo 1 /Manzhu; ĉi.ĉi.qo 2 /Nanai; ĉi.ĉu. 1,2 /Ulcha; tu.tu. 1 /Orok [ss]

*ĉa:>ĉi penis /Korean [ss]

ĉa:z^|i (orth. ĉa:>ĉi), ĉot (orth. ĉoĉ) /Modern Korean [ss]

Turkic

çiçeñ to the point, right; çiçeñ atïghcï good marksman; çiçeñ çooxtandï s/he spoke to the point, hit the mark /Khakas [kl]

Japanese

chōjō mountain top, summit, peak

Caucasian

*c.o>c.V ( ~ c._) tip, spout /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.uc.- ( ~ -o-) spout (of a tea-pot, jar) /Nakh [ss]

c.uzam /Chechen [ss]

*c.oc.(a) 1. spout (of a tea-pot) 2. clitoris; ring-stone /Lezghian [ss]

c.uc. /Lezghi; c.yc. 2 /Kryz [ss]

Muskogean/Eastern

chiichi penis Usage: Euphemism, nursery word /Alabama [tm]

Sardu/Sardinian

cùccuru "peak (of a mountain)" [slc]

A pre-Roman word [slc]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

čuč sprout, tendril, baby plant; little finger /Baluchi [mab]

szeg 1) measure of land (archaic); 2) nail; 3) to break an oath /Hungarian
szegély hem, seam, border, edge, margin /Hungarian

Sumerian

zag, boundary, border, limit, side; cusp, beginning; territory, district, place; sanctuary; percentage; a measure for fish; shoulder; right (side); front; outside of [jh]

Altaic

*ĉ`ake boundary, section /Altaic [ss]

* ĉ ygyr 1 boundary, limit 2 small path /Turkic [ss]

ĉ yg|yr 2 /Old Turkic; ĉ ygyr 2 /Turkish [ss]
ĉ ygyr 1 /Turkmen [ss]

* ĉ ig direction /Mongolian [ss]

ĉ ig /Khalkha [ss]

* ĉ aki- 1 partition (in house) 2 to tread a path /Tungus [ss]

ĉ axin 1 /Manzhu; ĉ aki- 2 /Evenki [ss]

* ĉ ha/i section of a building /Korean [ss]

ĉ ha/i Middle Korean; ĉ ha" Modern Korean [ss]

*siga border, interval /Altaic [ss]

*sygra 1 valley 2 interval between two fingers /Turkic [ss]

syg|ra 1, syg|raq 2 /Old Turkic [ss]

*sig- interval /Tungus [ss]

si, sidu /Manzhu; hidla /Even; sigdile: /Evenki [ss]

*sa\ka\pi\ border /Japanese [ss]

sa\ka\pji\ Old Japanese; sakai Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

çagha girdle, seam, edge /Khakas < CT *yaka [kl]

In Sagay, Koybal dialects obsol collar [kl]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*cą.cqa.- "the cord of average/mean thickness" (шнур средней толщины) 1; "to edge" (оторочить) 2 /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1565]

ina-ccącqat- (III) 2 /Koryak; cącqa-nγeŋ1 /Palan [ss]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

si_ga^l-ôma, atos, to,

I. instrument for smoothing or polishing, esp. of shoemakers for smoothing leather; II. border, edging of a dress

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

síc (f.) hem of a garment or robe /Sanskrit

szék chair, seat, throne /Hungarian

Altaic

Turkic

*säki, *sakü /Old Turkic [Chong]

saGõ, sak bench, etc. (Chuvash); säkü bench (Kipchak); seki base of a column or pillar; a stone that is used for sitting (Turkish); säkü booth, stall; counter (in a store); platform (Turk - Kashgari)

seki porch /Turkmen [glnp]

tsek "couch, bed" /Cuman [pbg]

Mongol

següke, seüke portable chair (Literary Mongol) [Chong]

Japanese

seki a seat; one's place; sûki helm of state

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

tshawki chair /Pashto [tr]

sako, suko a sofa, settle, bench, garden-seat /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

cau~ki_ stool /Sindhi_; cauki_ square low seat /Hindi_; caukho, cauko wooden seat /Kumauni_; cauki chair /Nepa_li; coki_ square low seat /Gujara_ti_; cauk square /Lahnda_; cok square, market, number four /Gujara_ti_; caukkka set of four, cross-roads, square /Prakrit; cau~ku frame of door, square; cau~ko figure 4/Sindhi_; cak increased by four (Bhoj.); cauk square, market /Hindi_; cok square, market, number four /Gujara_ti_; coko quadrangular spot, cooking place/Gujara_ti_ [sk]

Muskogean/Eastern

chiika2 to sit, take a seat, settle down (of several) /Alabama [tm]

Quechua

chukuna stool [q2]

szög- angle, corner, pointed; zug corner /Hungarian

Altaic

*zök`o side; corner; direction /Altaic [ss]

*jak /Turc
*züg /Mongol
*zuku- /Tungus
*dòkò /Japanese [ss]

Basque

xoko (L,LN), zoko corner; zoko-tsu angular

szigor severity, sternness /Hungarian

Sino-Tibetan

*s/ikw| severe, violent /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese "be solemn; eager, fast" [ss]
su 4 Modern (Beijing) < sju"k Middle Chinese < sikw| Old Chinese

s/ugs power, energy. /Tibetan
(?) z^|a?2 be hard, solid, (H) az^|a forcibly. /Kachin
sok violently, hard, with force, roughly. /Lushei [ss]

Basque

zakar (B,G,L,U) coarse, rough, harsh; zakar-tu to be rough, become rude, become gruff
zigor punishment, whip (LN); zigor-tu (C) to punish

Dravidian

sa~_ku to educate, foster (Telugu)(DEDR 2427). [sk]

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

s'iks. learn; s'iks.an.a act of learning; in cmpd. teaching; s'iks.a_ punishment (Sanskrit) [sk]

sikha learning (Sindhi_); sikkh advice (Punja_bi_); si_kh (Kumauni_); dekha-siki imitation (Nepa_li); sikha advice, instruction (Old Awadhi_); si_kh (Hindi_); si_kha advice (Old Gujara_ti_); si_kh punishment (Gujara_ti_); hik study (Sinhalese) [sk]

Quechua

siqullu // seqollo whip [q2]

śale, śalie, śalvi star; splendid [az96] /Etruscan
saliethi "light, illumination" [az96] /Etruscan
śaltuc "shining" [az96] /Etruscan
śalthn "to shine, illuminate" [az96] /Etruscan
zalthirie to shine [az96] < *stelkw- [az96: 17] /Etruscan

csill-ag star; csill-ám to glitter; csill-an to flash; csill-og to glitter,sparkle /Hungarian
sül to bake, roast /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian csillog possibly derives from

*c'elke- sparkle (Proto FU) [Chong]

ĉil' radiant, shining /Udmurt (FU) [Chong]

dul fire /Finnish
delne country oven (archaic) /Hungarian
gyújt-; gyúl- ignite; to set on fire; to catch fire /Hungarian

Hungarian gyújt-; gyúl- are officially of unknown origin.[Chong]

{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

Sumerian

dalla (n.) beam, ray (v.) to be or make bright; to shine.[jh]
zalag (2), zal light, brightness; bright, luminous, radiant, pure [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

taal (v.) to light, start, kindle /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

dlq (vb.) /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,BibAr,Palestinian,CPA,JBA to burn, to light
012 Syr to flash, to shine
013 Syr to rise (of the sun)
014 LJLA to pursue closely (= MT)
021 Syr,JBA to kindle, to light
031 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to light a lamp
032 Palestinian,Syr to kindle a fire

LS2 155

zlg#2 V /Aramaic [cal]

031 Syr to shine
032 Syr to make to shine
061 Syr to be illuminated

LS2 197 LS2 v.: zlg

zlg N zlg) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr splendor, shine

LS2 197 LS2 v.: zelg.A)

zlq V /Aramaic [cal]

031 Syr to make to shine

LS2 198 > zlg#2

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #125> [oi4]

Cushitic

dehalay [LW < Afar?] embers, charcoal (Bedawiye, Beja)
t'ilh!-, tulh!- charcoal /Proto East Cushitic
t'ilih!- glow /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic

*t`io:lo to shine, reflect /Altaic [ss]

*tolui reflecting surface, mirror /Mongolian [ss]

to-li (HY) Middle Mongolian; tol/ /Khalkha; tol@ /Kalmuck; toli /Dagur; to:l@ /Monguor [ss]

*ti:- to become full (of moon) /Tungus [ss]

ti:.- /Negidal; ti:- /Evenki [ss]

*tair- ( ~ tiar-) to shine /Japanese [ss]

te\r- /Old Japanese; teru to shine; to be fine (weather) /Tokyo [ss]

*ziol/a to shine, blaze /Altaic [ss]

*ja.l/(ĉ)- to blaze, flame /Turkic [ss]

jaŝu- /Old Turkic; s/is/- /Chuvash [ss]

*solon|ga rainbow /Mongolian [ss]

*sulu:-n flame /Tungus [ss]

sulu:n /Evenki [ss]

*sa>\r- to burn, blaze /Korean [ss]

sa>\r- /Middle Korean [ss]

*sas- to shine /Japanese [ss]

sas-u /Old Japanese; sasu /Tokyo [ss]

*t`ulV (~ -o-) to burn /Altaic [ss]

*tu"le- to burn /Mongolian [ss]

tu"le- /Written Mongolian; tule|- (IM), tula"- (MA), tule:- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; tu"le- /Khalkha; tu"li-, tu"le- /Buriat; tu"l- /Kalmuck; tu"le-, tu"li- /Ordos; tulie- /Dongxian; tule- /Baoan; telee- /Shary-Yoghur; tule:- /Monguor; tule-, tulu- /Dagur [ss]

*tola- to kindle (a torch) /Tungus [ss]

Turkic

∫öhle ray, beam; ∫öhlelendirmek 1. to shine 2. to illuminate, elucidate /Turkmen [glnp]
ÿyldyramak to sparkle, glitter, flash; ÿyldyz star /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

šari lightning, rainbow, light /Manchu [as]

Austric

sulu- to shine /Proto-Oceanic [pkm]
sila- to shine /Proto-Philippine [pkm]
sarang- refulgent /Tagalog [pkm]
sulu- light, /Kapampangan [pkm]
zelag- to shine /Proto-Philippine [pkm]
sellag- bright or full (of the moon) /Ilokano [pkm]
sarang- the human ear when light can be seen through it when viewed in a certain way /Ilokano [pkm]

Austro-Asiatic

jhile mile, jilmil shining, polished, burnished, beautiful; jhalkao to shine, to flash, be burnished; jhalmal resplendent, clean and bright; jhalmalao to be trim, clean; neatly executed; jhal jhal to glisten, to glitter (Santali.lex) [sk]

Sino-Tibetan

*Cil/H bright /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

zil brightness, splendour /Tibetan [ss]

c/an/? be bright, brilliant /Burmese [ss]

Caucasian

*s/Vl?V ( ~ s/-,-l/-,-h|-) light, ray /North Caucasian [ss]

*sa 1 light; eye-sight 2 dawn 3 to dawn /Nakh [ss]

sa 1 /Chechen; sa-x|ila 3 /Ingush; sa-x|il|no 2 /Batsbi [ss]

*riŝ(:)V (~l-,y,u) sun ray /Tsezian [ss]

*ŝ:ala light (n.) Dargwa [ss]

ŝala /Akusha; ŝ:ala /Chiragh [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*jąhĩ-lγą- moon (луна) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN458]

*jąhiLγą-n moon, month (луна, месяц) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN519]

j?il_γą-n /Chukchee; jąhilγą-n /Koryak; jihąlγą-n /Palan; jahil_γą- /Alutor [ss]

*je'alγąn moon /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN466]

je'alγin moon (луна) /Sedank dialect; 'ą'ali_n, 'ą'alγąn Luna, mensis /West Itelmen [ss]

Dravidian

tul.an:ku (tul.an:ki-) to shine, be bright, luminous, radiate; tul.akkam brightness, splendour; tul.akku (tul.akki-) to polish; tul.umpu (tul.umpi-) to sparkle, glitter, shine; tulan:ku (tulan:ki-) to shine, glitter, be bright, be polished, be clear; tulakku (tulakki-) to polish, burnish, cause to shine, illumine, make clear, sharpen; n. lustre, polish; tulakkam lustre, brightness, splendour, polish, gloss, clearness (Tamil); tul.an.n.uka to glitter; tul.akkuka to burnish; tul.akkam splendour; til.an.n.uka, tel.an.n.uka to shine, glitter; til.akkam, tel.akkam splendour;[cf. tilakam vermilion mark on the forehead of women (Tamil)]; tol.agu to shine, be full of splendour; n. shine, splendour; tol.apu shine, lustre (Kannad.a); tulakincu to shine, rejoice; tulakimpu shining, rejoicing; tola~ku to shine, be splendid (Telugu)(DEDR 3360). [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

selaô (selas), intr., shine
sela^g-eô, (selas) enlighten, illuminate; beam brightly; shine, beam

Slavic

zora (n.) dawn /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

chiragh lamp; light; the wick of a candle etc. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

chilkagh to shine, glitter. Si. chilkanu /N. Baluchi [mld]

Aryan

ca_l light, bright (Bashkari_k); culo (Chili_s); cou (Gauro); c.alo_ lighted torch (Shina) [sk]

dél noon, south /Hungarian
derű bright weather; derül to clear up (weather/sky) /Hungarian
ki-derül to come to light; become known; to clear up; to brighten /Hungarian

Uralic

One official source sees Hungarian dél deriving from a Turkic source.
Another expert sees it as deriving from Old Turkic or Chuvash. [Chong]

Sumerian

dalla (n.) beam, ray (v.) to be or make bright; to shine.[jh]
dara 4, dar 4 dark, dim; high [jh]

Sino-Tibetan

*thu:r (~dh-,-o:-) bright, shine /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning bright, enlighten

chun 2 Modern (Beijing) < z|/win Middle Chinese < dhur Old Chinese [ss]

Burmese: thwanh to gleam, shine, inflame.[ss]

Afro-Asiatic

Dwr to be (come) light /Central Semitic [ahd]
Dôr to be (come) light./Hebrew [ahd]

(1) Altaic

*t`io:lo to shine, reflect /Altaic [ss]

*tolui reflecting surface, mirror /Mongolian [ss]

to-li (HY) Middle Mongolian; tol/ /Khalkha; tol@ /Kalmuck; toli /Dagur; to:l@ /Monguor [ss]

*ti:- to become full (of moon) /Tungus [ss]

ti:.- /Negidal; ti:- /Evenki [ss]

*tair- ( ~ tiar-) to shine /Japanese [ss]

te\r- /Old Japanese; teru to shine; to be fine (weather) /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

çarï= to become light, to shine. /Khakas (< CT *yaru=) [kl]

Japanese

deru to come out; emerge; appear; turn up

(2) Altaic

*tu:\l/i clear sky, noon /Altaic [ss: 2280]

*du"l/ noon /Turkic [ss: 1262]

tu"ŝ /Karakhanid; tu"ŝ /Middle Turkic; du"ŝ (dial.) /Turkish; du"ŝ (dial.) /Turkmen; to"ŝ /Tatar; tu"ŝ /Kirghiz; tu"s /Kazakh; tu"s /Noghai; tu"ŝ /Balkar; tu"ŝ /Kumyk; tu"s /Karakalpak; tuŝ /Uzbek; ĉu"ŝ /Uighur; to"ŝ /Bashkir; du"'ŝ (Tuv.), du"ŝ (Tof.) /Tuva-Tofalar; tu"ŝ /Altai [ss]

It is thought that Hungarian dél "south" derives from Turkic Chuvash [ss]

*du"li middle (of day, night) /Mongolian [ss: 1231]

Written Mongolian: du"li ; Middle Mongolian: duli ; Khalkha: du"l ; Monguor: dur 'midi, milieu du jour'

*do:la: clear, open sky /Tungus [ss: 1446]

Evenki: do:lo: ; Even: delъd

Dravidian

terul. (terul.v-, terun.t.-) to know, gain true knowledge, perceive, ascertain, understand clearly, be renowned, be clear, lucid; n. knowledge, intelligence, clear perception, comprehension, wisdom /Tamil [sk]

*te:r- to be clear, evident /Dravidian [DEDR 3419][ss: 1526]

*ter-i-/*te:r- clear, evident; bright /South Dravidian [ss: 2858]

teri (-v-, -nt-) to be seen, perceived, ascertained, become evident, be understood, intelligible, clear, possess the power of sight, be conscious (as of one's guilt); investigate, test, ascertain, inquire, know, understand, select, choose, learn through listening, sift /Tamil; teriyuka to understand, know, choose, examine /Malayalam; tiri- (tiriv-, tirin~j-) to come to be known /Kodagu; teriyuni, teripuni to be known, understood, comprehended; understand (with dative); be able, feel, perceive, conceive /Tulu

*ter-i>- to choose /Nigiri [ss: 737]

teyr- (terc-) "to choose, divide out or off" /Kota; tyry- (tyrs-) "to choose, separate (calves from buffaloes, etc.)" /Toda

*tir- clear, shining /Gondwan [ss: 1265]

*tir- clear; shining /Kui-Kuwi [ss: 1181]

tiri "clear, shining, bright, pure, holy" /Kui; tripu a:- "to come to one's senses" /Kuwi

ca:ing (dial. ta:-, tia:-; neg. tipp-, titt-, < base *tir-) to understand, know, realize, regard /Brahui [ss: 42]

tel. to become clear; tel.ir (-v-, -nt-) to shine, sparkle (Tamil); tel.i clearness, brightness (Malaylam); teli, seli clear, pure, filtered (Tulu) (DEDR 3433).[sk]

(0) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

d∂ra bu∂g to appear, become evident, be revealed, seen. d∂ra k∂n∂g to reveal, make evident, bare. d∂r [k]ar∂g to bring out, create, produce, give rise to. d∂r [k]ay∂g to come out. d∂r b∂r∂g to pass through, get through; to swallow (i.e. to pass something down the throat). d∂r gej∂g to discover, find, unearth, uncover. d∂r k∂n∂g to take out, remove, expel. d∂r k∂p∂g to emerge, come out, go out, get out. d∂r kynz∂g to move out, flow out. d∂r r∂v∂g to go out. d∂r šan∂g to express, reveal, make clear. /Baluchi [mab]

All derivatives of Baluchi d∂r 'out, outside; open fields, area outside a city' [mab]

(1) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj]

dêlos (1) visible, conspicuous (2) dêlon poiein show plainly
dêloô make visible or manifest, show, exhibit; make known, disclose, reveal
dêlonoti, i.e. dêlon [estin] hoti used adverbially, clearly, manifestly

Albanian

*t|el(u)- /Proto Albanian; thjelle't clear, serene, fair (weather) < *k/elH- 'to freeze' /PIE [bd]

Baltic

ŝa/lti `to freeze' /Lithuanian is also a cognate of the Albanian [bd]

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

dher- muddy, to make / darkness [cg2]

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Last updated 25 June 2008