Etruscan Hungarian
Word List
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This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?

-na suffix of possession or reference [lb] /Etruscan

Uralic

-n genitive singular; -in, -en, -den, -ten, or -tten genitive plural /Finnish
-n genitive suffix /Karelian

possession suffix 'of' /Hungarian
-i plural possessive suffix /Hungarian
-né suffix meaning 'wife of' /Hungarian (????)

Note that the Hungarian suffix is not a genitival ending, as the ordinary genitive construct does not exist in Hungarian. It is defined by the technical term of the "anaphora possessiva" suffix (where 'anaphora' means 'a carrying back').

Sumerian

-na genitive suffix [jh]

Altaic

Turkic

-in genitive suffix 'of' /Turkish

-nin after vowels (subject to vowel harmony, of course!)

Tungus

Manchu [as]

i genitive particle
ni genitive case marker (after -ng)
-ni (Sibe) instrumental/genitive case marker

Jurchen [jl]

-i genitive case (attached to a noun ending in a vowel)
-ni genitive case (front verb vowel stem)

An extinct language, related to Manchu. It was spoken by the Nuzhen people [source]

Basque [lt3]

-en genitive suffix 'of'

The case-suffix <-en> in the modern Basque appears as <-e> in personal pronouns and in a few other seemingly fossilized forms; this <-e> appears to be an old genitive suffix.

Dravidian/Brahui [sva]

The genitive singular is formed by adding the termination -nâ to the singular stem of the substantive: lumma - lummanâ (mother).

The genitive plural is formed by adding the termination to the plural stem of the substantive, which is obtained by changing the plural suffix -k into -t: lumma - lummaghâk - lummaghâtâ.

Etruscan [lb]

-na suffix of possession or reference - creates an adjective for example,

aisna, eisna 'pertaining to god', 'divine'
śuthina 'of or pertaining to the tomb' < śuthi 'tomb'

Indo-European

Celtic/Gaulish (?)

-i genitive suffix

Italic

-i genitive suffix /Latin
-is genitive suffix /Latin

Slavic [sgt]

-a genitive singular /Russian
-u the so-called `second genitive' suffix /Russian

The two suffixes are functionally distinguished: the `second genitive' is a partitive, and the original genitive is used for other typically genitive functions (possessive, etc.). So, for instance, čaška čaj-u `cup of tea' (lit. `cup tea-PARTITIVE') is contrasted with cena čaj-a `price of tea' (lit. `price tea-GEN').

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

-(y)e is used in the possessive construction (ezafe) /Persian [ucla, km]

For example, ketab-(y)e "book of"

This morpheme is usually an unwritten vowel, but it could also have an orthographic realization in certain phonological environments. The role of the ezafe is to mark nominal determination and it indicates nothing as to the nature of the semantic relation between the linked elements. In most cases, this relation can be translated as a genitive (or possessive) structure. [km]

Sino-Tibetan/Tamangic

Nar-Phu [mn]

-(y)e, -i genitive
-nê independent genitive

The Nar-Phu language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Chantyal, Gurung, Manangba, Tamang, and Thakali]. There are a number of phonological and lexical differences between the dialects of Nar and Phu.

Nar-Phu is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. The only prefix is negative a- : a-câ-w ‘don’t eat it!’.

Andamanese/South [nb]

-a genitive suffix /Onge

The Andamanese language family is spoken by the indigenous population on the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Today only three tribes remain - the Onge, the Jarawa and the Sentinelese together numbering only a few hundred individuals.

Trans-New Guinea [ecq]

-na 1s.genitive after dorsals; -ŋa in all other environments /Awara

Awara is a Papuan language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, Finisterre-Huon Stock, Wantoat Family

*nac {genitive nac(e)s} size; lofty, elevated [ajp] /Etruscan
nacna big; lofty, elevated [ajp]; next to, last [az96] /Etruscan
*nacnu big, lofty, to be elevated [ajp] /Etruscan
ati nacna grandmother [ati mother] /Etruscan

Uralic

najer king /Ugric

nog big, large /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gbz1]
nagy great, big, large, lofty, elevated /Hungarian
nagy-anya grand-mother; nagy-apa grand-father /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian nagy is 'possibly' of F-U origin

? nat's' completely, totally (Izˆma Komi, Sysola Komi); nad'z' miserly, stingy (Sysola Komi)] [Chong]

Sumerian

nir prince; strength,force; nigu fattened

Afro-Asiatic

noq great, large; greater, older /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
nex fat, thick /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

Tungus

? nuhu high place (Manchu) [Chong]

Japanese

nagai long; lengthy

Austric (?)

ngako (n.) fat /Mäori [ng, ua]

Basque

nagusi boss,chief,principal
nagusi-tu to grow up

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*-nequ (~ -ń-) magnifying suffix (увеличительный суффикс) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN883]

-nequ , -ńequ /Koryak; -ńaqu /Alutor [ss]

Dravidian

na_ga any great or pre-eminent man, modaliga (Kannad.a,Skt.)(Tamil.lex.) na_ka-puram the ancient capital of Ca_vakam (Man.i. 24,169); na_kar a powerful scythian race having the serpent as their totem (Man.i. 16,15)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]

na_kuta_ < na_khuda_ (Persian) captain of a ship (W.)(Tamil)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]

na_yakkan- captain, soldier; headman; title of certain Telugu castes; title of certain Tamil castes as van-n-iyar, ve_t.ar, irul.ar; na_yakam headship, superiority (Tiv. Tiruva_y. 3,10,11); na_yakan- < na_yaka lord, master, chief (Kampara_. An:kata. 21); a person appointed to the headship of ten villages (Cukkirani_ti. 27); na_yan- master, lord (Tiruva_lava_. 54,36); na_yan-a_r title of certain castes as cain-ar, kaikko_l.ar, ut.aiyar and a section of ve_l.a_l.ar (Tamil.lex.)

na_yar a caste of Hindus in Malabar (Tamil); na_yan, na_yar the Su_dras of Ke_ral.a; soldiers of all castes (Malayalam); na'yamm a Na_yar man; fem. na'yarci (Kod.agu); na_yare, na_yima_re a Na_yar of Malabar (Tulu). nakka-p-par-aiyan- headman of the Paraiyas (G.Tp.D. I, 131)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

nad above, over; upper, higher than; overhead; more than higher (superior) in rank /Serbo-Croatian; nadsadzovať exaggerate /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

na_ya leader, chief /Sanskrit [sk]
na_ga any great or pre-eminent man, modaliga (Kannad.a,Sanskrit.)(Tamil.lex.) [sk]

Mayan

from [jd]

Meaning "big"
nucuc# large; nuc great, grand; noj /Laca; nojoc# big, grand; nucuc#; nojc#il bigness; nojoc# big, grand; nucuc# big, large /Yuca; nojoc# /Itza; nooc# /Mopa; nojta' /Chorti; nGoj, nGuc /Chol; no, noH, noc, noj /Chon

from [cw]

nox 'height, increase in size or age, importance' /Chorti

Stross' /x/ replaces Wisdom's /š/

namulth ame to understand /Etruscan
namulthna (which) grasps, perceives [az96] /Etruscan
numa sign, notch, coinage > number [az96] /Etruscan
numta sign, mention [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

nyom (n.) trace, footprint; nyom-oz to investigate /Hungarian
nyom (v.) to press, imprint, print /Hungarian
nyom-ul
to advance, progress, penetrate /Hungarian

Hungarian nyom is possibly of Finno-Ugrian origin. Another source says it may be Uralic or Ugrian. [see Chong]

Sumerian

nám understanding [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

nomte strength, power /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*ńiāmi trace /Altaic [ss]

*jam /Turkic
*žim /Mongol
*ńiām- /Tungus [ss]

Yuki

num smash, mash [y84]

Watch, look, see;
Seer, haruspex

natis "wise, seer" [az96] /Etruscan
nethśra haruspicina; netśvis haruspex [lb] /Etruscan

naz-ir "seers" of the old religion /Old Hungarian [hh96]
néz to look at smtg.; to watch /Hungarian

Uralic

nätšeä to see; to look; nätšijä (n.) witness /Vaddja [fv]
netez, neteződik to watch, look at smtg. /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)

naz-ir "seers" of the old religion /Old Hungarian [hh96]
néz to look at smtg.; to watch /Hungarian (-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

Hungarian néz is officially of FU origin.

*näke- see; watch /Proto FU [Chong]

neili to watch /Vogul; niutaGe watch /Ostjak; naani /Votjak
nähdä
to see /Finn; nägema see /Estonian; niegâdit dream /Lapp

Sumerian

nu image, likeness; máš look, inspect

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

ns.r to watch /Phœnician [cgj]

ntr to see, watch, observe, guard./Semitic Root [ahd]

naşāru to guard, protect /Akkadian [ahd]
naz.ara to see, watch /Arabic [ahd]

nwTr N nwTr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr custody; 2 Syr preservation; 3 Syr watching; 4 Syr conservation; 5 Syr observance

LS2 427

LS2 V: nuwTArA)
abs. voc: nuwTAr

nTr V /Aramaic [cal]

peal_1 passim to watch
__2 passim to keep, to observe
__3 BibArDan,Palestinian,Syr to retain in memory
__4 Syr to beware
__5 Syr,JBA to await
__6 Syr to notice
__7 Syr w. %dwkth% to assume another's duties
__8 Syr %)eblA)% to mourn
ethpeel_1 Syr,JBA to be watched
__2 Syr to be saved
pael_1 JBA,Palestinian,Syr to guard
__2 Palestinian to keep in memory
ethpaal_1 Syr to be saved
__2 JBA to be preserved
(h)afel_1 Syr to order to guard
__2 Syr to entrust
__3 Syr to reserve

LS2 426

@@rh N nTrt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Mand safekeeping, watching
Mand: naTarta

nTrh N nTrt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,Mand safekeeping, watching
Mand: naTarta

Altaic

Turkic

n@z@r- (Azeri); nazar look, glance; the evil eye; nezaret supervision (Turkish); nazar aspect, look (Uzbek) [Chong]

nazar look, glance; view, sight /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

nozoki a peep; nozoku to look

Austro-Asiatic

najari, nanjari blind of one eye (Mun.d.a_ri) (Mun.d.a_ri lex.) [sk]

Dravidian

nazar 1) sight; 2) sight of a gun; 3) evil eye /Brahui

ne_t.u (ne_t.i-) to seek, look out for, desire, consider, aim at (Tamil); nit.t.isu to look at, look at much, inquisitively or sternly, stare (Kannad.a) (DEDR 3766) [sk]

o_kku (no_kki-) to see, look at, behold, view, consider, reflect, regard, pay attention to, arrange, put in order, keep, protect, save, do, perform, resemble, compare, read, desire; n. eye, sight, look, beauty, meaning, intention, knowledgeness, greatness, mode, style; no_kkam eye, eyesight, look, gaze, glance, view, aspects of a planet, appearance, expression, cast of countenance, beauty, attractiveness, watch, design, object, intention, aim, sense, intelligence, attention, observa-tion, desire, indication, sign (Tamil); no_t.t.am examination of coins, assaying, scrutiny of gems, precious metals, etc., value, criticism as by a rival artist or workman, attempt at wit, endeavour to excel, hinder or baffle another in speech (Tamil); no_t.t.am viewing, examination, experienced eye, sharp sight, shroffage, fortune-telling; no_kkuka to look at, view, observe, look after, examine, be in a certain direction, seek, consider, regard, intend; no_kkam view, beauty, eye; no_kkal a look (Malayalam); no.t.- (no.c-) to look at, look for, examine, be looked at; no.t., no.t.m (obl. no.t.t-) a sight (Kota); no_kku look, watchfulness, sight, beauty (Malayalam); nwi.t. (nwi.t.y-) to look at; nwi.t. a sight (Toda); no_d.u to look, look on, look at, view, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see; no_d.uvike looking etc.; no_d.isu to cause to look; no_t.a looking at or on, viewing, behold, look after, examine, consider, take care, see; no_d.uvike looking etc.; no_d.isu to cause to look; no_t.a looking at or on, viewing, beholding, seeing, examination, a sight, spectacle, sight, the power of seeing, a look, appearance; no_t.aka a looker-on, spectator, eyewitness (Kannad.a); no.t.- (no.t.i-) to look at (Kod.agu); no_t.a sight, view, vision, aim; no_d.a_runi, no_d.a_vuni to point at, show; nu_t.a_vuni to show (Tulu)(DEDR 3794).[sk]

(1) Indo-European

Slavic

nadzirati to supervise, oversee, inspect, control /Serbo-Croatian
nazočan present, attendant; witness; nazor opinion, view /Serbo-Croatian
názor opinion /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

nazar (v.n.), Looking at, beholding, seeing, gazing upon, viewing, turning the eyes or the mind towards, scanning; attending to; considering, pondering, weighing, measuring, rating, valuing, estimating; pride, selfesteem; sight, vision, view; look, glance; an oversight; doubt, uncertainty, perplexity /Persian [fjs]

nazur one who attentively looks at another he likes; one who is looked upon or revered above all others, a venerable or respectable man /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists this as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

n∂z∂r eyesight; the evil eye /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

netra eye; (leader) /Sanskrit

Supposed to derive from root "lead, guide, conduct, carry (off)" /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1

noos

(I). 1. mind, as employed in perceiving and thinking, sense, wit; 2. a. to have sense, be sensible, b. to have one's mind directed to something; 3. mind, more widely, as employed in feeling, deciding, etc., heart; 4. mind, resolve, purpose; 5. reason, intellect; (II). 1. act of mind, thought; 2. purpose, design; (III). sense, meaning of a word, etc.,

Etymology is apparently obscure.

ni! nini! look!; lo!; behold! /Hungarian

Uralic

nää to see /Vaddja [fv]
né-z 'to look, watch' /Hungarian

(-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

naa! interj here! /Vaddja [fv]
ni! nini! look!; lo!; behold! /Hungarian

Sumerian

nu image, likeness; máš look, inspect

Niger-Congo (?)

ñ (v) to see; ñaa (n) eye, etc /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

nau look, behold; sight, view, vision /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Cognate Set <Newman et al. (1966) , #90> [oi4]

Chadic

ina see /Bole(wa); na see /Sura; na see /Tera
nan see /Mandara; na see /Zumu (dial. of Bata)

Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #111> [oi4]

Chadic

*na see /Proto Chadic

na see /Bachama; naa see /Karekare
na see /Tera; nahau see /Warji

Indo-European

e:n "look there!" /Proto Indo-European [ryan]

, inj. behold, lo! /Old High German

Blackfoot (Algonquian)

in-i (vti) / in-o (vta), "see" [ryan]

Muskogean/Eastern

má! má! look out!, watch out, hey!, wait! there! /Alabama [tm]

Usage: To draw someone's attention to. [tm]

From or related to

ma 1. that way; that one (distal; previously mentioned) /Alabama [tm]

Yuki

nąw- see [y84]

[alinei]'s interpretation is used to 'link' these words

sem(niśsi) '(looking, watching) eyes' /Etruscan [alinei]

nézésű 'appearing' /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian nézésű
< nézés 'look' + adjectival/verbal suffix which ascribes the attribute of 'watching'
< né-z 'to look, watch' (-z is a frequentative suffix) [alinei]

sem(niśsi) '(seeing) eyes' /Etruscan [alinei]

szem 'eye' /Hungarian

Uralic [Chong]

Hungarian szem is seen as of FU origin.

*silmä (Proto Uralic)

silm (Estonian); silmä (Finnish); sem (Khanty); s'in (Komi); ĉâl'bme (Lapp); säm, šäm (Man's'i); šin'dz'a (Eastern Mari - derivative); sinzä (Western Mari - derivative); sel'me (Md) / s'im, s'in (Udmurt)

sej, þej (En'ec'); sajma, sima (Kamas); häem, säew, sew (N'en'ec'); s'ajme, s'&jme (Nganasan); hæj, sajï, sæjj@, sej (Šölqup)

Sumerian [Chong]

sim to see through, etc.

Altaic [Chong]

Turkic

synĉla- observe (Kuman); sana- observe (Tatar)

Mongol

sube eye of a needle (Classical Mongol)

Tungus

sen eye of a needle (Manchu)

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian

čam(m) 'eye' /Baluchi [ak1]
č∂mm eye /Baluchi [mab]
chham the eye. P. chashm /N. Baluchi [mld]

Mother, woman, wife, sister, wet-nurse, married, daughter-in-law

nene nurse, wet-nurse /Etruscan

néni aunt; néne aunt; elder sister (provincial) /Hungarian
anya mother /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian néni is related to the provincial néne "aunt"; "elder sister" which is considered a possible Lallwort [Chong]

nainen woman (Finnish) [Chong]
nain, nainõ woman /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

nin9 sister [jh]

Altaic

nine grandmother (Turkish); non younger sister (Manchu) [Chong]

Caucasian

*na":nV female breast; mother /North Caucasian [ss]

*na:na mother /Nakh [ss]

na:na /Chechen; nana /Ingush; nan /Batsbi [ss]

*nene female breast, teat /Tsezian [ss]

nene /Bezhita; nene /Gunzib [ss]

ninu mother /Lak [ss]

*n[a"]naj 1 female breast 2 mother /Lezghian [ss]

nana 1 /Tabasaran; nin, nenej 2 /Rutul; nana 2 /Udi [ss]

*nanV 1 mother, mummy (tend.) 2 old woman,granny (tend.) /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

nan 1 /Abkhaz; na:n 1 /Adyghe; na:na 2 /Circassian; na/n(a) 1 /Ubykh [ss]

Sino-Tibetan

*ne:jH, *no> elder female relative /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

*na elder female relative /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

mna-ma daughter-in-law. /Tibetan [ss]

k@na1 an elder sister /Kachin [ss]

*na", *na"na" elder sister /Kiranti [ss]

ne|?ne|?, -nne|? 1) elder sister, 2) elder female cousin through paternal uncle or maternal aunt, 3) elder sister of ego's spouse (wife's elder sister, husband's elder sister), 4) wife of ego's spouse's elder brother (wife's elder brother's wife, husband's elder brother's wife). [ss]

nana 1) elder sister 2) elder sister's husband's elder sister 3) elder brother's wife's elder sister 4) husband's elder sister 5) wife's elder sister 6) husband's elder brother's wife 7) wife's elder brother's wife. /Dumi [ss]

na 1. elder sister 2. husband's elder sister 3. wife's elder sister 4. wife's elder brother's wife /Kulung [ss]

Dravidian

an.n.u a woman (Kannad.a); annu id. (Telugu) (DEDR 132) [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

nana older female relative; wet nurse /Spanish

Albanian

*na(n)na: mother /Proto Albanian [bd]

ne'ne' / nãne' mother /Albanian [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

nana:/ `mother' /Sanskrit [bd]

Potawatomi

ne'ni mother

meny daughter-in-law /Hungarian

Uralic

minnja daughter-in-law /Vaddja [fv]

miniä (Finnish); men' (Khanty); mon' the brother's wife; daughter-in-law (Komi); mânnje daughter-in-law; wife of one's brother or son or sister's son; a woman's or girl's sister-in-law; etc. (Lappish); min' (Man's'i); men': icˆi-men' young married woman; sister-in-law; etc. (icˆi little); ken-men' (ken = daughter-in-law; young woman) (Udmurt) [Chong]

nász wedding /Hungarian
woman; spouse [title Mrs.] /Hungarian
nő-s married (man); nős-ül to get married (man) /Hungarian
nőstény female /Hungarian
nő-vér sister /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian nász is archaic and literary. Officially, it is thought to be possibly of German origin. [Chong]

naisõa to get married (man) /Vaddja [fv]

Officially, Hungarian derives from FU.

*n'ingä (Proto FU) [Chong]

Caucasian

*nu>sA ( ~ -o>-) daughter-in-law /North Caucasian [ss]

*nus daughter-in-law, sister-in-law /Nakh [ss]

nus /Chechen; nus /Ingush; nus /Batsbi [ss]

*nusa 1 daughter-in-law 2 bride /Andian [ss]

nus 1 /Avar; nusa 2 /Andi; nuŝa 1 /Akhvakh; nusa 1 /Chamalal; nusa 1 /Tindi; nusa 1 /Karata; nusa 1 /Botlikh; nusa 1 /Bagvalal; nusa 1 /Godoberi [ss]

c.y-nas bride (lit. 'new-bride') /Khinalug [ss]

*n@sa ( ~ -ŝ-) 1 daughter-in-law 2 sister-in-law /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

n@sa 1 /Adyghe; n@sa 1 /Circassian; n@sa/-G| 2 /Ubykh [ss]

Yuki

noh- (?) marry1; muš- marry2 [y84]

neri water /Etruscan [lb]

Uralic

n'ore wetland /Uralic

nyir-(k)-os {-os = adj. suffix} wet, damp, dank, muggy /Hungarian

Sumerian

Nar-im pool, pond. {N=ng.}

Afro-Asiatic

*nah(a)r- river /Common Semitic [ahd]

nahr river /Arabic [ahd]

Altaic

*niu/r/e to become wet, soak /Altaic [ss]

*ju"r/- 1 to swim 2 to float 3 to walk in water /Turkic [ss]

ju"z- 1 /Old Turkic; ju"z- 1 /Turkish; jo"z- 1 /Tatar; u"z- 1 /Azeri; ju"z- 1 /Turkmen [ss]

*nor- to soak, be wet /Mongolian [ss]

nur- (IM) /Middle Mongolian; nor- /Khalkha; nor- /Kalmuck; noir-, noirga:- /Dagur; no:ri- /Monguor [ss]

*n/[u"]r- 1 to swim (of animals) 2 shallow place /Tungus [ss]

n/ere- 1 /Manchu; n/i.rgi. 2 /Even [ss]

*nu/ra/- to get wet /Japanese [ss]

nu/ra- /Old Japanese; nu\re- /Tokyo [ss]

nurasu to wet; moisten; dampen; nureru to get (be) wet /Japanese

nari swamp /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

*n'ir water /Dravidian

ni_r water, sea, juice, liquor (Tamil); ni_ru water (Kannad.a, Tulu, Telugu.); di_r id., flood-water, juice (Brahui)(DEDR 3690-a) [sk]

Indo-European

Greek

nêron, to, or nêros, ho, water /Classical Greek [lsj1]

cf. Modern Greek nero

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

ni_ra water; ni_vara water, marsh /Sanskrit < Dravidian [sk]

nevtlane (one who) enjoys [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

nevet laugh; nevet-tetés laugh; amusement /Hungarian

One source claims a Finno-Ugrian origin for Hungarian nevet.
Another says it derives from an earlier neve- of Ugrian origin. [see Chong]

Dravidian

navvu to laugh, smile, joke, ridicule; n. laughter, smile, jest, joke, fun, ridicule, derision; navvincu to cause to laugh, excite mirth in, amuse (Telugu); nav- to laugh; nava jeri joke, joking; navip- (navit-) to cause to laugh (Parji) (DEDR 3569).[sk]

navil (navilv-, navin-r--) to say, tell, learn, utter, sound loudly, sing, perform (as a dance); navir-r-u (navir-r-i-) to say, utter, declare with authority; nuval (nuvalv-, nuvan-r--) to say, declare, utter; n. word, saying; nuvar-ci saying, utterance (Tamil); nw voice; song (Toda)(DEDR 3616). [sk]

Indo-European

na_va shout of joy or triumph (Vedic.lex.) [sk]

nica to lower, humiliate; nicu one who lowers [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

*n'ung3- (PF-U) [Chong]

nukkua to sleep (Finnish) / n'ogol- (Khanty) / nujal- (Konti) / n'ont- (Man's'i) / nuvam- (Md) // nylana- (N'en'ec') [Chong]

nyug- rest, lie down; nyug-at West; nap-nyug-ta sundown /Hungarian
nyug-talan-ít to harass, worry /Hungarian

Sumerian

ne-ha rest, repose (from Akkadian neehtum, 'peace, security') [jh]
to lie down; [? ningin(2) to halt; etc.] (Sumerian) [see Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

nk.dd (n.) sleep /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

nh. to set down /Phœnician [cgj]
nh.t repose, pleasure, resting place /Phœnician [cgj]

nwx (v.) /Aramaic [cal]

011 Palm,Palestinian,Syr,JBA to rest 012 Syr,JBA to become quiet 013 Syr to cease 014 Syr to be sated 015 JBA w. np$) to die 021 Syr to quiet 031 Syr to make quiet 032 Syr to placate 033 Syr to recreate 034 Syr to lift up 035 Syr to carry off 036 Syr,JBA to set out 037 Palestinian,Syr to lay down 038 Syr to remove 039 Syr to serve 0310 Palestinian to give rest 061 Palestinian,Syr to be at rest 062 Syr to remain 063 Syr to be free of 064 Syr to be soothed 065 Syr to delight in 066 Syr to die 041 JBA to be placed 042 JBA to be agreeable

LS2 419

nyxw N nyxwt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr,JBA placidity 2 Syr,JBA calm 3 JBA humility

LS2 419

LS2 V: niyxuwtA) abs. voc: niyxuw

nxt V /Aramaic [cal]

011 passim to go down 012 Syr to come back 013 Syr %darA)% to enter battle 014 Syr to lead downwards 015 Palestinian,Syr to fall 016 Syr to be put off 017 Syr %gwAyeh% to have diarrhea 018 Syr to be quieted 019 Syr to send back 0110 Syr to arise from 0111 Syr to be diminished 0112 Palestinian to go from one place to another 0113 Palestinian to descend 0114 Palestinian to go down in status 021 Syr to lead down 022 Syr %meTrA)% to cause it to rain 023 Syr to allow to go down 041 JBA to be settled 051 Syr to be led down 052 Syr to descend 053 Syr to let oneself down 054 Syr to concede 055 Palestinian to fall 031 passim to bring down 032 Syr to send down 033 Syr to pour out 034 Palestinian to cause to fall 035 Palestinian to move 036 JBA to place 061 Syr to descend 062 Syr to be humiliated 063 Syr to humble oneself 064 Palestinian to be brought down

LS2 424

Cognate Set <Bergsträsser (1983) , #105> [oi4]

Semitic

*nu_h%- rest /Proto Semitic

inu_h% rest /Akkadian; na_h! ya_nu_ah! rest /Hebrew; na_h! nnu_h! rest /Syriac; noh%a y@nuh% rest /Geez; ana_h%a make camels sit /Arabic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 530 #. [oi4]

Cushitic, East

nagay- pass day /Proto East Cushitic

nagay- pass day /Burji; nagaa peace /Saho; nagaya peace /Oromo; nakay- pass day /Konso; nakay- absent from work /Gidole; nakayho peace /Gollango

Cognate Set <Ehret (1988) , #34> [oi4

Cushitic, East

nak'- put down /Proto East Cushitic

nogoi river /Yaaku
nok'- water /Proto Somali (Ehret)

Altaic

Tungus

nakambi to stop, to cease, to give up, to desist, to leave a post /Manchu [as]
nike- stay in bed for a month after childbirth /Manchu [Chong]

Japanese

nagi a calm, lull; nagu to calm down

Basque

nagi lazy, idle

Dravidian

*n/egg- loose, weak, relaxed /Dravidian [ss]

*n/eg- loose, relaxed; to slip /South Dravidian

n~ekir. (-v-, -nt-) to become loose, slip off as bangles, languish, faint, be tender-hearted, blossom, melt as wax, become thin, emaciated /Tamil; n~ekir.am, n~ekir.i a tinkling anklet; nekir. (-v-, -nt-) to be injured, ruined, become loose, slip off as a garment, grow lean and weak, expand, blossom, become soft and mashy as over-boiled rice, lack cohesion as earth wet by rain, melt, relent as the heart in pity, exude, flow out (as tears from the eyes, milk from the breast), be reduced to powder, give way, yield as to the axe in cutting, forsake; (-pp-, -tt-) to make loose, relax, cause to expand or open as a blossom, separate, detach, crush, bruise, discharge as an arrow; nekir.cci loosening, slackening; tenderness of feeling; neku (nekuv-, nekk-) to become soft, relaxed, loosened, soaked and ready to break, melt, relent (as the heart), slip off, be ruined, scattered, broken, be ground well, macerated; nekkal that which is relaxed, overripe fruit, anything rotten or decayed; nekku being soaked as the ground after rain, relaxing, dissolving, being broken in pieces; (?) nukai (-v-, -nt-) to become lax, loose (as a garment), become soft (as the earth from rain); (-pp-, -tt-) to relax, loosen, slacken, mitigate, soften /Tamil; (?) nuguruni to loosen, slacken, make loose /Tulu; nugupuni to loosen /Tulu [ss]

Notes: Tamil nukai, Tulu nuguruni probably do not belong here. [ss]

*nig-i>- to move slightly on base (e. g. of someone sitting) /Nilgiri [ss]

nyxy- (nyxs-) /Toda [ss]

*negg- to become weak, droop /Telugu [ss]

Krishnamurti's vocabulary: neggu [ss]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

naakáara lazy, loafing /Pashto [tr]

Muskogean/Eastern (?)

nochi to fall asleep, go to sleep /Alabama [tm]

nokchoba to stop, cease an activity, refrain from doing, quit, be still, be quiet /Alabama [tm]

Etymology?

Yuki

no·kele settle down [y84]
noke west2 [y84]

paci collected, quiet [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

béke peace; quiet /Hungarian

Basque

bake, pake peace /Basque

Indo-European

Italic

pax, pacem peace /Latin

Slavic

pokoj rest, repose, quiet /Serbo-Croatian
pokoj peace /Slovak
mir peace; spokojnyj, pokoj quiet /Russian
spokojstwie (n.) quiet; pokoj quietude /Bulgar

par, parnix, parxis term dealing with social or administrative conditions [mp68] /Etruscan
"attribute of a magistracy, with equal rights, peer" [dep, pa]
see magistracies zilc parxis, zilath parxis [mp68]

bír-ál to judge, criticize; bírás-kod(ík) to judge, to sit in judgement /Hungarian
bíró a judge, magistrate, referee, umpire /Hungarian
birodalom empire, realm /Hungarian
birtok possession; estate, land /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bíró, birtok are of unknown origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

bara5,6 , bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

buur king /Wollof [pc2]

Altaic

bar judge /Chuvash

Dravidian

birida man of distinction, etc. (Kannad.a); birdu, birdolige badge of honour, show, display, prestige (Tulu); birudamu, birudu a strong, powerful, or capable person; title or mark of honour or distinction, badge, motto, vow, resolution (Telugu); virutan an accomplished warrior (Malayalam); virutu valour, blazon, family device (Malayalam); title, banner, trophy, badge of victory, pedigree, geneaology (Tamil); biridu, biruda, birudu panegyric, praise, an honorary distinctinctive mark, badge of honour, distinction, developed power, valour (Kannad.a) (DEDR 5414) [sk]

porul. thing, matter, property, riches, leadership (Tamil); stores, provisions, utensils; gold (Tamil.lex.); riches, meaning (Malayalam); porut.t.u cause, matter of importance (Tamil); cause (Malayalam); porl thing (Kota); purul. fitness, propriety, power, strength; purul.i a notable, high position; poral. wealth (Kannad.a)(IA 19.143; c. A.D.685); porlu beauty, comeliness; beautiful, handsome, fine; porle a handsome man (Tulu); pon.t.e for the sake of; purulu wealth, honour, nature, valour, beauty (Telugu); pora matter, concern, interest (Kui) (DEDR 4544) [sk]

Indo-European

biruda-, viruda- laudatory poem or panegyric (Sanskrit.)(DEDR 5414) [sk]

por-ond dais /Hungarian

Sumerian

bara5,6 , bár king, ruler, support, cult platform, throne, dais [jh]

Dravidian

paran. watch-tower, upper story, rack over a fireplace, loft under the roof of a house (Tamil); loft under the roof, rude ceiling, frame for drying something over the fireplace (Malayalam); paren~ji, pareji scaffold, temporary platform (Tulu)(DEDR 3953).[sk]

pen victim < stricken [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

bén-a crippled, lame, paralyzed /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian béna is 'possibly' of Slavic origin according to one source [see Chong]

Dravidian (??)

va_n.n.uka to bend, shrink, draw back; va_n.n.al withdrawing (Malayalam); bon:kane in a bending or bent way (Kannad.a); ba.ng- (ba.ngi-) to become bent, slope (Kod.agu); ba_guni, ba_n:guni to bow, stoop, lean on one side; ba_n:ga_vuni to cause to bow or stoop (Tulu); van:gu to bend, stoop, bow, become crooked, become low or humbled; vancu, vampu to bend, cause to stoop, subdue, humble, overpower; vampu bend, curve, crookedness; bent, curved, cooked; va_ncu to bend head, cause to bend; va~_ka crooked (Telugu); vang- (vankt-) to bend; vangip- (vangipt-), vap- (vapt-) id. (Kolami); vang- id. (Naikri, Parji); vanka curve (Gadba); vak-, vang- to bend; vanga_na_ to be bent; vakta crooked, zigzag; vankor, vanko bent, crooked (Gondi); van- (-it-) to bend, become bent (Kond.a); vwa_ngali to be crooked; vwakhali to bend; wanginai to be bent, stoop; vang- (-it-) to bend, be bent (Kuwi)(DEDR 5335).

peris passage, footbridge [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

bürü footbridge /Hungarian {r <> l}

Hungarian bürü is also believed to be a loan from Slavic.

Afro-Asiatic (?)

Semitic

(br V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Palestinian,CPA,Sam,Syr,JBA to cross over
012 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to pass by
013 Syr to flood
014 Syr to traverse
0112 JLAGal,JBA %(l% to transgress
024 JLATg to bring across
025 Palestinian to cause to pass
027 JLATg to transfer
028 JLATg to transgress
041 Syr to pass by
055 JLATg to be passed through
031 Syr to make to pass by
032 Syr to expel
033 Syr to transport
0311 Syr to carry across
0314 Syr to pass

LS2 507, J 1040

Austric

piriti, arahanga bridge /Mäori [ng]

Mäori piriti is said to derive from English

Dravidian

pa_lam bridge; dam, embankment, projecting wharf, jetty (Tamil.lex.) pa_l.am bridge (Tamil.Tinn.); pa_lam bridge over rivers or to connect the walls of compounds (Malayalam); pa.lm (obl. pa.lt-) bridge (Kota); po.lm (obl. po.lt-) id. (Toda); pa_la id. (Kannad.a); pa.la bridge made of tree, etc. (Kod.agu) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic/Gaulish

bri'ua a bridge [cb]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

poros, ho, (peirô, peraô) means of passing a river, ford, ferry 2. narrow part of the sea, strait 3. periphr., poroi halos the paths of the sea, i.e. the sea 4. artificial passage over a river, bridge 5. generally, pathway, way 6. passage through a porous substance, opening

Albanian

*ur(u)a: /Proto Albanian [bd] < u(e)r(u)-? bow, doorway? /PIE [bd]

ure' bridge [bd]

Slavic

brv wooden footbridge; log /Serbo-Croatian

brod 'ford' /Slovak; bro:d, bro\ \da `ford' /Serbo-Croatian < *bhrodh-o- 'ford' /PIE [rd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

peretûm [peretu] bridge /Avestan

barida a narrow pass; a ferry, ford /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

pa_li a causeway, bridge (Skt.lex.) [sk] < Dravidian

Quechua

waru ford [q2]

perse, pherse horrid, bristling [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

borz-al-mas, borz-asztó horrible, terrible; borz-ad shudder, shiver (with horror); borz-as unkempt, untidy; borzas szőrű rough-haired /Hungarian

Indo-European/Classical Greek [lsj1]

phrissô I. I. to be rough or uneven on the surface, bristle 2. asthmati phrissôn pnoas ruckling in his throat, of one just dying 3. of the rippling surface of smooth water II. freq. of a feeling of chill, shiver, shudder 1. of the effect of cold, shiver 2. of the effect of fear, shudder 3. feel a holy thrill or awe at 4. thrill with passionate joy

phrix, hê, gen. phri_kos: (phrissô):-- ruffling of a smooth surface I. ripple caused by a gust of wind sweeping over the smooth sea II. bristling up, as of the hair

phrixos, ê, on, standing on end, bristling II. phrixos, ho, Comic name for the genius or demon of shivering

pi, -pi, pul at, in, for, by, through, with /Etruscan

-ba, -be suffix meaning "in, into"; bele- prefix meaning "in, into" /Hungarian
bel, be inside, into /Hungarian
-bele into /Old Hungarian [gzb1]

Uralic

*päle inner, among, from /FU

Sumerian

bala, bal to pass through

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

pe in, at /Pashto [tr]

-val, -vel suffix meaning "with" /Hungarian
vele "with him/her/it" /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian -val, -vel are thought to derive from Hungarian vele which may possibly be of FU origin (though a bit hard to identify the source). [Chong]

Altaic/Turkic

bile together; bilele∫ik association;bilelikde together; bilen with /Turkmen [glnp]

-ból, -böl from, out of /Hungarian

Uralic

*päle inner, among, from /FU

abból {a(z) = that + ból = from} from/of that, therefrom /Hungarian
ebből
{e(z) = this + ből = from}from/of this, out of this /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

bal, bol outside; (of time) out of, beyond /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
ebol out, forth /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

pulpai, pulpa shining, splendid [az96] /Etruscan
pulum shining, splendid, pulumxva stars, star-count [az96] /Etruscan
fulumxva splendor > famous (man) [az96] /Etruscan
fuluve-, hvuluve, pulumxva, vhulve, vhuluena splendid, shining [az96] /Etruscan

vil- shine,sparkle; vil-ág-ít to shine; vill-an to flash; /Hungarian
vill
-og to flash, glitter; vill-ám light-ning /Hungarian

Uralic

walgalta-, wolgalta- dawn, get light; shine; walgõdõ, wolgõdõ bright, light; brightness, light /Mari; val'k, val't lustrous, resplendant /Udmurt (FU) [Chong]

valgõti (n) dawn /Vaddja [fv]

Sumerian

piriğ3 light; píriğ bright; bar6,7 shine, bright [jh]

mul star; constellation.planet, to sparkle

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 254 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

balag- sparkle /Oromo
bilig shimmer shine /Somali

Semitic

blg sparkle /Proto Semitic

Chadic

m-bAlA shine /Proto Chadic

bel shine /Angas; mb@l /Margi

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1983) , #1.01> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

pirk lightning /Elmolo; bid/d/i lighten /Dasenech; biraqo lightning /Sidamo

Semitic

ba'raq- lightning /Proto Semitic

birq-um lightning /Akkadian; brq lighten /Hebrew; barq-un lightning /Atabic; bar'qaa lightning /Aramaic; brq lighten /Geez; ba''rq lightning /Tigre

Egyptian

ebre_c#e lightning /Coptic Egyptian
b?'q bright (to be) /Old Egyptian

Altaic

Turkic

parlak sunshine, radiance; parlamak to radiate /Turkmen [glnp]

*p`iŭľ star /Altaic [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pular to dawn; pularcci dawning; pularpu, pularvu, pulari dawn; pula_vu to dawn; pur--pull-en-al expr. indicating break of day; pun-n-am-pulari early dawn (Tamil); pularuka to dawn, light to appear; pular dawn; pularcca daybreak; pularttuka to bring to the light (Malayalam); pola- (polav-, poland-) to dawn; polat- (polati-) to spend night until dawn; polace, polaca dawn; pola.ka morning (Kod.agu); pulle, pullya, pullyakela, pullayakole morning, daybreak; early in the morning (Tulu); pulpulre to shine through whiteness (Malt.o)(DEDR 4305). [sk]

par par in- (id--) (country, na.r.) becomes a little light before dawn (Kota); pare to dawn (Kannad.a); para~gu to shine (Telugu); pari inba to dawn, break (dawn); n. early dawn (Kui); parce to shine brightly, be seen clearly (Malt.o)(DEDR 3980). [sk]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

vel., ven. white, shining, bright; vel.i (-pp-, -tt-) to break (as the day), become bright; vel.iccam light, lamp; ven.mai whitness, brightness; vil.an:ku (vil.an:ki-) to shine, become renowned; vil.akku (vil.akki-) to make clear; lamp, light, lustre; vil.ar whiteness; vil.arppu id. (Tamil); vel.i, vel.ivu light; vel.iccam light; vel.ukka to dawn, be bright; vel.l.i silver; vil.akku lamp, light (Malayalam); vel. white; vel.g (vel.gy-) (country) becomes light before dawn (Kota); pol.p whitness (Toda); bel.(u), bel.a, bel.(u)pu, bel.atige, bel.antige, bel.l.age, bil.a, bil.u, bil.i, bil.e, bil.apu, bil.(u)pu whiteness, brightness; bel.a, bel.aku, bel.agu light, lamp; bel.agu to shine, become bright, manifest oneself; bel.l.i silver (Kannad.a); bol.i- (bol.ip-, bol.it-) to become white; bol.aki, bol.ica lamp; bol.i light; bol.ipi whiteness; bol.l.i silver (Kod.agu); bol.u, bolu, bol.un:gar, bolci, bol.l.ar, bol.l.enti white, bright; bolkara whitish; bol.du, boldu brightness (Tulu)[cf. por..utu sun, time, opportunity (Tamil)(DEDR 4559)]; bol.pu light, wick or candle; bol.ya light, white, clear; bol.kiru clearing of the sky; bol.l.i star, silver; bul.aku brightness; bel.agu brightness, splendour; bel.aguni to shine, glitter; bel.aga_vuni to make shine; polish; bil.i white (Tulu); velu~gu to shine, give light; burn, flame; light, splendour; veluka whiteness; velacu to clean; velayu to shine, be renowned; velayincu to render bright; velaru whiteness; veli, velidi white; vella, vellani white; vellana, velli, vellika whiteness; ven.d.i silver; bel.a~ku, bel.uku to shine, gleam, glitter; (inscr.) bel.agu lustre; bolli spotted white (Telugu); velen., velun.(g), velang light (Kolami); vil white; vilg-, vili- to be white; vilid light (Parji); viled white; vind.- to become light, be illuminated (Gadba); vella, wella white (Kuwi); bilcna_ to shine, glitter, sparkle; bilcta'a_na_ to polish, cause to shine or glitter; billi_ light, flame (Kur.ux); bilbilre to shine brilliantly (Malt.o)(DEDR 5496a). [sk]

va_l lustre, splendour, brightness, fame (Tamil); pa.l. spark (?Toda); va_lu to increase, rise, swell, flourish, be splendid, shine (?) (DEDR 5377) [sk]

Etruscan

pulpai, pulpa shining, splendid [az96]
pulum shining, splendid, pulumxva stars, star-count [az96]
fulumxva splendor > famous (man) [az96]
fuluve-, hvuluve, pulumxva, vhulve, vhuluena splendid, shining [az96]

(0) Indo-European

*bherek to shine, glitter < *bhereg- to shine, bright, white /PIE
*bheleg- to shine /PIE [pok: 124-5]

(1) Indo-European

*bhel- white, clear; to shine /PIE [cb]

Celtic

Common Celtic *belo- (white, shining) [cb]

fàir dawn /Gaelic; fáir /Early Irish, gwawr /Welsh [from mcb]
gouere-, morning, gwereleuen, morning-star /Breton [from mcb]

Germanic

Old Norse bбl (fire); Gothic bala (paleness) [cb]

Slavic

Common Slavic *be'lo- (white) [cb]

Paleo-Balkan

balios white /Thracian [cb]

Balto-Slavic

Common Baltic *balo- (white, pale)

Indo-Iranian

bhбla- a shine /Sanskrit [cb]
vilas to gleam, flash, glitter; to shine forth, appear, arise, become visible /Sanskrit

(2) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bylbyl∂g to glitter, twinkle /Baluchi [mab]

Slavic

blqsyk brilliance, brilliancy; coruscation; lustre, radiance; luminosity; lucency, lucence; polish; glitter, brightness /Bulgar

cf Hungarian villog, villódzik "sparkles, glitters etc." /b/ > /v/

Quechua

palanina to shine [q1]

bor wine /Hungarian
par-ázs coal ember /Hungarian
pír blush, flush, glow; flush of dawn; pir-os red; pir-ul flush, blush; pir-kad-ás dawn, day break /Hungarian
virr-ad to dawn, shine /Hungarian
vör-ös red; vér-es bloody /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bor is thought to derive from Turkic.borlalïx vine-branch; vineyard (Karachai); bor; borluq vineyard (Uigur) [Chong] not from its colour.

Expert source sees Hungarian pír as onomatopoeic [Chong]

pora- flash (Man's'i) // [? parada- burn up (N'en'ec')] [Chong]

palo fire (Finnish) [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian vörös is thought to derive from vér "blood". [Chong]; While véres "bloody" is the adjective formed from Hungarian vér "blood".

Sumerian

bar 6,7 v., to shine, be bright; to break (of the day) adj., white [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

peire come forth of light, etc.; proclaim /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

brr to be(come) clear, pure, white /Semitic Root [ahd]

bhr V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,Mand to shine
041 Syr to shine
042 Mand to be illuminated
021 Mand to illuminate
051 Syr to shine
091 Syr to glorify
121 Syr to boast

LS2 61

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983), p. 78 #><Black (1974), #301.05b><Black (1974), #293.11b> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

bur "red" /Dasenech; burrid/a "red" /Elmolo

Altaic

Tungus

bura bara pre-dawn /Manchu [as]
fularila- blush (Manchu) [Chong]

Turkic

parlak bright, shining (Turkish) [Chong]
[? pIrIlda- glitter, glow, shine (Turkish)] [Chong]

*puli ( ~ p`-,-l/-, -o-e) red /Altaic [ss]

*hulag|an red /Mongol [ss]

ulag|an /Written Mongolian; xula'an, hola:m , hula'an, hulan /Middle Mongolian; ula:n /Khalkha; ula:n /Buriat; ula:n /Kalmuck; ula:n /Ordos; xulan /Dongxian; felan|, fulan| /Baoan; l/a:n /Shary-Yoghur; fula:n /Monguor; xula:n, hula:n /Dagur [ss]

*pula- red /Tungus [ss]

xula-ma,-rin /Evenki; hu.lan/a: /Even; xolajin /Negidal; u.la:~ /Solon; f@l@g/an, fulg/an /Modern Manchu; fula-gian /Zhurzhen; folg/a":(n) /Nanai; xulaligi /Udighe [ss]

*py\rk- red /Korean [ss]

puk- [pulk] /Modern Korean; py\rk- /Middle Korean [ss]

Austric

whero crimson /Moriori [mor]
whero, kura, waituhi red /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian (?)

*h|irV red /North Caucasian [ss]

The root is almost uniformly prefixless, thus b- in Avar ba?|a/ra-b is probably an innovation. [ss]

*hiri 1 red 2 blood /Avarandian [ss]

ba?|a/ra-b 1 /Avar; hiri 1 /Andi; hiri-da 1 /Akhvakh; e: 2, e?u-b 1 /Chamalal; heri 2 /Tindi; heri 2, heri- 1 /Karata; hiri 2 /Botlikh; hiri 2 /Godoberi [ss]

The Avar form reflects class prefixation; Andian forms are all prefixless. In And. cf. also hir 'copper' ( < *'red copper'). [ss]

*?@r (~?|-,h-) 1 raspberry 2 blackberry /Tsezian [ss]

oj-do 1 /Bezhita; yr (ka~j) 2 /Gunzib [ss]

The root originally meant "red" [ss]

*?iry- (~ *?I-) 1 red 2 blood /Lezghian [ss]

jaru 1 /Lezghi; u"ru 1 /Tabasaran; iref 1 /Agul; irdy 1 /Rutul; iri 1, ira"z^| 2 /Kryz; ird 2 /Budukh [ss]

Dravidian

*pul- dawn; to shine /Dravidian [ss]

*pul-/*pUl- to dawn, dawn /South Dravidian [ss]
*pul- to shine through whiteness /North Dravidian [ss]

pular to dawn; pularcci dawning; pularpu, pularvu, pulari dawn; pula_vu to dawn; pur--pull-en-al expr. indicating break of day; pun-n-am-pulari early dawn (Tamil); pularuka to dawn, light to appear; pular dawn; pularcca daybreak; pularttuka to bring to the light (Malayalam); pola- (polav-, poland-) to dawn; polat- (polati-) to spend night until dawn; polace, polaca dawn; pola.ka morning (Kod.agu); pulle, pullya, pullyakela, pullayakole morning, daybreak; early in the morning (Tulu); pulpulre to shine through whiteness (Malt.o)(DEDR 4305). [sk]

par par in- (id--) (country, na.r.) becomes a little light before dawn (Kota); pare to dawn (Kannad.a); para~gu to shine (Telugu); pari inba to dawn, break (dawn); n. early dawn (Kui); parce to shine brightly, be seen clearly (Malt.o)(DEDR 3980). [sk]

pr.iski spark (Pengo); pr.ihe, pr.ihki id. (Mand.a); pr.iska, pr.isi id. (Kuwi); prishk id. (Brahui); pori a spark (Malayalam, Tulu); throw out sparks (Tamil) [sk]

Indo-European

Albanian

prush embers /Abanian [bd] < *preus- to burn (up) ? /PIE [bd]

Classical Greek [lsj1]

purros flame-coloured, yellowish-red 2. esp. of persons with red hair 3. generally, tawny 4. of more positive colour, red 5. blushing

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

Persian bo:r 'bay, reddish', Ossetian bu:r 'yellow' [ss]

bor red; the colour of the pistachio nut; the colour of honey; a bay horse; a pheasant; (= biyar) bring thou; name of a city in Hindustan. /Persian [fjs]

Indo-Aryan

piriha dawn /Sindhi_; poh, pau, parah dawn /Lahnda_; parod.h, paror., parod.hiyu~, paror.iyu~ dawn /Gujara_ti_ [sk]

rach- prepare [lb] /Etruscan

Uralic

rak to arrange, heap, pile up, to place, put, lay; rak-ás heap, pile /Hungarian
rak-tár warehouse, storehouse /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian rak- is possibly of F-U origin.

? rakenta- build, build up, construct, erect (Finnish) [Chong]

Sumerian

arah4 storehouse [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic (?)

ragash to be tumultuous, rage /Hebrew [Strong: 7283]

regash to be in tumult; to gather in a tumultuous throng, show tumultuousness, come thronging; assembled; assembled together /Aramaic [Strong: 7284]

rg$ V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr to rage 012 Syr to stir oneself 013 Syr to sense 014 JBA to feel 041 Syr to rage 042 Syr to be moved 043 Syr to sense 031 passim to sense 032 Syr to make to sense 033 BibArDan to gather together urgently 034 Syr,JBA to stir up 033 Syr %meTul% to inform 061 Syr to sense

LS2 713

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 559 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

ri?'ik'a garnary /Burji; riik'a granary /Oromo
rikte granary /Gollango; reeqa barn /Konso

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

rhogos, ho, in Sicily and Magna Graecia, granary, barn

Italic

cf. Latin rŏgus -i funeral pile (????)

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

rakam, rukam clouds or sands heaped up; a throng; -- qati` rukam, A large herd /Persian [fjs]

rakm (v.n.) heaping, piling up, accumulating /Persian [fjs]

All loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

Quechua

raki storehouse [q2]

rapa engraving, writing [az96]; rapale engraving [az96] /Etruscan
rapalni, raplni engraver, writer [az96] /Etruscan

ró(v) to cut, engrave; rovás notch, runic writing; rovátka score, groove, notch /Hungarian
róv-ás runic writing using old Hungarian letters /Hungarian
rov-ar insect (which in its path cuts/grooves leaves, branches etc) /Hungarian
rov-at column in a newspaper /Hungarian

rajz drawing, design; rajzol to draw, design, sketch /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian is of FU origin.

rogõm cut out, etc. (Khanty); roe, rue- chop, cut (with an axe, etc.), hew (Mari) [Chong]

Austro-Asiatic

ruka chisel; kund ruka a round chisel; rok to pierce (Santali.lex.) ruka, rukna a chisel (Mundari); rukhna (Sadani) (Mundari lex.) [sk]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*Rъvъ- to cut, to split (резать, колоть) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1514]

rą'w- , -rwą- (II) /Chukchee [ss]

Indo-European/Slavic

isaći drawing; risati to draw, design; sketch /Serbo-Croatian

rovaš piece of short split wood for scoring; score, tally /Serbo-Croatian << Hungarian

rabosh tally /Bulgar

_ír-ó writer, _ír to write ( s- > ø), _ír-at document /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian ír is thought to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]

[? s'ur line, stroke; s'urd- draw lines, furrow (Khanty) / s'urti- furrow, whet (Man's'i) / s'orma letter (Mordvin) / s'ur: göri-s'ur furrow (Udmurt - göri plough)] [Chong]

Sumerian

sar to write; šar-ni to interpret, explain

Afro-Asiatic

'r reed (for writing); 'rt sheet (papyrus or leather) /Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

Turkic

sir to write /Chuvas-Turkic >> _ír write / Hungarian
yar to write/Anc Turk >>[r>z] yaz to write /Turkic

yaz- (Azeri, Old Turkish, Turkish); s'ir- (Chuvash); yazu (Tatar); yoz (Uzbek) [Chong]

Mongol

dzˆiru draw (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

Tungus

ara write (imperative); arabumbi to make someone write; arabunambi to go to cause someone to write; arambi to do, to make; to celebrate; to write; to work, to construct; aranabumbi to make someone go to write /Manchu [as]

niru- write (Modern Tungusic) [Chong]

Japanese

ōrai (-suru) to correspond; exchange letters

Austric

sulatin- to write, inscribe /Philippines, sorga- "writing" /Pagu; sulat- "writing" /Philippines; surat- "to write" /Ilokano [pkm]

Austro-Asiatic

ol to mark, to make a mark, to write, to draw patterns, figures etc.; jangateye ol akada he has made a mark with his foot; sohraere gor.a duarreko ola during the Sohrae fesival they draw figures (or patteerns) at the door of the cowshed; olok par.haok cet jon.me learn to read and write; oladinae he wrote to me; olos kanae he is writing; olotkoae he is writing down their names (Santali.lex.) cf. ko_lam patterns drawn at the doors (Ta.lex.) ol-bal a written paper, especially a written document; hatupe kirintada, mendo ja_n olbalpe nakada ci? the act of writing, especially the act of writing a document; ol-bal (jingle of ol) to write, especially a document; na_doin olbaltana, pi_t.ido or.o gr.kadin sena I am writing now, I shall go to the market after a while; olbal-en rflx. v. (1) of two people, to write a document of their contract; na_do jukalanjana enamente ote bandarreoko olbalena these days are bad times, therefore people now write their contract even when they only mortgage a field; (2) to get one's name written down; asa_mte senoko d.ipureko olbalena the coolies going to Assam get their names taken down at the depot; olbal-o especially of a document, to be written; na_do kain omama, sobena olbaloka, en hulan entarege t.akain omea I shall not pay now, let the contract be written, there and then I shall pay; ol-bal alphabet, characters; ape jatire sidaa_te ci olbal ka_ taikena? was there from the beginning no alphabet in your tribe? ne disumre hat.ikut.i olbal mena: Urdu, Bangali, Ur.ia, Parsi, eman in this country there are number of different alphabets or characters: the Urdu characters, the Bengali characters, the Uria characters and so on; ol-nala to write for daily wages; to write something here and now for pay without being a regular clerk; ol-adu_, ol-adur.u, olar.agu, oluturao to copy in writing, in contrast to olur.un to write an extract; ne kitabra taramara kajiko oladu_ime; oladu-u to get copied in writing; hakim olakad kajiko oladu_jantedo nakal menotana a copy of a judgement is called nakal; o_l to write, to write down, to write on; cit.i oleme, apummente write to they father; sobenko olkom write them all down; sobenkoa nutum oleme write down the names of all; soben kajim olkeda ci? hast thou written all that was to be said? olrikan to case one's name to be written down; o-p-ol to write to each other; the writing of letters to each other; inilo alinre cit.i opol hokaakana our correspondence has been broken off; olakan may refer to one's fate written down by Singbonga; cilka olakana enkage gonoe hobaoa dead comes as decreed by Singbonga; o-n-ol the extent or manner of writing; onole olkeda, musinre bahii peregir.itada he wrote so much that he filled a copy book in one day; oloni one whose name is written down; olni, oloni agency, a writer; olote adv. to go and write; to go and do clerical work; to go and get one's name written down; onol a mark or line drawn, especially on the ground; o-lo to get cracked; onol stripes or spots in the fur of an animal (Mundari.lex.) [sk]

Dravidian

er..utu to write, paint, draw /Tamil [sk]
er..utuka to paint, write, learn /Malayalam [sk]

rupsa (which) smashes, piece? [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

räbima, rebima pull, tear, tug at /Estonian; repiä, repäistä, reväistä to rip apart /Finnish; râppât to open, remove (a cover) (LapishNr) [Chong]

rep-ed to crack, burst; reped-és cleft, gap, tear, rent; repesz splinter /Hungarian
rop-og to crack, crackle; roppan to crack, snap /Hungarian

Hungarian reped is thought to possibly derive from some FU root OR it may be an onomatopoeic word either of F-U, Ugric or indigenous (Magyar) origin. [Chong]

Sino-Tibetan

*ry:p break /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "to break"
la 1 Modern (Beijing) < lлp Middle Chinese < r(h)@:p Old Chinese [ss]

Kachin: grop2 to break. [ss]

Kiranti *r[o]p sharpen; break [ss]

Thulung: ro"ps- disintegrate, break into small pieces [ss]

Limbu: ya?lapma?, ya?-lapt-/ya?-lap- (vt.) sharpen (as a barber sharpens a razor, whisking it to and fro against a leather strap, as opposed to yupma?, q.v.). [ss]

Kulung: ge:pa (adj.) sharp [ss]

Nepali: ti:kho [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*ląphet- to break, to be broken (лопнуть, порваться) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN225]

r-ląp?ε't- (tr.) /Chukchee; ląphet- (I) /Koryak; t-ląphat- (tr.) /Alutor [ss]

Indo-European/Slavic

rupa hole; puncture, perforation; aperture; breach, fissure /Serbo-Croatian

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Last updated 25 June 2008