Etruscan Hungarian
Word List
HU-MU
This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
hucu "reflexive, prudent" /Etruscan [az96]
Uralic
ok-os clever, smart, intelligent /Hungarian
Hungarian /-os/ is an adjective forming suffix
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
h.kmt wisdom /Phœnician [cgj]
h.km to be(come) wise, understand, judge /Central Semitic [ahd]
h.akīm wise (man), sage, doctor < h.akama to judge, decide, govern /Arabic [ahd]
Altaic
*u/k`u to understand, look into /Altaic [ss]
*uk- understand 1: hear /Turkic [ss]
uq- /Old Turkic [ss]
*uka- 1 understand, think 2 mind /Mongolian [ss]
uxa'an 2 (HI), uqa- 1, uqa 2 (SH) /Middle Mongolian; uxa- 1; uxa: 2 /Khalkha; ux@- 1; uxa:n 2 /Kalmuck; ogo, owo 'brain', uka: 2 /Dagur [ss]
*oksa- 1 to submerge in thoughts 2 to change one's mind /Tungus [ss]
og|sa- 2 /Even; okso- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*u/ka/-ka/p- look into, inquire /Japanese [ss]
ukakap- /Old Japanese; u\kaga-u /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
oka-mak to read, study; okat-mak to teach /Turkmen [glnp]
okuw studies; okuwçy pupil /Turkmen [glnp]
okuwly educated; okyjy person who reads at the library /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
agi, agiagi, to know, to make sure of something, to become acquainted with, certain, true. He agi á That is sure. Ku agiagi au I am certain. Mo agiagi i a îa In order to get to know him. /Rapanui [anon]
/g/ represents the sound /ng/ as in English <sing> [anon]
hukom- judge /Tagalog [pkm]
Basque
ikasi (C) (v.) to study; (adj.) educated
Caucasian
*=i>q.E: to know; to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|-a?- know /Nakh [ss]
x|a?a /Chechen; x|a /Ingush; x|e?ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=iq.- 1 to know 2 to hear /Andian [ss]
ra?|- 2 /Avar; =eq.- 1 /Akhvakh; i?- 1 /Chamalal; =ij- 1 /Tindi; =i?- 1 /Karata; =eG|- 1 /Botlikh; =ij- 1 /Bagvalal; =i?- 1 /Godoberi [ss]
*=iq.- to know /Tsezian [ss]
ij- /Tsezi; =u"q.- /Ginukh; =iq.- /Khvarshi; =iq.I- /Inkhokvari; =iq.- /Bezhita; =iq.- /Gunzib [ss]
=aja-n hear /Lak [ss]
*=aq.- / =iq.- to hear /Dargwa [ss]
ĉ.a=aq.- / =iq.- /Chiragh [ss]
*q:/Iw|A 1 to hear 2 to be heard, reach one's ears /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a:/?|w|-ra 2 /Abkhaz; a?|a-ra 1 /Abaza; ?w|@- 2 /Adyghe; ?w@- 2 /Circassian; q.w|@- 1,2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
axna_ (axcas, akkhas) to know, realize, experience, mistake for; axka_, akhka_ knowledge, experience (Kurux); ge (aqqa) to know, understand; gre to get accustomed to (Malto)(DEDR 17) [sk]
Some of the words from [sk] appear to have lost initial <a> ?misprint?
akhnā (akhcas, akkhas) to know, realise, experience, mistake for; akhkā, akhkā knowledge, experience /Kurux; ág.e (aqqa) to know, understand /Malto (DEDR 17) [bur]
Note that [bur84] also lists age (aqqa) "to know, understand"; agre "to get accustomed to" for Malto (DEDR 17)!
Indo-European
Celtic
eisg, eisgear satirist /Gaelic; eigeas, pl. eigse, a learned man /Irish; Early Irish écess: *ád-gen-s-to? [from mcb]
Germanic
hyge (hige) m mind, heart /Old English [sc1]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian/Avestan
aagaa(h) aware, wise /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
ugga_haka one who is eager to learn; uggan.ha_ti takes up, acquires, learns (Pali). ugat learned; uganvanava_ to teach (Sinhalese) [sk]
hupe- "lying, to lie, lay" [az96] /Etruscan
hupni, hufni "sepulchral environment or place" [mp68, pa]; "sleep" [am91] /Etruscan
hupnina "sepulchral environment or place" [mp68, pa] /Etruscan
"respository" [am91] /Etruscan
"bed, cot, place of rest" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
hev-er to lie around, to while away (the time); to lounge about /Hungarian {p > v}
hev-er-ő couch /Hungarian
Indo-European
hupnos sleep /Greek [dk]
hupni-S, hunine-thi "sepulchral environment or place" [mp68] /Etruscan
"sleep" < "situating, lying down" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
huny shut one's eyes /Hungarian {/ny/ ~ palatised /n/}
*kun'a sleep, rest /Uralic
xonyo- sleep /Forest-Nenets [ryan]
Sumerian
huğ, hun (-ğ) to rest, repose [jh] {/ğ/ ~ /ng/}
Niger-Congo (?)
góma (v.) to close one's eyes /Wollof [pc2]
Afro-Asiatic
*hnd to be languid, slack, drowsy /Semitic Protoform [ss]
hnd /Arabic; h@n@d ga"?a, ta"hanna"da" 'tra"ge 'to be languid, slack; be in stupor, stupefied' /Tigre; ho:n@d 'to feel drowsy' /Mehri; he:ned /Harsusi; ohu/nd /Jibbali; he/nod 'dormir' /Soqotri [ss]
Dravidian
hunjih-; unj- to sleep /Gondi; hunj- (hunc-) to sleep /Pengo; hunj- to sleep /Mand.a; hu_njali to lie down; hunjinai, hunj- (-it-) to sleep /Kuwi [sk]
kana dream (Tulu); kenaci dream (Kod.agu); kan-a_, kan-avu dream, sleep; kan-avu (kan-avi-) to dream (Tamil); kina_vu, kanavu, kana_vu dream; kanavuka, kana_vikkuka to dream (Malayalam); kancn dream (Kota); konof (obl. konot-) id. (Toda); kana, kanasu, kanasa id.; kanavarisu to dream (Kannad.a) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
hun /Welsh, hun /Breton: [from mcb]
hunvre dream /Breton [gp]
Quechua
huañuna to die /Quechua [q1]
huañuchina kill, turn off (die + china "to make") /Quechua [q1]
also see Hungarian csinál "to make, do; to produce"
Yuki
in-nŭ, in' asleep [y84]
?in- sleep; ?inse, in'-nuk-eh to sleep [y84]
huth 'four' or 'six' /Etruscan
Etruscan
A word in some dispute in this exact science.
According to [lb] we know the first six Etruscan numbers: thu, zal, ci, s'a, mach, huth,
who justifies this by saying that "Their order was recognised because
in antiquity the sum of each of the two opposite sides of the die added
up to seven: mach + zal = seven; thu + huth = seven; ci + s'a
= seven. Other clues led to the identification of each particular
number, so that the order given above is generally accepted today."
Some ignore this and list huth as '4' and s'a as '6' based only on the following observations as listed in [glb: p.127]:
(a) another name for the city of Tetrapolis, Huttenia is related to huth meaning 'four'
(b) in the tomb of the Charons, the fourth figure of the demon Charon is labelled Charun huths 'the fourth Charon'
However, [glb: p.127] says that Adriana Emiliozzi's work confirms the use of s'a for 'four' (referring to a quadruple burial), and therefore huth for' six'.
Uralic
*kutte six /Uralic
kuusi 6 /Finnish{t>s}; xót 6 /Vogul
kuuz (num) six /Vaddja [fv]
hoot, qåt /Man's'i [Chong]
In Uralic languages 6 was the main multiplier and the counting system went from 1 to 6, not to 10. //// 7,8,9 were invented after the separation of these languages. Sumerian also had a memory of this since its number system was 60 based, numbers above 6 are combinations of the old numbers. From [fh]
Altaic
_alti 6 /Altaic{k>g>ø}
Sumerian
_aš 6 /Sumerian {k>g>ø}{t>š}
-i suffix used with towns named after families [lrp 57] /Etruscan
Uralic
-i suffix 'from' used with families named after towns and places /Hungarian
In Hungarian, family or surnames tend to be listed before first names. The family name is used as an adjective describing which person one is referring to.
In old documents the place of origin of a person was also added before the family name! The place name suffixed with -i is another adjective to define which family one is referring to.
For example, Borsodi Forgács Péter means "Péter of the Forgács family in or from the county of Borsod". It is possible to have a family name which is also the place name (of origin) as for example, Szegedi Mária. In Mária's case her surname means "of or from the city of Szeged".
Compare the similar Iranian suffix -i in the example below.
Ainu
i suffix used with "place" meaning "where" or "time" meaning "when". [sm]
Indo-European
Celtic
o from /Gaelic, ó /Irish, ó, ua (hó, hua) /Old Irish [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
bafaqi "Of or born in Bafaq"
babili "Of or belonging to Babylon"; etc.
ic, ix and [pa]; as, how, if, like [az96, mp68, pa, dep] /Etruscan
ic, ich, ichnac how [lb] /Etruscan
ica, ika this [lb] /Etruscan
ha if; when /Hungarian
Uralic
One official source says Hungarian ha is derived from a F-U root. [Chong]
Another source says it is possibly related to hogy "how". [Chong]
{Hungarian /gy/ like a palatised /d'/}
-ko interrogative suffix /Vaddja [fv]
Etruscan
Etruscan /c/ like /k/ while /x/ like aspirated /k/
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
Avestan
ke, ka if; or /Pashto [tr]
Baluchi
∂g∂ if [mab]
Yuki
-ha (?), -?a(?) interrogative suffix [y84]
Altaic/Tungus
-o interrogative suffix /Manchu [as]
há-ny (há = interrogative) how many? /Hungarian
Uralic
*nk ? Uralic plural
nk, k Hungarian plural
ahány (rel. pron.) as many /Hungarian
{/a-/ prefix forms rel. pronouns from int. pronouns.}
annyi as much as /Hungarian
{Hungarian /ny/ similar to Basque or Spanish /ñ/}
Sumerian
ene Sumerian plural
Altaic/Khakas
änjä so much as {I:747 Sagay dialect} [kl]
Basque
ain (B,G) (adv.) "so"; hain (L,LN,Z,U) (adv.) so; so much; such; hoin (L,LN,Z)
aina (B,G) (adv.) as much as; haina (conj.) as much as
Indo-European/Slavic
onoliko as much, so much, as many, so many /Serbo-Croatian
Yuki
haymas, hain-mas how (much or many) [y84]
hogy how; that /Hungarian {/gy/ like palatised /d'/}
Uralic
hotj (conj) although /Vaddja [fv]
hog how; that /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} [gzb1]
hoģ how; that /Old Hungarian (16th. Century) [bm]
Origin of Hungarian hogy is FU. [Chong]
*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]
kuze how (Mari); koda how (Mordvin) [Chong]
kõda' how; koj@t what kind of... (Kamas); hunc'er' how; hun'angy which (N'en'ec'); kutar how (Šölqup) [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
quode 'how?'
Niger-Congo (?)
kaatu (conj) because /Mandinka [pc1]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
hôs (relat. and interrog.), how
hôs (conjunction) with Substantive clauses, to express a fact, = hoti, that.
Italic/Latin
ŭt (or ŭti)
(1) with indic. verb how (interrog. and exclam.)
(2) with subjunctive: in indirect question, how etc.
quod (conj.) the fact that, whereas; because; etc; quŏt (indecl.) how many
Anatolian
kuit (conj.) because, since /Hittite [ho]
kot 'how' /Lydian [cb2]
{IE *kw- (interrogative pronoun stem), Hittite kuwat (how)}[cb2]
Indo-Iranian
kathám [Vedic kathā'] (interr. adv.) how?, in what way? /Sanskrit
hol where? /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian hol and hova are officially derived from FU. [Chong]
*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
qol- where?
hova whither?, where to? /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian hova and hol are officially derived from FU. [Chong]
*ku where /Proto FU [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 262 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
haba'lla where /Burji
ha'ba where /Darasa
Altaic/Tungus
aba where? /Manchu [as]
ai ba where? /Manchu [as]
ya ba, yaba where? what place?; yabade where? to what place? /Manchu [as]
Indo-European
Italic/Latin
ubi
(1) rel. adv. and conj., where, when
(2) interrog. adv. and conj., where?
quo (adv.) where
As in 'QuoVadis?- Whither goest thou? or Where are you going?'
Indo-Iranian
kvà, [Vedic kúa], (adv.) where? whither? /Sanskrit
ita, itu, ta this [lb] /Etruscan
az "that" (demonstrative pronoun) /Hungarian
ez "this" (dem. pronoun) /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]
a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)
Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]
[? *e this (Proto FU); et that (conjunction), egä, iga every (Estonian); e- in että that (conjunction) (Finnish); âttì that (conjunction) (Lappish)] / [? it now, in just now; this (Khanty); e-: sy this, that, eta this, edz'i so (Komi); e-: emb& if, when, ese that one, esë there (inessive), estë from there (elative), es't'a so, es't'amo such, ete this; i-: is't'a so, is't'amo such (Mordvin)]
[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]
kase (dem. prn) this here, that there /Vaddja [fv]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #347> [oi4]
Semitic
d- this /Aramaic; z- this /Hebrew; d_u (demonst.) /Arabic
Egyptian
s (s', z) man
Berber
i_d ayd ad (demonst.) /Berber
Altaic
[? incˆä so (Old Turkish); ene this (Buryat); edüge now (Clasical Mongol) // ädu here (Ewenk)] [Chong]
∫u this, that /Turkmen [glnp]
Caucasian
es this; eg, is that /Georgian [pjh]
(0) Indo-European
*s- (demonstrative pronoun) /PIE [cb2]
Armenian
es, isah, os this (Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Anatolian
es- this /Lydian [cb2]
asa-, asi- that /Hittite [cb2]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
e this, these; he, she, it, they. /Baluchi [mab]
ide, itt(en) here; in this place /Hungarian
oda there; ott(an) there, in that place /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]
a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)
Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]
[? *e this (Proto FU); et that (conjunction), egä, iga every (Estonian); e- in että that (conjunction) (Finnish); âttì that (conjunction) (Lappish)] / [? it now, in just now; this (Khanty); e-: sy this, that, eta this, edz'i so (Komi); e-: emb& if, when, ese that one, esë there (inessive), estë from there (elative), es't'a so, es't'amo such, ete this; i-: is't'a so, is't'amo such (Mordvin)]
[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]
Hurrian-Urartian [ryan]
edia there
Ainu [sm]
otta in, at {postposition}
Burushaski [dg]
to - there; it - over there
tóla - thither; íta - to over there
tólum - from there; ítum - from over there
Dravidian [sk]
a_da that place, there (Telugu); atan there; adar.in therefrom (Naikri); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that over there (Kui); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that most remote; asan, hasan there, thither; ayya_, hayya_ there, in that place (Kur.ux) (DEDR 1)
Indo-European
Celtic
Gaelic ud yon, yonder, Irish úd, Early Irish út; for sud (sút), q.v. For loss of s, cf. the article [mcb]
Armenian
ahd, ahyd, aht that, there (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
Anatolian
[-tta] "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Functionally = Hittite -kan. = Lycian -te and Palaic -tta. [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
idha here, now /Avestan
adda (adv.) there /Baluchi [mab]
oda (adv.) over there /Baluchi [mab]
yda (adv.) here /Baluchi [mab]
e-dem this way, hither /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
adás (pron.) yon, yonder, that, that there /Sanskrit
idám (adv.) now; here /Sanskrit
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
ta '(locative and instrumental particle)'
Ulwa
âduh (interj.) here! [ud]
iduh (interj.) there! [ud]
így in this way; like this /Hungarian{/gy/ like palatised /d'/}
úgy like that /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian így is seen as being related to Hungarian ez "this", itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", ilyen "such as this" and officially deriving from FU [Chong]
[? *e this (Proto FU); et that (conjunction), egä, iga every (Estonian); e- in että that (conjunction) (Finnish); âttì that (conjunction) (Lappish)] / [? it now, in just now; this (Khanty); e-: sy this, that, eta this, edz'i so (Komi); e-: emb& if, when, ese that one, esë there (inessive), estë from there (elative), es't'a so, es't'amo such, ete this; i-: is't'a so, is't'amo such (Mordvin)]
[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]
One expert source sees Hungarian úgy as derived from a FU root. [Chong]
Another expert source sees úgy as related to Hungarian az "that" (see above)
Altaic
Turkic
îdi thus, in such a way /Khakas [kl]
(idä RI:1506 Sagay, edäy RI:848, edii RI:854 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha); îdi dee, îdök tee so, as it is; îdi tee çaxsï it is good as it is; ediibä, pidiibä, qaydiiba? RI:854 like this, like that or otherwise?; edäy keräk, çaqsï RI:849 that's right, good!. [kl]
Tungus
uttu thus, in this manner /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
at.t.e_ in that manner; at.u, at.ula, at.ulu, at.t.ulu, at.lu thus (Telugu); dahun, daun, duhun in this manner (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 1) [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
íta (adv. used with adjs. and advs.) so, thus /Latin
Indo-Iranian
íti in this way, thus, so /Sanskrit
itthā' (Vedic only) and, itthám (adv.) in this way; so /Sanskrit
ima ame "commemorate, commemeration, conclave" [az96] /Etruscan
imit-ve "commemorated (past)" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
*wOmV to conjure /Proto Uralic [ss: 1192]
Komi (Zyrian): vomiʒ́ (S P) 'durch den bösen Blick angezauberte Beschädigung od. Krankheit', vo.miʒ́ (PO) 'Beschreien' ?
Hungarian: imád- (altung. wimagguc) 'anbeten, vergöttern; altung. beten, anbieten' ?
From the "Lament of Mary"
wimagguc, vimagguc, uimagguc, uimaggomuc "let us pray" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century}
(Modern, imádjuk "let us worship") [gzb1]
uimaggonoc "pray for (him)" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century}
(Modern, imádjanak (= imádkozzanak)) [gzb1]
uimadsaguc "their prayer" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century}
(Modern, imádságuk "their worship") [gzb1]
The leading V in the Old Hungarian is not explained. [gzb1]
ima a prayer; imád to worship /Modern Hungarian
Hungarian imád is 'possibly' of some FU origin. [see Chong]
emleget to talk about sb.; to mention /Hungarian
emlék- memory, remembrance, monument; commemorative /Hungarian
Dravidian
i_m place for cremation of the dead, burial ground (Tol. Er..ut. 328); i_makkat.an- funeral rites (Tiruvil.ai. Par..iya. 30); i_matta_r..i burial urn for the dead in ancient times (Pur-ana_. 256); i_ma-viti funeral rites (Pa_rata. Campava. 105); i_ma-van-am burning-ground (Te_va_. 84,7)(Tmil.lex.) i_mam burning ground (Ci_vaka. 210); funeral pyre (Pur-ana_. 23); id. (Tinn.); funeral (Tamil); i_mam cemetery, funeral pyre, funeral rites (Malayalam)(DEDR 540). [from sk]
inte adverse, averse, hostile [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
intetvinec "incitements" /Old Hungarian {12th. Century} (Modern, intésének "to his warning/ admonition") [gzb1]
int to admonish; to warn; to beckon, wave /Hungarian
intõ exhortation, warning; intõ példa object-lesson /Hungarian
Hungarian int- is officially of unknown origin. [See Chong]
Foam, wave, roll; wash out, river, bay
ipas, ipase oscillating,wavering [az96] /Etruscan
*ep-/*ip- to vacillate, doubt [az96] /Etruscan
hab foam; hab-ok billows; the ocean; hab-leány mer-maid /Hungarian
hab-oz waver, hesitate, be reluctant /Hungarian
hemper-eg to wallow, roll about /Hungarian
himbál to swing; to roll; to rock, to balance /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian hab is thought to derive from FU. [Chong]
*kumpa wave /Uralic
Finno-Ugric
kumboldo- undulate (Erzya); kumpua- (Finnish); kump- (Khanty); hump- (Southern Khanty); gybav float (Komi); kombõldõ- bubble up, undulate (Mokša) [Chong]
Samoyedic
kaba wave (En'ec'); haamba wave (N'en'ec'); kongfu wave (Nganasan); komba- (Šölqup) [Chong]
pára mist /Hungarian
Dravidian
kampam < kampa vibration, shaking, motion (Man.i. 17,63); kampitam quivering, quaking, trembling, shaking (Tiruva_ta. Pu. Man.cumanta. 56)(Tamil.lex.) kampan-am motion, vibration, shaking; quaking, trembling with fear (Ka_cippu. Tar..uvak.); kampalai trembling, quivering, quaking; uproar, tumult, quarrelling; kampittal to shake, toss (Kampara_. Paracura_map. 8); to tremble, quake (Tiruva_ca. 4,61); to shake, vibrate (Pirapo_ta. 23,12) (Tamil.lex.); kampa-va_tam shaking palsy, paralysis agitons (Ta.lex.) tun.ukkam trembling, palpitation of the heart through fear (Kampara_. U_rte_t.u. 97); vibration; tun.un:ku-tal to fear (Ta.lex.) [sk]
Sumerian
_ab lake, sea; ab-zu sentient sea; ab- window, depression [jh]
bír mistiness (of the eyes) [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
qbh N qbt) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr foam of juice
LS2 640
LS2 v: qeb.t_A)
qwpy#2 N qwpy) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr mass floating on water 2 Syr foam
LS2 682
LS2 v: quwpyA)
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 152 #3> [oi4]
Bedawiye, Beja
hebib, hubbaat foam (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
h!embo foam /Saho; hinboo /Afar; humbi /Kambata; omac#a /Oromo; h!umbo(f.) /Somali
Altaic
*k`o/p`i (~-e) foam /Altaic [ss]
*ko"p- to swell, foam /Turkic [ss]
ko"pu"k 'foam' /Old Turkic; ko"pik 'foam' /Turkmen; kúw|búw|k 'foam' /Chuvash; ko"p- /Yakut [ss]
*ko"g|e- to foam, swell up /Mongolian [ss]
ko"gege-, ko"ge- /Written Mongolian; ke|he|- (IM), ku- (MA) /Middle Mongolian; xo":- /Khalkha; ko":- /Kalmuck; xue:- , xue:re-; xue:s 'foam' /Dagur; ko:-; ko:rs@ 'foam' /Monguor [ss]
*xapu- ~ *xopu- foam /Tungus [ss]
x|ofon ~ x|afun /Manzhu [ss]
*k@\phu/m foam /Korean [ss]
k@\phu/m Middle Korean [ss]
k@phum Modern Korean [ss]
*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]
*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]
ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]
*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]
obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]
a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]
kawa river; a stream; brook /Japanese
Austric
apa to move (things), to place, to put. /Rapanui [anon]
Ka apa te kumara ki roto ki te kete Put the sweet potatoes inside the basket [anon]
awa channel, river /Moriori [mor]
ip- water /Mendi; ipa- water /Kewa, Enga, Ipili; iba- water /Huli; ibo- rain /Awa; obe- water /Dorig; ebe- rain /Nengone; ubata- rain /New Georgia; abo-abo- rain /Tagalog; afa- storm /Samoa; afu- waterfall /Samoa [pkm]
Basque
apar (B,G,U); habuin (L) foam
Also see Greek aphro-s "foam" which resembles the Basque apar, but the Greek is without an explanation within the frame of Indo-European [mo]
Indo-European
Celtic
òb a creek /Gaelic; from NNorse hóp, small land-locked bay, Scottish hope, Anglo-Saxon hóp, valley. [mcb]
tabh the sea, ocean /Gaelic; from Norse haf, Swed. haf, Danish hav, the open sea, Anglo-Saxon haef. From Norse also comes the Scottish (Shet.) haaf, open sea [mcb]
Anatolian
hapa a river /Hittite [cb]
Slavic
para steam, vapour /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
âpa [ap] water /Avestan; ap- water /Sanskrit
Quechua
para rain; paray to rain [q2]
öbl-ít to wash out, to rinse /Hungarian
öb-öl bay (Bay of Biscay) /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian öblít is thought to be possibly onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Officially, Hungarian öböl is of unknown origin. [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
'uwbal river, canal /Hebrew (Old Testament Strong No: 0180)
Altaic
*u:\jba foam /Altaic [ss]
*ibil- to flow (of milk from the udder at the time of sucking) /Mongolian [ss]
ibil-, ibel- , ibile- /Written Mongolian; ivle- /Khalkha; iwl.- /Kalmuck; ilu-, iwl@lg@:- /Dagur [ss]
*(x)o:b- 1 to get covered by foam 2 foam (on water) 3 to wash, wash off /Tungus [ss]
obo- 3, obon|gi 2 /Manzhu; o:vda- 1 /Evenki [ss]
*a\wa\ foam /Japanese [ss]
a\wa\ Old Japanese; awa/ Tokyo [ss]
Basque
ubil (B,U) whirpool
Muskogean/Eastern
oowila to overflow its banks (of a creek or lake), flood /Alabama [tm]
Var: oowiila Var: oowihla [from tm]
iθal 'drink'; itθa 'drink, drinking vessel' /Etruscan [alinei]
Uralic
ital (n.) drink; itat to give sb. a drink; to water an animal /Hungarian
Old Magyar it, itó 'watering hole, to drink, refreshment' and Magyar iszik connected to Finn-Ugric *juγe *juke 'to drink' [alinei]
Afro-Asiatic
itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Basque
edal- (used in compound words) derived from edari drink
edan (C) v.t. to drink; (n.) a drink; edari (C) beverage, a drink
iturri (C) spring, fountain
Etruscan
Etruscan iθal 'drink'; itθa 'drink, drinking vessel' > Magyar ital and Old Magyar it 'watering hole, to drink, refreshment' [alinei]
An objection to this interpretation according to [source] and repeated across the web verbatim (with no references) is that "Mario Alinei's 2003 claim that the word iθal means "drink" and that Etruscan is thus based on Hungarian is ruled out by the fact that iθal
occurs in one single inscription and does not re-occur in the many
hundreds of known inscribed Etruscan symposium vessels which might be
expected to contain the word "drink" if their Latin equivalents are
anything to go by." Q.E.D.
Unfortunate 'might be', 'could be' and an 'expectation' qualified by an 'if'.
Indo-European
Celtic
ìotadh thirst /Gaelic, íota /Irish, Old Irish ítu, g. ítad: *isottât, root is, desire, seek; Greek i@'ótcs, wish, i@`/meros, desire; Church Slavonic iskati, seek; Sanskrit ish, seek, Zend. ish, wish. [from mcb]
c.f. the Gaelic root is "desire, seek" with
üz to work hard at a trade; to chase after a woman /Hungarian
âšik lover; loving; âšikî love, amour /Brahui
izi , iz-zi fire [jh] /Sumerian; issi heat /Turkic
зs fire /Phœnician [cgj]
asik fever? malady /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
?a,sol' hot; ?a,sul' fever /Yuki [y84]
*aZ- ardor [az96]; ausaz eager, desirous [az96] /Etruscan
az to burn, to sear? [az96]; usil sun /Etruscan
asar roast /Spanish; assar bake /Portuguese
Fall, diminish, reduce, lower; be (get) sick
kalem "ready to fall, to lower oneself" [az96] /Etruscan
hull-ani to fall, to diminish; hull-at to shed (leaves, tears) /Hungarian
Uralic
*kulle separate, come off /Uralic
Hungarian hull- is thought to have two origins :-
--> (?) *kul3 (Proto FU) [Chong]
gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi); xul- break/come/work away/off (of bark) (Sosva Man's'i) [Chong]
--> kuluma to be consumed, wear away (Estonian); kulua id. (Finnish); kòþ- cease, come to an end (Jugan Khanty); xååli cease, come to an end; disappear, vanish (Northern Man's'i) [Chong]
[also see Hungarian hal "to die"]
Sumerian
hul3 destroy, ruin, hostile
Altaic/Turkic
il-mek to be fallen /Turkmen [glnp]
Basque
galdu (C)
v.t. to lose (money, a war, a bet, etc.), to mislay, misplace; to waste;
v.i. to become corrupt, become spoiled (food, people); to be shipwrecked, to sink;
v.i. to get lost, to lose one's way, to be lost; to disappear
v.i./v.t. to become evil; to pervert, corrupt, spoil
adj. perverse, corrupted, depraved, wicked, lost.
Dravidian
ku_lu to fall down, be overturned, be destroyed, ruined; ku_lisu to cause to fall, destroy (Kannad.a); ku_lu to fall down, sink, drop, die, fall dead; ku_l(u)cu to cause to fall, fell, bring to the ground, knock down, kill; ku_la~bad.u to fall down suddenly, sink, drop; ku_r.a_na_ to topple over (of a vessel, boulder on hillside), founder (of a bullock); ku_d.a_na_ to topple down; kura_na_ to roll over; gu_r.- id., spill, lie down to sleep; ku_r.- tree to fall; ku_r.h- to fell (Gondi); gu_r- (-it-) to lie down, sleep, roll on floor (Kond.a); gu_r- (-t-) to fall down; gru_t- (-t-) to fell (Pengo); ku_ra (ku_ri-) to fall over, fall down, tumble, prostrate oneself, lie down; n. a fall, tumble. prostration (Kui); kuriyu to rain, shower, fall, leak, rain down (fire, arrows) (Telugu) (DEDR 1907).[sk]
Etruscan
helenaia "(which) bends, lowers" [az96]
helene "one who descends upon, lowers oneself" [az96]
hels "to fold, recline?" [az96]
helSc "reclined" [az96]
helzunia "(which) folds" [az96]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
elass-oô make less or smaller, diminish, reduce in amount 2. in early writers, lower, degrade
Indo-Iranian
gal drip; fall; galita fallen out, gone (claws, teeth) /Sanskrit
halk soft, low; halk-ul become faint; hal-vány weak, faint /Hungarian
Uralic
?cf. gylvany to fall down/off (Vichegda Komi) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
xl$ A /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLATg,Syr weak 2 Syr vile 3 Syr magician 4 Syr wretched 5 Syr humble 6 Syr weak (grammatical)
LS2 239
LS2 V: xalA$
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 649a #9> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
k'all, ?'- thin /Proto East Cushitic
Semitic
qll light /Geez
Dravidian
hala_ku oppressed, overcome, spent through sickness, labour etc., ruined, destroyed, lost (Kannad.a, Telugu); ala_kku (Tamil.) [sk]
ula (-pp-, -nt-) to become diminished, be wasted, be devoid of, die, terminate; ulakkai end, ruin, death; ulappu wasting, perishing, defect, death, limit; ulai (-v-, -nt-) to perish, be ruined (as houses, land, crops); (-pp-, -tt-) to ruin; ulaivu ruin, destruction, defeat, poverty, trouble (Tamil); ulakkuka to shrink up; ulayuka to be impoverished, ruined; ulaccal, ulavu ruin (Malayalam)(DEDR 671). [sk]
alku (alki-) to shrink, diminish, lessen; alkal deficiency, poverty; akku (akki-) to be reduced, shrink, be dejected, become closed (as a flower); nalku_r (-v-, -nt-) to be poor, indigent, destitute; n. poverty (Tamil); akkud.isu to become small, wane (Kannad.a)(DEDR 252). [sk]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
khall (v.n.), being diminished, extenuated, lean; becoming poor; weak (man); an old garment; a rent in a garment; thinly plumaged (bird) /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says khall is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Aryan
hal.u_, halka_ light weight/ Mara_t.hi_; hal.u, hal.ve light/ Gujara_ti_; halu_ lightly/ Hindi_; halkum. lightly/Gujara_ti_; halko lightly/ Sindhi_; halka_ light /Bengali, Punja_bi_, Hindi_; halua light /Prakrit [sk]
kala dumb, indistinct, low, soft (of sounds) /Sanskrit [iits2]
Yuki
hulk'ilal ghost2; hulk'·le(l) ~ hulk'i·la(l), hulk'ilal, hudl-k.í-lŭl white people [y84]
hül cool, get cool /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source says Hungarian hül derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]
Sumerian
hal-ba frost,freezing
Altaic
*gi>\l/o\ cold /Altaic [ss]
*Kyl/ winter /Turkic [ss]
qyŝ (Orkh., OUigh.) /Old Turkic; qyŝ (MK) /Karakhanid; qyŝ (Abu H., Pav.C.) /Middle Turkic; kyŝ /Turkish; Gyŝ /Azeri; qyŝ /Gagauz; Gyŝ /Turkmen; qyŝ /Khaladzh; qys /Sary-Yughur; qyŝ /Tatar; qyŝ /Kirghiz; qys /Kazakh; qys /Noghai; qyŝ /Balkar; qyŝ /Kumyk; qys /Karakalpak; qiŝ /Uzbek; qiŝ /Uighur; qyŝ /Bashkir; xys /Khakassian; qy`ŝ /Tuva-Tofalar; qyŝ /Altai; qyŝ /Shor; x@l /Chuvash; kys, kyhyn /Yakut; kyhyn /Dolgan [ss]
*gil- cold /Tungus [ss]
gildi /Evenki; gi.lrú. /Even; gi.li.gdi. /Negidal; Gi.ĉi.si. /Nanai; Gi.tu.li., Gi.ti.si. /Ulcha; Gi.ĉu.li. /Orok; giĉi-si /Oroch; gilihi /Udighe [ss]
*ki\sa\ra-(n)ki second month of the lunar calendar /Japanese [ss]
k(j)isarag(j)i (Old Japanese); ki\saragi (Tokyo); ki/sa/ra/gi/ (Kyoto); kisaragi/ (Kagoshima) [ss]
Dravidian
*kul.- cool /South Dravidian [ss]
*kul.- /Nilgiri [ss]
kul.ir (-v-, -nt-) to feel cool (as breeze), be cool, refreshing, get numbed (as in death); n. coldness, chilliness, ague, shivering; kul.ircci, kul.irtti, kul.utti coolness, cold, act of cooling or refreshing, numbness (as in death); kul.irppu, kul.irmai, kul.umai coolness, kindness; kul.iri a fan; kul.l.a-k-kul.ir- to be intensely cool and refreshing (Tamil); kul.ir, kul.ur coldness, cool, refreshing; kul.iruka to be chilly, refreshed; kul.irma freshness; kul.irppu, kul.uppam chilliness; kul.irppikka to chill, quiet, refresh, comfort; kul.ukul.u intense cold (Malayalam); kul.ak in-, kul.kul. in- (hands, feet, body) feel cool, (mind) feels calm and peaceful (Kota); kul.ir to be cool or cold; n. coldness, coolness, cold, snow, frost (Kannad.a); kul.i- (kul.ip-, kul.it-) cold feeling is; kul.iri ka.a cold season (Kod.agu)(DEDR 1834).[sk]
Indo-European/Germanic
kela cool down, compensate /Old Frisian [db]
Quechua
ila cold [q2]
hele "sad, angry, sullen" [az96] /Etruscan
helu "to get sad, mad" [az96] /Etruscan
helucu "sad, mournful" [az96] /Etruscan
helusnei "(one who) gets sad" [az96] /Etruscan
hülye imbecile, dotty /Hungarian
Uralic
hullu adj crazy, stupid /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian hülye imbecile, dotty is thought to derive from hül- "cool, get cool" which in turn derives from hűvös "cool". [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
*hll to be imbecile, weak-minded, mad; mocked at /Semitic Protoform [ss]
ula:lu '(geistig) Schwacher' /Akkadian; hll 'to be infatuated', 'to make look foolish; to make a mockery of', 'to pretend to be mad; to act like a madman', ho:le:lu:t 'foolishness, blindness' /Hebrew; hll (Af.) 'illusit, irrisit; despexit, contempsit' /Syriac; halhal 'injure; sottise' (SUD); halhil 'to upbraid, disgrace' (EGYP ) /Arabic [ss]
*h.ly to be sick, infirm /Semitic Protoform [ss]
(?) h_alu^ 'to be sick' /Akkadian; h.a:la: 'to grow weak, tired; to fall sick, to be ill' /Hebrew; HLA 'to be weak, sick' /Mandiac; h.ll 'to be sick' /Arabic; h.@lla 'agony, last hour of a dying person', h.alla"la" 'to render unable' /Tigre; h.@yu:l 'to be afflicted with senile dementia' /Mehri; h.e|/l 'to be senile' /Jibbali; h.a/yil 'senile' /Soqotri [ss]
*h.ls. {} *h.lc. to feel pain, be sick /Semitic Protoform [ss]
HLS. 'to feel pain, give pain, cause pain' /Mandaic
SAB h.ls. 'sickness, malady' /Epigraphic South Arabian [ss]
Altaic
Turkic/Khakas
elää stupid, silly {Kacha dialect RI:810} [kl]
Tungus
hûlhi stupid; slow-witted, slow of wit /Manchu [as]
Austric
kuare stupid /Moriori [mor]
rorirori, heahea silly, stupid /Mäori [ng]
Basque
ahul (L,LN,Z,U) weak, in poor health
Indo-European/Anatolian
hallina- `be sick, hurt' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
halliŝ- `sickness, pain' (?) /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
Muskogean/Eastern
hoyoopa to be mad, crazy, mean (of an animal), vicious Var: hoyòopa /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
hilyu? sick1 [y84]
kurou "dwarf" < "trunck?" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
kurta short, blunt /Hungarian
Altaic
qirt short /Ancient Turk [hh96]
*k`oru ( ~ -e) short; diminish, grow less /Altaic [ss]
*Kora- 1 to diminish 2 to decrease /Turkic [ss]
qora- 2 /Old Turkic [ss]
*koru- to diminish /Mongolian [ss]
g|oro-, g|oru'a- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; xoro- /Khalkha; xor- /Kalmuck [ss]
*xurumu"- short /Tungus [ss]
ujumku:n /Negidal; xurm'i. /Nanai; xurmi /Ulcha; xorumi /Orok; urumkun /Even; urumku:n /Evenki [ss]
*ko\rh- to diminish, grow less, suffer loss /Korean [ss]
kol(h)- /Modern Korean; ko\rh- Middle Korean [ss]
Dravidian
*kud- small /Dravidian [ss]
*kur- small /South Dravidian [ss]
kuru short, dwarfish, defective Tamil; kuru short, little, brief /Malayalam; kuru smallness /Kannada; koru, koravu defect, deficiency /Kodagu; kuru little, small /Tulu [ss]
*kur-@g- short, small /Nilgiri [ss]
kurg- (kurgy-) "to become small, diminished" /Kota; kurx- (kurxy-) "to be short" /Toda [ss]
*kur- short, dwarfish, small /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: kuruca; Dialect forms (1): kuru- [ss]
*kud-, *gut- short /Gondwan [ss]
*kur-a: (*-R-) short of stature /Gondi [ss]
kurra: /Betul-2 [ss]
kuri short, shortness /Konda [ss]
*gus-p- short /Pengo-Manda [ss]
guhu, guhut.i, guspa, guspat.i /Pengo [ss]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
khurda small, fine, minute; anything small, a trifle; etc.; khurdaha fractions; small things; khurdi smallness; infancy; khurdin the smallest, most minute /Persian [fjs]
lapicane vacillating [az96] /Etruscan
leb-eg float, hang, hover between two states (-eg, -og frequentive suffix) /Hungarian
lob-og 1) flame, blaze; 2) wave, flutter, float /Hungarian
lób-ál to dangle, hang /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian lebeg could be either of F-U origin, onomatopoeic, or a descriptive word. [See Chong]
F.U. *lep > lep-edő -originally meant 'tent' [fh]
leepi to cover (Man's'i) [Chong]
lep inundate, cover, primitive shelter /Hungarian & Uralic
leip-ox the royal scythian clan/tent / Mészáros work on Scythian languages
lepo "royal house/tent" /Hittite
Leb-edi the "first vovoid" of the Hungarians /Greek distortion of first/royal family.
lep-ed-ö coverlet /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #318> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
lifi(R) wrap (up) /(Bedawiye, Beja)
Agaw
la''b bind, join together /Bilin
Cushitic, South
lefim- cover /Proto South Cushitic
Sino-Tibetan
*lu>p (~ -y>-; k-) cover, add a layer /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to cover; additional robe over another; repeat"
xi 2 /Modern (Beijing) < zjip /Middle Chinese < lh@p /Old Chinese [ss]
Tibetan: klub (p. klubs) to cover (e.g. the body with ornaments).
Kachin: g@lup3 to roof, cover; grup2 cover (as with a blanket), wrap (as a child in a blanket).
Lepcha: la/p to spread as carpet; ta>-lap a sort of bamboo-vessel, small bowl or saucer, generally used as a cover for bowl [ss]
Altaic
yop- cover (Uzbek) [Chong]
Dravidian
lep quilt /Brahui
le_pu a sort of quilt (Kannad.a) [sk]
Indo-European
Anatolian
lepo "royal house/tent" /Hittite
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
lep (n.) quilt /Baluchi [mab]
Italic
labidus "totter, waver" [az96] /Latin
lăbasco to totter, to give way /Latin [Cassell]
Slavic
lebdeći hovering; suspended, pending; floating; lebdjeti to soar, tower; float, hover; hang suspended, be pending; lepršati to flutter; stream (in the wind); hover about, flit about; float, wave; hang loose; lepet, lepetanje fluttering; lepetati to flutter; lepezati to fan /Serbo-Croatian
lep-ke butterfly /Hungarian << to flutter, fly
Uralic
One official source thinks Hungarian lepke is derived from a F-U root
lible, liblikas, librik (Estonian); liippo, liipukka (Finnish - -o, -ukka are suffixes); l¿wan't'i‹ (KnVah - -n't'i‹ is a suffix); libelyk: pej`vviè-libelyk (Lappish - pej`vviè "day"); l&pä`.x (Tavda Man's'i - -x is a suffix); l@.p@ (Kosmodemjansk Mari) [Chong]
Another source says Hungarian lepke is of debated origin and it is also possible lepke is related to lebeg-. [Chong]
also see Hungarian pillangó, pille "moth, butterfly"
Sino-Tibetan
*le:p butterfly /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "butterfly"
die 2 Modern (Beijing) < diep Middle Chinese < l(h)e:p Old Chinese [ss]
phje-ma-lep butterfly. /Tibetan; lip-pra butterfly. /Burmese; p@lam4-la?3 a butterfly. /Kachin; phi:n|-phi-hlip a winged white-ant. /Lushei [ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
lepir, leptir butterfly /Serbo-Croatian
lauchum king /Etruscan [lb]
lauc, luc, lau×um-, lu×um-, lau×me etc. /Etruscan [alinei]
Uralic [alinei]
Mansi low, luw; Khanti loγ, law 'horse'
Magyar ló horse; lovas rider, horseman, knight
Hungarian ló appears in names such as Lougedi (personal name, 1138); Loaz (placename, 1193); Lowaz (placename, 1236)
Uralic *koje-m3 'man, person'
Mansi kom, kum, χum 'human, man'
Komi 'the Komi nation'
Magyar hím 'male'
Etruscan
lauchum king [lb]
lauc, luc, lau×um-, lu×um-, lau×me etc.[alinei]
Indo-European/Italic
Latin Lŭcŭm (Lŭcŏmo, Lucmo) -ōnis 'title given to Etruscan princes and priests'
[alinei] writes that this and the Etruscan is analysable as
Magyar ló 'horse' (< Turkic) + Mansi kom/ kum (cf. Magyar hím)
meaning ‘horseman’ = ‘noble man, knight’
Contagion, sickness; that which sticks
luca "pain" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
rag-ály infection, contagion /Hungarian
rag attach, to stick to /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 168 #3> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
lah- fall ill (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
laahoo bee sting /Afar; laahoo sickness, difficulty /Saho; lah!ow gastritis /Somali; lua sick /Yaaku
Cushitic, South
ruk'o(?) sickness /Dahalo
ruxau rukau sick (bd); sick person /Maa
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #1.05d015> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
ruk' sick (be) /Proto South Cushitic
ruk'o(?) sickness /Dahalo; di?'ako sick person /Kwa'dza; ruxau rukau sick (bd); sick person /Maa
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*rąqě- to rot (гнить) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN490]
*rąqě- " to rot; abcess, pus (гнить; нарыв, гной) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1601]
rąqě' " /Chukchee; jąqi ", jąqij /Koryak; rqi- /Palan; r(ą)qi- /Alutor [ss]
*śuq- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN498]
suq- to rot (гнить) /Sedank dialect; šok-kaz, šokąt-kaz 'putrescere, putrefieri' /West Itelmen [ss]
*rЪqyjol pus (гной) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN491]
*rЪqyjol abcess, pus (нарыв, гной) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1155]
rqejol /Palan [ss]
*śq'al /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN499]
sk'al pus (гной) /Sedank dialect; ą'ź'al pustula /West Itelmen; 'azud pustulae /SIT [ss]
Indo-European
Baltic/East
ligà "illness" /Lithuanian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*rag- ? to attach, cling to ? /Proto Iranian [Cheung: 1327, 1329]
Indo-Aryan
róga infirmity,disease; rúj pain,disease /Sanskrit
math honey [lb] /Etruscan
Uralic
*mete honey /Proto FU
[mw2] suggests that the PFU might be a loan from PIE *medhu-
mesi (Finnish); ma (Komi); med' (Mordvin); mu (Udmurt) [Chong]
méz honey; mézbór "mead" /Hungarian
{méz "honey" + bór "wine" /Hungarian}
méh bee; méh-es, méh-kas apiary, beehive /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 377a #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
miz mead /Lemant; maz mead /Bilin
Cushitic, East
mees mead /Afar; meez mead /Saho
Semitic
mes mead /Geez
Cognate Set <Bender (1988), #212> [oi4]
Omotic
Proto North Omotic b/ati, mets' bee
metsa mats'a bee /Chara; mets') /Gimira; boto /Janjero; mac#'- mats'- /Kafa; bati mati /Mao [oi4]
Proto North Ometo mats bee
Altaic
missō a honey-receptacle; a nectary; mitsu honey; nectar /Japanese
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding) mitsu (‚Ý‚Â,–¨). is a Chinese loan. [jl]
Caucasian
*mi>z|V sweet /North Caucasian [ss]
*mac.-ri-n sweet /Nakh [ss]
merza /Chechen; merza /Ingush; mac.ri /Batsbi [ss]
*mic.:a- sweet /Andian [ss]
mic.:a /Andi; mic.:a-da /Akhvakh; mis.a-b /Chamalal; mic:a-b /Tindi; mic.:a-b /Karata; mic.:a /Botlikh; mic.:a-b /Bagvalal; mic:a /Godoberi [ss]
*nucV A honey /Tsezian [ss]
nuci /Tsezi; nuce /Ginukh; nuca /Khvarshi; nucu /Inkhokvari; nuco /Bezhita; nucu /Gunzib [ss]
nac.u-s:a sweet /Lak [ss]
*muzi- sweet /Dargwa [ss]
muri-si /Akusha; mizi-ze /Chiragh [ss]
*?ic.:y- (/*mic.:y-) sweet /Lezghian [ss]
werc.i /Lezghi; ic:i /Tabasaran; it:e-f /Agul; id-dy /Rutul; ut:u-n /Tsakhur; ic. /Archi; muc^:Ia /Udi [ss]
c.in sweet /Khinalug [ss]
Dravidian
mas phuki_ the smallest kind of bee; mas, mesi a kind of small bee; mes beehive; mes nayi honey /Gondi; miceri, miciri a species of bee /Kannad.a [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*medhu- honey /PIE [cb]
Slavic
med honey; meden made with honey; sweet as honey /Serbo-Croatian
Tocharian
mit honey
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
macchia_ (Prakrit); me_cek bee (Pas'ai); machi fly, bee, dark spot (Ka_s'mi_ri_); makha, makhi fly, bee, swarm of bees (Sindhi_); ma_ks.ika pertaining to a bee (Ma_rkP.); honey (Sus'r.) [sk]
ma_chi_ bee; ma_khi_, makkhia, macchia honey (West Paha_r.i_); maci, macik sweet, good; maciana honey (Ashkun); maci, mac honey (Waigali_); maci_ (Kati); mat.ek (Pr.); machi_ (Shum.); ma_chi_ (Gawar-Bati); machi (Khowa_r); me~_ch (Bashkari_k); me_chi_ (Phalu_r.a); machi_ (Shina); ma_khi_ (S.L.); ma_chi_ (Hindi_); ma~_ch, dat. ma~_chas honey (Ka_s'mi_ri_); ma_ch (West Paha_r.i_); ma_s', mo_s. honey (Pas'ai) [sk]
(2) Indo-European
Germanic
mead wine flavoured with honey /English
Slavic
bermet wine flavoured with sugar, wormwood and spices /Serbo-Croatian
c.f Hungarian mézbór "mead" {= méz "honey" + bór "wine"}
Quechuan
mishqui sweet, tasty; mishquichuspi bee {"sweet" + " fly"} [q1]
Yuki
musen, músan, mú-šin anise, sweet [y84]
mex nation [pa, dep]; strong, great [am91, az96] /Etruscan {/x/ sounds like aspirated /kh/}
mex, mex-l people, league, nation [glb, mp68] /Etruscan
mexl territory [glb]; the greatest [az96] /Etruscan
mag-as lofty, high, elevated; mag-as-foku great /Hungarian
mag-asztal to praise, glorify /Hungarian
Magy-ar is the name the Hungarians apply to themselves and to their language. {The Hungarian /gy/ is the same as the palatised Basque /dd/.} "Magyar", is believed to derive from the Ugrian "Mansi–" or "Magy–" with the addition of the Turkic "-eri." forming "Megyeri" – "Magyen." – "Magyar", which was the name of the largest Hungarian tribe. Both particles mean "men". [zb] However, the whole etymology is uncertain [see Chong]
megye county, district, region /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian megye is claimed to be a loan from Slavic.
{/gy/ like a palatised /d'/}
Sumerian
mah v., to be or make large; adj., high, exalted, great, lofty, foremost, sublime [jh]
ma-da district, realm [jh]
Altaic
mudzˆi "county" (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Indo-European
Celtic
magher field, fertile land /Manx Gaelic [pk]
Gaelic magh a plain, a field, Irish magh, Old Irish mag, Welsh ma, maes (*magestu-), Cornish mês, Breton maes, Gaulish magos: *magos, *mages-, field, plain, "expanse", from root magh, great, Sanskrit mahî, the earth, mahas, great; Greek @Gmc@nhos, means, Latin machina, machine; Gothic magan, be able, English may. [from mcb]
Germanic
mæ¯gð kin, tribe, province, nation /Old English [sc1]
Paleo-Balkan
midne ‘village’, initially ‘a place of stay’ /Thracian [id]
The word occurs in the Latin inscription from Rome, which speaks about a citizen of the province of Thracia and adds: Midne Potelense, stating in this way his place of origin (CIL, VI, Nr. 32567-2819). The publisher of the inscription proposed that this was the Thracian word for the Latin vicus ‘village’, which is very probable. There is an exact correspondence with the Latv. mitne ‘a place of stay, a dwelling, a shelter’ from the older *mutinē [id]
Work, create, labour
mu(nisuleθ), mu(nisvleθ), mu(nsle), mu(nistas) 'public works' > 'monument/historic building' /Etruscan [alinei]
mű (a) work (literary); work (musical composition); work of art (b) artificial /Hungarian
Uralic
*meke task, work, labour; to make, work, create /Proto Uralic [alinei]
Etruscan
mu(nisuleθ), mu(nisvleθ), mu(nsle), mu(nistas) 'public works' > 'monument/historic building'
muncas tormented, painful /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
munkás laborious, industrious < munka work /Modern Hungarian
Uralic
muncas tormented, painful /Old Hungarian (12th. Century) [gzb1]
munkás laborious, industrious < munka work /Modern Hungarian
Hungarian munka shows some semantic shift over the intervening 8 centuries and is officially seen as a loan from Slavic, never mind a possible Middle Eastern origin.
(1) Indo-European [rd: 935, 937]
*monHk- /Proto Indo-European reconstruction
(1) Slavic [rd: 935]
mo,ĉiti /Proto Slavic
Old Church Slavic: mo,ĉiti `torment, torture' [verb]; Russian: mu/ĉit' `torment, harass, worry' [verb]; Czech: muĉiti `torment, torture' [verb]; Slovak: muĉit' `torment, torture' [verb]; Polish: me,czyc/ `torment, torture' [verb]; Serbo-Croatian: mu\ \ĉiti `torment, worry' [verb]; Slovene: mu/ĉiti `torment, torture' [verb]; moĉiti `torment, torture' [verb]
Balto-Slavic
Lithuanian: ma/nkyti `knead' [verb]
(2) Slavic [rd: 937]
*mo,\ka /Proto Slavic
Old Church Slavic: mo,ka `torment, torture'; Russian: mu/ka `torment, torture'; Czech: muka `torment, torture'; Slovak: muka `torment, torture'; Polish: me,ka `torment, torture'; Serbo-Croatian: mu\ \ka `torment, torture'; Slovene: mo,/ka `torment, torture'; mu/ka `torment, torture'
(2) Indo-European
Germanic
Mühe trouble, bother /Modern German
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
munkasir broken; broken in spirit; fragile, frail; put to flight, routed (enemy); flaccid, pendulous (ear); -- munkasiru 'l-hal, In a distressed state; mankal, mankil whatever brings on a man punishment and chastisement;<-> minkal, Anything that inspires fear; <-> munkall, Blunted (sword); mankub afflicted, miserable; mankuz thrown, beaten, trodden on /Persian [fjs]
All loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
muluane grinder, miller [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
*mola break /Uralic
moallo crumb, little bit, morsel, piece; moallanâ- crumble away (intransitive), etc. (Lapp) // bull- break, smash (intransitive) /Kamas; malæ- break, smash (transitive); mal'ma broken pieces, fragments; malu' fracture /N'en'ec' [Chong]
mál to crumble, disintegrate /Hungarian
Hungarian mál is of unknown origin [see Chong]
malom mill; molnár miller /Hungarian
Hungarian malom is supposedly of Slavic and ultimately of Latin origin. [Chong]
Sumerian
mù, ma5 to mill, grind; to burn [jh]
Altaic
*ma\li stick, cudgel /Altaic [ss]
*mala club, pestle /Tungus [ss]
mala~ /Solon; mul/eu /Udighe [ss]
mala club, pestle /Manchu [as]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*mel- to grind /PIE [cb]
Classical Greek [lsj1]
mu^l-ê, hê, mill; hand-mill turned by women II. nether millstone
Italic
molĕre to grind /Latin
Anatolian
malla- to grind /Hittite [cb]
ma:lhu-/malw- `crush, break' /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
Tocharian
malyw, mely - to press
Slavic
meljava grinding; meljivo grain to be ground; mlin mill; water-mill; flour-mill; wind-mill; mlinar miller; mljeti to grind, mill /Serbo-Croatian; mlyn mill /Slovak
mur- to stay; to reside /Etruscan
Uralic
mar-ad to stay, remain; mar-ad-ék remainder, remnants, rest /Hungarian
Hungarian origin uncertain. [see Chong]
Altaic
amari remainder; remnant; the rest /Japanese
Indo-European
Celtic
mair last, live /Gaelic, mairim /Irish, maraim /Old Irish [mcb]
mar remain /Gaelic [see mcb: mearsuinn]
Italic
mŏror -ari to delay: (intrans.) to linger, loiter, stay; (trans.) to retard, detain, hinder /Latin
more dwell /Portuguese
muth, mutin to move; mutzi motion, movement, activity [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
mozora- stir, etc. /En'ec', Baylkha; mod'oða- stir, be up and doing /En'ec', Hatanga. [Chong]
moccan to move, stir; moccan-ás movement /Hungarian
{Hungarian /c/ ≡ /tz/}
motosz-kál to fumble about; motoz to search /Hungarian
bozsog move, stir /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
moz-og to move; mozdul to stir, move; mozgolód-ik to be moving, stirring about /Hungarian
Origin of Hungarian <moz-> uncertain [see Chong]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic (?)
m(s V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to cut up 012 Syr to break 013 Syr to squeeze 014 Syr to move 015 Syr to pervert 016 Syr to destroy 017 Syr to devastate 041 Syr to be crushed 042 Syr to be troubled 043 Syr to be overthrown 021 Syr to squeeze 022 Syr to trouble 023 Syr to destroy 024 Syr to devastate 051 Syr to suffer stomach trouble
LS2 398
Altaic
*miaĉ`e to move, climb /Altaic [ss] {One of the common Altaic motion verbs} [ss]
*maĉa- to climb up, hurry /Mongol [ss]
maĉa- (maĉu-) /Written Mongolian; maca- /Khalkha; maĉu- /Ordos [ss]
*miĉi- to move, move back /Tungus [ss]
miĉi- /Evenki; mi.t-/ĉ- /Even; mi.ĉi.- /Nanai [ss]
*mi\ĉhy/- to reach, come to /Korean [ss]
miĉhi- /Modern Korean; mi\ĉhy/-, miĉh- /Middle Korean [ss]
Turkic/Turkmen
me∫gul busy; occupied; me∫gullanmak to be occupied (with); to be engaged (in) [glnp]
Dravidian
*mis- to move /Dravidian [ss]
*mis-uk- to move /South Dravidian [ss]
misuku to move, stir, quiver, throb, swing, etc.; n. moving, shaking, swinging /Kannad.a; miskuni to move, venture; interfere with, meddle /Tulu [ss]
*mis-uk- to move /Telugu [ss]
mut.ukku (mut.ukki-) to plough, set in motion, induce, urge on; n. urging, pressing hard, strength, power, stiffness of manners (Tamil)[mu_ri tavira mut.ukku mutuca_t.i : Paripa_.20,54)(Tamil.lex.); mut.uku to move quickly; n. a rapid movement in verse (Tamil); mut.ukkam high price, tightness (Tamil); mut.ukkuka to urge on, e.g. cattle (Malayalam); mur.g- (mur.gy-) to be screwed up (Kota); mud.(k) kiy to be persistent (Toda)(DEDR 4925). [sk]
mid.uku to move; n. moving (Kannad.a); to move, wander (Telugu)(DEDR 4852). [sk]
Austric
motiha dance (native) /Moriori [mor]
? mataara "look alive" /Mäori [ng]
Indo-European
Slavic
maći to move, set going; push, stir /Serbo-Croatian
maknuti to move, set in motion; push, stir /Serbo-Croatian
micati to move, stir, impel, propel /Serbo-Croatian
zmačknúť push /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
masaq impulse, momentum /Persian [fjs]
masqat (v.n. of Q) falling; Mascat in Arabia; -- masqat, masqit, A place, especially where anything falls; [masqitu 'r-ras, A native country (where one falls at birth);] -- musqit, A dam which casts her young; who or what causes to fall, lowers, abases, debases; dishonouring, degrading. /Persian [fjs]
mas`, masa` (v.n.) walking awkwardly (a woman). /Persian [fjs]
All loans from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
mutz' mu'tz' 'a twitch, a jerk, a tic'
mutz' uut 'facial tic'
mutz' unak' uut 'twitching around the eyes'
ut umutz' 'one's tic'
mutz'i 'twitch, jerk, bat or blink the eyes' (cl.1)
mutz'i uut 'bat one's eyes, blink'
mutz'i in kohr uut 'wink one eye'
mutz'ur 'blinking, jerking'
Knife, cut, butcher
mutu "trunk, cut" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
met-él to cut off /Hungarian
Hungarian met- is of unknown origin. [Chong]
metsz to cut, carve, prune trees /Hungarian
mészár-ol to butcher; massacre; mészár-os butcher /Hungarian
Apparently a loan from German!
Sumerian
mug chisel,carve, erode
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic (?)
m(s V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr to cut up 012 Syr to break 013 Syr to squeeze 014 Syr to move 015 Syr to pervert 016 Syr to destroy 017 Syr to devastate 041 Syr to be crushed 042 Syr to be troubled 043 Syr to be overthrown 021 Syr to squeeze 022 Syr to trouble 023 Syr to destroy 024 Syr to devastate 051 Syr to suffer stomach trouble
LS2 398
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 307 #4> [oi4]
Omotic
mac#'c#'- cut /Kafa
Cushitic
mac#'eh- pull out /Bilin
mud/h!- cut scrape /Somali
Semitic
*bd?` tear /Proto Semitic
mac#'@h!a pull out /Tigre
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 506 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
mid- uproot /Burji
mit- yank /Gidole
mid- mow, cut /Sidamo
Cognate Set <Fleming (1988) , #39> [oi4]
Omotic
mat? slaughter animal /Ari; mIt? /Dime
Ainu
meske to come off; mesu to tear off [sm]
Altaic
Tungus
meitembi to lop off /Manchu [as]
Japanese
mesu (knife) scalpel
Japanese mesu is seen as a loan from Dutch [source]
metsuretsu (-suru) be torn asunder, to go to pieces
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding) metsuretsu(‚߂‚ê‚Â,–Å—ô), is a Chinese loan. [jl]
Austric
motu to cut, to incise, to engrave. /Rapanui [anon]
moto blow, to strike a /Moriori [mor]
Basque
motz short; moz-tu to cut (C)
Caucasian
*mV>[c]V hunger /North Caucasian [ss]
*maci-n hungry /Nakh [ss]
meca /Chechen; meca /Ingush; maci /Batsbi [ss]
*makw|ac- ( ~ -o-) to be hungry /Andian [ss]
makw|ac^- /Akhvakh; makw|at- /Chamalal; makw|as- /Tindi; makw|as- /Karata; makw|as- /Godoberi [ss]
*mos:y- hungry /Lezghian [ss]
mys:y-n /Tsakhur; myz /Budukh; busa /Udi [ss]
Dravidian
mce to cut (as meat) /Malto; mo_cna_ to cut up into convenient pieces any object too large for use, give a cut in or through /Kur.ux; cf. moci to eat /Tamil [sk]
*muc- torn, spoilt; weak, tired /Dravidian [ss: DED 4903]
*muc-[i-] torn, crumpled; tired, torpid /South Dravidian [ss]
muci (-v-, -nt-) to be torn, be crumpled as a garment, be tired, feel discouraged /Tamil; mus·ikka to dirty; to trouble, vex /Malayalam; muccur_u to become torpid or stupified, lose consciousness, faint away, swoon, be troubled in mind /Kannada [ss]
*muc- to be spoiled, become weak or unsound, decay, decline, fail /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: musincu [ss]
Derivatives: Also mucciru to grieve, sorrow; mucciri one who is sorrowful; mucciritanamu perturbation, sorrow, grief [ss]
Indo-European
Germanic
messer to cut /German
also see Metzger butcher /German {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [mc1] (? oh, might not be IE)
Slavic
mesar butcher; slaughterer /Serbo-Croatian
mäsiar butcher /Slovak
mesar, kasapin; ubiec, pala` butcher /Bulgar; myasnik /Russian
Yuki
mešak to divide [y84]
{/k/<>/m/}
caSni, cazni "sharp, cutting" [az96] /Etruscan
ceisatru one who cuts, butchers [az96] /Etruscan
ceisu piece, cut (of meat) [az96] < ceiz/cez- < *kaith- [az96]
Uralic
*keĉe /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]
köcˆ@h /Khanty; kecˆ@ /Southern Khanty; kaasii /Man's'i; k@z@, küzü /Mari [Chong]
kasza scythe; kés knife /Hungarian
Hungarian kasza is supposedly of Slavic origin, while kés is of FU origin. [see Chong]
Sumerian
gi...zé to cut reeds ('reeds' + 'to cut') [jh]
guz, huz to cut, trim, clip; castrate [jh]
ğeš, ğiš tool etc. [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
qes (unknown meaning) an epithet of iron /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
qs.r harvest /Phœnician [cgj]
gzr to cut off, destroy /West Semitic Root [ahd]
h.śś to mow /Arabic Root [ahd]
Altaic
*k`ási to cut /Altaic [ss]
*kes- /Turc
*kasu- /Mongol
*(x)asu- /Tungus
*kàsk- /Korean
*kí(n)sú /Japanese [ss]; kusakari mowing/sickle, scythe /Japanese
Turkic
kas- cut /Chuvash; kisu to saw /Tatar; kes- cut /Turk, Uzbek; kesil- cut; interrupt, kill, stop; kIs- cut down; reduce; turn down /Turk [Chong]
Mongol
kitugu knife /Classical Mongol [Chong]
Tungus
kucˆe /Ewen; kes as if cut off by a knife; sharp /Manchu; koto /Modern Tungusic; kusig@ /Udeghe [Chong]
kuši knife /Manchu [as]
Caucasian
*k[i:]s/wV scythe (or a similar cutting tool) /North Caucasian [ss]
*ke:s(s) a stripe of mown corn or grass /Nakh [ss]
kes /Chechen; kes /Ingush [ss]
*kVŝ:V a device for cutting hay /Andian [ss]
kaŝu /Avar [ss]
*k[y]s:w|- / -ŝ:w|- 1 to mow 2 to shear, clip /Tsezian [ss]
kos- 1 /Tsezi; kus-u?- 2 /Bezhita; koŝ- 1 /Gunzib [ss]
*kis(a) fork /Lezghian [ss]
kis /Archi [ss]
Dravidian
gongor. keser sickle /Gondi. The second element keser may relate to the depiction of a curved 'neck'; xe_ser (xesr-) neck, shoulders /Kur.ux; qasru neck /Malto; and to the function ke_sal razor, ke_s to shave /Gadba; ke_c to shave/Parji; kaciya_ sickle /Nepa_li; ka_si id. /Nepa_li; ka_ci id. /Bengali; kacia_ big scythe /Or.iya_; kaciya_ toothed sickle /Biha_ri_; kaciya_ reaping-hook /Hindi_; kicca_ cutting /Prakrit; kacci_ sword /Kolami; kacci sword, iron sword /Gondi; iron blade (of spade) /Gondi; kacci sword /Kolami; sword; iron sword /Gondi; kacci, kac, kas iron; kacc iron, iron blade (of spade) /Gondi [sk]
Etruscan
ceisatru one who cuts, butchers [az96]
ceisu piece, cut (of meat) [az96]
< ceiz/cez- < *kaith- [az96]
caSni, cazni "sharp, cutting" [az96]
Indo-European
Italic
cuchillo 'knife' /Spanish
Albanian
*ka:r- /Proto Albanian [bd] < ? *Kes- to comb, shear, clip /PIE [bd]
korr to cut with a sicle, to harvest, reap /Albanian [bd]
Slavic
kosorú `sickle, scythe' ?? /South Slav [from bd]
[bd] suggests this may be a possible cognate of the Albanian
коса scythe /Russian
kosa scythe /Serbo-Croatian
Ulwa
kasar(ka) a. (kasasar(ka)) down-curved; turned or bent downwards; hooked downward like hawk's beak [ud]
c.f. the Dravidian keser "curved neck?"
Yuki
kuči(·), kučía, waikūtci knife1 {wai' ~ wa'i obsidian, quartz crystals used in blood-letting} [y84]
[y84] suggests kuči(·), kučía derives from the Spanish.
Additional material by Fred Hámori in red.