Etruscan Hungarian
Word List
ER-HI

This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
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-eri, -ri gerundive suffix, postposition "for, for the sake of" [az96, mp68: 400]
locative, instrumentive suffix [mp68: 396]; -tra "toward" [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

rea 'to, towards, onto' /Old Hungarian from 1055 AD [bl]

The oldest and longest piece of Magyar comes from 1055 AD, from the Royal Chart of the Tihany Abbey which reads

feheruuaru | rea | meneh | hodu | utu | rea

whitecastle | to | go, travel | military | road, way | to, unto, on

It is curiously still understandable to a modern Hungarian and today would be written as

Fehérvárra menô hadútra meaning ' To the military way going to White Castle'

rea /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
on; onto; upon him;her;it; rá- prefix "on, onto"; -ra, -re suffix "to, towards" /Hungarian

One official source thinks derives from FU.

? *rang3 (Proto Ugric)

r^ngx@ outside, without (Nether Konda Man's'i); r^ngokÅ aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Pelymka Man's'i); rang outside, without; rangk‹à· aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Tavda Man's'i) [Chong]

Another source says derives from an earlier *ro¥- which could be related either to the (Man's'i) words listed here or to those related to Hungarian rokon "kin", etc. [Chong]

arra {az "that" + -ra "to,towards"}there, that way (indicating direction);
erre {ez "this" + -re "to,towards"}this way (indicating direction) /Hungarian

With arra, erre the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the r- of the suffix.

iránt, irányába(n) towards /Hungarian

One official source thinks Hungarian iránt derives from FU.

*ar3, *ur3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Another source thinks the origin derives from a fossilized root ir- [Chong]

Yukaghir [emas]

A small group of transitive verbs are built from intransitive stems by an applicative-like derivation, i.e., the derived transitive verb signifies essentially the same action as the basic intransitive, but this action is construed as directed towards a specific endpoint, for example :-

ørn'e-ri- `shout to somebody'
køt'egej-re- `rush towards something'

Sumerian

ra(-g/h) prep., dative suffix - for - denotes the animate being towards whom or in favor of whom an action is done. [jh]

ri demonstrative affix, that, those; regarding that (where the reference is to something outside the view of the speaker - over yonder). [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

r (prep.) from, to, at, concerning /Egyptian [cgj]
erat "to"; ero for, to, as regards to /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Ainu

orun to {directed towards} [sm]

Altaic

-ri, -ru directional suffix /Turkish

Basque

-ra suffix "to"; -rantz suffix "towards"
ara (B,G); hara (L,U) there (indicating direction, towards)

Indo-European

Celtic

ri to, against /Gaelic, re /Irish, ri, fri /Old Irish [mcb]

Classical Armenian [cao]

arr preposition; arr to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to

Anatolian

-tar "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan

raa- ('toward the speaker') /Pashto [tr]

Sino-Tibetan/Tamangic

Nar-Phu [mn0]

-re dative, locative

The Nar-Phu language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Chantyal, Gurung, Manangba, Tamang, and Thakali]. There are a number of phonological and lexical differences between the dialects of Nar and Phu.

Nar-Phu is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. The only prefix is negative a- : a-câ-w ‘don’t eat it!’.

Chantyal [mn1]

dative

-ra

locative

-ri
-ªŋ [with a few common nouns, deictics, case clitics]
-chª [with the noun mħun 'night]
-ra [in a few special expressions]
-muwa

Chantyal is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. There are only two sorts of native prefixes: the negative prefixes a- and tha- on verbs and adjectives, and the deictic prefixes yi- ‘this’, ħª- ‘that’, and wu- ‘yonder’. A small number of prefixes may be found with Nepali borrowings, but these are not productive in Chantyal.

erus "sun" < "burning" [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

*hunke moon /Uralic

hold moon; hónap month /Hungarian

ár-ad shine, flow, blaze /Hungarian

Sumerian

íla, íli, íl to shine [jh]
ara 4, ar
to shine, blaze [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

ku moon /Akkadian

yrh. moon, month /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

*ilV evident, visible /Altaic [ss]

*ori dawn /Altaic [ss]

*u"ru"n| (*o"ru"n|) 1 white 2 dawn /Turkic [ss]

u"ru"n| 1 /Old Turkic; u"ru"n| 1 /Yakut [ss]

*o"r dawn /Mongolian [ss]

u":r (?) /Khalkha; o"r /Kalmuck; ur /Dagur; o:r /Monguor [ss]

*(x)oru- to flame up /Tungus [ss]

orumna- /Evenki [ss]

är morning /Turkic

Austric

ra sun /Moriori [mor]
ra sun /Mäori [ng]

Basque

erre to burn; ortzi heavens, sky, firmament; ancient name of sky god
*iLe or *iLa
, ilargi, hilargi moon; hil month

Dravidian

ol.i light, brightness, splendour, sun, moon, star, fire, sunshine, lamp, beauty; ol.iyavan-, ol.iyo_n- sun; ol.ir (-v-, -nt-), ol.ir-u (ol.ir-i-) to shine; ol.irvu, ol.ir-u brightness; ol.imai brilliance, brightness, beauty (Tamil); ol.i splendid, bright; the light; ol.ima, ol.ivu brightness; on.ma splendour, beauty; ul.ayuka, ul.iyuka to shine, glitter (Malayalam); ol.a, ol.apu shine, blaze; ul.ku to shine, blaze, appear; ul.ku, ul.uku a shining substance, a meteor (Kannad.a); ol.i light, splendour (Tulu); or.ini(ka) white, bright (Kond.a)(DEDR 1016). [sk]

ilaku (ilaki-) to shine, glisten, glitter /Tamil; ole, pol.e to appear, to come to light (Kannad.a.lex) [sk]

uru to burn; uruppam, uruppu heat, anger /Tamil; uripu, urisu to cause to burn, inflame /Kannad.a [sk]

Indo-European

Albanian

*(h)u:l- star /Proto Albanian; yll star [bd]

*hand-na: moon /Proto Albanian; he'ne' / hãne' moon /Albanian [bd]

Armenian

arev sun /Armenian < *h2reu- to get light, brighten /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

aru sun /Sanskrit
ara/- (RV+) spoke of a wheel /Sanskrit; arati/- `ring of spokes, total of spokes' [An epithet of Agni, said of his flames.] (RV) [al]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

war, warar 'light, brilliance, radiance'
uwarar e k'in 'sunlight'
uwarar e kat tu' 'moonlight'
ut e warar 'ray of light, beam'
waran 'light, shiny, radiant'
warih 'light up, cast light (as the sun or a torch)' (cl.3)

Quechua

quilla moon, month [q1]
illa, illapu lightning; illariy dawn [q2]

etera 'miles, soldier' /Etruscan [alinei]

Uralic

ezer 1000; one thousand /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian ezer is of Iranian origin. [Chong, Alinei]

Old Magyar (17th. century) ezer 'regiment' [alinei]
Mansi såter 'regiment' [alinei]

Etruscan

Etruscan etera 'miles, soldier' > Magyar ezer, Old Magyar ezer 'regiment' [alinei]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ghesl- thousand /PIE [cg2]

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

hazar (S. sahasra, Z. hazanra), a thousand; a bird called the thousand voices, having an uncommon variety of melodious notes, a species of nightingale; hazaran thousands; a thousand; a nightingale; hazar hazur a million /Persian [fjs]

zer thousand /Pashto [tr]

[h]∂zar thousand; [h]∂zari of a thousand, worth a thousand (rupees, etc.) /Baluchi [mab]

faca to cleft [az96] /Etruscan

fak-ad to split, burst; to blossom /Hungarian
pukk-ad to burst with rage; pukkad-ásig tele bursting full /Hungarian
pukk-an to explode (sudden noise) /Hungarian
bukkan-ni to hit upon smthg; to discover smthg /Hungarian

Uralic

*pakka budding, spring, spring up /Finno-Ugrian [hh96]

pakku- burst, rend, split (intransitive); come loose; pakahtu- break, break (intransitive); rend, split (intransitive); come out (of leaves) (Finnish) / pokma- burst (Man's'i) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

phз split, break open /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

pq( /Aramaic [cal]

011 JLAGal,Sam,Syr,JBA to split, to burst 012 Syr,JBA to be split 013 JBA to cease 041 Syr to creak 021 Syr to give off a crack 022 Syr to creak 023 Syr to break 024 Syr to sling at 025 JBA to prevent 051 Syr to be broken 031 Syr to split 032 Syr to break 033 Syr to make a noise 034 Syr %banxiyrA)% to pant after 035 JBA t cancel 036 JBA to issue

LS2 590, J 1210

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #362> [oi4]

Cushitic

Cushitic, Bedja

fakak- open (Bedawiye, Beja)

Cushitic, Agaw

fakak- open, tear /Bilin

Cushitic, East

bak'ak'- split /Oromo; fak- open /Saho; fak- open /Afar

Semitic

faja_, fajiya open, open legs /Arabic; pqh! open eyes /Hebrew

Egyptian

pd_ stretch (cord), draw (bos), extend oneself /Old Egyptian

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #373> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

faq pierce /Bilin

Semitic

fq?' split /Arabic; fq?` cleave, split, shatter /Geez; bq?` split /Hebrew

Berber

@bgu pierce; n@qq@b pierce /Berber

Niger-Congo (?)

facca to burst /Wollof [pc2]

Sino-Tibetan

*puak to pierce, burst open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ãbug(s), phug to pierce, bore. /Tibetan; pauk be pierced, have a hole, phauk to pierce. /Burmese; bo?2 to burst open, as a sore or boil. /Kachin; puak to explode, burst, pop, KC *puak. /Lushei [ss]

Altaic

*p`aĉ`V to open, split up /Altaic [ss]

*aĉ- to open /Turkic
*(h)aĉa bifurcation /Mongolian
*paĉ- crack, split, interval /Tungus [ss]

*p`ok`u to swell /Altaic [ss]

*okra 1 pimple, pustule 2 disease of cattle /Turkic [ss]

uqra 2 /Tatar [ss]

*puk- / *pok- 1 to swell 2 bubble, blister 3 swelling, excrescence 4 swollen 5 become rough (of skin) 6 cracks in skin 7 rough (of skin) /Tungus [ss]

fo- 5, fuqa 2 /Manzhu; pukĉe- 1, poqa 2, fo-rini (Bik.) 6 /Nanai; pukte- 1, poqo 2 /Ulcha; pug|ju 4, puqa 2 /Orok; hokoripĉu 7 /Evenki [ss]

*pu/ku/ra\- to swell /Japanese [ss]

pu/ku/ra\- /Old Japanese; fukureru /Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

pökgi 1. ball 2. chubby, plump; pökremek to swell; pökretmek to inflate /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

fuki-ageru to blow up; spout; fukidemono a skin eruption; fuki-deru to break out in sores; foku to sprout, shoot up

Austric

puku swelling; kopuku blister /Moriori [mor]
puku swelling /Mäori [ua]
koropuku swelling /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

*pok- blister, bubble, boil /Dravidian [ss]
*buk- cheek; fat, plump /Dravidian [ss]

bagud.u, bugut.i a swelling, an eminence, an elevation, a protuberance; pugga_yila a proud or arrogant man;puggu pride, arrogance; purgu id.; pugul. blister (Kannad.a); pokku id.; pogaru pride, arrogance; pod.agu height, loftiness, stature; pod.ucu to rise as the tide, the sun, the moon, a star; pod.upu the swell of a river, the rising of the sun (Telugu); pugul., hugal.u, hugul.u a blister, a vesicle; pokkul.i a blister, a bubble, a water-bladder; poccu to boil over, bubble up; to rise as out of the water; pokka boiling over (Malayalam); pokka height, increase; boiling over (Tamil,Malayalam); pokku a boil, blister (Tamil,Malayalam); pokut.t.u bubble (Tamil); pokkil.a id. (Malayalam); pokkul.am bubble; pokut.t.u a water-bubble; poccil bubbling up, boiling (Tamil); pugul., pugul.l.e, pugul.l.al. blisters or sores in the mouth (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.); pogl blister (Kota); pig bubble (Toda); bugga bubble (Kolami,Telugu); puka boil (Mand.a); bugga, bu_ga bubble (Kuwi); pokkal.a a blister (Kod.agu); poka blister (Malt.o) [sk]

paku (pakuv-, pakk-) to be split, divided (Tamil) (DEDR 3808). cf. vakuka to divide (Malayalam) (DEDR 5202) [sk]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

pu_g-ê, ês, hê, heterocl. acc. puga rump, buttocks 2. metaph. of fat, swelling land

Celtic

bòc swell /Gaelic; bócaim /Irish [mcb]
bochuin, boch-thonn swelling, the sea /Gaelic [mcb]
bucach a boy (dial.): "growing one" /Gaelic [mcb]
bucaid a pustule /Gaelic, bucóoid, a spot /Irish, boccóit /Early Irish [mcb]

Slavic

pokidati to tear (snap, pick, cull, break) up (off) one after another /Serbo-Croatian
puknuti to shoot, fire detonate; split, crack, split, burst /Serbo-Croatian
pukotina fissure, crack, crevice, slit, chink /Serbo-Croatian
puknúť crack /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

pa_kala quite black (TS.); ripening, causing suppuration /Sanskrit [sk]

Blackfoot (Algonquian)

i-pakk burst [ryan]

Mayan

paqaj gap, opening; tear, rip; crevice, fissure /Mayan Uspa [jd]

Muskogean/Eastern

bokko any protuberance, esp. rounded (may refer to mound, lump, bump, hump; hill, mountain; slant, grade in a road) /Alabama [tm]

poksi 1. to bulge, protrude, pooch out 2. bump, lump, bulge, protrusion /Alabama [tm]

fakopli 1. to bud, put out leaves, leaf out (as a tree or plant) [/fakop-li] /Alabama [tm]
pakaali flower, blossom, bloom, cotton /Alabama [tm]

Yuki

pok'- pop, explode; pok'ete pop open, crackle, pop [y84]

fok back of a knife; bastion, rampart; cape, promontory; degree, scale, stage; step,
rung; eye of needle /Hungarian
vág to cut, split; vág-ás cut, furrow, groove /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian fok is 'possibly' of FU origin [see Chong]

Hungarian vág is officially of FU origin from

(?) wang3- (Proto FU) / *wangke- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Altaic

*p`u:ge to tear off, sever /Altaic [ss]

*(h)ug- / *(h)u"g- to tear, tear out /Mongolian
*po:g- / *peg-de- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an awl 4 awl /Tungus
*p@\hi/- to cut, reap, sever /Korean
*pa\(n)k- to tear off /Japanese; pa\g- /Old Japanese; hagu Tokyo [ss]

*po\k`e ( ~ -k-) to dig, cut off; a cutting instrument /Altaic [ss]

*bu"gde dagger /Turkic
*hoktal- 1 to chop, cut off 2 to be broken off /Mongolian
*pok- 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break /Tungus
*p@\k@\ pole-axe, battle-axe, halberd /Japanese [ss]

*p`iu\jge to flay, cut /Altaic [ss]

*eg-du" a curved knife /Turkic
*(h)o"g|e-le- to trim, hack /Mongolian
*pu"g- to flay /Tungus
*pu/i-, *po/ 1 to reap, mow 2 plough /Korean
*pa\ blade /Japanese [ss]

*baka to divide /Altaic [ss]

*bak- /Tungus
*baka- /Japanese [ss]

Japanese

wake sharing; division; wakeru divide; split; sever

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*pъ'k- to cover/coat with layers (покрывать слоями) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN754]

*pъk- (~ ą) layer (слой, прослойка) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1539]

pąk- (I, II) /Koryak [ss]

*'ąn-pki- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN770]

'in-pke.-z "colorem inducere" /West Itelmen [ss]

Dravidian

*vag- division; kind; manner, mode /Dravidian [ss]

*vag-V- to divide; class; manner, species /South Dravidian [ss]
*vag-a manner, mode, means; trick, pretence, dissimulation; Basic form: vaga /Telugu [ss]

vaku (-pp-, -tt-) to separate, divide, apportion, distribute; (-v-, -nt-) to split (intr.); vakuti division, class, category; vakuppu dividing, classifying, section, division, class; vakai arrange a subject; vakir (-v-, -nt-) to slice, cut in slips, split, cleave, tear open, divide; n. tearing, scratch, slice; vaci (-v-, -nt-) to split, cut; vakit.u parting in woman's hair (Tamil); vakukka to divide; vakayikka to accomplish a business; vakuppu kind, sort, section, paragraph; vaka division, kind, item, means, property, stock (Malayalam); bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws; bagi to separate, divide, make pieces, cleave, tear, lacerate, scratch, dig, scrape (bottom of pot with spoon); bage division, portion, part, section, sort, vanity, class, caste (Kannad.a); bage kind, manner, means, resource, income; bakala gash, deep incision; baktale, bagutale parting of the hair by combing, combing the hair into curls, crown of the head (Tulu); bavtale id. (Kod.agu); vaga manner, mode, means (Telugu); vaka variety, sort, kind (Kui) (DEDR 5202).[sk]

pa_kit.utal to give alms; pa_ki_t.u share, portion, allotment; pa_ku share, portion, lot, division; alms (Te_va_. 54,4)(Tamil.lex.) pa_ttu dividing, sharing, share, half; pa_tti division, section, part, share; pa_tu division, share; pa_ to divide, distribute; paku to be divided, cut into pieces, tear off, root out; pakal dividing; pakai disagree-ment, hatred, enmity; pan:kam portion, division (Tamil); pagadi tribute, tax (Kannad.a,Tulu); pagidi tribute (Telugu); pagi, pagtelu rent, split; pa_ngu share, proportion (Tulu); papp split bamboo sticks (Parji); pan, pah, pa to split (Gondi.); pay to be split (Gondi); pag- (pakt-) to split (Pengo); panga to be cracked, split, divided; paka a piece of stick or twig or bamboo used as a pin (Kui); pakuti division, share (Malayalam); pagiyuni to split, rend, fall in pieces; pa_n:gu share, proportion (Tulu); pagulu to break, crack (Telugu); pay to break (Naikri); pa_n:gal.a portion, share (Tulu); pax to be divided; paxy division (Toda); pak split bamboo (Gondi); pak to split (Mand.a); pakme a division of the house (Malt.o); pagi, pagtelu rent,split (Tulu)(DEDR 3808). [sk]

vet.t.u to cut as with sword or axe, cut off, engrave (Tamil)(DEDR 5478). cf. ve_gu sickle (Mand.a) (DEDR 5518). [sk]

Iberian

vega, is part of the Iberian substratum defined by and is compared with Old Spanish vaica, Basque ibaiko - a river bank [in cb5]

Indo-European

Celtic

eag a nick, notch /Gaelic; feag /Irish; agg /Manx, ag, cleft /Welsh, *eggâ-: peg? [mcb]

Germanic

fæc n division, space, interval, portion of time /Old English [sc1]

Similar to Fąch compartment, pocket, subject, trade /Modern German

vak-ar to scratch /Hungarian

Dravidian

vakir (-v-, -nt-) to slice, cut in slips, split, cleave, tear open, divide; n. tearing, scratch, slice; bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws; bagi to separate, divide, make peaces, cleave, tear, lacerate, scratch, dig, scrape (bottom of pot with spoon); bakala gash, deep incision (Tu.); bakr.ali, bark- (-it-), brak- (-h-) to claw (Kuwi)(DEDR 5202) [sk]

*falatu, fala sky /Etruscan

Etruscan 'falatu' is a reconstructed word from ancient sources.

Uralic

fel, föl up; above; fel-felé upwards /Hungarian

Official source says that fel, föl derive from föl "skimmings" which is of F-U origin. [Chong]

*p8"l3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

Turn, spin, revolve

felequ "turned (on the lathe)" [am91] /Etruscan

forog to turn, twist, spin /Hungarian
forgó joint (anat.); eddy (current); turning, revolving; whirpool /Hungarian
forgó-szél, fergeteg whirlwind, hurricane /Hungarian
forgalmas busy; forgalmaz to put into circulation; forgalom traffic /Hungarian
pereg to spin/whirl round, twirl; perget to roll /Hungarian
perdít start turning an axle quickly /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to

puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]

Hungarian perdít- is claimed to be onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Vogul poBrit, Votjak porjal to revolve, Mordvin puvrams wind, Samojed puroldam unwind

fel-borít to capsize /Hungarian {see the Basque}

{fel "up,above" + borít "to cover (over); cast/spread over; overturn, throw (into)}

Sumerian

bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 42 #5> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

wareer- be giddy /Somali; waar- circulate /Yaaku

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi

Cushitic, East

ollaas-uy- roll /Harso

Cushitic, South

wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #583> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

wareeg- wander about /Somali

Cushitic, South

wirik-+ turn about /Proto South Cushitic

Sino-Tibetan

*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]

{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]

a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]

phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]

*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]

pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]

burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]

siunu /Nepali [ss]

Altaic

*p`ö'ru to spin, plait /Altaic [ss]

*ar- /Turc
*horiga-, *horči- /Mongol
*por- /Tungus
*pòròkí /Korean [ss]

*bo/ru (~ -a,-o) dust; smoke, whirlwind /Altaic [ss]

*bur(u:) 1 dust 2 smoke /Turkic [ss]

buruo /Yakut [ss]

*bur-gi- / *bu"r-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) /Mongolian [ss]

burqalix 'whirlwind' (SH) /Middle Mongolian; burgi- /Khalkha; bu"rgn-, bu"rg@n/- /Kalmuck; puz|/ira:- /Monguor [ss]

*bure-ki 1 dust 2 fresh snow /Tungus [ss]

buraki 1 /Manzhu; burexi~ 1 /Nanai; burexi 1 /Ulcha; /pu-le-k'i/ 1 /Zhurzhen; bu.rqu. 2 /Even; burki 2 /Evenki [ss]

*pa>\ra>\m wind /Korean [ss]

param /Modern Korean; pa>\ra>\m /Middle Korean [ss]

c.f. Hungarian por "dust etc."

Turkic

burgac, girdap whirlpool, vortex /Turkish
pyrla-mak 1. to twist, twirl 2. to roll up; pyrlan-mak to twist oneself /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

forko well pulley; forgošombi to transfer; to turn, to rotate; foršombi to transfer, to change; forgon season; forhon season; forohon season /Manchu [as]

Austric

balik- "to return," /Philippines [pkm]

Meaning: to turn

perik- /Shark Bay I [pkm]

vila- /Kiriwina; vi-viri- /Anuki; vira- /Proto-Milne Bay; baling- /Philippines; fariu- /Makatea; -bilih- /Vinmavis; -bil- (Bonga., Tonga., Makura); -bilo- /Lameno; firiu- (Fila, Mele); poria- (Morouas, Penatsiro); fuli- /Proto-Polynesian; baliq- , pulih- /Proto-Austronesian [pkm]

Basque

bir- (C) prefix which indicates repetition or duplication
bira (B,G,U) quick maneuver, quick turn
bira-tu to turn, revolve, rotate; tirabiratu (B,G,U) to capsize

Caucasian [ss]

*p.Vrk.V / *p.Vrk.VCV whirligig, humming-top /North Caucasian

*marq.V- /Nakh
*birk.u /Avaroandian
*p.Vz(:)Vk.-/k.Vp.Vz(:)- /Tsezian
*c.iripan /Dargwa
*p.Vk.VrCV- /*k.Vp.VrCV- /Lezghian

All the listed variants seem to share a vague resemblance to the sound type *PVRKV / *PVRKVCV- (sometimes with metatheses), but of course it is impossible to make a precise reconstruction for an expressive "nursery word" like this. [ss]

[c.f Hungarian perget to spin which is not a nursery word]

Dravidian

*pir- to twist, turn /Dravidian [ss]

puri, huri twisting; that is twisted: twist, twine, string, pack-thread (of cotton thread or fibres) (Kannad.a, Telugu,Tamil, Malayalam); piri, puri to twist (Malayalam)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

(0) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*wer- turn, bend /Proto Indo-European [cg2]

Paleo-Balkan

vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ /Thracian [cb2]

{cf Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’, Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’} [cb2]

Celtic

piorradh a squall, blast /Gaelic; from L.Middle English pirry, whirlwind, blast, Scottish pirr, gentle breeze, Norse byrr, root bir, pir, of onomatopoetic [mcb]

Slavic

vir eddy, whirlpool, vortex, whirl /Serbo-Croatian
priasť, vírenie spin /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ber∂g to turn (something) back toward; to bring together under one's control, get control of, take possession of /Baluchi [mab]
peR∂g to wind around /Baluchi [mab]

var (n.) time, occasion, turn /Baluchi [mab]
vari (n.) turn, time /Baluchi [mab]

Muskogean/Eastern

bolokta to be circular, ringlike, round; to double (e.g. a recipe); boloktachi to circle, make a circle around, surround; to make round, make in a circle /Alabama [tm]

Ulwa

puruka, wirika whirlpool [ud]

pala roundness, rotundity [mp68: 55, 371] /Etruscan

bál-a bale (rolled up and round) /Hungarian
boly-ong to wander circularly; boly-g-ó wandering; planet, satellite /Hungarian

Uralic

vaalia (v) to roll /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian <boly-> is thought to be probably a descriptive word. [see Chong]

Sumerian

bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi

Cushitic, East

ollaas-uy- roll /Harso

Cushitic, South

wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic

Tungus

foro- turn /Manchu [Chong]

forobumbi to turn something toward; forombi to spin, to turn, to turn around; to face, to turn toward; foron hair whorl (of the head), cowlick; top (of head), top, tuft, forelock; curl of hair; swirl, whirl; the testing of the rotation of an arrow between the fingers /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

pol.e to roll, roll about, to move about, to move to and fro, to wallow, to welter, to move in a circle (Kannad.a) [sk]

valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]

*val.-ai- to turn, to surround [ss]

val.ai to surround; circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet; val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard (Tamil); val.aiyam bracelet (Malayalam); ring, circle, bracelet (Tamil); val.aiyal bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam.); val. bangle (Kota); pal. ring at head of churning stick (Toda); circle, bangle (Toda); bal.e ring, armlet, bracelet (Kannad.a); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); balayu to surround, besiege (Telugu) [sk]

vallai circuit, circle; fort, fortress; valattal to encircle, surround (Pur-ana_. 52)(Ta.lex.) val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard, compound (Tamil); val.appu enclosure of a house, compound (Malayalam); val.ai to surround; n. circle, surrounding region, bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam); val.aiyam bracelet (Tamil, Malayalam); val. bangle (Kota); bal.e bracelet, armlet, ring (Kannad.a); bangle, ring (Kod.agu); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); val.aivu circle, circumference; house-premises val.aiyam ring, circle; val.a_kam enclosing, surrounding; balepuni to enclose, surround, besiege (Tulu); balayu to surround (Telugu); valayu to turn around (Telugu); van.an:ku to surround, encompass (Tamil); val.ayuka to surround; val.accal enclosing; val.ekka to enclose; val.ayal surrounding; val. ca.rymk all around (Kota); bal.asu act of surrounding or encompassing, one round or turn (as of a rope, etc.)(Kannad.a) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

bala bale, package, pack; roll /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

val to turn, turn around (Sanskrit) [sk]

Yuki

pa?alič circle2 [y84]
p'a·lič, pal', paletc round1, circle [y84]

ball-ag to stroll, wander about /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian ballag is thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]

Altaic

*p`el/o walk /Altaic [ss]

*e.l/- to walk, trot /Turkic [ss]

eŝ- /Old Turkic; eŝ- /Turkish; is- /Yakut [ss]

*hu"lde- to chase /Mongolian [ss]

xulde- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u"lde- / o"ldo"- /Khalkha

see Hungarian üldöz "to pursue, chase, prosecute, to hound"

*puli- / *peli- walk /Tungus [ss]

xul- /Negidal; fel'e- /Manzhu; ful'i- /Nanai; pulikte- /Ulcha; puli- /Orok; ful-ĉwi /Zhurzhen; ho"l- /Even; helde- /Evenki [ss]

*pa:>rb- to tread, trample /Korean [ss]

pa:>rb- /Middle Korean [ss]

Basque

ibili to walk

Dravidian

po_li, po_lu (contraction of po_kali) going, strolling; stray (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vri_ to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]

Mayan Languages

Meaning "walk/go" :-
belal /Huas; s#im-bal /Laca; s#i>imbal /Yuca; bel /Itza; be-el /Tzel; bel /Jaca; bel /Mam [jd]

pálya course, profession, track, rink, racetrack /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian pálya expresses "circularity" not just the idea of a flat plain or field/meadow.

Nevertheless, the word pálya is seen as a loan from Slavic? It may not even be of IE origin if you look at the Altaic, Dravidian and the Afro-Asiatic possibilities.

{The Hungarian word for a "field" is mező which is supposed to be from FU}

Sumerian

bala ('), bal to revolve; to turn around, go back; etc.... [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 51 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*bal- field, plain /Proto East Cushitic

bala'w-a zebra /Burji

Altaic

*p`a:\la field, level ground /Altaic [ss: 1723]

*ala-n / *ala-n| level ground, plain /Turkic [ss: 352]

alan| Old Turkic; alan Turkish; alan|, a:la Turkmen; olúx Chuvash; ala:s, aly: Yakut

*pa:la-n 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor /Tungus [ss: 383]

palan 2 ( < South.) /Negidal; fala(n) 2 /Manchu; pala~ 2 /Nanai; pala(n) 2 /Ulcha; pa:lla(n) 2 /Orok; ha:linrú. 1 /Even

*p@/r(h)- fields, meadows /Korean [ss: 202]

ph@/ri/ Middle Korean
p@l, ph@l Modern Korean

*pa\ra\ level ground, plain /Japanese [ss: 270]

pa\ra\ Old Japanese; ha/ra Tokyo

Tungus

hali meadow /Manchu [as]

In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.

Caucasian

veli ‘field’ /Georgian [pjh]

From Russian?

Dravidian

*pal.- plain, valley /Dravidian [ss: 1168] [DED: 4016]

*pal.- pit; low land /South Dravidian [ss: 3367]

pal.l.am lowness, low land, valley, ditch, dimple /Tamil; pal.l.am pit, hole, low ground, low shore /Malayalam; pal.l.a depth, pit, low ground, stream Kannada; pal.l.a, palla, palla: shallow stream, pond, ditch, hollow, low spot, hole, pit Tulu

*pal.-a" valley, plains /Nilgiri [ss: 618]

pal. im "buffalo from the plains" /Kota; pal/. "valley" /Toda

*pall- pit, low ground, dale, (B also) wet land, wet crop /Telugu [ss: 1969]

Basic form: pallamu

*paL- east, low /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 924]

palla:m "(Haig) east" /Kolami; palam "downslope" /(Kondekor Gadba)

*po\l- field, rice-field /Dravidian [ss: 1312] [DED: 4303]

*pUl-am field, land /South Dravidian [ss: 3607]

pulam arable land, rice field; place, region, quarter /Tamil; pulam cornfield; place /Malayalam; pola a plough-field; place, direction /Kannada; pula pasturage /Tulu

*polam- field, place of cultivated land /Telugu [ss: 2112]

Basic form: polamu; Inscriptions: pulambu, pulombu "field"; Derivatives: Also polamari cultivator

*polam field, village /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 1040]

polam "(Br.) field" /Kolami; polub (pl. polbul) "village" /Parji; polub "village" /Ollari; pollu:b "village" /Salur

Iberian

páramo "empty plain, valley" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]

Indo-European

Raeto-Romance (?)

pala meadow /Ladin [jr: 58]

Slavic

polje field, plain, campus /Serbo-Croatian
pole field /Slovak
pole field /Bulgar; pole /Russian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

pal a field with a raised border;convalescence /Persian [fjs]

Khoisan (?)

*//hara field, garden /Central Khoisan [ss: 432]

*//ha/ra\ field, garden /West Central Khoisan [ss: 443]

Naro //ha/da\ ; |Gui //ha/da\ ; //Ganakwe //ha/da\ ; #Haba //ha/da\

*//ha\ra/ field, garden /East Central Khoisan [ss: 409]

|Xaise //ha\da/ ; Deti //ha\da/ ; Cara //a\da/ ; Tsixa //ha\da/ ; Danisi //ha\da/

velathri round, turning [az96] /Etruscan
velethia, veletha, velithana, velisina express, rotation, roundness [az96] /Etruscan

fordít (trans.) to turn around, over; to translate (language) /Hungarian
fordul (intrans.) to turn around, revolve /Hungarian

Uralic

veerettea to roll /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to

puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]

Austric

porotiti disk; porotititanga roundness /Mäori [ng]
porotiti, tähurihuri, täwhirowhiro spin; porotiti circle, spin, wheel /Mäori [ua]

Dravidian

bo_rala, bo_ralu, bo_rla a turning over, a roll; upside down, topsyturvy (Kannad.a); bo_rle (Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) pural. (pural.v-, puran.t.-), piral. (piral.v-, piran.t.-) to roll over, tumble over, be upset, slip off, roll (as waves), overflow, be deranged or changed (as times, customs or laws), be overturned (as a state), go back on one's word, be refuted, die; pural.i, piral.i lying, deceit, insurrection; purat.t.u (purat.t.i-) to turn a thing over, roll, turn up (as the soil in ploughing), fry (as vegetable curry), nauseate, deceive, pervert, smear, fould with dirt; n. turning over, overturn, prevarication, deceit, treachery, nausea, colic; purat.t.an-, pirat.t.an- deceiver, liar; purat.ci upsetting, disorder, anarchy; pirat.t.u deceit (Tamil); pural.uka to roll; purat.t.uka to turn about; pural.ikka to revolve in the mind; piral.uka to wallow, roll, turn, be smeared, overflow; pirat.t.uka to roll about, distort words, deceive, rub as ointment, soil; pirat.t.u deceit, lewdness; pirat.t.an fraudulent; pirat.t.i confusion, consternation; piral.ca turning about, wallowing (Malayalam); porn.- (pord.-), po.n.-(po.n.d.-) to roll backwards and forwards; port.- (port.y-), po.t.- (po.yt.-) id. (Kota); pord., porn.l. act of rolling backwards and forwards; pern.- (perd.-) to turn upside down, (person) does opposite of what was promised; pert.- (pert.y-) to turn upside down (Kota); pi.l.- (pi.d.-) to tumble over or down; pi.t.- (pi.t.y-) to push over or down (Toda); poral., purul. to roll, welter, wallow; hod.d.u to roll about (Kannad.a); pureluni, pureyuni, poreluni, pored.uni to roll, turn; purepuni, porepuni, porelpuni to roll, turn over, recant, impute, attribute; porelu reeling; porn:kuni to roll, run over; pered.uni to roll, move, wallow (Tulu); por(a)lu to roll, roll on the grond, overflow; n. rolling, overflowing; poral(u)cu, por(a)lincu to roll or roll over; por(a)lika rolling, overflow; porupu to roll, as in a powder, mix up (Telugu.)(DEDR 4285). [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

verto (vorto) vertĕre verti versum to turn, turn round, turn up /Latin [Cassell]

Slavic

pohrvatiti to translate into Croatian; vrtjeti to turn around, spin round, rotate, revolve, twirl; vrtnja rotation, gyration, revolving, spinning round, revolution /Serbo-Croatian

vrtenie spin /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

vRt to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskrit

Ulwa

purunaka vt. (puruti) move in circular motion; scrape inside walls of cavity in circular motion [ud]

ferde bent, crooked; slanting, oblique /Hungarian

Uralic

Expert source thinks Hungarian ferde is possibly derived from fordít- [Chong]

Indo-European/Celtic

fiar crooked /Gaelic; fiar /Irish; fíar /Ealy Irish; gwyr /Welsh; goar, gwar /Greek [from mcb]

Assure, trust, lead; secret, mystery, wiseman, witch

fes to make accounts, assure [az96] /Etruscan

bíz to trust, assure, have confidence in /Hungarian
bizomány commission, consignment /Hungarian
bizt-os, bizony-os assured; bizt-os-ít to assure /Hungarian
vez-ér chief, commander; vez-et to lead, guide /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bíz is possibly of FU origin.

? baz- (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]

Hungarian vezet is officially derived from

*wetä- /Proto FU [Chong]

Sumerian

buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

pyzmh N /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLAGal trust, security

Dravidian

besa command, order (Kannad.a); viyam id. (Tol. Col. 67); viyan:ko_l. command; viyan:kol.l.utal to obey orders, to submit (Cilap. 9,78); viyavan- commander, person in authority; headman (S.I.I. ii,352); strong, bold man; servant; besadavan (Kannad.a) (Tamil.lex.) [sk]

besana (Tadbhava of vidha_na) order, command; besanam pe_r.. = besani_; besanam sa_r to get an order; besana he_r..isi kol. to obtain permission; besani_, besani_-i_ to give an order; besambad.e, besavad.e to get an order, to obtain permission; besave_r.. to give an order, to command (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Albanian

bese' faithfulness, faith; besoj to believe /Albanian < *bh(e)idhi- persuasion, oath /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

vaz to guide; to fly /Avestan

bózem take, lead away (somebody) /Pashto [tr]

Indo-Aryan

viz, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskrit
vis'va_sayati causes to trust, encourages /Sanskrit

boszor-kány witch, sorceress /Hungarian

Uralic

busturgan /Udmurt {Chuvash loanword} [Chong]

Udmurt (Votyak) busturgan 'household goblin, sprite which disturbs sleep, and if it likes you it  tussles your beard or hair'

{Chong] lists this as a loan from Turkic/Chuvash.

Magyar boszorkány, boszorka 'witch' < allegedly related to the Udmurt word.

In ancient times so-called witches weren't demonised as in more recent times with the rise of Christianity and other religions. These men and women had specialised knowledge and were healers, seers and so on.

[A second official source says the Turkic might derive from bas- "to press, step (on)"] [Chong]

Sumerian

buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

bs introduce (K5); (be) initiated... ...{r into; (det.) mystery /Old Egyptian [cgj]

basar [ba'sar] to augur /Maltese [gf]

Altaic

basõr¥an goblin, kobold, sprite; nightmare (Uzbek) [Chong]

Baque (?)

_sorgin (C) (n.) witch; sorgindu to bewitch, to cast a spell;
sorgingo (L,LN,Z,U) (n.) witchcraft, sorcery;
sorginkeria
(C) (n.) witchcraft, sorcery;
sorgintza
(C) (n.) witchcraft

Sorginak (radical: sorgin, sing. (nom. int.): sorgina) are the assistants of the goddess Mari in Basque mythology. It is also the Basque name for witches or pagan priestesses (though they could also be male), being difficult to discern between the mythological and real ones. [source]

Indo-European

Latin/Romance (?)

Breton sorgin 'witch'

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

bwzwrg pious person, saint; pious, saintly /Baluchi [mab]

buzurg great, large, immense; powerful, grand, magnificent; adult, elder; a saint; name of a note in music; -- buzurg shudan, To grow up; -- buzurg dashtan, To honour, to revere, magnify./Persian [fjs]

buzurgan (pl. of buzurg) grandees, nobles; doctors, wise men, philosophers /Persian [fjs]

bizeŝk `healer, doctor' /Middle Persian [al]
bzyŝk `healer, doctor' /Parthian [al]
biziŝk `healer, doctor' /New Persian [al]

%biŝ- `healing, remedy' /Old Avestan [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy'; biŝaziia- `to cure, to heal'; bae:ŝaza- `healing, medicinal'; bae:ŝaziia- `medicinal, curative' /Late Avestan [al]

Indo-Aryan

bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]

Slavic

Slovak bosorka

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

pos (pos) 'black magic, sorcery'
posi (posi) 'work magic against, bewitch' (cl.1)
posmah 'practice sorcery' (cl.3)
posmaar 'practice of sorcery'
poson 'act of magic or sorcery'

Wrestle, fight

fira hostility; firin hostile; farsi hostility /Etruscan [az96]

bir-koz to wrestle, struggle with /Hungarian {-koz suffix forms reflexive verb}
há(d)-ború war, "military fight" /Hungarian

Uralic

purõlõa to fight /Vaddja [fv]

also see Hungarian csata "battle, fight, struggle"

Sumerian

bir to scatter, mix, wreck, to murder [jh]
búru,
bur to knap, flake off, to tear out, to despoil [jh]

Niger-Congo (?)

bira (v.) to pile, have a confrontation /Mandinka [pc1]
boriŋ (v.) to wrestle, fall on opponent in a wrestle /Mandinka [pc1]

Altaic

*p`u>/ri to shake /Altaic [ss]

*ur- 1 to beat, hit 2 to pour, strew /Turkic [ss]

ur- (Orkh., OUigh.) 1 /Old Turkic; ur- (MK, QB) 1 /Karakhanid; ur- (Abushk., Pav.C.) 1 /Middle Turkic; vur- 1 /Turkish; vur- 1 /Azeri; ur- 1 /Gagauz; ur- 1 /Turkmen; hur- 1 /Khaladzh; u>r- 1 /Tatar; ur- 1 /Kirghiz; u>r- 1 /Kazakh; ur- 1 /Noghai; ur- 1 /Balkar; ur- 1 /Kumyk; ur- 1 /Karakalpak; ur- 1 /Uzbek; ur- 1 /Uighur; u>r- 1 /Bashkir; ur- 2 /Khakassian; ur- 2 /Tuva-Tofalar; ur- 2 /Altai; ur- 2 /Shor; vúw|r- 1 /Chuvash [ss]

*(h)u"re- to strew, scatter /Mongol [ss]

*por- to hit, strike /Tungus [ss]

f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' /Modern Manchu [ss]

*pu/ru/-p- to shake; to sieve /Japanese [ss]

pu/ru/-p- (Old Japanese); fu\ru- (Tokyo); fu/ru/- (Kyoto); furu/- (Kagoshima) [ss]

Austro-Asiatic

birot. at variance, at enmity with each other; birud opposition, contrareity, against; am birudre in opposition to thee (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Basque

borrokatu to fight; borroka a fight (C)

Dravidian

po_r fight /Tamil; po_ri equal, rival, competitor /Tamil (Tamil lex.); vara_kam battle; va_rava_ram armour (Tamil lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

fira hostility

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

palê [a^], hê, wrestling 2. generally, fight, battle

Italic [Cassell]

bellum, -i (n.) war, fighting /Latin

Old form DUELLUM

bello, -are // bellor, -ari to wage war, fight /Latin
bellĭcus, -a, -um of war, warlike /Latin

Celtic

farrach violence /Gaelic; farrach, forrach /Irish [mcb]
farral, farran anger, force /Gaelic; farrán vexation, anger, forrán oppression /Irish; forrán destruction /Middle Irish; forranach, destructive /Early Irish. [mcb]

Germanic

wera to defend (oneself) /Old Frisian [db]

Germanic cognates: Goth. warjan, ON verja, OE,OS werian, OHG werien, wer(r)en, MHG wer(e)n, MLG we:ren, MDu. weren `hinder, forbid', cf. also *wari:n-: OS -weri, OHG -wari:, -weri:, MHG -wer(e), MLG -we:re, OFris. were (cf. s.v. 3. were), MDu. -were, -weer `-defence'; *werand-: pres. ptc. to wera, cf. also MLG wa:rent, -ant, OFris. werand (q.v.), werend; OFris. warand to *wara `defendere; *warno:: ON vo,rn `defence', OE wearn `refusal', OHG fure]warna `praeparatio', MHG warne, werne `caution, preparation', OFris. werne `pledge, damage', MDu. waerne `pledge'; *warnjanaN: ON verna, OE wiernan, OS wernian, OHG wernen, MLG wernen, warnen, OFris. werna (q.v.), warna, MDu. wa(e)rnen `refuse'; etc. [db]

Slavic

borac fighter, combatant; (fig.) struggler, contender; warrior /Serbo-Croatian
boriti to fight, struggle (with, against), combat, contest /Serbo-Croatian
prepirati to quarrel, wrangle, bicker, altercate; contest, wrestle for /Serbo-Croatian

borot'sya wrestle /Russian
borq se to wrestle (with, against) /Bulgar

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

vârethrakhnish [vârethrakhni] victorious; smiting the enemy (lit.); verethra victory; strength of victory; (alternately) repel, resist; verethrakhnahe [verethrakhna] victoriousness (ahm158); m. victorious, smiting or killing the enemy /Avestan

vaira hostile; enmity /Avestan [sk]

var@qram `defence, shield' /Avestan [db]

*par- to fight, struggle /Proto Iranian [Cheung]

Avestan: LAv. p@r- `to fight, struggle' ; Khotanese: pur(r)- `overcome' ; Other Iranian forms: (+ *u_i-) ? Arm. (LW) goupar `fight'

Indo-European reconstruction: *per- `to strike'

Indo-European cognates: Arm. (aor.) ehar `struck', OCS pürjo, (püre>ti) `to argue, quarrel', Russ. pru (pere/t') `to push, drag', Lith. periu\ (per~ti) `to beat, lash with a besom (in a bath)'

ber revenge /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

pŕ.t fight, battle; pŕ.tanā battle /Sanskrit
viro_dha enmity (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

vraθ 'you fight, you beat' /Etruscan [alinei]

ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian

Uralic

veriä (v.) beat /Vaddja [fv]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian

{b>v, -ked suffix also forms a reflexive verb}

Hungarian ver- is 'possibly' of FU origin or is entirely of unknown origin according to two official sources. [see Chong]

[alinei] also states that its etymology or origin is unknown, but from which developed

Middle Magyar veret 'cannon shot' around 1462.

Etruscan

Etruscan vraθ 'you fight, you beat'

which in Hungarian would be vered or ütöd

har, hara, hurtu 'possibly related to Latin haruspex' /Etruscan [alinei]

Uralic

húr string. wire, chord, intestine /Hungarian

Hungarian húr is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]

hurka sausage /Hungarian

While hurka is thought to derive from húr {where <-ka> may be a suffix}[Chong]

Sausage casings were made from the intestines of animals in the past.

hurok noose, loop, snare /Hungarian

Hungarian hurok is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]

hurok /Old Hungarian < *huruku /Late Ancient Hungarian < *huruk /Old Chuvash < *kuruk /Proto Turkic [art:0 p.108]

Niger-Congo (?)

xiir (n.) fishing line /Wollof [pc2]

Altaic

kiriç 1. string of a musical instrument 2. bowstring /Turkmen [glnp]

uruq a stick or strap supplied with a loop used to tie a horse (Altai); uruk id. (Tuvan) [Chong]

Austric

hiri /Rapanui [anon]

1. to braid, plait, tress (hair, threads).
2. to rise in coils (of smoke).
3. to hover (of birds).

hiro /Rapanui [anon]

1. a deity invoked when praying for rain (meaning uncertain)
2. to twine tree fibres (hauhau, mahute) into strings or ropes.

here string /Mäori [ng]

Basque

hari

1. (n.) thread, linen; thread, theme, topic
2. pronoun (dat.) to him, to her, to it, to that
3. string, filament, wire

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

chir 'withe, strand, slender branch, any textile material, netting'
chiri 'net, make a netting' [cl.1]
chirim 'any woody vine, withe'
chirbir 'netted, any netted piece'

hahr (ha-h-r) 'piece of weaving, textile product, a braid'
hahrib 'any textile implement, netting, needle, loom'
har 'weaving, braiding, netting, weaving technique'
ah har 'weaver, braider, netter'
hari 'weave, braid, glide (as a snake)' (cl.1)
harmah 'weave, braid, glide' (cl.3)
harbir 'woven, braided, braided or woven piece'

Etruscan [alinei]

har, hara, hurtu 'possibly related to Latin haruspex'

Indo-European

*gherﺩ 'gut, entrail' /Proto Indo-European [ahd]

Oldest form *ĝherﺩ2 becoming *gherﺩ2 in centum languages. 1. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-no-. yarn, from Old English gearn, yarn, from Germanic *garnō, string. 2. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-n-. hernia, from Latin hernia, protruded viscus, rupture, hernia. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *ghorﺩ-d-. chord2, cord, cordon; harpsichord, hexachord, tetrachord, from Greek khord, gut, string. 4. O-grade form *ghorﺩ-. chorion, from Greek khorion, intestinal membrane, afterbirth. 5. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *gh?ﺩ-u-. haruspex, from Latin haruspex, "he who inspects entrails, diviner (-spex, he who sees), but perhaps borrowed from Etruscan. [ahd]

Italic

hăruspex -spĭcis, soothsayer, seer, prophet; hăruspĭcĭum -i inspection of entrails /Latin

Etymology is unknown. [alinei]

hernia 'rupture, hernia' /Latin

Perhaps from Latin ernos 'sprout' suggests Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary

hīra, -ae (f.) 'empty gut' /Latin

From Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary

Indo-Iranian

hi4ra 'a band, strip, fillet' /Sanskrit [iits1]
hi3ra 'band, stripe' /Sanskrit [iits2]

To hold a grudge, take revenge, to hate; opposite, contrary, hostile; alienated, discontented

hate, hathe "hateful, hostile" [az96] /Etruscan
hatu, hatrunia (fem.) "hateful, angry, sullen" [az96] /Etruscan

utál to hate, abhor, detest, despise /Hungarian

Uralic

According to one source, Hungarian utál is derived from a F-U root.

? aa¥@t- spew, spit, vomit (Obdorsk Khanty, Upper Demjanka Khanty, KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); åjt- id. (Middle Konda Man's'i, Nether Konda Man's'i) / aajtaxt- id. (Sosva Man's'i - -axt is a suffix)

According to another source, -ál in the Hungarian might be a suffix of repetition and the etymology is uncertain. [see Chong]

In other words we don't have a clue.

Austric

eete, disgusting, ugly /Rapanui [anon]

Often used jocularly to refer to persons: tou eete era, that fellow. Ku eete á tooku manava. I am revolted by (mo...), I am disgusted at (ki...). [anon]

Dravidian

u_t.u (u_t.i-) to sulk, show displeasure; u_t.al sulking; ut.al (ut.alv-, ut.an-r--) to be enraged, quarrel, fight; ut.ar-u (ut.ar-i-) to be enraged at; ut.ar-r-u (ut.ar-r-i-) to provoke, infuriate (Tamil) [sk]

at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

Hittite

i-da-lu noun; accusative singular neuter of <idālu> evil, harm /Hittite [ho]

Luvian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

Greek

*odussomai "I hate" [ep: 448]
*odussos "irritated, irritable" [ep: 448]

Italic

ōdī , ōdisse , ōsūrus (fut. part.) to hate, detest, dislike /Latin

Said to be a "defective" verb.
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain [ep: 448]

odio /Italian; odio /Spanish; odieux /French < ŏdĭum -i (n.) hatred /Latin

Latin origin is unknown/uncertain according to [ep: 448] who suggests that ōdī and ŏdĭum might perhaps be akin to Latin odor "a smell".

External parallels are ignored, as so often happens in Indo-European studies.

Germanic

atol hateful /Old English

[az96] compares Modern English hate with the Etruscan.

Here is what [ep: 280] says

English 'to hate' is from Middle English haten, earlier hatien, derives from Old English hatian, intimately akin to the Old English (n.) hete.

odious /English < French < Latin [ep: 448]

Armenian

ahtel- /Armenian- Dorosmai [Chong]

acsar-kod to hold a grudge {-kod suffix of action} / Hungarian
zsar-nok despot, tyrant /Hungarian

Uralic

{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}

Sumerian

sar, šar driven out, pursued [jh] ??

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 118 #> [oi4]

Cushitic

d/1ur- dirt /Proto East Cushitic

c#'ure?'e dirt /Burji; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Oromo; j'ur- bad /Konso; t'ur- bad, dirty /Sidamo; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Hadiyya; t'er- bad /Yaaku; c#'uul?'- choke /Burji

Omotic

c#'ullut choke /Koyra (=Kore?)

Altaic

*i_u:/c^`e bad, anger /Altaic [ss]

*o":c^ revenge, anger /Turkic [ss]

o"c^ Old Turkic
o":c^ Turkmen
v@w|z^|@w| Chuvash
o"s Yakut [ss]

*o"c^e to take revenge, be inimical /Mongolian [ss]

o"c^eldu"- (MA) Middle Mongolian [ss]

*(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn /Tungus [ss]

u.c^an|kat- 1 /Even [ss]
uc^in- 2 /Evenki [ss]

*a\c^hj@/t- to hate /Korean [ss]

a\c^hj@/t- Middle Korean [ss]

*u/tu/a- alienated, discontent /Japanese [ss]

u/two/- Old Japanese [ss]
uto/- Tokyo [ss]

Austric

ati /Rapanui [anon]

1. to take revenge; ati ki... to take revenge against (someone), ati i... to avenge (someone). He ati te kopeka o te îka ki te to'a The avenger of the victim takes revenge against the assassin.

2. to get even, to pay back. Te tagata nei ina kai pu'a mai te rima, e ati ró au ana haga ki a au mo te haga. This man did not give me hand, I'll get even when he needs me for some work.

3. (arch.) he ati, he ora to serve and live. Said of persons who took refuge from their enemies with another clan and earned their lives by serving them well.

taua, utu revenge /Mäori [ng]

Basque

txar (C) bad

Dravidian

it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Tamil); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Malayalam); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Kannad.a); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Telugu)(DEDR 435). [sk]

etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Tamil); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Malayalam); edyr enemy (Kota); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (Toda); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Kannad.a); edike in front (Kod.agu); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tulu); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Telugu); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795). [sk]

Indo-European/Anatolian

a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]

hercna dragger [az96] /Etruscan

Uralic

hurc-ol to drag, haul, lug /Hungarian

Modern Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/
while Etruscan /c/ sounds like /k/

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

gr$ V /Aramaic [cal]

011 Syr,CPA,Palestinian to pull, to drag 012 Palestinian to lead 013 Palestinian to extend 021 Syr to carry 022 Syr to carry off 023 Syr to bring 041 JLAGal to be pulled

LS2 135
DJPA 821: SYAP 33:60

grgr V /Aramaic [cal]

091 Syr to drag, to pull 121 Syr to be dragged, to be drawn

LS2 131

grgr#2 N grgr) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr drag, sledge

LS2 131

LS2 v: gargrA)

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 261 #3> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

harkis- drag /Oromo
h!eriig stretch draw drag /Saho

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj]

helkô to draw, drag

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

gyrr (n.) dragging, mark or trail where something has been dragged /Baluchi [mab]
gyrr∂g to drag off /Baluchi [mab]

Anatolian

gulza:(i)- 'draw' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Denom. of *gulza- `drawing' [hcm1]

Cf. Hittite gulŝŝ- `idem'. [hcm1]

This refers to 'sketching' it seems, so doesn't belong here.

hintha, hinthu, hinththin below; hinthiu underground, infernal /Etruscan

Uralic

hant mound; grave; hant-ol to bury /Hungarian

One official source says Hungarian hant is possibly derived from a F-U root.

hoˆm@s a relatively dry, mound-like island with overgrown trees in a swamp (Kazym Khanty - -s is a suffix); khåmše°l clump (in a bog or marsh), mound (in a bog or marsh) (Konda Man's'i, Mn'L - -še°l is a suffix); xåme°s bump, lump, swelling (on the body) (Northern Man's'i - -s is a suffix)] [Chong]

Another source says hant might also be related to hány- "cast", etc which derives from :-

*kan3- (Proto FU) [Chong]

kundyny to bury, dig in; etc. (KoL); handÅ- draw, ladle, scoop (KnO); kyn¸‡a- dig (KnVah); xuun- draw, ladle (food), pick, scoop (Mn'N) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 299 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

hi'n?'a down /Burji
hunda root under /Sidamo
hund/a trunk, origin /Oromo

Yuki

ha·n, -han, hanhin under [y84]

hisu acute, fine [az96] /Etruscan

has-ad tear,rend,crack; has-ít split; has-o-gat to split into fine strips /Hungarian
has-on-lo similar (things cut are identical at the cut) /Hungarian

Uralic

fesz-e-get to pry, try to open; fesz-ít to stretch, expand, strain /Hungarian

Hungarian feszít- tighten (transitive); feszül- tighten (intransitive) is of unknown origin. [Chong]

also see Hugarian fakad "to split, burst; to blossom"

Sumerian

haz, h to break or cut off; to thresh grain [jh]
? púš tightness etc. [jh,Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

h.sk. cut off, hew off /Egyptian [cgj]
psš divide; psšw divider (of property); psšt division, share /Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

qşb to cut, cut off /Semitic Root [ahd]

qaşaba to cut up /Arabic [ahd]

qsm to divide, distribute, assign, ordain, practice divination /West Semitic [ahd]

Arabic qisma "portion, lot, destiny, fate" from qasama "to divide, distribute, assign, foreordain".[ahd]

hśm to smash, shatter, destroy /Arabic Root [ahd]

h.şş to cut, divide, diminish /Semitic Root [ahd]

h.āş to divide /Hebrew [ahd]

Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #16> [oi4]

Chadic

*fas%@ break /Proto Chadic

f@hl break /Gaanda; fasaa break /Hausa; pese hatch /Kera
p@hl@ break /Margi; paj break /Tumak

Altaic

*piuĉa to tear, split, cut /Altaic [ss]

byĉ- / *bic to cut /Turkic [ss]

byĉ- /Old Turkic; biĉ- /Turkish; biĉ- /Turkmen; p@s/- /Chuvash [ss]

*biĉi 1 small 2 to demolish, crush /Mongolian [ss]

b/acxan 1, b/acla- 2 /Khalkha; biĉkn. 1 /Kalmuck; piĉi 'into small pieces' /Dagur; paz^|il@ 'into small pieces' /Monguor [ss]

see Hungarian pici "small" below.

*puŝe- 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through /Tungus [ss]

fusxu- 1 /Manzhu; xuĉe-remz^|i 2 /Orok; huĉe-rge 1 /Evenki [ss]

*pĉy/ĉ(h)- to tear /Korean [ss]

ĉ:it- (-ĉ-) /Modern Korean; pĉy/ĉ(h)- /Middle Korean [ss]

*pa\sa\-m- to cut, shear /Japanese [ss]

pa\sa\-m- /Old Japanese; hasa/m-u /Tokyo [ss]

hasaisuru, hishigu to crush, smash, shatter, crack to pieces, break up /Japanese

Dravidian

isigka crack, slit, chink/Kur.ux; isigna_ (isgya_) to open in long slits, chap, crack /Kur.ux; hisi to burst (as a jack fruit, a very tight jacket; to crack (as a wall, a cooking vessel) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

pasuge, hasige, hasuge dividing, separating; division; part, portion, share; apportionment; arrangement, disposition /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) hasige dividing etc.; division or sharing of the produce between the cultivator and landlord; hasige-pat.t.a a list or account of the division of the produce; hasige-mutsaddi a clerk who keeps the account of such division; hasige a toll (as of vegetable, grain) exacted by official personages from the vendors /Kannad.a [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

isitniti to cleave (split, chop, cut) small, make chips /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

fass (v.n.) separating, pulling (one thing from another); etc. /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] says this is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

Indo-Aryan

has to open, bloom, blow; to brighten up, or to clear up (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

hat 'a splitting or cleaving'
hati 'split, crack open' (cl.1)

k'as 'a breaking, a breaking off'
k'asan 'a break'
k'asi 'break a thing, break in two' (cl.1)

pici tiny, minute, small; picike very tiny, small {see -ka, -ke diminutive suffix} /Hungarian

Uralic

*piC'V small /Uralic [mc2]

*pojka boy /FinnUgor

fioka > fiu boy /Hungarian
poika boy, son; pojo boy /Vaddja [fv]

[English boy is not really related since it comes from a totally different meaning and replacing the old word knave (German knabe). Originally "boy" meant a servant.]

Sino-Tibetan

*po:k child /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Meaning "servant; groom" [ss]
pu 2 /Modern (Beijing) < buk /Middle Chinese < bo:k /Old Chinese
/Vietnamese

phrug, phrug-gu, phru child, a young one. /Tibetan; pauk young of animals; sprout. /Burmese [ss]

Altaic

*biĉa small /Altaic [mc2]

baji a little bit more, a while; biha a bit, a little /Manchu [as]

*piuĉa to tear, split, cut /Altaic [ss]

*biĉi 1 small 2 to demolish, crush /Mongolian [ss]

b/acxan 1, b/acla- 2 /Khalkha; biĉkn. 1 /Kalmuck; piĉi 'into small pieces' /Dagur; paz^|il@ 'into small pieces' /Monguor [ss]

also see Hugarian fakad "to split, burst; to blossom"

*ba\ka young /Altaic [ss]

*baga young, small /Mongolian [ss]

baga Khalkha; bag|@ Kalmuck [ss]

*ba\ka\- young /Japanese [ss]

wa\ka\- Old Japanese; waka/-i Tokyo [ss]

Austric

poki son, male child /Rapanui [anon]

poki atariki eldest son; poki hagupotu youngest son; poki hágai adopted son. [anon]

poto short; potoki youngest child /Moriori [mor]
tamariki, puhou young /Mäori [ng]
paku, pakupaku small /Mäori [ng]

Caucasian

*b[a]c.V kid, young goat /North Caucasian [ss]

*p:ac.V-j 1 small 2 kid 3 small sheep /Lezghian [ss]

bac.i 2 /Lezghi; bic.i 1 /Tabasaran; bic.i-f 1 /Agul; bac.i 3 /Rutul; byc.yc. 2 /Tsakhur [ss]

Dravidian

*pi:c-/ *picc- small, short [mc2] /Dravidian

pi_cca, pi_ccan what is small, dwarfish, immature /Malayalam; pi_cu shortness, smallness; picce shortness or deficiency in measure or weight /Kannad.a; pi_cilu thin, slender /Tulu; picca low, base, mean; short, deficient, false /Telugu; picin-a_r-i, picin-e_r-i miser; picin-i niggard; miserliness, niggardliness; picuku (picuki-) to be niggardly; picukku miserliness, niggardliness; picukkar mean-minded persons; picupicuttavan- niggard /Tamil; pis'ukku niggardliness; pis'ukkan niggard, miser /Malayalam; picci Mammon; pici parsimony, stinginess; stingy, miserly /Tulu; piccapat.t.u stinginess, miserliness; pisid.i, pisina_ri, pisini miserly, stingy; pisini-got.t.u miser; pikku to be miserly; pi_na_si stingy person /Telugu [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

see ? poco /Spanish

Indo-Iranian

pā'ka (1) calf, young; (2) simple /Sanskrit

This one is thought to have the literal meaning of "sucking" and hence is believed to derive from the root 'drink' /Sanskrit

Ulwa

basaka, bisika small; little [ud]
baka small child; bakaka child, offspring /Ulwa [ud]

ici-pici tiny /Hungarian

Uralic

{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}

Altaic/Turkic

az little, few; az-azdan little by little; az-oblak a little bit /Turkmen [glnp]
u∫ak small, little, fine; u∫amak to become smaller; u∫atmak 1. to make smaller, shallower 2. to exchange, barter /Turkmen [glnp]

Austric

itiiti, kitakita tiny; iti, pakupaku, ririki small /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

ittini very little (Tamil); ittiri, icciri id. (Malayalam); is's'i a little (Malayalam); isumanta adj., adv. a litt,e a particle, a jot; incuka a little; adv. a little somewhat (Telugu); ijik a little (Gondi); izri small, little (Kond.a); icuk a little (Mand.a); icki, icke little, small, tiny (Pengo); icci, ici, i_ci small (Kuwi); uccai, hu_cai (Kuwi)(DEDR 410).[sk]

as'u thin, slender /Malayalam; a_cu anything small or mean, minuteness, trifle /Tamil; asi, asa thinness, leanness, minuteness /Kannad.a; asi slight /Telugu; asadu small, slender /Telugu [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic (??)

úzky small /Slovak; uzkij narrow /Russian

Quechua

achiwa small [q2]
as little; small quantity [q2]
uchuklla; uchulla // uchuy // huch'uy // ichik small [q2]

Yuki

?u·čič small2 [y84]

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Last updated 4 September 2010