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Etruscan Hungarian
Word List
ER-HI
This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
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-eri, -ri gerundive suffix, postposition "for, for the sake of" [az96, mp68: 400]
locative, instrumentive suffix [mp68: 396]; -tra "toward" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
rea 'to, towards, onto' /Old Hungarian from 1055 AD [bl]
The oldest and longest piece of Magyar comes from 1055 AD, from the Royal Chart of the Tihany Abbey which reads
feheruuaru | rea | meneh | hodu | utu | rea
whitecastle | to | go, travel | military | road, way | to, unto, on
It is curiously still understandable to a modern Hungarian and today would be written as
Fehérvárra menô hadútra meaning ' To the military way going to White Castle'
rea /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
rá on; onto; upon him;her;it; rá- prefix "on, onto"; -ra, -re suffix "to, towards" /Hungarian
One official source thinks rá derives from FU.
? *rang3 (Proto Ugric)
r^ngx@ outside, without (Nether Konda Man's'i); r^ngokÅ aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Pelymka Man's'i); rang outside, without; rangk‹à· aside, laterally, on one side, sideways; etc. (Tavda Man's'i) [Chong]
Another source says rá derives from an earlier *ro¥- which could be related either to the (Man's'i) words listed here or to those related to Hungarian rokon "kin", etc. [Chong]
arra {az "that" + -ra "to,towards"}there, that way (indicating direction);
erre {ez "this" + -re "to,towards"}this way (indicating direction) /Hungarian
With arra, erre the z of the demonstrative pronoun assimilates with the r- of the suffix.
iránt, irányába(n) towards /Hungarian
One official source thinks Hungarian iránt derives from FU.
*ar3, *ur3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Another source thinks the origin derives from a fossilized root ir- [Chong]
Yukaghir [emas]
A small group of transitive verbs are built from intransitive stems by an applicative-like derivation, i.e., the derived transitive verb signifies essentially the same action as the basic intransitive, but this action is construed as directed towards a specific endpoint, for example :-
ørn'e-ri- `shout to somebody'
køt'egej-re- `rush towards something'
Sumerian
ra(-g/h) prep., dative suffix - for - denotes the animate being towards whom or in favor of whom an action is done. [jh]
ri demonstrative affix, that, those; regarding that (where the reference is to something outside the view of the speaker - over yonder). [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
r (prep.) from, to, at, concerning /Egyptian [cgj]
erat "to"; ero for, to, as regards to /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Ainu
orun to {directed towards} [sm]
Altaic
-ri, -ru directional suffix /Turkish
Basque
-ra suffix "to"; -rantz suffix "towards"
ara (B,G); hara (L,U) there (indicating direction, towards)
Indo-European
Celtic
ri to, against /Gaelic, re /Irish, ri, fri /Old Irish [mcb]
Classical Armenian [cao]
arr preposition; arr to, toward (a person); beside; in the time of; in addition to
Anatolian
-tar "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon [hcm1]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
raa- ('toward the speaker') /Pashto [tr]
Sino-Tibetan/Tamangic
Nar-Phu [mn0]
-re dative, locative
The Nar-Phu language is a member of the Tamangic group [along with Chantyal, Gurung, Manangba, Tamang, and Thakali]. There are a number of phonological and lexical differences between the dialects of Nar and Phu.
Nar-Phu is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. The only prefix is negative a- : a-câ-w ‘don’t eat it!’.
Chantyal [mn1]
dative
-ra
locative
-ri
-ªŋ [with a few common nouns, deictics, case clitics]
-chª [with the noun mħun 'night]
-ra [in a few special expressions]
-muwa
Chantyal is overwhelmingly suffixing and agglutinative. There are only two sorts of native prefixes: the negative prefixes a- and tha- on verbs and adjectives, and the deictic prefixes yi- ‘this’, ħª- ‘that’, and wu- ‘yonder’. A small number of prefixes may be found with Nepali borrowings, but these are not productive in Chantyal.
erus "sun" < "burning" [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
*hunke moon /Uralic
hold moon; hónap month /Hungarian
ár-ad shine, flow, blaze /Hungarian
Sumerian
íla, íli, íl to shine [jh]
ara 4, ar to shine, blaze [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
ku moon /Akkadian
yrh. moon, month /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
*ilV evident, visible /Altaic [ss]
*ori dawn /Altaic [ss]
*u"ru"n| (*o"ru"n|) 1 white 2 dawn /Turkic [ss]
u"ru"n| 1 /Old Turkic; u"ru"n| 1 /Yakut [ss]
*o"r dawn /Mongolian [ss]
u":r (?) /Khalkha; o"r /Kalmuck; ur /Dagur; o:r /Monguor [ss]
*(x)oru- to flame up /Tungus [ss]
orumna- /Evenki [ss]
är morning /Turkic
Austric
ra sun /Moriori [mor]
ra sun /Mäori [ng]
Basque
erre to burn; ortzi heavens, sky, firmament; ancient name of sky god
*iLe or *iLa, ilargi, hilargi moon; hil month
Dravidian
ol.i light, brightness, splendour, sun, moon, star, fire, sunshine, lamp, beauty; ol.iyavan-, ol.iyo_n- sun; ol.ir (-v-, -nt-), ol.ir-u (ol.ir-i-) to shine; ol.irvu, ol.ir-u brightness; ol.imai brilliance, brightness, beauty (Tamil); ol.i splendid, bright; the light; ol.ima, ol.ivu brightness; on.ma splendour, beauty; ul.ayuka, ul.iyuka to shine, glitter (Malayalam); ol.a, ol.apu shine, blaze; ul.ku to shine, blaze, appear; ul.ku, ul.uku a shining substance, a meteor (Kannad.a); ol.i light, splendour (Tulu); or.ini(ka) white, bright (Kond.a)(DEDR 1016). [sk]
ilaku (ilaki-) to shine, glisten, glitter /Tamil; ole, pol.e to appear, to come to light (Kannad.a.lex) [sk]
uru to burn; uruppam, uruppu heat, anger /Tamil; uripu, urisu to cause to burn, inflame /Kannad.a [sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
*(h)u:l- star /Proto Albanian; yll star [bd]
*hand-na: moon /Proto Albanian; he'ne' / hãne' moon /Albanian [bd]
Armenian
arev sun /Armenian < *h2reu- to get light, brighten /PIE [bd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
aru sun /Sanskrit
ara/- (RV+) spoke of a wheel /Sanskrit; arati/- `ring of spokes, total of spokes' [An epithet of Agni, said of his flames.] (RV) [al]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
war, warar 'light, brilliance, radiance'
uwarar e k'in 'sunlight'
uwarar e kat tu' 'moonlight'
ut e warar 'ray of light, beam'
waran 'light, shiny, radiant'
warih 'light up, cast light (as the sun or a torch)' (cl.3)
Quechua
quilla moon, month [q1]
illa, illapu lightning; illariy dawn [q2]
etera 'miles, soldier' /Etruscan [alinei]
Uralic
ezer 1000; one thousand /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian ezer is of Iranian origin. [Chong, Alinei]
Old Magyar (17th. century) ezer 'regiment' [alinei]
Mansi såter 'regiment' [alinei]
Etruscan
Etruscan etera 'miles, soldier' > Magyar ezer, Old Magyar ezer 'regiment' [alinei]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*ghesl- thousand /PIE [cg2]
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
hazar (S. sahasra, Z. hazanra), a thousand; a bird called the thousand voices, having an uncommon variety of melodious notes, a species of nightingale; hazaran thousands; a thousand; a nightingale; hazar hazur a million /Persian [fjs]
zer thousand /Pashto [tr]
[h]∂zar thousand; [h]∂zari of a thousand, worth a thousand (rupees, etc.) /Baluchi [mab]
faca to cleft [az96] /Etruscan
fak-ad to split, burst; to blossom /Hungarian
pukk-ad to burst with rage; pukkad-ásig tele bursting full /Hungarian
pukk-an to explode (sudden noise) /Hungarian
bukkan-ni to hit upon smthg; to discover smthg /Hungarian
Uralic
*pakka budding, spring, spring up /Finno-Ugrian [hh96]
pakku- burst, rend, split (intransitive); come loose; pakahtu- break, break (intransitive); rend, split (intransitive); come out (of leaves) (Finnish) / pokma- burst (Man's'i) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
phз split, break open /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
pq( /Aramaic [cal]
011 JLAGal,Sam,Syr,JBA to split, to burst 012 Syr,JBA to be split 013 JBA to cease 041 Syr to creak 021 Syr to give off a crack 022 Syr to creak 023 Syr to break 024 Syr to sling at 025 JBA to prevent 051 Syr to be broken 031 Syr to split 032 Syr to break 033 Syr to make a noise 034 Syr %banxiyrA)% to pant after 035 JBA t cancel 036 JBA to issue
LS2 590, J 1210
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #362> [oi4]
Cushitic
Cushitic, Bedja
fakak- open (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, Agaw
fakak- open, tear /Bilin
Cushitic, East
bak'ak'- split /Oromo; fak- open /Saho; fak- open /Afar
Semitic
faja_, fajiya open, open legs /Arabic; pqh! open eyes /Hebrew
Egyptian
pd_ stretch (cord), draw (bos), extend oneself /Old Egyptian
Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #373> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
faq pierce /Bilin
Semitic
fq?' split /Arabic; fq?` cleave, split, shatter /Geez; bq?` split /Hebrew
Berber
@bgu pierce; n@qq@b pierce /Berber
Niger-Congo (?)
facca to burst /Wollof [pc2]
Sino-Tibetan
*puak to pierce, burst open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
ãbug(s), phug to pierce, bore. /Tibetan; pauk be pierced, have a hole, phauk to pierce. /Burmese; bo?2 to burst open, as a sore or boil. /Kachin; puak to explode, burst, pop, KC *puak. /Lushei [ss]
Altaic
*p`aĉ`V to open, split up /Altaic [ss]
*aĉ- to open /Turkic
*(h)aĉa bifurcation /Mongolian
*paĉ- crack, split, interval /Tungus [ss]
*p`ok`u to swell /Altaic [ss]
*okra 1 pimple, pustule 2 disease of cattle /Turkic [ss]
uqra 2 /Tatar [ss]
*puk- / *pok- 1 to swell 2 bubble, blister 3 swelling, excrescence 4 swollen 5 become rough (of skin) 6 cracks in skin 7 rough (of skin) /Tungus [ss]
fo- 5, fuqa 2 /Manzhu; pukĉe- 1, poqa 2, fo-rini (Bik.) 6 /Nanai; pukte- 1, poqo 2 /Ulcha; pug|ju 4, puqa 2 /Orok; hokoripĉu 7 /Evenki [ss]
*pu/ku/ra\- to swell /Japanese [ss]
pu/ku/ra\- /Old Japanese; fukureru /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
pökgi 1. ball 2. chubby, plump; pökremek to swell; pökretmek to inflate /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
fuki-ageru to blow up; spout; fukidemono a skin eruption; fuki-deru to break out in sores; foku to sprout, shoot up
Austric
puku swelling; kopuku blister /Moriori [mor]
puku swelling /Mäori [ua]
koropuku swelling /Mäori [ng]
Dravidian
*pok- blister, bubble, boil /Dravidian [ss]
*buk- cheek; fat, plump /Dravidian [ss]
bagud.u, bugut.i a swelling, an eminence, an elevation, a protuberance; pugga_yila a proud or arrogant man;puggu pride, arrogance; purgu id.; pugul. blister (Kannad.a); pokku id.; pogaru pride, arrogance; pod.agu height, loftiness, stature; pod.ucu to rise as the tide, the sun, the moon, a star; pod.upu the swell of a river, the rising of the sun (Telugu); pugul., hugal.u, hugul.u a blister, a vesicle; pokkul.i a blister, a bubble, a water-bladder; poccu to boil over, bubble up; to rise as out of the water; pokka boiling over (Malayalam); pokka height, increase; boiling over (Tamil,Malayalam); pokku a boil, blister (Tamil,Malayalam); pokut.t.u bubble (Tamil); pokkil.a id. (Malayalam); pokkul.am bubble; pokut.t.u a water-bubble; poccil bubbling up, boiling (Tamil); pugul., pugul.l.e, pugul.l.al. blisters or sores in the mouth (Kannad.a)(Ka.lex.); pogl blister (Kota); pig bubble (Toda); bugga bubble (Kolami,Telugu); puka boil (Mand.a); bugga, bu_ga bubble (Kuwi); pokkal.a a blister (Kod.agu); poka blister (Malt.o) [sk]
paku (pakuv-, pakk-) to be split, divided (Tamil) (DEDR 3808). cf. vakuka to divide (Malayalam) (DEDR 5202) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
pu_g-ê, ês, hê, heterocl. acc. puga rump, buttocks 2. metaph. of fat, swelling land
Celtic
bòc swell /Gaelic; bócaim /Irish [mcb]
bochuin, boch-thonn swelling, the sea /Gaelic [mcb]
bucach a boy (dial.): "growing one" /Gaelic [mcb]
bucaid a pustule /Gaelic, bucóoid, a spot /Irish, boccóit /Early Irish [mcb]
Slavic
pokidati to tear (snap, pick, cull, break) up (off) one after another /Serbo-Croatian
puknuti to shoot, fire detonate; split, crack, split, burst /Serbo-Croatian
pukotina fissure, crack, crevice, slit, chink /Serbo-Croatian
puknúť crack /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
pa_kala quite black (TS.); ripening, causing suppuration /Sanskrit [sk]
Blackfoot (Algonquian)
i-pakk burst [ryan]
Mayan
paqaj gap, opening; tear, rip; crevice, fissure /Mayan Uspa [jd]
Muskogean/Eastern
bokko any protuberance, esp. rounded (may refer to mound, lump, bump, hump; hill, mountain; slant, grade in a road) /Alabama [tm]
poksi 1. to bulge, protrude, pooch out 2. bump, lump, bulge, protrusion /Alabama [tm]
fakopli 1. to bud, put out leaves, leaf out (as a tree or plant) [/fakop-li] /Alabama [tm]
pakaali flower, blossom, bloom, cotton /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
pok'- pop, explode; pok'ete pop open, crackle, pop [y84]
fok back of a knife; bastion, rampart; cape, promontory; degree, scale, stage; step,
rung; eye of needle /Hungarian
vág to cut, split; vág-ás cut, furrow, groove /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian fok is 'possibly' of FU origin [see Chong]
Hungarian vág is officially of FU origin from
(?) wang3- (Proto FU) / *wangke- (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
Altaic
*p`u:ge to tear off, sever /Altaic [ss]
*(h)ug- / *(h)u"g- to tear, tear out /Mongolian
*po:g- / *peg-de- 1 to cut off 2 to tear off 3 to prick with an awl 4 awl /Tungus
*p@\hi/- to cut, reap, sever /Korean
*pa\(n)k- to tear off /Japanese; pa\g- /Old Japanese; hagu Tokyo [ss]
*po\k`e ( ~ -k-) to dig, cut off; a cutting instrument /Altaic [ss]
*bu"gde dagger /Turkic
*hoktal- 1 to chop, cut off 2 to be broken off /Mongolian
*pok- 1 to pound, crush, mince 2 to break /Tungus
*p@\k@\ pole-axe, battle-axe, halberd /Japanese [ss]
*p`iu\jge to flay, cut /Altaic [ss]
*eg-du" a curved knife /Turkic
*(h)o"g|e-le- to trim, hack /Mongolian
*pu"g- to flay /Tungus
*pu/i-, *po/ 1 to reap, mow 2 plough /Korean
*pa\ blade /Japanese [ss]
*baka to divide /Altaic [ss]
*bak- /Tungus
*baka- /Japanese [ss]
Japanese
wake sharing; division; wakeru divide; split; sever
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*pъ'k- to cover/coat with layers (покрывать слоями) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN754]
*pъk- (~ ą) layer (слой, прослойка) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1539]
pąk- (I, II) /Koryak [ss]
*'ąn-pki- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN770]
'in-pke.-z "colorem inducere" /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
*vag- division; kind; manner, mode /Dravidian [ss]
*vag-V- to divide; class; manner, species /South Dravidian [ss]
*vag-a manner, mode, means; trick, pretence, dissimulation; Basic form: vaga /Telugu [ss]
vaku (-pp-, -tt-) to separate, divide, apportion, distribute; (-v-, -nt-) to split (intr.); vakuti division, class, category; vakuppu dividing, classifying, section, division, class; vakai arrange a subject; vakir (-v-, -nt-) to slice, cut in slips, split, cleave, tear open, divide; n. tearing, scratch, slice; vaci (-v-, -nt-) to split, cut; vakit.u parting in woman's hair (Tamil); vakukka to divide; vakayikka to accomplish a business; vakuppu kind, sort, section, paragraph; vaka division, kind, item, means, property, stock (Malayalam); bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws; bagi to separate, divide, make pieces, cleave, tear, lacerate, scratch, dig, scrape (bottom of pot with spoon); bage division, portion, part, section, sort, vanity, class, caste (Kannad.a); bage kind, manner, means, resource, income; bakala gash, deep incision; baktale, bagutale parting of the hair by combing, combing the hair into curls, crown of the head (Tulu); bavtale id. (Kod.agu); vaga manner, mode, means (Telugu); vaka variety, sort, kind (Kui) (DEDR 5202).[sk]
pa_kit.utal to give alms; pa_ki_t.u share, portion, allotment; pa_ku share, portion, lot, division; alms (Te_va_. 54,4)(Tamil.lex.) pa_ttu dividing, sharing, share, half; pa_tti division, section, part, share; pa_tu division, share; pa_ to divide, distribute; paku to be divided, cut into pieces, tear off, root out; pakal dividing; pakai disagree-ment, hatred, enmity; pan:kam portion, division (Tamil); pagadi tribute, tax (Kannad.a,Tulu); pagidi tribute (Telugu); pagi, pagtelu rent, split; pa_ngu share, proportion (Tulu); papp split bamboo sticks (Parji); pan, pah, pa to split (Gondi.); pay to be split (Gondi); pag- (pakt-) to split (Pengo); panga to be cracked, split, divided; paka a piece of stick or twig or bamboo used as a pin (Kui); pakuti division, share (Malayalam); pagiyuni to split, rend, fall in pieces; pa_n:gu share, proportion (Tulu); pagulu to break, crack (Telugu); pay to break (Naikri); pa_n:gal.a portion, share (Tulu); pax to be divided; paxy division (Toda); pak split bamboo (Gondi); pak to split (Mand.a); pakme a division of the house (Malt.o); pagi, pagtelu rent,split (Tulu)(DEDR 3808). [sk]
vet.t.u to cut as with sword or axe, cut off, engrave (Tamil)(DEDR 5478). cf. ve_gu sickle (Mand.a) (DEDR 5518). [sk]
Iberian
vega, is part of the Iberian substratum defined by and is compared with Old Spanish vaica, Basque ibaiko - a river bank [in cb5]
Indo-European
Celtic
eag a nick, notch /Gaelic; feag /Irish; agg /Manx, ag, cleft /Welsh, *eggâ-: peg? [mcb]
Germanic
fæc n division, space, interval, portion of time /Old English [sc1]
Similar to Fąch compartment, pocket, subject, trade /Modern German
vak-ar to scratch /Hungarian
Dravidian
vakir (-v-, -nt-) to slice, cut in slips, split, cleave, tear open, divide; n. tearing, scratch, slice; bagaru to scratch with the nails or claws; bagi to separate, divide, make peaces, cleave, tear, lacerate, scratch, dig, scrape (bottom of pot with spoon); bakala gash, deep incision (Tu.); bakr.ali, bark- (-it-), brak- (-h-) to claw (Kuwi)(DEDR 5202) [sk]
*falatu, fala sky /Etruscan
Etruscan 'falatu' is a reconstructed word from ancient sources.
Uralic
fel, föl up; above; fel-felé upwards /Hungarian
Official source says that fel, föl derive from föl "skimmings" which is of F-U origin. [Chong]
*p8"l3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
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Turn, spin, revolve
felequ "turned (on the lathe)" [am91] /Etruscan
forog to turn, twist, spin /Hungarian
forgó joint (anat.); eddy (current); turning, revolving; whirpool /Hungarian
forgó-szél, fergeteg whirlwind, hurricane /Hungarian
forgalmas busy; forgalmaz to put into circulation; forgalom traffic /Hungarian
pereg to spin/whirl round, twirl; perget to roll /Hungarian
perdít start turning an axle quickly /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to
puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]
Hungarian perdít- is claimed to be onomatopoeic. [Chong]
Vogul poBrit, Votjak porjal to revolve, Mordvin puvrams wind, Samojed puroldam unwind
fel-borít to capsize /Hungarian {see the Basque}
{fel "up,above" + borít "to cover (over); cast/spread over; overturn, throw (into)}
Sumerian
bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 42 #5> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
wareer- be giddy /Somali; waar- circulate /Yaaku
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi
Cushitic, East
ollaas-uy- roll /Harso
Cushitic, South
wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #583> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
wareeg- wander about /Somali
Cushitic, South
wirik-+ turn about /Proto South Cushitic
Sino-Tibetan
*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]
{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]
a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]
phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]
*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]
pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]
burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]
siunu /Nepali [ss]
Altaic
*p`ö'ru to spin, plait /Altaic [ss]
*ar- /Turc
*horiga-, *horči- /Mongol
*por- /Tungus
*pòròkí /Korean [ss]
*bo/ru (~ -a,-o) dust; smoke, whirlwind /Altaic [ss]
*bur(u:) 1 dust 2 smoke /Turkic [ss]
buruo /Yakut [ss]
*bur-gi- / *bu"r-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) /Mongolian [ss]
burqalix 'whirlwind' (SH) /Middle Mongolian; burgi- /Khalkha; bu"rgn-, bu"rg@n/- /Kalmuck; puz|/ira:- /Monguor [ss]
*bure-ki 1 dust 2 fresh snow /Tungus [ss]
buraki 1 /Manzhu; burexi~ 1 /Nanai; burexi 1 /Ulcha; /pu-le-k'i/ 1 /Zhurzhen; bu.rqu. 2 /Even; burki 2 /Evenki [ss]
*pa>\ra>\m wind /Korean [ss]
param /Modern Korean; pa>\ra>\m /Middle Korean [ss]
c.f. Hungarian por "dust etc."
Turkic
burgac, girdap whirlpool, vortex /Turkish
pyrla-mak 1. to twist, twirl 2. to roll up; pyrlan-mak to twist oneself /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
forko well pulley; forgošombi to transfer; to turn, to rotate; foršombi to transfer, to change; forgon season; forhon season; forohon season /Manchu [as]
Austric
balik- "to return," /Philippines [pkm]
Meaning: to turn
perik- /Shark Bay I [pkm]
vila- /Kiriwina; vi-viri- /Anuki; vira- /Proto-Milne Bay; baling- /Philippines; fariu- /Makatea; -bilih- /Vinmavis; -bil- (Bonga., Tonga., Makura); -bilo- /Lameno; firiu- (Fila, Mele); poria- (Morouas, Penatsiro); fuli- /Proto-Polynesian; baliq- , pulih- /Proto-Austronesian [pkm]
Basque
bir- (C) prefix which indicates repetition or duplication
bira (B,G,U) quick maneuver, quick turn
bira-tu to turn, revolve, rotate; tirabiratu (B,G,U) to capsize
Caucasian [ss]
*p.Vrk.V / *p.Vrk.VCV whirligig, humming-top /North Caucasian
*marq.V- /Nakh
*birk.u /Avaroandian
*p.Vz(:)Vk.-/k.Vp.Vz(:)- /Tsezian
*c.iripan /Dargwa
*p.Vk.VrCV- /*k.Vp.VrCV- /Lezghian
All the listed variants seem to share a vague resemblance to the sound type *PVRKV / *PVRKVCV- (sometimes with metatheses), but of course it is impossible to make a precise reconstruction for an expressive "nursery word" like this. [ss]
[c.f Hungarian perget to spin which is not a nursery word]
Dravidian
*pir- to twist, turn /Dravidian [ss]
puri, huri twisting; that is twisted: twist, twine, string, pack-thread (of cotton thread or fibres) (Kannad.a, Telugu,Tamil, Malayalam); piri, puri to twist (Malayalam)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
(0) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*wer- turn, bend /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Paleo-Balkan
vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ /Thracian [cb2]
{cf Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’, Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’} [cb2]
Celtic
piorradh a squall, blast /Gaelic; from L.Middle English pirry, whirlwind, blast, Scottish pirr, gentle breeze, Norse byrr, root bir, pir, of onomatopoetic [mcb]
Slavic
vir eddy, whirlpool, vortex, whirl /Serbo-Croatian
priasť, vírenie spin /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
ber∂g to turn (something) back toward; to bring together under one's control, get control of, take possession of /Baluchi [mab]
peR∂g to wind around /Baluchi [mab]
var (n.) time, occasion, turn /Baluchi [mab]
vari (n.) turn, time /Baluchi [mab]
Muskogean/Eastern
bolokta to be circular, ringlike, round; to double (e.g. a recipe); boloktachi to circle, make a circle around, surround; to make round, make in a circle /Alabama [tm]
Ulwa
puruka, wirika whirlpool [ud]
pala roundness, rotundity [mp68: 55, 371] /Etruscan
bál-a bale (rolled up and round) /Hungarian
boly-ong to wander circularly; boly-g-ó wandering; planet, satellite /Hungarian
Uralic
vaalia (v) to roll /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian <boly-> is thought to be probably a descriptive word. [see Chong]
Sumerian
bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi
Cushitic, East
ollaas-uy- roll /Harso
Cushitic, South
wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic
Altaic
Tungus
foro- turn /Manchu [Chong]
forobumbi to turn something toward; forombi to spin, to turn, to turn around; to face, to turn toward; foron hair whorl (of the head), cowlick; top (of head), top, tuft, forelock; curl of hair; swirl, whirl; the testing of the rotation of an arrow between the fingers /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
pol.e to roll, roll about, to move about, to move to and fro, to wallow, to welter, to move in a circle (Kannad.a) [sk]
valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]
*val.-ai- to turn, to surround [ss]
val.ai to surround; circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet; val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard (Tamil); val.aiyam bracelet (Malayalam); ring, circle, bracelet (Tamil); val.aiyal bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam.); val. bangle (Kota); pal. ring at head of churning stick (Toda); circle, bangle (Toda); bal.e ring, armlet, bracelet (Kannad.a); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); balayu to surround, besiege (Telugu) [sk]
vallai circuit, circle; fort, fortress; valattal to encircle, surround (Pur-ana_. 52)(Ta.lex.) val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard, compound (Tamil); val.appu enclosure of a house, compound (Malayalam); val.ai to surround; n. circle, surrounding region, bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam); val.aiyam bracelet (Tamil, Malayalam); val. bangle (Kota); bal.e bracelet, armlet, ring (Kannad.a); bangle, ring (Kod.agu); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); val.aivu circle, circumference; house-premises val.aiyam ring, circle; val.a_kam enclosing, surrounding; balepuni to enclose, surround, besiege (Tulu); balayu to surround (Telugu); valayu to turn around (Telugu); van.an:ku to surround, encompass (Tamil); val.ayuka to surround; val.accal enclosing; val.ekka to enclose; val.ayal surrounding; val. ca.rymk all around (Kota); bal.asu act of surrounding or encompassing, one round or turn (as of a rope, etc.)(Kannad.a) [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
bala bale, package, pack; roll /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
val to turn, turn around (Sanskrit) [sk]
Yuki
pa?alič circle2 [y84]
p'a·lič, pal', paletc round1, circle [y84]
ball-ag to stroll, wander about /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ballag is thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]
Altaic
*p`el/o walk /Altaic [ss]
*e.l/- to walk, trot /Turkic [ss]
eŝ- /Old Turkic; eŝ- /Turkish; is- /Yakut [ss]
*hu"lde- to chase /Mongolian [ss]
xulde- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u"lde- / o"ldo"- /Khalkha
see Hungarian üldöz "to pursue, chase, prosecute, to hound"
*puli- / *peli- walk /Tungus [ss]
xul- /Negidal; fel'e- /Manzhu; ful'i- /Nanai; pulikte- /Ulcha; puli- /Orok; ful-ĉwi /Zhurzhen; ho"l- /Even; helde- /Evenki [ss]
*pa:>rb- to tread, trample /Korean [ss]
pa:>rb- /Middle Korean [ss]
Basque
ibili to walk
Dravidian
po_li, po_lu (contraction of po_kali) going, strolling; stray (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
vri_ to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]
Mayan Languages
Meaning "walk/go" :-
belal /Huas; s#im-bal /Laca; s#i>imbal /Yuca; bel /Itza; be-el /Tzel; bel /Jaca; bel /Mam [jd]
pálya course, profession, track, rink, racetrack /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian pálya expresses "circularity" not just the idea of a flat plain or field/meadow.
Nevertheless, the word pálya is seen as a loan from Slavic? It may not even be of IE origin if you look at the Altaic, Dravidian and the Afro-Asiatic possibilities.
{The Hungarian word for a "field" is mező which is supposed to be from FU}
Sumerian
bala ('), bal to revolve; to turn around, go back; etc.... [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 51 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
*bal- field, plain /Proto East Cushitic
bala'w-a zebra /Burji
Altaic
*p`a:\la field, level ground /Altaic [ss: 1723]
*ala-n / *ala-n| level ground, plain /Turkic [ss: 352]
alan| Old Turkic; alan Turkish; alan|, a:la Turkmen; olúx Chuvash; ala:s, aly: Yakut
*pa:la-n 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor /Tungus [ss: 383]
palan 2 ( < South.) /Negidal; fala(n) 2 /Manchu; pala~ 2 /Nanai; pala(n) 2 /Ulcha; pa:lla(n) 2 /Orok; ha:linrú. 1 /Even
*p@/r(h)- fields, meadows /Korean [ss: 202]
ph@/ri/ Middle Korean
p@l, ph@l Modern Korean
*pa\ra\ level ground, plain /Japanese [ss: 270]
pa\ra\ Old Japanese; ha/ra Tokyo
Tungus
hali meadow /Manchu [as]
In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.
Caucasian
veli ‘field’ /Georgian [pjh]
From Russian?
Dravidian
*pal.- plain, valley /Dravidian [ss: 1168] [DED: 4016]
*pal.- pit; low land /South Dravidian [ss: 3367]
pal.l.am lowness, low land, valley, ditch, dimple /Tamil; pal.l.am pit, hole, low ground, low shore /Malayalam; pal.l.a depth, pit, low ground, stream Kannada; pal.l.a, palla, palla: shallow stream, pond, ditch, hollow, low spot, hole, pit Tulu
*pal.-a" valley, plains /Nilgiri [ss: 618]
pal. im "buffalo from the plains" /Kota; pal/. "valley" /Toda
*pall- pit, low ground, dale, (B also) wet land, wet crop /Telugu [ss: 1969]
Basic form: pallamu
*paL- east, low /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 924]
palla:m "(Haig) east" /Kolami; palam "downslope" /(Kondekor Gadba)
*po\l- field, rice-field /Dravidian [ss: 1312] [DED: 4303]
*pUl-am field, land /South Dravidian [ss: 3607]
pulam arable land, rice field; place, region, quarter /Tamil; pulam cornfield; place /Malayalam; pola a plough-field; place, direction /Kannada; pula pasturage /Tulu
*polam- field, place of cultivated land /Telugu [ss: 2112]
Basic form: polamu; Inscriptions: pulambu, pulombu "field"; Derivatives: Also polamari cultivator
*polam field, village /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 1040]
polam "(Br.) field" /Kolami; polub (pl. polbul) "village" /Parji; polub "village" /Ollari; pollu:b "village" /Salur
Iberian
páramo "empty plain, valley" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]
Indo-European
Raeto-Romance (?)
pala meadow /Ladin [jr: 58]
Slavic
polje field, plain, campus /Serbo-Croatian
pole field /Slovak
pole field /Bulgar; pole /Russian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
pal a field with a raised border;convalescence /Persian [fjs]
Khoisan (?)
*//hara field, garden /Central Khoisan [ss: 432]
*//ha/ra\ field, garden /West Central Khoisan [ss: 443]
Naro //ha/da\ ; |Gui //ha/da\ ; //Ganakwe //ha/da\ ; #Haba //ha/da\
*//ha\ra/ field, garden /East Central Khoisan [ss: 409]
|Xaise //ha\da/ ; Deti //ha\da/ ; Cara //a\da/ ; Tsixa //ha\da/ ; Danisi //ha\da/
velathri round, turning [az96] /Etruscan
velethia, veletha, velithana, velisina express, rotation, roundness [az96] /Etruscan
fordít (trans.) to turn around, over; to translate (language) /Hungarian
fordul (intrans.) to turn around, revolve /Hungarian
Uralic
veerettea to roll /Vaddja [fv]
Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to
puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]
Austric
porotiti disk; porotititanga roundness /Mäori [ng]
porotiti, tähurihuri, täwhirowhiro spin; porotiti circle, spin, wheel /Mäori [ua]
Dravidian
bo_rala, bo_ralu, bo_rla a turning over, a roll; upside down, topsyturvy (Kannad.a); bo_rle (Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) pural. (pural.v-, puran.t.-), piral. (piral.v-, piran.t.-) to roll over, tumble over, be upset, slip off, roll (as waves), overflow, be deranged or changed (as times, customs or laws), be overturned (as a state), go back on one's word, be refuted, die; pural.i, piral.i lying, deceit, insurrection; purat.t.u (purat.t.i-) to turn a thing over, roll, turn up (as the soil in ploughing), fry (as vegetable curry), nauseate, deceive, pervert, smear, fould with dirt; n. turning over, overturn, prevarication, deceit, treachery, nausea, colic; purat.t.an-, pirat.t.an- deceiver, liar; purat.ci upsetting, disorder, anarchy; pirat.t.u deceit (Tamil); pural.uka to roll; purat.t.uka to turn about; pural.ikka to revolve in the mind; piral.uka to wallow, roll, turn, be smeared, overflow; pirat.t.uka to roll about, distort words, deceive, rub as ointment, soil; pirat.t.u deceit, lewdness; pirat.t.an fraudulent; pirat.t.i confusion, consternation; piral.ca turning about, wallowing (Malayalam); porn.- (pord.-), po.n.-(po.n.d.-) to roll backwards and forwards; port.- (port.y-), po.t.- (po.yt.-) id. (Kota); pord., porn.l. act of rolling backwards and forwards; pern.- (perd.-) to turn upside down, (person) does opposite of what was promised; pert.- (pert.y-) to turn upside down (Kota); pi.l.- (pi.d.-) to tumble over or down; pi.t.- (pi.t.y-) to push over or down (Toda); poral., purul. to roll, welter, wallow; hod.d.u to roll about (Kannad.a); pureluni, pureyuni, poreluni, pored.uni to roll, turn; purepuni, porepuni, porelpuni to roll, turn over, recant, impute, attribute; porelu reeling; porn:kuni to roll, run over; pered.uni to roll, move, wallow (Tulu); por(a)lu to roll, roll on the grond, overflow; n. rolling, overflowing; poral(u)cu, por(a)lincu to roll or roll over; por(a)lika rolling, overflow; porupu to roll, as in a powder, mix up (Telugu.)(DEDR 4285). [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
verto (vorto) vertĕre verti versum to turn, turn round, turn up /Latin [Cassell]
Slavic
pohrvatiti to translate into Croatian; vrtjeti to turn around, spin round, rotate, revolve, twirl; vrtnja rotation, gyration, revolving, spinning round, revolution /Serbo-Croatian
vrtenie spin /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
vRt to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskrit
Ulwa
purunaka vt. (puruti) move in circular motion; scrape inside walls of cavity in circular motion [ud]
ferde bent, crooked; slanting, oblique /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source thinks Hungarian ferde is possibly derived from fordít- [Chong]
Indo-European/Celtic
fiar crooked /Gaelic; fiar /Irish; fíar /Ealy Irish; gwyr /Welsh; goar, gwar /Greek [from mcb]
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Assure, trust, lead; secret, mystery, wiseman, witch
fes to make accounts, assure [az96] /Etruscan
bíz to trust, assure, have confidence in /Hungarian
bizomány commission, consignment /Hungarian
bizt-os, bizony-os assured; bizt-os-ít to assure /Hungarian
vez-ér chief, commander; vez-et to lead, guide /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian bíz is possibly of FU origin.
? baz- (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]
Hungarian vezet is officially derived from
*wetä- /Proto FU [Chong]
Sumerian
buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
pyzmh N /Aramaic [cal]
1 JLAGal trust, security
Dravidian
besa command, order (Kannad.a); viyam id. (Tol. Col. 67); viyan:ko_l. command; viyan:kol.l.utal to obey orders, to submit (Cilap. 9,78); viyavan- commander, person in authority; headman (S.I.I. ii,352); strong, bold man; servant; besadavan (Kannad.a) (Tamil.lex.) [sk]
besana (Tadbhava of vidha_na) order, command; besanam pe_r.. = besani_; besanam sa_r to get an order; besana he_r..isi kol. to obtain permission; besani_, besani_-i_ to give an order; besambad.e, besavad.e to get an order, to obtain permission; besave_r.. to give an order, to command (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Albanian
bese' faithfulness, faith; besoj to believe /Albanian < *bh(e)idhi- persuasion, oath /PIE [bd]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vaz to guide; to fly /Avestan
bózem take, lead away (somebody) /Pashto [tr]
Indo-Aryan
viz, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskrit
vis'va_sayati causes to trust, encourages /Sanskrit
boszor-kány witch, sorceress /Hungarian
Uralic
busturgan /Udmurt {Chuvash loanword} [Chong]
Udmurt (Votyak) busturgan 'household goblin, sprite which disturbs sleep, and if it likes you it tussles your beard or hair'
{Chong] lists this as a loan from Turkic/Chuvash.
[A second official source says the Turkic might derive from bas- "to press, step (on)"] [Chong]
Sumerian
buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
bs introduce (K5); (be) initiated... ...{r into; (det.) mystery /Old Egyptian [cgj]
basar [ba'sar] to augur /Maltese [gf]
Altaic
basõr¥an goblin, kobold, sprite; nightmare (Uzbek) [Chong]
Baque (?)
_sorgin (C) (n.) witch; sorgindu to bewitch, to cast a spell;
sorgingo (L,LN,Z,U) (n.) witchcraft, sorcery;
sorginkeria (C) (n.) witchcraft, sorcery;
sorgintza (C) (n.) witchcraft
Sorginak (radical: sorgin, sing. (nom. int.): sorgina) are the assistants of the goddess Mari in Basque mythology. It is also the Basque name for witches or pagan priestesses (though they could also be male), being difficult to discern between the mythological and real ones. [source]
Indo-European
Latin/Romance (?)
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bwzwrg pious person, saint; pious, saintly /Baluchi [mab]
buzurg great, large, immense; powerful, grand, magnificent; adult, elder; a saint; name of a note in music; -- buzurg shudan, To grow up; -- buzurg dashtan, To honour, to revere, magnify./Persian [fjs]
buzurgan (pl. of buzurg) grandees, nobles; doctors, wise men, philosophers /Persian [fjs]
bizeŝk `healer, doctor' /Middle Persian [al]
bzyŝk `healer, doctor' /Parthian [al]
biziŝk `healer, doctor' /New Persian [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy' /Old Avestan [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy'; biŝaziia- `to cure, to heal'; bae:ŝaza- `healing, medicinal'; bae:ŝaziia- `medicinal, curative' /Late Avestan [al]
Indo-Aryan
bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]
Slavic
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
pos (pos) 'black magic, sorcery'
posi (posi) 'work magic against, bewitch' (cl.1)
posmah 'practice sorcery' (cl.3)
posmaar 'practice of sorcery'
poson 'act of magic or sorcery'
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Wrestle, fight
fira hostility; firin hostile; farsi hostility /Etruscan [az96]
bir-koz to wrestle, struggle with /Hungarian {-koz suffix forms reflexive verb}
há(d)-ború war, "military fight" /Hungarian
Uralic
purõlõa to fight /Vaddja [fv]
also see Hungarian csata "battle, fight, struggle"
Sumerian
bir to scatter, mix, wreck, to murder [jh]
búru, bur to knap, flake off, to tear out, to despoil [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
bira (v.) to pile, have a confrontation /Mandinka [pc1]
boriŋ (v.) to wrestle, fall on opponent in a wrestle /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
*p`u>/ri to shake /Altaic [ss]
*ur- 1 to beat, hit 2 to pour, strew /Turkic [ss]
ur- (Orkh., OUigh.) 1 /Old Turkic; ur- (MK, QB) 1 /Karakhanid; ur- (Abushk., Pav.C.) 1 /Middle Turkic; vur- 1 /Turkish; vur- 1 /Azeri; ur- 1 /Gagauz; ur- 1 /Turkmen; hur- 1 /Khaladzh; u>r- 1 /Tatar; ur- 1 /Kirghiz; u>r- 1 /Kazakh; ur- 1 /Noghai; ur- 1 /Balkar; ur- 1 /Kumyk; ur- 1 /Karakalpak; ur- 1 /Uzbek; ur- 1 /Uighur; u>r- 1 /Bashkir; ur- 2 /Khakassian; ur- 2 /Tuva-Tofalar; ur- 2 /Altai; ur- 2 /Shor; vúw|r- 1 /Chuvash [ss]
*(h)u"re- to strew, scatter /Mongol [ss]
*por- to hit, strike /Tungus [ss]
f/ori- 'to pound, to beat' /Modern Manchu [ss]
*pu/ru/-p- to shake; to sieve /Japanese [ss]
pu/ru/-p- (Old Japanese); fu\ru- (Tokyo); fu/ru/- (Kyoto); furu/- (Kagoshima) [ss]
Austro-Asiatic
birot. at variance, at enmity with each other; birud opposition, contrareity, against; am birudre in opposition to thee (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Basque
borrokatu to fight; borroka a fight (C)
Dravidian
po_r fight /Tamil; po_ri equal, rival, competitor /Tamil (Tamil lex.); vara_kam battle; va_rava_ram armour (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Etruscan
fira hostility
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
palê [a^], hê, wrestling 2. generally, fight, battle
Italic [Cassell]
bellum, -i (n.) war, fighting /Latin
Old form DUELLUM
bello, -are // bellor, -ari to wage war, fight /Latin
bellĭcus, -a, -um of war, warlike /Latin
Celtic
farrach violence /Gaelic; farrach, forrach /Irish [mcb]
farral, farran anger, force /Gaelic; farrán vexation, anger, forrán oppression /Irish; forrán destruction /Middle Irish; forranach, destructive /Early Irish. [mcb]
Germanic
wera to defend (oneself) /Old Frisian [db]
Germanic cognates: Goth. warjan, ON verja, OE,OS werian, OHG werien, wer(r)en, MHG wer(e)n, MLG we:ren, MDu. weren `hinder, forbid', cf. also *wari:n-: OS -weri, OHG -wari:, -weri:, MHG -wer(e), MLG -we:re, OFris. were (cf. s.v. 3. were), MDu. -were, -weer `-defence'; *werand-: pres. ptc. to wera, cf. also MLG wa:rent, -ant, OFris. werand (q.v.), werend; OFris. warand to *wara `defendere; *warno:: ON vo,rn `defence', OE wearn `refusal', OHG fure]warna `praeparatio', MHG warne, werne `caution, preparation', OFris. werne `pledge, damage', MDu. waerne `pledge'; *warnjanaN: ON verna, OE wiernan, OS wernian, OHG wernen, MLG wernen, warnen, OFris. werna (q.v.), warna, MDu. wa(e)rnen `refuse'; etc. [db]
Slavic
borac fighter, combatant; (fig.) struggler, contender; warrior /Serbo-Croatian
boriti to fight, struggle (with, against), combat, contest /Serbo-Croatian
prepirati to quarrel, wrangle, bicker, altercate; contest, wrestle for /Serbo-Croatian
borot'sya wrestle /Russian
borq se to wrestle (with, against) /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
vârethrakhnish [vârethrakhni] victorious; smiting the enemy (lit.); verethra victory; strength of victory; (alternately) repel, resist; verethrakhnahe [verethrakhna] victoriousness (ahm158); m. victorious, smiting or killing the enemy /Avestan
vaira hostile; enmity /Avestan [sk]
var@qram `defence, shield' /Avestan [db]
*par- to fight, struggle /Proto Iranian [Cheung]
Avestan: LAv. p@r- `to fight, struggle' ; Khotanese: pur(r)- `overcome' ; Other Iranian forms: (+ *u_i-) ? Arm. (LW) goupar `fight'
Indo-European reconstruction: *per- `to strike'
Indo-European cognates: Arm. (aor.) ehar `struck', OCS pürjo, (püre>ti) `to argue, quarrel', Russ. pru (pere/t') `to push, drag', Lith. periu\ (per~ti) `to beat, lash with a besom (in a bath)'
ber revenge /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
pŕ.t fight, battle; pŕ.tanā battle /Sanskrit
viro_dha enmity (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
vraθ 'you fight, you beat' /Etruscan [alinei]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian
Uralic
veriä (v.) beat /Vaddja [fv]
ver- to beat, to hit; ver-e-ked to fight /Hungarian
{b>v, -ked suffix also forms a reflexive verb}
Hungarian ver- is 'possibly' of FU origin or is entirely of unknown origin according to two official sources. [see Chong]
[alinei] also states that its etymology or origin is unknown, but from which developed
Middle Magyar veret 'cannon shot' around 1462.
Etruscan
Etruscan vraθ 'you fight, you beat'
which in Hungarian would be vered or ütöd
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har, hara, hurtu 'possibly related to Latin haruspex' /Etruscan [alinei]
Uralic
húr string. wire, chord, intestine /Hungarian
Hungarian húr is officially of unknown origin. [Chong]
hurka sausage /Hungarian
While hurka is thought to derive from húr {where <-ka> may be a suffix}[Chong]
Sausage casings were made from the intestines of animals in the past.
hurok noose, loop, snare /Hungarian
Hungarian hurok is supposed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
hurok /Old Hungarian < *huruku /Late Ancient Hungarian < *huruk /Old Chuvash < *kuruk /Proto Turkic [art:0 p.108]
Niger-Congo (?)
xiir (n.) fishing line /Wollof [pc2]
Altaic
kiriç 1. string of a musical instrument 2. bowstring /Turkmen [glnp]
uruq a stick or strap supplied with a loop used to tie a horse (Altai); uruk id. (Tuvan) [Chong]
Austric
hiri /Rapanui [anon]
1. to braid, plait, tress (hair, threads).
2. to rise in coils (of smoke).
3. to hover (of birds).
hiro /Rapanui [anon]
1. a deity invoked when praying for rain (meaning uncertain)
2. to twine tree fibres (hauhau, mahute) into strings or ropes.
here string /Mäori [ng]
Basque
hari
1. (n.) thread, linen; thread, theme, topic
2. pronoun (dat.) to him, to her, to it, to that
3. string, filament, wire
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
chir 'withe, strand, slender branch, any textile material, netting'
chiri 'net, make a netting' [cl.1]
chirim 'any woody vine, withe'
chirbir 'netted, any netted piece'
hahr (ha-h-r) 'piece of weaving, textile product, a braid'
hahrib 'any textile implement, netting, needle, loom'
har 'weaving, braiding, netting, weaving technique'
ah har 'weaver, braider, netter'
hari 'weave, braid, glide (as a snake)' (cl.1)
harmah 'weave, braid, glide' (cl.3)
harbir 'woven, braided, braided or woven piece'
Etruscan [alinei]
har, hara, hurtu 'possibly related to Latin haruspex'
Indo-European
*gherﺩ 'gut, entrail' /Proto Indo-European [ahd]
Oldest form *ĝherﺩ2 becoming *gherﺩ2 in centum languages. 1. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-no-. yarn, from Old English gearn, yarn, from Germanic *garnō, string. 2. Suffixed form *gherﺩ-n-. hernia, from Latin hernia, protruded viscus, rupture, hernia. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *ghorﺩ-d-. chord2, cord, cordon; harpsichord, hexachord, tetrachord, from Greek khord, gut, string. 4. O-grade form *ghorﺩ-. chorion, from Greek khorion, intestinal membrane, afterbirth. 5. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *gh?ﺩ-u-. haruspex, from Latin haruspex, "he who inspects entrails, diviner (-spex, he who sees), but perhaps borrowed from Etruscan. [ahd]
Italic
hăruspex -spĭcis, soothsayer, seer, prophet; hăruspĭcĭum -i inspection of entrails /Latin
Etymology is unknown. [alinei]
hernia 'rupture, hernia' /Latin
Perhaps from Latin ernos 'sprout' suggests Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
hīra, -ae (f.) 'empty gut' /Latin
From Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary
Indo-Iranian
hi4ra 'a band, strip, fillet' /Sanskrit [iits1]
hi3ra 'band, stripe' /Sanskrit [iits2]
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To hold a grudge, take revenge, to hate; opposite, contrary, hostile; alienated, discontented
hate, hathe "hateful, hostile" [az96] /Etruscan
hatu, hatrunia (fem.) "hateful, angry, sullen" [az96] /Etruscan
utál to hate, abhor, detest, despise /Hungarian
Uralic
According to one source, Hungarian utál is derived from a F-U root.
? aa¥@t- spew, spit, vomit (Obdorsk Khanty, Upper Demjanka Khanty, KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); åjt- id. (Middle Konda Man's'i, Nether Konda Man's'i) / aajtaxt- id. (Sosva Man's'i - -axt is a suffix)
According to another source, -ál in the Hungarian might be a suffix of repetition and the etymology is uncertain. [see Chong]
In other words we don't have a clue.
Austric
eete, disgusting, ugly /Rapanui [anon]
Often used jocularly to refer to persons: tou eete era, that fellow. Ku eete á tooku manava. I am revolted by (mo...), I am disgusted at (ki...). [anon]
Dravidian
u_t.u (u_t.i-) to sulk, show displeasure; u_t.al sulking; ut.al (ut.alv-, ut.an-r--) to be enraged, quarrel, fight; ut.ar-u (ut.ar-i-) to be enraged at; ut.ar-r-u (ut.ar-r-i-) to provoke, infuriate (Tamil) [sk]
at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]
Indo-European
Anatolian
Hittite
i-da-lu noun; accusative singular neuter of <idālu> evil, harm /Hittite [ho]
Luvian
a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]
Greek
*odussomai "I hate" [ep: 448]
*odussos "irritated, irritable" [ep: 448]
Italic
ōdī , ōdisse , ōsūrus (fut. part.) to hate, detest, dislike /Latin
Said to be a "defective" verb.
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain [ep: 448]
odio /Italian; odio /Spanish; odieux /French < ŏdĭum -i (n.) hatred /Latin
Latin origin is unknown/uncertain according to [ep: 448] who suggests that ōdī and ŏdĭum might perhaps be akin to Latin odor "a smell".
External parallels are ignored, as so often happens in Indo-European studies.
Germanic
atol hateful /Old English
[az96] compares Modern English hate with the Etruscan.
Here is what [ep: 280] says
English 'to hate' is from Middle English haten, earlier hatien, derives from Old English hatian, intimately akin to the Old English (n.) hete.
odious /English < French < Latin [ep: 448]
Armenian
ahtel- /Armenian- Dorosmai [Chong]
acsar-kod to hold a grudge {-kod suffix of action} / Hungarian
zsar-nok despot, tyrant /Hungarian
Uralic
{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}
Sumerian
sar, šar driven out, pursued [jh] ??
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 118 #> [oi4]
Cushitic
d/1ur- dirt /Proto East Cushitic
c#'ure?'e dirt /Burji; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Oromo; j'ur- bad /Konso; t'ur- bad, dirty /Sidamo; t'ur- bad, dirty (be) /Hadiyya; t'er- bad /Yaaku; c#'uul?'- choke /Burji
Omotic
c#'ullut choke /Koyra (=Kore?)
Altaic
*i_u:/c^`e bad, anger /Altaic [ss]
*o":c^ revenge, anger /Turkic [ss]
o"c^ Old Turkic
o":c^ Turkmen
v@w|z^|@w| Chuvash
o"s Yakut [ss]
*o"c^e to take revenge, be inimical /Mongolian [ss]
o"c^eldu"- (MA) Middle Mongolian [ss]
*(x)uc^- ( ~ -s^-) 1 to take revenge 2 to miss, yearn /Tungus [ss]
u.c^an|kat- 1 /Even [ss]
uc^in- 2 /Evenki [ss]
*a\c^hj@/t- to hate /Korean [ss]
a\c^hj@/t- Middle Korean [ss]
*u/tu/a- alienated, discontent /Japanese [ss]
u/two/- Old Japanese [ss]
uto/- Tokyo [ss]
Austric
ati /Rapanui [anon]
1. to take revenge; ati ki... to take revenge against (someone), ati i... to avenge (someone). He ati te kopeka o te îka ki te to'a The avenger of the victim takes revenge against the assassin.
2. to get even, to pay back. Te tagata nei ina kai pu'a mai te rima, e ati ró au ana haga ki a au mo te haga. This man did not give me hand, I'll get even when he needs me for some work.
3. (arch.) he ati, he ora to serve and live. Said of persons who took refuge from their enemies with another clan and earned their lives by serving them well.
taua, utu revenge /Mäori [ng]
Basque
txar (C) bad
Dravidian
it.ar affliction, distress, trouble, poverty; it.ai trouble, difficulty, check, impediment; it.aiyi_t.u, it.aiyu_r-u obstacle; it.umpu cruelty, oppression, tyranny; it.umpai suffering, affliction, distress, calamity, evil, harm, injury, disease, poverty; it.acal obstruction, hindrance, trouble (Tamil); it.ar trouble, grief, impediment, hindrance; it.ayu_r-u obstacle; it.ampuka to obstruct (Malayalam); id.aru, id.uru, id.ru, ed.aru, ed.ru impediment, hindrance, trouble, enmity; ed.ar-, ed.ar-u poverty, indigence, ruin (Kannad.a); ed.aru misfortune; ed.d.ami misfortune, calamity; ed.d.amu prevention; id.uma calamity, misfortune, trouble, hardship, evil, ill; d.epparamu, depparamu danger, peril; (inscr.) ed.ar-u to obstruct (Telugu)(DEDR 435). [sk]
etir that which is opposite, over against, in front, before; obstacle, that which is contrary, adverse, hostile; adv. in front; (-v-, -nt-) to happen, befall, come to pass in future, precede, be opposed, be at variance; oppose, confront, meet; (-pp-. -tt-) to meet face to face, encounter, oppose, withstand, prevent, hinder; etirnto_r adversaries, combatants; etirmai happening in future; etirvu meeting, confronting, happening; etiri enemy (Tamil); etir opposite, adverse; etirkka to attack, face, resist; etirppu opposition, what crosses one's way, bad omen (Malayalam); edyr enemy (Kota); o0ir openly, (to lie) on one's back (Toda); idir, idaru, iduru, edaru, edir, edur that which is opposite, the front, in front, that which is hostile, opposition; idircu, idirisu, edarisu, edirisu, edurisu to face (generally in a hostile manner), oppose, withstand, come into hostile contact; edara_yisu, edira_yisu, edura_yisu to oppose, contradict (Kannad.a); edike in front (Kod.agu); eduru the front, that which is opposite, presence (Tulu); eduru the front, the point directly opposite, the presence, the forepart, an opponent; opposite, front; vb. to oppose, resist, act against; edut.a adv. in front; ediri opponent, foe; edirincu, edurucu to oppose, resist, act against, face, encounter (Telugu); edru opposite, in front (Kond.a)(DEDR 795). [sk]
Indo-European/Anatolian
a:dduwa- `evil' (adj.) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
a:dduwal- `evil' (noun) /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
adduwali- angry /Luvian {Hittite idalu-} [cb2]
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hercna dragger [az96] /Etruscan
Uralic
hurc-ol to drag, haul, lug /Hungarian
Modern Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/
while Etruscan /c/ sounds like /k/
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
gr$ V /Aramaic [cal]
011 Syr,CPA,Palestinian to pull, to drag 012 Palestinian to lead 013 Palestinian to extend 021 Syr to carry 022 Syr to carry off 023 Syr to bring 041 JLAGal to be pulled
LS2 135
DJPA 821: SYAP 33:60
grgr V /Aramaic [cal]
091 Syr to drag, to pull 121 Syr to be dragged, to be drawn
LS2 131
grgr#2 N grgr) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr drag, sledge
LS2 131
LS2 v: gargrA)
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 261 #3> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
harkis- drag /Oromo
h!eriig stretch draw drag /Saho
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj]
helkô to draw, drag
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
gyrr (n.) dragging, mark or trail where something has been dragged /Baluchi [mab]
gyrr∂g to drag off /Baluchi [mab]
Anatolian
gulza:(i)- 'draw' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Denom. of *gulza- `drawing' [hcm1]
Cf. Hittite gulŝŝ- `idem'. [hcm1]
This refers to 'sketching' it seems, so doesn't belong here.
hintha, hinthu, hinththin below; hinthiu underground, infernal /Etruscan
Uralic
hant mound; grave; hant-ol to bury /Hungarian
One official source says Hungarian hant is possibly derived from a F-U root.
hoˆm@s a relatively dry, mound-like island with overgrown trees in a swamp (Kazym Khanty - -s is a suffix); khåmše°l clump (in a bog or marsh), mound (in a bog or marsh) (Konda Man's'i, Mn'L - -še°l is a suffix); xåme°s bump, lump, swelling (on the body) (Northern Man's'i - -s is a suffix)] [Chong]
Another source says hant might also be related to hány- "cast", etc which derives from :-
*kan3- (Proto FU) [Chong]
kundyny to bury, dig in; etc. (KoL); handÅ- draw, ladle, scoop (KnO); kyn¸‡a- dig (KnVah); xuun- draw, ladle (food), pick, scoop (Mn'N) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 299 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hi'n?'a down /Burji
hunda root under /Sidamo
hund/a trunk, origin /Oromo
Yuki
ha·n, -han, hanhin under [y84]
hisu acute, fine [az96] /Etruscan
has-ad tear,rend,crack; has-ít split; has-o-gat to split into fine strips /Hungarian
has-on-lo similar (things cut are identical at the cut) /Hungarian
Uralic
fesz-e-get to pry, try to open; fesz-ít to stretch, expand, strain /Hungarian
Hungarian feszít- tighten (transitive); feszül- tighten (intransitive) is of unknown origin. [Chong]
also see Hugarian fakad "to split, burst; to blossom"
Sumerian
haz, haš to break or cut off; to thresh grain [jh]
? púš tightness etc. [jh,Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
h.sk. cut off, hew off /Egyptian [cgj]
psš divide; psšw divider (of property); psšt division, share /Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
qşb to cut, cut off /Semitic Root [ahd]
qaşaba to cut up /Arabic [ahd]
qsm to divide, distribute, assign, ordain, practice divination /West Semitic [ahd]
Arabic qisma "portion, lot, destiny, fate" from qasama "to divide, distribute, assign, foreordain".[ahd]
hśm to smash, shatter, destroy /Arabic Root [ahd]
h.şş to cut, divide, diminish /Semitic Root [ahd]
h.āşaş to divide /Hebrew [ahd]
Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #16> [oi4]
Chadic
*fas%@ break /Proto Chadic
f@hl break /Gaanda; fasaa break /Hausa; pese hatch /Kera
p@hl@ break /Margi; paj break /Tumak
Altaic
*piuĉa to tear, split, cut /Altaic [ss]
byĉ- / *bic to cut /Turkic [ss]
byĉ- /Old Turkic; biĉ- /Turkish; biĉ- /Turkmen; p@s/- /Chuvash [ss]
*biĉi 1 small 2 to demolish, crush /Mongolian [ss]
b/acxan 1, b/acla- 2 /Khalkha; biĉkn. 1 /Kalmuck; piĉi 'into small pieces' /Dagur; paz^|il@ 'into small pieces' /Monguor [ss]
see Hungarian pici "small" below.
*puŝe- 1 to split, burst 2 to pierce through /Tungus [ss]
fusxu- 1 /Manzhu; xuĉe-remz^|i 2 /Orok; huĉe-rge 1 /Evenki [ss]
*pĉy/ĉ(h)- to tear /Korean [ss]
ĉ:it- (-ĉ-) /Modern Korean; pĉy/ĉ(h)- /Middle Korean [ss]
*pa\sa\-m- to cut, shear /Japanese [ss]
pa\sa\-m- /Old Japanese; hasa/m-u /Tokyo [ss]
hasaisuru, hishigu to crush, smash, shatter, crack to pieces, break up /Japanese
Dravidian
isigka crack, slit, chink/Kur.ux; isigna_ (isgya_) to open in long slits, chap, crack /Kur.ux; hisi to burst (as a jack fruit, a very tight jacket; to crack (as a wall, a cooking vessel) (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
pasuge, hasige, hasuge dividing, separating; division; part, portion, share; apportionment; arrangement, disposition /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) hasige dividing etc.; division or sharing of the produce between the cultivator and landlord; hasige-pat.t.a a list or account of the division of the produce; hasige-mutsaddi a clerk who keeps the account of such division; hasige a toll (as of vegetable, grain) exacted by official personages from the vendors /Kannad.a [sk]
Indo-European
Slavic
isitniti to cleave (split, chop, cut) small, make chips /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
fass (v.n.) separating, pulling (one thing from another); etc. /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says this is a loan from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Aryan
has to open, bloom, blow; to brighten up, or to clear up (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
hat 'a splitting or cleaving'
hati 'split, crack open' (cl.1)
k'as 'a breaking, a breaking off'
k'asan 'a break'
k'asi 'break a thing, break in two' (cl.1)
pici tiny, minute, small; picike very tiny, small {see -ka, -ke diminutive suffix} /Hungarian
Uralic
*piC'V small /Uralic [mc2]
*pojka boy /FinnUgor
fioka > fiu boy /Hungarian
poika boy, son; pojo boy /Vaddja [fv]
[English boy is not really related since it comes from a totally different meaning and replacing the old word knave (German knabe). Originally "boy" meant a servant.]
Sino-Tibetan
*po:k child /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Meaning "servant; groom" [ss]
pu 2 /Modern (Beijing) < buk /Middle Chinese < bo:k /Old Chinese
bō /Vietnamese
phrug, phrug-gu, phru child, a young one. /Tibetan; pauk young of animals; sprout. /Burmese [ss]
Altaic
*biĉa small /Altaic [mc2]
baji a little bit more, a while; biha a bit, a little /Manchu [as]
*piuĉa to tear, split, cut /Altaic [ss]
*biĉi 1 small 2 to demolish, crush /Mongolian [ss]
b/acxan 1, b/acla- 2 /Khalkha; biĉkn. 1 /Kalmuck; piĉi 'into small pieces' /Dagur; paz^|il@ 'into small pieces' /Monguor [ss]
also see Hugarian fakad "to split, burst; to blossom"
*ba\ka young /Altaic [ss]
*baga young, small /Mongolian [ss]
baga Khalkha; bag|@ Kalmuck [ss]
*ba\ka\- young /Japanese [ss]
wa\ka\- Old Japanese; waka/-i Tokyo [ss]
Austric
poki son, male child /Rapanui [anon]
poki atariki eldest son; poki hagupotu youngest son; poki hágai adopted son. [anon]
poto short; potoki youngest child /Moriori [mor]
tamariki, puhou young /Mäori [ng]
paku, pakupaku small /Mäori [ng]
Caucasian
*b[a]c.V kid, young goat /North Caucasian [ss]
*p:ac.V-j 1 small 2 kid 3 small sheep /Lezghian [ss]
bac.i 2 /Lezghi; bic.i 1 /Tabasaran; bic.i-f 1 /Agul; bac.i 3 /Rutul; byc.yc. 2 /Tsakhur [ss]
Dravidian
*pi:c-/ *picc- small, short [mc2] /Dravidian
pi_cca, pi_ccan what is small, dwarfish, immature /Malayalam; pi_cu shortness, smallness; picce shortness or deficiency in measure or weight /Kannad.a; pi_cilu thin, slender /Tulu; picca low, base, mean; short, deficient, false /Telugu; picin-a_r-i, picin-e_r-i miser; picin-i niggard; miserliness, niggardliness; picuku (picuki-) to be niggardly; picukku miserliness, niggardliness; picukkar mean-minded persons; picupicuttavan- niggard /Tamil; pis'ukku niggardliness; pis'ukkan niggard, miser /Malayalam; picci Mammon; pici parsimony, stinginess; stingy, miserly /Tulu; piccapat.t.u stinginess, miserliness; pisid.i, pisina_ri, pisini miserly, stingy; pisini-got.t.u miser; pikku to be miserly; pi_na_si stingy person /Telugu [sk]
Indo-European
Italic
see ? poco /Spanish
Indo-Iranian
pā'ka (1) calf, young; (2) simple /Sanskrit
This one is thought to have the literal meaning of "sucking" and hence is believed to derive from the root pā 'drink' /Sanskrit
Ulwa
basaka, bisika small; little [ud]
baka small child; bakaka child, offspring /Ulwa [ud]
ici-pici tiny /Hungarian
Uralic
{Hungarian /c/ sounds like /ts/ or /tz/}
Altaic/Turkic
az little, few; az-azdan little by little; az-oblak a little bit /Turkmen [glnp]
u∫ak small, little, fine; u∫amak to become smaller; u∫atmak 1. to make smaller, shallower 2. to exchange, barter /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
itiiti, kitakita tiny; iti, pakupaku, ririki small /Mäori [ng]
Dravidian
ittini very little (Tamil); ittiri, icciri id. (Malayalam); is's'i a little (Malayalam); isumanta adj., adv. a litt,e a particle, a jot; incuka a little; adv. a little somewhat (Telugu); ijik a little (Gondi); izri small, little (Kond.a); icuk a little (Mand.a); icki, icke little, small, tiny (Pengo); icci, ici, i_ci small (Kuwi); uccai, hu_cai (Kuwi)(DEDR 410).[sk]
as'u thin, slender /Malayalam; a_cu anything small or mean, minuteness, trifle /Tamil; asi, asa thinness, leanness, minuteness /Kannad.a; asi slight /Telugu; asadu small, slender /Telugu [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic (??)
úzky small /Slovak; uzkij narrow /Russian
Quechua
achiwa small [q2]
as little; small quantity [q2]
uchuklla; uchulla // uchuy // huch'uy // ichik small [q2]
Yuki
?u·čič small2 [y84]
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Additional material by Fred Hámori in red.
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