Etruscan Hungarian
This list is in modern alphabetical order, not Etruscan.
These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Etruscan-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?
ase
breath, wind, soul [az96] /Etruscanész
mind, reason; esz-es rational; esz-mélet consciousness /HungarianUralic
es, oz
intelligence, cleverness /Ugrianoˆš ability, memory, understanding (Northern Khanty); vezˆer reason, understanding (Komi); uus intellectual ability, memory, understanding (Man's'i); vazˆov sensible, wise (Mordvin - derivative) [Chong]
Sumerian
zi (n.) breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul [jh]
zu, sú: (n.) wisdom, knowledge; (v.) to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. [jh]
uš4 intelligence; gaššu intelligent [jh]
gašam craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom [jh]
(1) Altaic
*uč`e
reason /Altaic [ss]*üč-ün
/TurcTurkic
as
mind, intelligence; us-ta intelligence /TurkicMongol
z^üji
sake, reason /MongolicJapanese
ishiki
consciousness; osu infer; deduce; conclude; judge; evaluate; guess; surmise /Japanese; zu brains; clever, intelligent(2) Altaic/Khakas
ezät= to make yawn, to bore {I:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
ize= to yawn {ezä= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]
cf CT esne= [kl]
Basque
ezagu-tu
to knowDravidian
us, u_s, hus, ho_s sound used in sighing when tired (Kannad.a); usu, ussane a deep sigh (Tulu); us interj. expresses tiredness, pain, dejection, etc. (Telugu) [sk]
Caucasian
*?a>msa (~ -@,-y) sky, cloud; soul, breath; god /North Caucasian [ss]
*?as-ar inspiration /Nakh [ss]
asar /Chechen [ss]
*?as:V (~-o-) 1 breath 2 prestige, dignity /Andian [ss]
as: 2 /Avar; as:i 1 /Akhvakh [ss]
*has: sky, cloud, fog /Tsezian [ss]
as /Tsezi; as /Ginukh; as /Khvarshi; as /Inkhokvari; has /Bezhita; has /Gunzib [ss]
as nobility, conscience; a heathen deity /Lak [ss]
*?ams: 1 raincloud 2 cloud /Lezghian [ss]
ams 1 /Tabasaran; ams-ar 2 /Agul; asyj 2 /Rutul; haso 2 /Udi [ss]
*p@sA soul, spirit /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-ps@/ Abkhaz; ps@ Abaza; psa Adyghe; psa Circassian; psa Ubykh [ss]
*=i:ĉ.wE:l to count; to understand /North Caucasian [ss]
*=e:ŝ- 1 to read 2 to learn, study 3 to obey, be obedient /Nakh [ss]
=e: ŝ - 1,2 /Chechen; =e ŝ - 1 /Ingush; =e ŝ - 3 /Batsbi [ss]
*=ic.:Vn- / *=iĉ.:Vn- 1 to understand 2 to count /Andian [ss]
=iĉ.:- 1 /Avar; =iĉ.:Vn- 1 /Andi; =as.V~- 2 /Chamalal; =ic:i~- 2 /Tindi; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Karata; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Botlikh; =ic:Vn- 2 /Godoberi [ss]
=u=ĉ.i-n to understand /Lak [ss]
*=ilĉ.Vn / =uĉ.- to read /Dargwa [ss]
=uĉ.-es /Akusha [ss]
*p-ĉ/:w|@ to count /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
pĉ@-n /Adyghe; bz^@-n /Circassian [ss]
Indo-European
Greek
azô 1. cry a, groan, sigh 2. breathe hard /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Celtic
àis wisdom /Gaelic [mcb]
Tocharian B
ais/aumye (a) `wise one'; (b) `wise' < aik- `know, recognize' [tob]
Slavic
zasopiti se to breathe heavily, pant; gasp for breath, be winded; be out of breath /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
ushi
understanding, mind, intelligence /Avestanhus intellect, mind /Persian [fjs]
[h]oš consciousness, senses /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
ásu vital spirit; vigorous life /Sanskrit
Anatolian
haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
esz-me
idea, conception (-me is an old deverbial suffix) /HungarianBasque
asma-tu to invent
Dravidian
âzmâefing to test, to examine; âzmûda tested /Brahui
âzmûdagâr experienced /Brahui
Indo-European
Germanic
asmeagan imagine /Old English
Slavic
izmisliti to invent, devise, contrive, think (out); izum invention, discovery; izumiti to invent, discover, find out /Serbo-Croatian
? úmysel idea /Slovak
Indo-Iranian/Iranian (?)
`azmat design, determination, resolution; necessary, obligatory; firm, fixed, stable; a claim, right, due; the decree of God /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
azmaen∂g V-I-II to test, examine /Baluchi [mab]
azman∂kk story, tale (fictional); azman∂kk j∂n∂g to tell a story /Baluchi [mab]
Ázmáinagh to examine. P. /N. Baluchu [mld]
Ázmútá examination /N. Baluchi [mld]
hes! quiet, listen! {/s/ similar to English /sh/}/Hungarian
Sumerian
ğeštug
(2,3), ğeštu (2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]Hurrian-Urartian
haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]
*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]
x|az^- /Hurrian [ss]
x|as^- /Urartian [ss]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
East
us- silent /Oromo; asaa?`- silent, keep secret /Saho; us silence! /Somali
South
xatl- a xatliit *P silent /Iraqw
Semitic
h%s'y h!s'y silent /Proto Semitic
h%s#?`, ?' sit still, silent /Geez
Altaic/Khakas
is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]
Basque
isi! (C) (int.) be quiet!
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble
Caucasian
*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]
*x|ac.- hear /Nakh [ss]
x|aza /Chechen; x|aza /Ingush; x|ac.ar /Batsbi [ss]
*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]
*sVs(Vn)- to be quiet, silent /Andian [ss]
sasn- /Avar [ss]
*=urs- (/ =us-) to say, tell /Dargwa [ss]
=ur-es /Akusha; b-urs- /Chiragh [ss]
*?asV 1 to be silent 2 to listen /Lezghian [ss]
k-is- 1 /Lezghi; k:it:-isi- 1 /Agul; q-a=sa- 2 /Rutul [ss]
(1) Indo-European [from various sources]
Reconstruction
*Heus- ear /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Anatolian
haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]
Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]
Italic
heus! hallo!, ho, there!, hark! /Latin
Classical Greek [lsj1]
hêsu^ch-ia, Ion. -iê, Dor. has-(?), hê,
I. rest, quiet 2. silence, stillness
II. solitude, a sequestered place
hêsu^ch-azô
I. a. keep quiet, be at rest, b. ho -azôn, with or without logos, a fallacy
II. trans., bring to rest b. abs., impose silence 2. leave unspoken
III. Pass. in impers. sense, hêsuchazetai epi tês gês there is quiet
hizô
I. causal, make to sit, seat, place
II. intr., sit, sit down 2. sit still, be quiet 3. metaph., sink
hizanô, (hizô):
I. causal, make to sit
II. intr., sit 2. of soil, settle down, subside
(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]
Indo-European reconstruction:
? *g(w)heus- `to hear (sound)'
Iranian
*gauŝ- to hear, listen to /Proto Iranian
Avestan: gu:ŝ- `to hear, listen to' ; Middle Persian: (nomin.) MMP gwŝ `ear' ; Parthian: (nomin.) gwŝ `ear' ; Khotanese: (+ *pati-) OKhot. pyu:s.- (pyu:>'-) `to hear' ; Sogdian: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptg|wŝ, BSogd. ptg|'wŝ, CSogd. ptg|wŝ, MSogd. ptg|wŝ `to hear', (nomin.) BSogd. ptg|'ws, CSogd. ptg|ws^'mnty (m.) `hearing' ; Chorasmian: -g|wsy- (+ hrd-, s.v. *har-) `to warn', (+ *apa-) bg|ws- `to be quiet' ; New West Iranian: NP go: ŝi:dan/go:ŝ- `to hear, listen', (nomin.) NP go:ŝ, Bal. go:ŝ, Kurd. (Kurm.) gu(h) (m.), (Sor.) gwe:, Zaz. go:ŝ `ear' ; New East Iranian: (nomin.) Oss. I. qus, D. g^os, Pash. g|waz^., Sh. g|u%g|^, (Bajui) g|u%w, Rosh. g|o:w, Bart. g|u:(w), Sariq. g|e|wl, Yazgh. g|@von `ear', Rosh. g|awo:j^ (f.) `ear, handle of a vessel'
Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit cognates: ghos.- `to sound' (RV+)
Yuki
k'ic be quiet3; k'ic-a be quiet! [y84]
agy brain /Hungarian
ügy-es clever, smart, intelligent < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian
Uralic
(A) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
Hungarian agy is thought to derive from a FU source. [see Chong]
? *ajnge brain, cerebrum; skull /PF-U
aivot /Finnish; vuoi'gngâsâk /Lapp; uj /Mordvin
ebee /En'ec', Baylkha; ae /En'ec', Hatanga; d'ia /Nganasan; küw /Šölqup [Chong]
{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like palatised /d'/}
(B) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
ügy-es < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian
One expert source thinks Hungarian ügy is of FU origin. [Chong]
[? zil' clever, conscientious, enthusiastic, quick, spirited, zealous, etc. (Izˆma Komi, Lusa Komi, Sysola Komi, Udora Komi, Vichegda Komi)] [Chong]
Another expert says the etymology is uncertain. [Chong]
Hungarian suffix /-es/ forms the adjective in ügyes.
While Hungarian digraph /gy/ sounds like a palatal /d'/
Niger-Congo (?)
haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
Turkic
i∫ matter, affair, work /Turkmen [glnp]
Japanese
ujō
sentience; an animate thing; a sentient beingChukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*'ajvă
the brain {мозг (головн.)} /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN556]*ajwa # brain (головной мозг) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss:PN40]
ájo, ájwa- /Chukchee; awi, awja- (III) /Koryak; ewa /Alutor [ss]
*jajsu " /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN566]
? 'ajuw'aj мозг (головы) /Sedank dialect; jajsu-jajsu "encephalum cerebrum" /West Itelmen [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
cătus
-a -um "sharp, cunning, clever" /LatinSlavic
učen
learned, erudite, scholarly, scientific, academic; učenje study, learning, reading, teaching, instruction; učenjak scholar, man of learning /Serbo-Croatianatena
of the same father, family, clan [az96] /EtruscanHere ate is father and -na seems to be a genetive suffix "of". Ural Altaic genetive suffix is ne, na & probably related to "mother/parent". If -na is not a genetive here then it can be a plural suffix which is also quite prevalent as *nk>n,k [fh16]
Uralic
atya father; atya-fi relation, relatives; atya-fi-ság kinship, relations /Hungarian
atja father/Erzya
In some Uralic languages ati = mother, but mostly it is father. [fh16]
Elamite
atte father [oi2]
Anatolian
Hittite
at-ta-as noun; nominative singular animate of <atta-> father [ho]
Hurrian-Urartian
ate- father [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
it father /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Dravidian
āttai
, āttāl, āttā mother /Tamil [bur]Indo-European/Germanic
áiþei mother /Gothic; eide /Old High German [sc2]
atranes
'gold' /Etruscan [alinei: 320]Uralic [alinei]
Ugor *θarańa
Mansi tarań copper; Khanty ŧorń?
arany
gold; sár-arany yellow gold /HungarianAfro-Asiatic
rn-n-nbw name of gold (golden horus name) /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Hurrian
hiaruhhe
goldBasque
beltz-aran brown, sun-tanned
The first part is beltz "black" but the second part -aran is unknown [lt]
Dravidian
aparan~ji fine refined gold (Kannad.a,Telugu); aparan~ci (Tamil.)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]
iran.iyam gold /Tamil Lex. [sk]
Etruscan [alinei: 320]
atranes 'gold'
The Etruscan is dated after the Ugor but before the Magyar according to [alinei]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
Iranian
*sarańa
/Iranian root [alinei]zaranaênem [zaranaêna] golden, of gold /Avestan
zaranim [zaranya] golden, of gold; gold /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
hiran.yam
gold; silver; any precious metal /Sanskrit Lex. [sk]
Room; watch-tower; tower-chamber
atrium
'atrium' /Etruscan [alinei]terem (n.) room, hall, cabin (ship) /Hungarian
Uralic
terem (v.) /Hungarian
(a) to bear, produce, grow
(b) to appear out of nowhere suddenly
teremt (v.) to create, make /Hungarian
teremtés creature, person; creation /Hungarian
Etruscan [alinei]
atrium 'atrium'
Indo-European
Greek [alinei]
teremnon teramnon 'house, dwelling'
Italic [alinei]
Latin atrium 'the entrance hall in a Roman household, temple or public institution'
(0) Slavic [alinei]
Bulgar trem 'hall, padlozat', Slovak triem 'veranda, hall'; terem 'reception area'; Russian terem 'room' older meanings 'cupola, castle, covered porch'
(1) Slavic [pbg]
Old Russian' terem "high house, court, cupola, watch-tower,'; Russian. 'room, tower-chamber'
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [fjs]
taram (for P. Q q.v.), taramat, a wooden building of a circular form with an arched roof; a dome; a roof; a palisade to exclude people from a garden; -- tarami akhzar (firoza, nil-gun), the sky; tarami charum, the fourth heaven, the solar sphere or orbit; the firmament. /Persian
[fjs] lists taram as 'possibly' of Semitic/Arabic origin but it is not certain.
Altaic
Mongol [alinei]
Mongol terme, Kalmuk term? 'wall,fence'
Turkic
Cuman tärmä 'room for a woman' [alinei]
Cuman terem 'tabernacle, shrine' [pbg]
Which [pbg] compares with Old Rus' terem "high house, court, cupola, watch-tower," Russ. "room, tower-chamber" - Gr. "room, chamber."
Which in turn could be compared with the following entry.
torony tower, steeple /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian torony is supposed to be of German and ultimately of French origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*t`o:r[e] post, pole, tower /Altaic [ss]
*to":r honorary place in the house /Turkic [ss]
to"r /Old Turkic; to":r /Turkmen [ss]
*turu pole, mast; sacred pole, place /Tungus [ss]
tojo /Negidal; tura /Manzhu; toro /Nanai; tu.ra /Ulcha; toro /Orok [ss]
*ta\ra\k tower /Korean [ss]
ta\ra\k /Middle Korean [ss]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
tursis (also turris) tower, esp. tower on a wall, bastion; also, walled city or fortified house
Italic
turris -is tower; esp. as used in military operations /Latin
Germanic
Turm tower /German
Slavic
toranj tower; spire, steeple /Serbo-Croatian
aua
welfare [az96] /Etruscanjava
the best; javul-ni to improve /HungarianUralic
üvä (adj.) good; üvässi (adv.) well /Vaddja [fv]
{Hungarian /j/ same as English /y/}
Altaic/Tungus
yebe to become better, to become healthier; better /Manchu [as]
Indo-European/Anatolian {????}
sav- the good; savênt- they flourish; savtarid- he approves /Lydian [cb2]
jó good, fine, nice, favourable; jó-l well; jó-lét welfare, health, wealth /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, this one is of FU origin
*jam3, *jom3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
{Hungarian /j/ same as English /y/}
Afro-Asiatic
yз fine, fair /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
yoi good; fine; nice /Japanese
iyi good, well; the good /Turkish
Sino-Tibetan
be correct yi 2 /Modern < nge /Middle < ngej /Old Chinese [fhc]
yes, agreed yu 2 /Modern < jü /Middle < lo /Old Chinese [fhc]
to be good, fine, excel jia "djia" /Modern < ka /Middle < kraj /Old Chinese [fhc]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
jo proper time for ploughing or sowing /Bengali, Or.iya_; yo_gya fit for yoking /Pa_n..; draught animal (AV.); yogga fit /Pali; yo_je_ti yokes, ties /Pali; jo_e_i yokes, joins /Prakrit; joenda_ to yoke, harness /Lahnda_; jon.a_ to yoke /Punja_bi_ [sk]
jo-bb better /Hungarian < jó good, nice, proper, fine /Hungarian
Uralic
-bb is the Hungarian comparative suffix and can also be found in
nub'be one (of two); the other; another, other; (the) second (Lappish); mubbe one (of two); the other; another, other; (the) second (Ume Lappish - this contains the suffix of the comparative. [Chong]
{Hungarian /j/ same as English /y/}
Altaic
*la`bo more, better /Altaic [ss]
*jaba /Turkic
*lab, *naji /Mongol
*lab-du /Tungus
*na`oi /Korean
*na`po' /Japanese [ss]
Tungus
yebe to become better, to become healthier; better /Manchu [as]
Basque
hobe (L,LN,Z,U) better, preferable, advantageous; oba (B), obe (G) better
aum
poor, wretched [az96] /Etruscanoml-ik to fall to pieces, collapse; oml-adék ruins /Hungarian
oml-adoz to fall into ruins; to decay /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian oml- is of unknown origin. [see Chong]
aur
ear, hearer? [az96] /EtruscanUralic
ér-ez feel, sense /Hungarian
ér-t to see, understand /Hungarian
Hungarian ér-ez to feel, to sense; ér-t understand are not specific to hearing as in I.E. languages but are still related to the senses.
Basque
uler-tu (B,U) to understand
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
ur 'an explaining'
urtah 'see, understand' (cl.3)
urtes 'point out, show, explain, prove' (cl.2a)
aurina
town [mp68: 192] /Etruscanuru-as
fort, city, walled city /Old HungarianUralic
vár fortress, fortified town; vár-os town, city /Modern Hungarian
Often the Hungarian term vár is explained as an Iranian loanword, but [fh16] thinks it is much older and more widespread than that would explain.
also see Hungarian falu, hely "village, place, location, address, town"
Sumerian
uru(2)(ki), iri, rí; iri11 city, town, village, district [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
`r town, city; зrş names of districts or towns /Phœnician [cgj]
Altaic
ulu
clan, house, town /AltaicTurkic
aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]
qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]
aal
village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]Mongol
ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Basque
erri (B,G) village, town; people; country, nation; herri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village
iri (G) town, city; hiri (L,LN,Z,U) town, village < *ili [earlier form according to [lt]]
Dravidian
u_r village, town (Kannad.a); id., city (Tamil,Malayalam); village (Naikri,Kolami); u.r id. (Kota); village of Tamils or Badagas (Toda); u.ri village (Kod.agu); u.r (pl. u.d.l) village; u_ran village (Kolami); ura_ house, wife (Brahui) (DEDR 752). [sk]
por..al town, city /Kannad.a; pro_lu city (Telugu inscr.); pr.o_lu city /Telugu cf. por..al, por..ilu, bar..al, hor..al a dwelling place: a town, a city; por..la_n.ma the ruler of a town; por..lven.d.a a towns-woman; por..alica a man born in town (Kannad.a lex.); .) pura, pur a fortress, a castle; a town, a city; por..il a town, a city; pro_lu /Telugu; por..il the world in general, a country, the earth; greatness /Tamil; puri a castle; a town, a city /Kannad.a (Kannad.a lex.) pura a town, fortress, city; -avapure below the fortress; devapura city of the gods ( sudassana-maha_-nagara); pura dwelling, house or (divided) part of a house ( antepura); purindada (distorted from Vedic puran-dara) epithet of Indra, 'breaker of fortresses', 'town-breaker' a name of Sakka (Indra)(Pali.lex.) purandara town-splitter: Indra; S'iva (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]
va_r..kkai village; town; agricultural town; va_r..nar inhabitants, residents; va_r..vu residing; residence; town; va_r..umo_r those who live in prosperity (Tamil lex.) [sk]
Indo-European
Paleo-Balkan
para, phara settlement, village/Thracian [id, cb]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
varefshva [var] enclosure, a sheltered place /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
púr, pura stronghold, castle, fortified town, city /Sanskrit
vardhama_na prospering (RV.); name of a district (VarBra_hui_, Sindhi_) [sk]
vardhama_na_ name of a town /Sanskrit [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern
oola town, village, city, settlement /Alabama [tm]
áll to stand; be at a standstill; subsist, to be, exist /Hungarian
áll-ó standing, fixed; áll-om-ás station; military garrison /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian áll is officially of FU origin.
*šalke- (Proto FU) [Chong]
sulal-; sult- stop; rise (Komi); šalge-, šo(l)ge- (Mari); sult-; syl- stand; stop (Udmurt) [Chong]
Hurrian-Urartian
a-le stopping-place, residence [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set<Sasse (1983) , p. 655 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
?'ool- stay /Proto East Cushitic
wol?'- pass time /Burji; ool- stay /Oromo; wull- stand /Hadiyya
Altaic
*ilV to stand, become /Altaic [ss]
*ili- to stand /Tungus [ss]
i.li.t- /Negidal; ili- /Manzhu; ilGo- /Nanai; i.lsu.wu. /Ulcha; ili- /Orok; ili-bun| /Zhurzhen; i.l- /Even; il- /Evenki [ss]
*i:r- to become /Korean [ss]
i:l- 'to happen' /Modern Korean; i:r- /Middle Korean [ss]
Dravidian
il- (ilt-) to stand (Kol.ami); il- id. (Naikri); ilup-/ilp- to make to stand (Naikri); ilna_ (ilcas/illas) to get up, rise to one's feet; ijna_ (Ijjas) to be stationary in an upright position, rise to one's feet, stand on end, stop, halt, pause, maintain a fixed or steady attitude, persist, persevere; ildna_, ilda'a_na_, ilta'a_na_, ijta'a_na_ to erect, set up, rest against (Kur.ux); ile (ij-) to stand; ilde to make to stand (Malt.o)(DEDR 3675). [sk]
ur-ai (-v-, -nt-) to reside, dwell [umpa rur-aiva_r pati : Na_lat.i, 137); place of residence, town, appropriate or customary place for a person or thing (Tamil.lex.)]; ur..i place, site, side (Tamil); circumstances (Malayalam); ur..ai place (Tamil); ur..a place, esp. about a king (Malayalam)(DEDR 684) [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
il to stand still, become quiet /Avestan [sk]
állam the State /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially Hungarian állam < áll [see Chong]
Sumerian
kalam the land (of Sumer); nation [jh]
ól hutch, hut; henhouse, roost; kennel; pigsty, sty /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ól is officially considered to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Basque
ola
factory, foundry (C); cabin, hut (L); wooden plank; wood (B,G)Altaic
ulu
clan, house, town /AltaicTurkic
aul village (Altai, Tuvan); yal id. (Chuvash); agïl enclosure; dwelling; village; (Common Turkic); agˆIl sheepfold (Turkish); aa¥ïl pen (Tm); a¥ïl id. (Uigur) [Chong]
qala/qalaa fort, castle; xala village /Cuman [pbg]
aal
village, settlement; obsol nomad camp /Khakas [kl]Mongol
ayil village (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Caucasian
*kil/u: farmstead; hut /North Caucasian [ss]
*kilV farmstead /Andian [ss]
kuli/ /Avar; kila (Tseg.) /Akhvakh; k/ila /Tindi; kile /Karata; k/ila (Kvan.) /Bagvalal
*k/alV hut /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-k/a/la /Abkhaz; k/ala /Abaza; c^/aL /Adyghe; c^@L /Circassian [ss]
*q@>lV> house, hut /North Caucasian [ss]
*qVrV ( ~ x|-, h-) mow, hayloft, shed /Avaroandian [ss]
hor /Avar [ss]
*qali house, room /Dargwa [ss]
qali /Akusha; qale /Chiragh [ss]
*x|al 1 house 2 roof 3 nest /Lexghian [ss]
x|al 1 /Tabasaran; x|al 1 /Agul; x|al 1 /Rutul; x|aw 1 /Tsakhur; x|al 2 /Kryz; x|al 2 /Budukh; x|al 3 /Archi [ss]
Dravidian
*ol.- to hide /Dravidian [ss]
ol.i
to hide, conceal, disguise; lie hid; hiding, lurking-place, screen, cover for a fowler, decoy animal; ol.ippu slinking away, hiding, concealing, keeping secret; ol.ivu place of concealment; ul.avu secrecy, spying /Tamil; ul.i to conceal oneself, hide; n. hiding, ambush, lurking-place, hunter's hut /Kannad.a; o_lamu a shelter, cover, screen /Telugu [sk]*il- house /Dravidian [ss]
*il house /South Dravidian [ss]
il house, home, place, wife [derivates: illam house, home; illaval., illa:l. wife, mistress of house; illa:l.an_, illa:l.i householder] /Tamil; il house, place [derivates: illam house of Nambudiri] /Malayalam; illave'N man who is a relative /Kodagu; illu. house, dwelling, family /Tulu [ss]
*ill- house, dwelling, habitation /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: illu (adj. in.t.i)
Derivatives: Also [1] illat.amu, [2] illan.t.ramu living in the house of one's wife's father
*il- house /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
ella /Kolami; ella /Naikri; il podi "roof" /Parji [ss]
[Irregular e- in Kolami and Naikri.] [ss]
*il- house /Gondwan [ss]
*il- house /Gondi [ss]
ilu (pl. ilku) house /Konda [ss]
*il house /Pengo-Manda [ss]
il (obl. inj-, pl. ilku) /Pengo; il /Manda [ss]
*il- house /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
Indo-European/Celtic (??)
èaladh, euladh a creeping along (as to catch game) /Gaelic; Irish euloighim steal away, Early Irish élaim, I. flee, Old Irish élud, evasio [mcb]
av
to desire [az96] /EtruscanUralic
epe-d, epe-ked to long for; yearn; wish for; desire /Hungarian {p,b > v}
Hurrian-Urartian
ab-a desire [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
з
bi desire; ib heart, wish /Old Egyptian [cgj]Semitic
)by /Aramaic [cal]
011 JLA to want, to wish
041 OAPal to desire (uncertain)
Basque
opa desire; offering; opari offering, sacrifice; gift /Basque
Dravidian
āvu
(āvi-) to desire; āval great desire, craving /Tamil [bur]Indo-European
Italic
ăvĕo
, -ēre to long for, desire /Latinavil
year /EtruscanUralic
év
year /HungarianHungarian "év" is of Finno-Ugrian origin. [see Chong] and is generally considered a loan from Latin even though Hurrian has it also [fh16]
ikä
age, life, lifetime /Finnish jâkke /Lappish; i, ij /Mari; ije /Mordvin [Chong]Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*jẹγwši cycle, year (цикл, год) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN455]
*jạwšị- to be repeated cyclically (about the time); year 1 (повторяться циклично (о времени); год 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN579]
jáwren(a) 1 /Chukchee; jawje- /Koryak; joti-quli-tγivi- 1 /Alutor [ss]
*'ixltu /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN463]
'ixltu in the past year (в прошлом году) /Sedank dialect [ss]
Mayan
from [jd]
Meaning:- "year"
jaab(il) /Yuca; jab /Itza; jaab /Mopa; jap /Chorti; jabilel, hab, jabil Chol; jab /Chon; jabil, jawil /Tzot; jap'il, ha'bil, jabil /Tojo; 'abil, awil, abil /Chuj; habil, japil /Jaca; aabil /Acat; abi!l, abil /Kanj; yo'p /Moto; 'abq'i, ab, ap /Mam; yob, yab, yep /Agua; yab /Ixil; haab, jab /Pchi; haab /Kekc
from [cw]
hab jap' 'year' /Chorti
haban jap'an 'annual, yearlong' /Chorti
habante' jap'ante' 'any annual plant, plant growing fint?? its usual season (apante)' /Chorti
habih jabij 'next year' /Chorti
*aZ-
ardor [az96] /Etruscanüz to work hard at a trade; to chase after a woman /Hungarian
Altaic
is work; kc labour /Cuman [pbg]
Sumerian
áš to desire [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
asik fever? malady /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Caucasian,North
*=a:c- 1 to mow 2 to work hard, be exploited /Nakh (Caucasian) [ss]
=a:c- 2 /Chechen; =ac- 2 /Ingush; =ac- 1 /Batsbi [ss]
Dravidian
âšik lover; loving; âšikî love, amour /Brahui
Indo-European
Greek
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment; asê [a^], Aeol. asa, hê, surfeit, loathing, nausea 2. distress, vexation 3. longing, desire /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Celtic
is desire, seek /Gaelic; Greek i@'ótcs, wish, i@`/meros, desire; Church Slavonic iskati, seek; Sanskrit ish, seek, Zend. ish, wish. [from mcb]
Anatolian
asi'- to love /Luwian; así to love Hittite [cb]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
us, user 'wish, desire, liking for'
usre 'wish for, like, prefer' (cl.2a)
utz, user 'wish, desire'
utzat 'desirous, good'
utzerbir 'desired, wished for'
utzi 'wish for, adore, worship' (cl.2)
izzani
to glow, to burn; izzó burning hot /HungarianUralic
Hungarian izz-: izzad sweat (< izz(ik)) ; izz(ik) be glowing, red-hot; izzó fiery (< izz(ik)) possibly derive from a FU root.
? oˆl'- heat; ignite (Khanty); @t- heat; ignite (Southern Khanty); õzjy- catch fire; õzty- fire, ignite, light (Komi); esty- to heat (Udmurt) [Chong]
accâgâs red-hot (Lappish) [Chong]
Sumerian
izi
, iz-zi fire [jh]Afro-Asiatic
з
s fire /Phœnician [cgj]Altaic
Turkic
issi
heat; ocak 1. January; 2. furnace; kiln, hearth, fireplace; quarry, mine /Turkishyssy hot; yssylamak to get hot, heat up /Turkmen [glnp]
isti hot; istilik heat (Azeri); asa hot (Chuvash); issi hot (Karachai); issyk warm (Kyrgyz); esse hot; esselek heat [? kyzun, zˆyly hot] (Tatar); is soot; issi scorching hot; suffocating heat; IsI warm; IsIn- warm; warm oneself; I$Ik lamp, light; I$Il damak to sparkle, twinkle; I$In ray; I$InIm radiation; [? kIzgIn warm] (Turkish); isyk rak warm (Uigur); [? qizigan hot]; issik heat (Uzbek) [Chong]
Mongol
asa- get burning (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Japanese
atsu hot /Japanese [Chong]
ase sweat /Old Japanese; ase sweat /Japanese
Austric
asie- fire, (Arosi), usu- fire, (Asenara, Moni), asuwain- fire, (Ulau-Suain), ahi- fire, (Maori, Teor., Goram), ahu- burnt, scalded, (Tahiti), ahe- fire, (Banjak Is.), ahu- heat, fever; (Tahiti), ahu- fire, (Buru), ahang- fire; (Laul, Lironesa), ahango- fire, (Faulili), afi- fire, (Fila, Mele, Futuna), isa- fire, (Maranomu, Maria, Maiagolo), izi- fire, (Binandere), asu- smoke, (Samoa) aso- smoke, (Tagalog), usa- fire, (Warkay) [pkm]
Basque
izar (C) star
izeki (G) to burn, to burn (oneself), to burn up; izekidura (n.) burn
izerdi (C) (n.) sweat
Dravidian
esa~gu to arise, appear, exist, happen, shine (Telugu); ese to shine, be brilliant (Kannad.a); esaka shine, splendour, beauty, appearance, state of being, fate, delight (Kannad.a); esakamu joy, delight, splendour (Telugu) (DEDR 778). [sk]
Indo-European
Greek
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Italic
asar roast /Spanish; assar bake /Portuguese
Germanic
ase
sweat /DanishSlavic
ožeći
to burn, scorch; užeći to set fire to, kindle, ignite /Serbo-CroatianIndo-Iranian/Iranian
azar, azur Fire; name of the angel presiding over fire, and the day azar; affairs of the month and day azar, the former being the ninth solar month, the latter being the ninth day of any month, but particularly of the fourth month, tir-mah; name of seven celebrated fire-temples dedicated to the seven planets, and called in their respective order: azari mihr, nosh, bahram, a'in (ayin), khurin, barzin (burzin), zardahusht; name of Abraham's father; (met.) love. /Persian [fjs]
Muskogean/Eastern
asohka to be singed /Alabama [tm]
asohli to singe hair off, remove by singeing /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
?
ą sol' hot; ?ą sul' fever / [y84]asz-al to dry; asz-ály drought (-ály is a suffix); asz-ú dry wine /Hungarian
asz-ik to dry up (-ik suffix) /Hungarian
Uralic
*sVŝ
to dry up, sur dry /UgrianSumerian
ša to dry up [jh]
šeğ6, še6 to heat, cook, bake, boil; to be hot; to dry a field [jh]
ša-ra(-g) to dry up, wither [jh]
sahar dust, sand, sediment [jh]
šér, šír to shine brightly [jh says this is a loan from Akkadian]
sig4 sun-dried unbaked brick [jh]
Altaic
*asra
> asa-ga drought /Anc-TurkicIndo-European
Greek
azô dry up, parch /Classical Greek [lsj]
aza, hê, heat 2. dryness, of the skin 3. metaph., unsatisfied desire II. dirt, mould 2. dry sediment /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Slavic
osušen dried; parched; grown meagre; seasoned; dehydrated /Serbo-Croatian
osušiti to dry up; to drain off; desiccate; wipe; dehydrate /Serbo-Croatian
suša drought /Serbo-Croatian
sušený dried; vysušiť dry up /Slovak
Indo-Iranian
Azyai
to become dry, dry up, shrink in drying /SanskritMuskogean/Eastern
asaama to scorch, be scorched; to be a bad smell, stink /Alabama [tm]
asaamachi to scorch (food) by letting it cook dry accidentally /Alabama [tm]
Quechua
usyay dry season [q2]
Death, dead, to die, to kill; to lament, cry, howl
calu
, calus infernal demon [mp68: 407]; god of death [az96]; "dark, darkness" [az96]; calusin, calusna "pertaining to Calu" [mp68]; "to darken, funereal" [az96]; calusna "dark" [az96]; calusur "funeral, funerary" [az96] /EtruscanUralic
*kole
die /Uralickuole- die /Finnish
hal
to die; hal-ott dead, corpse /HungarianSumerian
gúr to die [jh]
galla, gullax a demon [jh]
gul (adj.) evil; enormous [jh]
gùl, gal5 to overwhelm [jh]
hul(3) (n.) evil [jh]
Elamite
halpi kill, die [oi2]
Afro-Asiatic/Semitic
gallu /Akkadian [em]
The Akkadian demons of the underworld. They are responsible for the abduction of the vegetation-god Damuzi (Tammuz) to the realm of death. [em]
Altaic
*a:lV to destroy, kill /Altaic [ss]
*Alk- to finish; destroy; Refl. perish, be exhausted, come to an end /Turkic [ss]
alq- (Orkh., OUig.), alq-yn- Refl. OUig. /Old Turkic; alk- (dial.);
alk-ys^- Old Osmanian 'to destroy (many)' /Turkish [ss]
*ala- to kill /Mongolian [ss]
*a:li- 1 to crumble (of earth, snow) 2 to kill an animal (after a long hunt) /Tungus [ss]
*oli ( ~ -e) to die; to be hungry, exhausted /Altaic [ss]
*o"l- 1 to die 2 (*o"l-tu"r-) to kill /Turkic [ss]
o"l- 1, o"lu"r- 2 /Old Turkic; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Turkish; u"l- 1, u"ter- 2 /Tatar; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Azeri; o"l- 1, o"ldu"r- 2 /Turkmen; vil- 1, vo">ler- 2 /Chuvash; o"l- 1, o"lo"r- 2 /Yakut [ss]
*o"l- 1 to be hungry 2 hungry /Mongolian [ss]
*(h)olbu- soul of the dead; shadow /Tungus [ss]
Basque
il (B,G) to die; hil (v.i.) to die; (v.t.) to kill; (n.) corpse
hil-dako dead,deceased
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*ke.le>h@ "devil" /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]
*ka.la.h@. "wicked, vicious, evil"; "spirit"; "idol"1 /Proto Chukchee-Koryak[ss]
ke|l/?e| /Chukchee; kalah(@) /Koryak; kal/ak 1 /Palan; kala?a-n|; kalak 1 /Alutor
*kilg|u>l /Proto Itelmen [ss]
kilg|@l "devil" /Sedank dialect [ss]
kil/g|ul/ diabolus /West Itelmen [ss]
Dravidian
ku_l.i devil, demon (Tamil); demon, ghost (Malayalam); kole ghost (Kannad.a); kule id., apparition (Tulu) (DEDR 1918) [sk]
il
non-existence, death; illai it is not (in Old Tamil with a complete neg. paradigm); no; illa_mai absence, non-existence, poverty, want; illa_tavan- one utterly destitute; illa_n- poor man; ill-en-al death, negating existence; ilam, ilampai poverty; ili one who is without; /Tamil; illade gerund not being; illada adj. not being; illave state of not being /Kannad.a; ille be not (for all persons and numbers) /Kod.agu; hill- to be not/Gondi; hille is not /Kuwi [sk]ula (-pp-, -nt-) to become diminished, be wasted, be devoid of, die, terminate; ulakkai end, ruin, death; ulappu wasting, perishing, defect, death, limit; ulai (-v-, -nt-) to perish, be ruined (as houses, land, crops); (-pp-, -tt-) to ruin; ulaivu ruin, destruction, defeat, poverty, trouble (Tamil); ulakkuka to shrink up; ulayuka to be impoverished, ruined; ulaccal, ulavu ruin (Malayalam)(DEDR 671). [sk]
kol (kolv-, kon-r--) to kill, murder; n. act of killing (Tamil); kolli killing; kula killing, murder (Malayalam); kol act of killing; kolga.rn murderer (Kota); kol, kolu, kollu (kond-) to kill, murder; kole killing, murder, slaughter (Kannad.a); koll- to kill (Kod.agu); kole murder (Tulu); koru, kori, korru to kill (Kor.ux); kollu id. (Telugu); kola murder (Telugu); xalling to strike, kill, fire (gun), throw (stone)(Bra_hui_) (DEDR 2132) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj]
Kêr the goddess of death
Germanic
holler /Norse [em]
In Norse myth, Holler is the god of death and destruction and the one who brings diseases and disasters. He drags people to his dungeon where he tortures them to death. [em]
hell /English < hell /Old English; helle Old Frisian; hellia Old Saxon; hellia, hella /Old High German; helle /MHG; Hölle /German; halja /Goth; Hel goddess of the dead /Old Norse [ep: p. 276]
In various mythologies and religions, the place of torment for the wicked after death. [em]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
halik perishing, in the state of being destroyed or killed; destructive;<-> halik shudan, to perish /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic halik according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kāla'
(1) Time, as the destroyer, Death; (2) time in general; (3) proper, right or appointed time; kāla-pāc,a snare of Death /SanskritMuskogean/Eastern
holitli to die (?) Usage: Archaic, not confirmed by contributors. [tm]
illi to die /Alabama [tm]
ililla death {/i<li>ll-a}/Alabama [tm]
hollo to be evil, wicked, dangerous, taboo; to be holy, sacred, spiritually powerful, magic /Alabama [tm]
Yuki
ko'-lum, 'ko'-let corpse [y84]
k'o(·)l- die, kill; shrivel; k'o·leč, kolístek, kōl'-let dead [y84]
iiulathil
, iiul to lament, keen [az96] /EtruscanUralic
halottat sirat to lament, keen /Hungarian < hal-ott-at 'for the dead' + sir-at 'to cry' /Hungarian
ord-ít
to shout, howl; ordas wolf /Hungarianulvoa to howl /Vaddja [fv]
üvölt to howl, to roar /Hungarian
Officially, the origin of Hungarian ordás "wolf" is unknown. [Chong]
Sumerian
i-lu song, lament, dirge ('cry' + 'to multiply') [jh]
ur5
to shout [jh]Afro-Asiatic
ouelouele yelp, howl /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
gyl to rejoice /West Semitic [ahd]
Altaic
*u:/lo to cry, howl /Altaic [ss]
*u:ly- to cry, howl /Turkic
*uli- to cry, howl (wolves) /Mongolian
*u:r- to cry, weep /Korean
*@/ra/-mp- to cry, wail /Japanese [ss]
*oro to cry, shout /Altaic [ss]
*ory 1 shout, outcry 2 to make a noise, shout 3 to shout together /Turkic
*ori- / *uri- to shout, call /Mongolian
*or- 1 roaring (of a tiger) 2 echo 3 to sound, resound 4 to rave 5 to shout 6 to roar (of a bear) 7 shout (of an aurochs) 8 to call /Tungus [ss]
Basque
hil-eta funeral; lament for the dead; complaint /Basque < hil "to die"
orroe (n.) roar (C); orroe egin to roar; orroka-tu to shout, scream
Dravidian
kele to cry or shout with energy or for joy (Kannad.a); cilai, cilampu, cilumpu to sound (Tamil); kele to cry out, to vociferate (abusively); keleta abusive vociferation (Kannad.a.lex.); kel.ar, kil.ir, keral. to cry out, to roar; to dispute, to wrangle (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.); gi_ra the voice (Kui); gi_ga, gi_ta, gi_ya word, syllable (pl. gi_anga)(Kuwi); giya~ voice (Kuwi); kir-a_vu to cry (as a peacock)(Tamil); kiry- (kirc-) to shout; kiry a shout (Kota); kir-c- to shout (Toda); kir-acu, kir-icu, kir-uvu, kircu to cry, shout, scream; kir-acuvike crying, etc.; kir-ugut.t.u, kirgut.t.u to cry, scream; ki_r-u, ci_r-, ci_r-u to scream, cry out; gi_r-u, ci_r-u, ji_r-u screaming, shrilling, buzzing (Kannad.a); ki_rottuni to roar, as an elephant (Tulu); ci_ru, ci_r-u to call; ci_rud.u calling (Telugu); kihpa (kiht-) to shout, cry out (Kui); ki_rr.- (-it-) to shriek, moan with pain, shout (Kuwi); kire_ng abuse; kire_ng tining to abuse (Brahui) [sk]
*u:l.- to howl /Dravidian [ss]
(h)u:l-ing, hu:l-a:iing to howl /Brahui [ss]
*ār-
to shout /Dravidian [ss]ār
(-pp-,-tt-) to shout, roar, bellow, vilify /Tamil [bur]*go:r.- grief /Darvidian [ss]
*go:l.-/*go:r.- grief, lament /South Dravidian [ss]
go:l., go:r. sound of howling lamenting, wailing, or roaring /Kannada; go:l.y struggling, agony /Kodagu; go:lu, go:l.u grief, lamentation Tulu [ss]
*go:l. /Nilgiri protoform [ss]
*go:d.- grief, affliction, a long and sad story or account /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: go:d.u
Derivatives: Also go:la wailing, loud outcry, howl; go:lu loud noise or outcry; go:lugo:lu onom. crying or lamentation [ss]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
ghel-1 to call, *kel2- to shout [ahd]
*or- 'to speak, to shout' PIE [cb]
Greek
ôru_don (adv.) howling /Classical Greek [lsj1]
ôruktês howling /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Italic
ululare
"to lament, keen" /Latin [az96]
cana
something beautiful [az96, am91] /EtruscanUralic
csin-os
pretty, handsome; neat, trim, smart; csin-os-ít to beautify /HungarianAnother word believed to be a loan from Slavic. [Chong]
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*γaŋŋ[o]-
attractive; to love 1 (привлекательный; любить 1) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN377]γanŋą
- /Koryak; γanno- 1 /Palan; γanŋą-; γannu-1 /Alutor [ss]Sumerian
šen
clear, pure; shiny [jh]Sino-Tibetan
*si>n / *si>n| new /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Meaning "be new" [ss]
xin 1 Modern (Beijing) < sjin Middle Chinese < sin Old Chinese
tân /Vietnamese
gs/in good, fine. /Tibetan
sac/ new, LB *[s/]ikx. /Burmese [ss]
Altaic
zˆyinak
neat /Tatar; -canlI pretty /Turkish, used in compounds; zˆonon beauty /Uzbek - derivative); sine new /Classical Mongol; šin new /Khalkha [Chong]*ze\jn/a new /Altaic [ss]
*jan|y / *jen|i new 1: just, recently /Turkic [ss]
jan|y /Old Turkic; jeni /Turkish; jan|a /Tatar; jeni /Azeri; jan|y 1 /Turkmen; s/e>ne> /Chuvash; san|a /Yakut [ss]
*sine new /Mongolian [ss]
ŝini (HI, SH), si:ni (IM), ŝina">, ŝini (MA) /Middle Mongolian; ŝine /Khalkha; ŝin@ /Kalmuck; ŝinken /Dagur; ŝ@ni, s/in@ /Monguor [ss]
*sen/e- raw, unripe /Tungus [ss]
seni-xun, sen/e-xun /Manzhu [ss]
*sa/i new /Korean [ss]
sa" /Modern Korean; sa/i /Middle Korean [ss]
Caucasian
*c.a">n?V new /North Caucasian [ss]
*c.in- new /Nakh [ss]
c.ina /Chechen; c.ena /Ingush; c.ini> /Batsbi
*c.inhV- new /Andian [ss]
c.i/ja-b /Avar; c.iw /Andi; c^.i~-da /Akhvakh; c.i~w /Chamalal; c.i~hu-b /Tindi; c.ijo-m /Karata; c.i~u /Botlikh; c.inu-b /Bagvalal; c.i~ju /Godoberi [ss]
*-yc.Vn- A new /Tsezian [ss]
ec.no Tsezi; ec.endiju Ginukh; ec.nu Khvarshi; yc.nu Inkhokvari; ic.ijo Bezhita; y~c.c.u Gunzib [ss]
c.u-s:a new /Lak [ss]
*c.i- new /Dargwa [ss]
c.ize /Chiragh [ss]
*c.enja"- / *c.enwa"- new /Lezghian [ss]
c.iji /Lezghi; c.iji /Tabasaran; c.ajif /Agul; c.indy /Rutul; c.edyn /Tsakhur; c.ija" /Kryz; mac.at:ut /Archi; ini /Udi [ss]
*c./A 1 new 2 young 3 small, little /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-ĉ.@/-c 1 /Abkhaz; ĉ.@-c 1 /Abaza; c.@-k.w|@ 3 /Adyghe; c.@-k.w| 3 /Circassian; c./a 1,2 /Ubykh [ss]
Dravidian
canna, cennu straightness, beauty, grace, niceness, properness, elegance; canna, cenna a man of beauty, a handsome man; fem. canni, canne, cenne; cannage handsomely, nicely, properly; canniga a handsome, fine man (Kannad.a); canna handsome, well (Tulu); cennu beauty, grace, elegance, manner, way (Telugu)(DEDR 2423) [sk]
Indo-European
Celtic
cuanna, cuannar handsome, fine /Gaelic; cuanna /Irish; also cuanta, robust, neat [mcb]
Germanic
schön /German [mcb]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
can:ga of good understanding; handsome (Sanskrit) [sk]
Muskogean/Eastern (?)
kano 1. to be good, pretty, well, fine; to be good at doing, do well /Alabama [tm]
Dual kingship
The Magyar nation, once long ago, had a dual kingship system of government not unlike the ancient Etruscans according to [alinei]
CANΘE
REX ‘king, highest institutional authority’ /Etruscan [alinei]Uralic [alinei]
kende 'revered king, but mostly ceremonial' /Hungarian
Hungarian KENDE (< Turkic), (ancient form K-ND-)
Altaic [alinei]
Tatar kündü, Khazar Kündäč 'reverence, deep respect'
Khakas Xündü 'respect, office bearer'
Mongol kündü 'important, respect'
ZILA
PRINCEPS CIVITATIS ‘chief of the Etruscan community’ /Etruscan [alinei]Uralic [alinei]
gyula 'military leader with executive power' /Hungarian
(ancient forms JILA, DZ-LA)
Hungarian Gyula can mean (a) male given name; (b) a war or military leader with executive power under the dual kingship of the Magyar nation; the other was called the Kende or (the nominal civil administrator)
This form of dual kingship has its origins in the Turkic nations
(/gy/ is similar to a palatised /d'/)
Altaic [alinei]
Bashkir yulay
canzna
"green or grey eyed, shining" [az96] /EtruscanUralic
kancs-al cross-eyed, squinting; kancs-ít to squint /Hungarian
Austro-Asiatic
ka~ec one-eyed, blind of one eye; ka~r.a~ m., ka~r.i~ f. blind (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Dravidian
kânT squint, squint-eyed /Brahui
Indo-European
ka_n.a one-eyed (RV.) [sk]
koch squint-eyed /Persian (farsi) [fjs]
capra
"urn" [lb]; "container, urn, funeral urn" [am91, glb, mp68, dep] /EtruscanUralic
koporsó coffin /Hungarian
One expert source sees Hungarian koporsó as deriving from "Turkic". [Chong]
A second expert says the Turkic words derive from Common Turkic qap-, qapa-, qop-, qopu- "to cover up", "enclose" [Chong]
A third expert sees Hungarian koporsó as deriving from Turkic Chuvash. [ss]
Altaic
*k`iubu box, coffin /Altaic [ss]
*kob-du, *kob-tu long and narrow box, quiver /Mongol [ss]
qobdu, qobtu /Written Mongolian; xowd /Khalkha; xobto 'ÿùèê, ñóíäóê' /Buriat; xowd@ /Kalmuck [ss]
*xobu-r / *xebu-r coffin /Tungus [ss]
xov@ /Modern Manchu; xeur, xewur /Nanai; xeuli /Ulcha; xau /Udighe [ss]
*kobVr coffin, box /Korean [ss]
ko:r /Middle Korean [ss]
*k(u)i coffin /Japanese [ss]
k(j)i /Old Japanese [ss]
*k`a\p`a\ a k. of vessel, box /Altaic [ss]
*Kapyrcak, *Kapsak 1 box, coffin 2 basket /Turkic [ss]
qapyrcaq 1,2 (MK) /Karakhanid; qabyrcaq (Ibnu M.), qaburcuq (Abu H.) /Middle Turkic; qoburcuq, Dial. kapurz^|ak 1, Dial. kabzak, kabsak 2 /Turkish; Gapyrz^|ak 1 /Turkmen [ss]
Hungarian koporsó is thought to derive from Chuvash [according to [ss]]
*kag|urcag, *kajircag small box, chest /Mongol [ss]
qag|urcag|, qajircag| /Written Mongolian; xu:rcag, xaircag /Khalkha; xu:rcag 'coffin' /Buriat; xu:rc@g| 'grosser Kasten (big box, crate)' /Kalmuck; xa":rcaG /Ordos; xaz|y /Dongxian; x|airz^|aG /Shary-Yoghur; xa:z^|@ /Monguor [ss]
*xapsa 1 box 2 bag 3 delved boat /Tungus [ss]
awsa 1, 2 /Evenki; awsú. 2 /Even; awfsak 1 /Negidal; x|apsaw 2 /Orok [ss]
*ka\pi\ scoop, ladle, spoon /Japanese [ss]
ka\pji\ (Old Japanese) [ss]
Dravidian
kabr grave, tomb; kabristân graveyard, cemetery /Brahui [sva]
Etruscan
capra
"urn" [lb]
"container, urn, funeral urn" [am91, glb, mp68, dep]
{Etruscan /c/ like an unaspirated /k/} [lb]
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian [ak1]
qabar, kabar, kabr grave /Balochi
According to [ak1] from New Persian-Arabic qabr
car-, cer
- to build, make /EtruscanUralic
gyár
factory, mill < gyárt- to make, build manufacture /HungarianSumerian
ğar
to make [jh]Ainu
kar to make [sm]
Altaic/Turkic
s'u_rat-
create /Chuvash; yarat manufacture, produce /Osman, Tatar [Chong]gur-mak 1. to build, create 2. to set /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
ghaRa to make, to manufacture /Brahui
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kar- do, make, build /Old Persian [oi1]
Indo-Aryan
kará (1) doing; making, or causing or producing (2) the hand [lit. the busy one] /Sanskrit
c.f. Hungarian kar "arm"
kr.t making; doing; causing /Sanskrit
cara
"dear, beloved, "to be pleasant" [az96] /Etruscanszer-
et-et affection, love; szer-et to like; szer-et-ö lover /Hungarianušar
female companion/Sumer; ser-ut love, like /Old Egypt; sew-imli, sew-gi affection/Turk; sekret prostitute/Assyrian (possible loan from Hurrian)xaru
affection, caress /Basque*[s/]Vr care for /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
m@z^|an3 to care for, look after. /Kachin
sor to tend, care for. /Lushei [ss]
seirc love /Gaelic, searc, seirc /Irish, serc /Old Irish, serch /Welsh, serc'h concubine /Breton, serch /Middle Breton: *serkâ, *serko-; Gothic saúrga, care, German sorge, sorrow, English sorrow; Sanskrit sûrkshati, respect, reverence, take thought about something. The favourite derivation is to ally it to Greek stérgw, I love, which would give a Gaelic teirg [from mcb]
suiridhe a courting, suiridheach (better suirtheach or suireach), a wooer /Gaelic, so Irish, also surighim, I woo, Middle Irish suirge, wooing, suirgech, procus: *su-reg-, root reg, direct, etc.? [from mcb]
kared love (person); karout to love /Breton [gp]
see Italian caro, cara "dear" [az96]
Wishing, desiring, praying
caru
"to have/take part, invite" [az96] /Etruscankér to ask, request, beg, implore sb. for something /Hungarian
kér-lel to entreat, implore; kér-e-get to beg, keep asking /Hungarian
Uralic
keräjä n beggar /Vaddja [fv]
kerjätä to beg (Finnish) [Chong]
Hungarian kér is officially of FU origin.
Niger-Congo (?)
kerekere (v) to offer, wish, intend /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
*ge>\la to search, hunt /Altaic [ss]
*gele-l/ĉ- # to woo, ask /Turkic [ss]
geleŝ- /Kumyk [ss]
*gele:- to ask, demand, search /Tungus [ss]
gele:- /Evenki; gele:- /Even; gele:- /Negidal; gele:- /Solon; gele- /Nanai; gele- /Ulcha; gele- /Orok; gele- /Oroch; gele- /Udighe [ss]
*ka\r- to hunt for, demand, search; drive /Japanese [ss]
ka\r- (Old Japanese); ka/r-, ka\r- (Tokyo); ka/r- (Kyoto); ka/r- (Kagoshima) [ss]
*p`i>ru to pray, bless /Altaic [ss]
*i_r- 1 prediction, luck 2 omen 3 premonition /Turkic [ss]
*hiruγe-
1 to bless 2 benediction /Mongol [ss]*piruge:- to pray /Tungus [ss]
hirug|e:- /Evenki; hirge- /Even; xi:g|e:- /Negidal; iruge:- /Solon [ss]
*pīr-
to beg, pray /Korean [ss]Japanese
garo {suffix verb} meaning "someone feels, wants something"
Austric
Karakii prayer /Moriori [mor]
inoi(a), karakia(tia) to pray; inoi, karakia prayer /Mäori [ng]
korotu wishful; whakaaro, koronga intention /Mäori [ng]
Basque
-gale suffix which means "avid, enthusiastic, desirous of, wishing, given to"; -gura (B) suffix which indicates "wanting, desiring, wishing"
Dravidian
ko.ryk vow paid to god (Kota); ko_rike wishing, desiring (Kannad.a); ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection (Telugu); ko_rike, ko_rige hope, desire, wish (Tulu); ko_rikkai request, wish (Tamil); ko_ru to request, wish (Tamil); a wish (Malayalam);to purpose, think, wish, desire (Kannad.a); to desire, request, want, choose (Telugu); ko_r to desire (Gadba)(DEDR 2164). [sk]
ko_ru (ko_ri-) to request, wish; ko_rikkai request, wish; kocur-u, kucar anything extra obtained from a shopkeeper as a bargain (Tamil); ko_r-uka to wish, hope, purpose, think; ko_r-u a wish (Malayalam); ko.ryk vow paid to god (Kota); ko_r-u, ko_ru to purpose, think, wish, desire; ko_rike wishing, desiring; kosaru to demand an article gratis or into the bargain; be greedy, desire, hanker; n. anything asked for and given to boot; eagerness, cupidity; kosarike hankering after, desire (Kannad.a); ko_runi to desire, hope, expect; ko_rik, ko_rig hope, desire, wish; kusuri, kusri, kosaru anthing given to boot when a person buys commodities (Tulu); ko_ru to desire, request, want, choose; ko_rika, ko_riki desire, wish, longing, selection; kor-alu to desire, wish; kosaru to ask for a litte extra quantity after purchasing any article, be greedy, eager for; n. a little quantity of anything given by a trader over and above what has been paid for, eagerness, greediness, lust (Telugu); ko_r- to desire (Gadba); kosor anything demanded gratis after purchasing vegetables etc. (Kond.a); ko_rinai to vote; ko_sori bonus (Kuwi)(DEDR 2332). [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
кур- (ku'r-)
to ask, request /Ossetic [va: 39](2) Indo-European
*perek'- 'fragen, bitten' or 'to ask, to beg' /Proto IE [ss]
kérdez to ask, put a question; inquire about /Hungarian
kérdés a question, query, interrogation /Hungarian
Indo-European
Classical Armenian [cao]
harts' examination, question, questioning
harts'anem I ask
akar to desire, want, need, wish; akarat wish, desire, intent /Hungarian
Uralic
Possibly of FU origin according to one source; and of uncertain origin according to another. [Chong]
[? ¿ng@rtÅ inspect, look at, regard, view (Obdorsk Khanty) / ò_ngk'ertä- consider, regard as; look (at/on/to); take in (consideration), weigh (KnVah) / ¿ñkwe°ti consider, regard as; glance, notice; look (at/on/to); take in consdieration, weigh (Konda Man's'i)] // [? karu-, xu- (Nganasan)] [Chong]
also see Hungarian -og; ok "do,make; a reason, a cause etc."
Niger-Congo (?)
kerekere (v) to offer, wish, intend /Mandinka [pc1]
Altaic
ikō
intention; inclination; disposition /JapaneseAustric
korotu wishful; whakaaro, koronga intention /Mäori [ng]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
icchA f. wish, desire; --- & instr. according to one's wish, voluntarily, intentionally /Sanskrit [cap]
Sun, Moon; Star(s)
cath
-, catha, cautha, catha "sun, sun god, Helios" [cb, glb: 71, mp68: 251, gzb, pa, dep, EM] /EtruscanEtruscan
Phoneme /c/ is an unaspirated /k/
while /th/ is the aspirated /t/
Uralic
*koje 'sunrise related' /Finno-Ugrian [alinei]
kat?l, χot?l, kā
t?l 'heavenly body, seven days' /Mansi; kotel, χat, χatel 'sun, also heavenly body, seven days' /Khanty; hajnal 'dawn, daybreak, sunrise' /Hungarian [alinei]kaje sun; kuji moon; kyji month /Mator [fv]
*kuc'e
star /Uralichúgy
star [archaic] /Hungarian {/k/ > /h/}Apparently this archaic word for 'star' has died out in modern Hungarian.
{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like a palatised /d'/}
An interesting aside concerning Assyrian royal ideology, is that the king is often referred to as the "sun" or the "very image" of Shamash (the sun god), and the word "king" was commonly written with the sacred number of the sun god, 20 (twenty). [sp]
While Hungarian húsz '20' apparently has less exalted origins, it is still strikingly similar in form to these curious words. Must be another one of those coincidences.
Sumerian
kug shining [etcsl1]
háda, had(2) v., to dry; to shine brightly etc.; húd morning [jh]
ud, u4 sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [jh]
dutu the sun as a god [jh]
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4, id4 moon; month; moonlight [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
itn sun; sun's disc /Old Egyptian [cgj]
Cognate Set <Black (1974), #303.09> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hotuuk stars /Afar; urjii hurjii star /Oromo; h'utuk star; h!utuk stars /Saho; h!iddig pl h!iddigo stars /Somali; izinti star /Dasenech; u'yu?' star /Elmolo; h!iske star /Gawwada
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 35 #3> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hizk- h_uzk- star /Proto East Cushitic
hotuuk stars /Afar; h!iske star /Dullay; h!utuk stars /Saho; h!iddig pl h!iddigo stars /Somali
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 36 #2> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
h!izk- star /Proto East Cushitic
hidde' star /Boni; hinso?' (pl.) stars /Yaaku
Altaic
*k`u:\ĉV a k. of star /Proto Altaic [ss: 1155]
*Kuĉyk constellation of Cancer /Proto Turkic [ss: 1439]
Karakhanid: quĉyq (QB)
*xo:si-kta star /Proto Tungus [ss: 119]
Evenki: o:si:kta; Even: o:si.qat; Negidal: o:sikta; Solon: o:ŝ/ikta; Manzhu: usixa; Modern Manchu: u ŝ ixa: (2037); Zhurzhen: hosi-xa; Nanai: xosaqta (диал.); Ulcha: xosta; Orok: wasi.qta; Oroch: xosakta; Udighe: waikta, wahikta
Austric
hetu'u star, planet /Rapanui [anon]
hetu'u popohaga morning star; hetu'u ahiahi evening star; hetu'u viri meteorite. [anon]
whetu star /Moriori [mor]
whetu star; katea starboard /Mäori [ng]
Meaning: Sun
ad- (Gedaged, Bilbil, Takia); aad- /Biliau; ake-ake- /Kuanua; adaw- /Kadai; adraw- /Indonesia; aldo- (Kapampangan, Ifugao); adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illonggo) [pkm]
Meaning: noon
udtroadlaw- /Aklanon; udto- (Bikol, Cebuano); ugto- /Illongo [pkm]
Meaning: morning
aga- (Illonggo, Bikol); agahon- /Aklanon [pkm]
Meaning: day
ange- /Loda ; ari- /Bacan; adaw- /Kadai; andaw- /Manobo; adraw- /Indonesia; adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illongo); aldo- /Kapampangan; andro- /Malagasy [pkm]
ad- /Papuan (Austronesian) [pkm]
Dravidian
cukkai star (Tamil); cukka star (Telugu); cikke, cikki star (Kannad.a); sukka star (Kolami); cukka (c = ts) id. (Naikri); cukkin id. (Naikri); cukka id. (Parji); sukka star (Gadba); sukkum, huko, hukka, hukkom, hukka, ukkum, ukka, ukam id. (Gondi); suka id. (Kond.a); huka (pl. -n) id.; hukeran, hukerin (pl. only recorded) stars (Pengo); hukerin id. (Mand.a); suka star (Kui); hu_ka, hukka id.; suk'erika stars (Kuwi) (DEDR 2646) [sk]
Indo-European
*k^ad-2 to shine, to flaunt /PIE [pok: 516-7]
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
hazz shining, glittering (star) /Persian [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic hazz according to [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
kāē
be visible, shine /SanskrithaT to shine, be bright /Sanskrit [iits1]
kAz, kAzate (-ti), pp. {kAzita} be visible, appear, shine, be [[-,]] brilliant or pleasant. I. {cA3kazIti & cAkazya3te} shine bright; see clearly, survey. -- {abhi} I. shine bright upon, illumine; look on, survey. {ava} be visible, lie open. {nis} C {niSkAzayati} v. {kas. pra} be visible, shine, radiate, appear, become clear or manifest. C. {prakAzayati (-te)} make visible, cause to appear, show, unveil, explain, declare as (acc.). {saMpra} & C. the same. {vi} appear. C. display, spread; illuminate, irradiate. l. pp. {vicA3kazat} shining, beaming; beholding, perceiving. {sam} appear, behold. /Sanskrit [iits2]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
kat 'supernatural being (meaning uncertain)'
katiyon, ah katiyon 'angel príncito (one of the sky deities associated with the Chicchans)'
katu' (? ka-tu, kat-tu' ) moon, moon deity (female guardian spirit of trees and of ?de., who presides over agriculture, fruit trees and childbirth)'
e katu' 'the moon, the moon deity'
Muskogean/Eastern
hasi sun; day, daylight; month /Alabama [tm]
hochiiłi
star /Alabama [tm]
War, Battle, Fight, Struggle; noisy
catha
prisoner, capture, hunt, war [az96] /EtruscanUralic
xont
army /Ugorhad, hadi war, military; hada-koz to battle; há(d)-boru war /Hungarian
Hungarian had- is of FU origin. [see Chong]
Hungarian had- "clan, army" is from Ugrian xonta "army",
Uralic kata "clan" also found in Altaic and Dravidian (c.f ku_t.a, ku_t.u, ku_d.u. crowd, company, fellowship etc.)
katona warrior /Hungarian
Hungarian katona is officially thought to be a Greek loanword that might derive from Thracian-Illyrian
Sumerian
gud2 warrior; gudibir war [jh]
Niger-Congo (?)
kutu to defeat, overcome, dominate /Mandinka [pc1]
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
gdd troop /Phœnician [cgj]
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 10 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
ad/- fight /Burji; had/- fight /Oromo; ad/- fight /Gidole
Altaic
kattō
complications, feud, trouble, discord, dissension, difficulties /JapaneseBasque
gudu combat, struggle, war
Dravidian
kantam
warrior /Dravidianka_tu (ka_ti-) to kill, murder, cut, divide; n. murder (Tamil); ka_du to war, fight, contend with (Kannad.a); ka_tal killing, fighting, cutting, breaking (Tamil); ka_duha fighting (Kannad.a); ka_duni to quarrel, fight, wrestle (Tulu); ka_da_t.a a fight, war, battle (Tulu) (DEDR 1447).[sk]
cati (-pp-, -tt-) to destroy, kill; cata_vu (cata_vi-) to be shattered or broken, be rotten, decayed; catai (-v-, -nt-) to be bruised, crushed; (-pp-, -tt-) to crush, bruise, mash; tatai (-v-, -nt-) to be shattered, made fruitless; tatar (-v-, -nt-) to be crushed (Tamil); cata a bruise; catayuka to be bruised, squashed; catekka to squash, crush, pound, bray; catun.n.uka to be crushed, compressed, beaten into another shape; catukkuka to bruise, macerate; catukku a bruise (Malayalam); cady a murder; pair word with cudy news (cudy cady); cac- to hammer with heavy blows, pat, stroke, kill (animal); cac a blow (Kota); to0x- (to0xy-) to be squeezed or smashed flat, (person) gets into difficulties; to0k- to squeeze or smash flat; toc- to beat (Toda); sadaku to beat; sade, sadi to pound to some extent, bruise, squash, crush; caccu, ceccu, jajju to strike, bruise, crush; tadaku, taduku, tade to strike, beat (Kannad.a); cade severe fighting, destruction of life; sadi striking, beating; sadevuni to get hardened, wear away as an earthen vessel; jajjuni to bruise, squash, pound (Tulu); cadiyu to be crushed or broken; cadupu to crush, kill; cadumu to strike; cadunu even, level (Telugu); catip- (catit-), cacip- (cacit-) to trample, kick (Parji)(DEDR 2322).[sk]
cat.t.u destruction, injury, waste (Ta.)(DEDR 2307).[sk]
at.a_pit.i violence (Tamil); violence, outrage, quarrel, uproar (Malayalam); at.a_vat.i outrage, violence; at.ipit.i broil, fray, scuffle (Tamil); quarrel, scuffle, affray (Malayalam); ad.a_vud.i alarm, confusion, quarrel, riot, fright (Kannad.a); ad.avadi, ad.a_vudi confusion, uproar, fright (Telugu)(DEDR 71). [sk]
at.al killing, murdering; at.alai battle, trouble, distress (Tamil)(DEDR 77). [sk]
ku_t.a, ku_t.u, ku_d.u a joining; a coming in contact with; a junction; connection, union; an assembly, a crowd; a heap, a quantity; company, fellowship (Kannad.a lex.); ku_t.t.atta_r members of a tribe; members of a society (Tamil lex.) ku_t.t.am union, combination, meeting; crowd, flock, herd, group; kindred, relations, tribe; friends, companions; class, kind, series, set, species, genus; association, kindred, battle (Tamil); assembly, caste, flock, assembly, court, quarrel (Malayalam) [sk]
c.f. Uralic kata "clan"
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*kat- fight [cg2]; *kot- a battle [cb] /Proto Indo-European
Celtic
catu battle /Gaulish [cb says it derives from IE *kot- "a battle"]
cath battle, Irish, Old Irish cath, Welsh cad, Old Welsh cat, Cornish cas, Gaulish catu-; cogadh war, so Irish, Old Irish cocad: *con-cath, "co-battle"; cothaich contend, strive; from cath, battle? [mcb]
cath nm. g.+a; v. chaith; pl.+an, fight, battle, fighting contest [mcf]
Germanic
guð (f.) war; guðrinc warrior /Old English [ws,sc1]
hadu- fight /Old High German, heaðo- /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]
hadern to quarrel (archaic) /German
-had battle /Old Frisian; -hathas /Goth; ho,t| (poet.) `battle' /Old Norse; heat|u- /Old English; hathu- /OS, hathu-, hadu- /Old High German, hader `fighting, quarrel' /MHG,. hade- /MDutch [db]
[db] says that there is No certain IE etymology?
Slavic
hádať sa
, hádka quarrel /SlovakIndo-Iranian
Iranian
hit tumult, clamour, strife /Persian [fjs]
haija', haija war, battle, combat /Persian [fjs]
[fjs] says haija', haija are loans from Semitic/Arabic.
Indo-Aryan
kadana slaughter, destruction, killing /Sanskrit [sk]
yuddhá fight, battle, contest; yudh fight /Sanskrit
Mayan
Yucatec(Yuca)
ajc'atun warrior [jd: 1893 T]
c'aatun warrior [jd: 1893 V]
c'atunmaac warrior [jd: 1893 S]
jc'atun warrior [jd: 1893 T]
ajc'atun warrior [jd: 1690/1898a]
zat
'battle' [alinei]Uralic
sõta war /Vaddja [fv]
csata battle, fight, struggle; csat-ár warrior /Hungarian
Hungarian csata is officially seen as of Slavic origin [alinei]
csatt-an (csatt-og) to crack (like a whip); to clap; to pop /Hungarian
Undoubtedly onomatop., much like the noise of battle!
Etruscan
zat 'battle' [alinei]
Indo-European/Slavic
Serb-Croatian četa 'troop, crowd'; Bulgar četa 'army, troop, crowd'; Russian četa 'couple, two' [alinei]
Dravidian
cat.a-cat.-en-al onom. expr. signifying the sound of falling trees, report of a gun, rattling of stones thrown; cat.a-cat.av-en-al onom. expr. signifying crash, peal of repeated sound; cat.a-put.-en-al, cat.a_r-en-al onom. expr. of crackling noise (Tamil); cat.a-cat.a crash, peal, descriptive of battle noises (Malayalam); cat.a.r in- to make noise like a whipcrack (Kota); cat.a-cat.a, cat.a-pat.a the snapping sound of corn in being parched; cat.al, cat.il imitation of the loud crack of a whip (Kannad.a); cat. noise of cracking fruit or nut (Kod.agu); cat.akka a slapping or cracking sound; cat.acat.a, cat.apat.a noise produced as in slapping or cracking a whip; cat.i_la a cracking sound; cat.uka a snapping sound (Tulu); cat.ka'a_na_, cat.ga'a_na_ to slap in the face (Kur.ux); car.-car.re to crackle (as wood in the fire)(Malt.o) [sk]
Yuki
t.'ąt-
slap1, throw at; spank [y84]
Additional material by
Fred Hámori in red.
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The content of this list remains the property of the respective sources in [] brackets. The author can only lay claim to the time and effort that has been invested in its compilation.
Last updated 25 June 2008