Magyar
Word List
Animals
List is approximately in English alphabetical order not Hungarian.
állat animal /Hungarian
Uralic
Expert source says Hungarian állat is derived from áll "be", "exist", "subsist" [Chong]
eläin animal /Finnish
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Black (1974) , #293.02a> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
aa'la animal /Afar
ala goats /Saho
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 389 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hal- she-camel /Proto East Cushitic
k'alo'o goat /Burji; ala goats /Saho; k'olta sheep & goats /Gidole
Birds
bagoly owl [provincial: bagu, buhu, uhu] /Hungarian
Uralic
The origin of Hungarian bagoly is unknown. [Chong]
Altaic
*pa:jku owl /Altaic [ss]
*bA:jk- owl /Turkic [ss]
bajqus^; bajqara 'hawk' /Turkish [ss]
ba:jGus^ /Turkmen [ss]
*beg- barred owl /Mongol [ss]
beg- /Written Mongolian [ss]
beg-bata:r, beg-ba:tar /Khalkha [ss]
*pige ( ~ *piage) kite /Tungus [ss]
xig|e:-ĉe:n /Negidal; pi:ĉue~ /Nanai; piĉu(n) /Ulcha; pe:^ĉandi /Orok; huhen, ho"sen /Even; hig|en /Evenki [ss]
*pu/h@\n| owl; kite /Korean [ss]
pu/h@\n|, pu/hu@\n|, pu/hu@\n|'i /Middle Korean; bu@n|i /Modern Korean [ss]
*pu\ku\- owl /Japanese [ss]
fu\ku\ro\fu\, fu\ku\ro/ku\ (RJ) /Old Japanese; fukuro: /Tokyo [ss]
*ugi owl /Altaic [ss]
*u"gi owl /Turkic [ss]
u"gi /Old Turkic [ss]
o"ju" //Turkish [ss]
hu"vi Turkmen [ss]
u"G@ /Chuvash [ss]
*ug|uli owl /Mongolian [ss]
uwli /Written Mongolian [ss]
u:l/ /Khalkha [ss]
u:l/@ /Kalmuck [ss]
n|guluG (SM) /Monguor [ss]
*oksari owl /Tungus [ss]
oksag|i., oksaji. /Negidal [ss]
oqsara~ /Nanai [ss]
u.qsara(n) /Ulcha [ss]
u.qsara /Orok [ss]
*u(n)kupi-su nightingale /Japanese [ss]
ugupjisu /Old Japanese [ss]
uguisu /Tokyo [ss]
[The word is onomatopoetic, which does not exclude its Proto-Altaic antiquity [ss]]
Caucasian
*bu>hu owl /North Caucasian [ss]
*buho owl /Nakh [ss]
buha /Chechen; bow /Ingush; bujh /Batsbi [ss]
*buhu owl /Andian [ss]
buhu Andi; bu-s:e Akhvakh; buh Chamalal; buhu Tindi; buhu Karata; buhw| Bagvalal; buhu Godoberi [ss]
*buhu (~ -o-) owl /Tsezian [ss]
buhu /Tsezi; buhu /Ginukh; buhu /Khvarshi; buhu /Inkhokvari [ss]
*p:uhu-j (~ -o-) owl /Lezghian [ss]
buhuj /Agul [ss]
The root is onomatopoeic (like most birdnames), but the correspondences are regular and the reconstruction seems to be quite secure. [ss]
Indo-European
Slavic
buhal eagle-owl /Bulgar
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
bahusvana `"much-sounding "' , making many sounds ; an owl /Sanskrit
ghu_ka owl /Sanskrit [sk]
csirke chicken [not hen or rooster or turkey] (-ke diminutive) /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian csirke is believed to be a loanword from the Slavic [but very unlikely]
Sino-Tibetan
chiro chicken /Chinese
Altaic/Tungus
coko rooster; hen; quail; chicken /Manchu [as]
Caucasian
*ĉ.a">ku> / *ĉa">k.u> young (of animals), boy /North Caucasian [ss]
*ĉ.ik.a chicken /Dargwa [ss]
Indo-European
Reconstruction
*kerk- chicken /Proto Indo-European [cg2]
Slavic
ćurak turkey (-cock); ćurka turkey-hen /Serbo-Croatian
kura, kurča chicken /Slovak (yes this is like I.E. not Hungarian)
Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Avestan
tshérga hen; tsherg rooster /Pashto [tr]
fecske swallow (bird) /Hungarian
Uralic
Estonian pääsuke swallow; Finnish pääskynen
Karjala piäškyni; Vepsä päskhaine
Hungarian fecske is officially of FU origin. [Chong]
gödény pelican /Hungarian
hattyú swan /Hungarian
kacsa duck /Hungarian
Uralic [from Chong]
Hungarian gödény is thought to be possibly of Turkic origin.
{Hungarian digraph /ny/ similar to Spanish /ñ/ - palatised /n/}
One expert source sees Hungarian hattyú to be of FU and ultimately of Turkic origin.
*kott3ng (Proto Ugric) [Chong]
ho_t@ng (Konda Khanty); hoˆd@ng (Obdorsk Khanty); koˆ_t@ng (KnVah, Vasjugan Khanty); xotang (Sosva Man's'i); k‹ø_tà.ng (Tavda Man's'i) [Chong]
{Hungarian digraph /ty/ like a palatised /t'/}
Another expert thinks Hungarian hattyú is possibly a Turkic loan into the Ugric languages.
Hungarian kacsa is seen as a loan from Slavic.
(1) Altaic [from Chong]
*qotang (Proto Altaic)
Turkic
qotan (Chagatai); kök kïtan gray heron (Kyrgyz); kütän (Sakha); kutan ku$u (Turkish); qodan waterfowl (Modern Uigur)
Mongol
qutan pelican (Classical Mongol)
Tungus
kuten pelican (Ewenk); qôtan pelican (Manchu)
(2) Altaic
Turkic
? qu$ bird (Azeri); akas swan (Chuvash); koš bird (Tatar); ka$ goose (Turkish); kùši bird (Uighur) quš bird (Uzbek) [Chong]
(3) Altaic
*ku/ja a k. of aquatic bird /Proto Altaic [ss: 906]
*kajil- 1 sea gull 2 lark /Proto Mongolian [ss: 933]
Written Mongolian: qajilg|ana 1; Middle Mongolian: qajiruqana (SH) 'Weissfedervogel (e. Drosselart)'.; Khalkha: xajlgana 1; Buriat: xajlgana 1, xajrgana 1,2
*kuju- 1 goose 2 young of birds 3 duck /Proto Tungus [ss: 1820]
Evenki: kujuki: 1; Even: kujuken 2; Negidal: kujuxe:n 3; Solon: xuju:xe:~ 2; Manzhu: x|ojx|o 2; Zhurzhen: xojxolo 'горлица'; Orok: kujumu 'турпан'; Oroch: kuja 'баклан'
*k@\ju/, k@\iju/ domestic goose /Proto Korean [ss: 889]
Modern Korean: k@wi; Middle Korean: k@\ju/, k@\iju/
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*hi~su goose /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]
*hitu " goose /Chukchee-Koryak [ss]
?itu " /Chukchee; hitu " /Koryak; hitu " /Palan; hitu- /Alutor [ss]
*qs-as goose /Proto Itelmen [ss]
qsas, Poss. qs'in /Sedank dialect; ksi'as, Pl, ksin /West Itelmen; ksuda /SIT [ss]
Dravidian
ka_d.iga, karkara a duck (Kannad.a); ged.e-vakki, ged.e-hakki the ruddy goose; cakrava_ka (Ka.lex.) [ss: 1634]
Indo-European
Slavic
гусь (gus') goose /Russian
guska goose /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
kaudara a water-fowl; a cormorant; a sort of duck /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
ka_damba a duck (Sanskrit)(Ka.lex.) [ss: 1634]
Mayan
Chorti [cw]
kuhtz 'duck (not certain)'
héja hawk, kite /Hungarian
Uralic
{Hungarian /j/ sounds like English /y/}
Altaic/Tungus
giyahûn hawk /Manchu [as]
Dravidian
ke_ya shrike bird (Kuwi); snipe or similar bird (Parji); ke_ga magpie (Kui)(DEDR 1994)[sk]
vij kite (Kota); bijju a voracious bird, paradoxurus pallassii (Kannad.a)(DEDR 5389).[sk]
holló raven /Hungarian
Uralic
holló raven /Hungarian
According to [bl] Hungarian holló is of Uralic origin?
korppi raven /Finnish ?
But apparently the real Huns (500-700 AD) also named a 'raven' as khulla [bl]
Caucasian
*GHwV:l/V a k. of bird (jackdaw, crow) /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|w|ilV 1 jackdaw 2 partridge /Andian [ss]
G|a/lo 1 /Avar; G|ola 2 (Gig.) /Chamalal [ss]
*q:ulq:a crow /Dargwa [ss]
q:ulq:a /Chiragh [ss]
*q:Iw|al/a ( ~ -L/-) 1 crow 2 wild birds (generic) 3 jackdaw /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
q:w|aLa-z/ 1 /Adyghe; q:w|aLa-bzuw 2 /Circassian; qIaLa 3 /Ubykh [ss]
szarka magpie /Hungarian
Uralic
Finnish harakka magpie; Estonian harakas
Compare Turkish karga "crow"
Although, Hungarian szarka is possibly a loan from Slavic, there are several external parallels which are so often ignored. Perhaps in Hungarian the bird got its name from Hungarian tarka meaning "mottled, multi-coloured" with /t/ > /sz/ ? Perhaps not.
Altaic (?)
*sa\ru ( ~ -e-) a bird of prey /Proto Altaic [ss: 1891]
*sar(y) 1 bird of prey, kite 2 a k. of falcon 3 starling 4 siskin /Proto Turkic [ss: 282]
Azeri: sar 2; Turkmen: sar 3; Sary-Yughur: sar 1; Tatar: saryĉ 2; Kirghiz: sary 1; Uzbek: so|r 2; Uighur: sa(r) 1; Bashkir: har 2; Tuva-Tofalar: sary 2
*sar 1 bird of prey 2 snipe /Proto Mongolian [ss: 245]
Written Mongolian: sar; Middle Mongolian: sar 'duck-hawk, harrier'; Khalkha: sar 1, sara:lz^|in 2; Buriat: hara:lz^a(n) 2; Kalmuck: sar; Monguor: sa:r
*su/ri/ eagle, hawk /Proto Korean [ss: 1080]
Modern Korean: suri; Middle Korean: su/ri/
*t`o>/ro(-k`V) a k. of bird /Proto Altaic [ss: 2437]
*torgaj small bird 1: lark /Proto Turkic [ss: 199]
Old Turkic: toryg|a; Karakhanid: turumtaj 'a predatory bird used for hawking'; Turkish: turgaj 1; Turkmen: torGaj 1; Tatar: turg|aj 1; Kirghiz: torg|oj 1; Khakassian: pos-targ|aj 1; Chuvash: túw|ri 1; Yakut: tuja:r
*turag|u raven, crow /Proto Mongolian [ss: 95]
Written Mongolian: turag|u, turulg|a, turalag| (L 843: turlag| 'rook'); Middle Mongolian: tuRa'un; Khalkha: xar toru:; turliax 'галка'; Buriat: turla:g; Kalmuck: tor@g, torl@g; Ordos: xara turu:, alaG turu:
*tura:ki: crow, rook /Proto Tungus [ss: 49]
Evenki: tura:ki:; Even: tu.rú.qi.; Negidal: tora:xi:.; Solon: tura:ki; Nanai: tora:ki.; Oroch: tuaxi, tuwaki; Udighe: tua`i
*ta>\rk fowl /Proto Korean [ss: 71]
Modern Korean: tak [talk]; Middle Korean: ta>\rk
*t@/ri/ bird /Proto Japanese [ss: 6]
Old Japanese: to/ri/; Tokyo: to\ri; Kyoto: to/ri/; Kagoshima: to/i
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
Iranian (?)
shiqraq, shiqarraq a green magpie /Persian [fjs]
From Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
saricha a wagtail /Persian [fjs]
sarikha a pelican /Persian [fjs]
sarkas 'name of a melodious bird' /Persian [fjs]
surkh (Z. sukhra), red; a red tincture or red ink; (In India) a red bird spotted white and black /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan (?)
sArika m., {A} f. a kind of crow /Sanskrit [iits2]
zAri m. {zAra3} m.; f. a kind of crow /Sanskrit [iits2]
Slavic [rd: 1366]
*svo\rka; *so\rka /Proto Slavic
Church Slavic: svraka `magpie'; Russian: soro/ka `magpie'; Czech: straka `magpie'; Slovak: straka `magpie'; Polish: sroka `magpie'; Slovincian: sa`~rka `magpie'; Bulgarian: svra/ka `magpie'; Serbo-Croatian: svra\ \ka `magpie'; Slovene: sra/ka `magpie'
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: *s/o/r?ka?
Lithuanian: s^a/rka `magpie'; Old Prussian: sarke `magpie'
Indo-European reconstruction: *k/orH-k-eh2??
Other cognates: Sanskrit. s/a:/ri- (YV+) `a kind of bird'
tojó hen, layer; toj to lay (eggs); tojás egg /Hungarian {Hungarian /j/ = /y/}
Uralic
Hungarian toj- is supposedly of FU origin.
toj- push, shove, thrust (Komi); tuj- push in, put in, shove in, thrust in (Udmurt) [Chong]
Sino-Tibetan
*t[u]j egg /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
di2 egg, testicle. /Kachin [ss]
tui egg, KC *Dui. /Lushei [ss]
ti/, a-ti/ an egg /Lepcha [ss]
*?ti\ (1), *?ti\-s (-n) (2) egg(1), lay eggs (2) /Kiranti [ss]
d.i egg, d.is- lay eggs /Thulung; ti egg, tina" (ti) lay eggs /Kaling [ss]
Altaic
toya coop; hen-coop, hen-house; a roost /Japanese
*t`ul/i ( ~ -e) seed, eggs /Altaic [ss]
*Tu"l/ # fruit, seed /Turkic
tu"ŝ (OUigh.) Old Turkic; to"ŝ Tatar; t@w|z^@w| Chuvash [ss]
*tola frog eggs /Tungus [ss]
tolo /Negidal; tolo /Oroch; toli /Udighe [ss]
Dravidian
t.o_la lump, excrescence, egg (Kui); to_la egg (Kuwi) [sk]
*to:l- egg /Dravidian [ss]
*to:l- egg /Gondwan [ss]
*to:l-a egg/Kui-Kuwi [ss]
t.o:la "lump, excrescence, egg" /Kui [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Parja Kondhs) [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Tekriya Kondhs) [ss]
to:la /Kuwi (Dongriya dialect) [ss]
-to:l "in: zarto:l tortoise egg" /Brahui [ss]
tyúk hen /Hungarian {/ty/ vaguely similar to English /ch/}
Uralic
tik hen /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
Altaic
*t`i_ak`e (~-a) hen /Altaic [ss]
*tiakygu hen, fowl /Turkic [ss]
taqyg|u /Old Turkic; taquq /Turkmen; c^úxú /Chuvash [ss]
*takija hen /Mongolian [ss]
takija /Written Mongolian; takija (SH) /Middle Mongolian; tax/a /Khalkha; taka:(n) /Kalmuck; taGau /Monguor [ss]
*tiako 1 hen 2 quail /Tungus [ss]
c^oqo /Manzhu; c^i.qo /Nanai; ti-ho /Zhurzhen; ta":qc^aqa 2 Even [ss]
Caucasian
*ĉ.a">ku> / *ĉa">k.u> young (of animals), boy /North Caucasian [ss]
*ĉ.ik.a chicken /Dargwa [ss]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
dik a cock; a hen; -- diki hindi, a turkey /Persian [fjs]
The Persian is a loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
varjú crow, rook /Hungarian
Uralic
*vara crow /Uralic [ryan]
varaka crow /Erzya; varõz crow /Vaddja [fv]
warngei crow /Forest-Nenets [fv]
vare crow /Estonian
varis /Finnish
Sumerian
buru 4,5mušen raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers, bir for destructive wreckers, and bur12, bu(3,6) + nominative for anything that harvests or destroys plants) [jh]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*worn- a raven /PIE [cb2]
Celtic
brana a raven /Irish Ogham [cb2]
Tocharian
wraun'a a crow [cb2]
Slavic
*vorna a crow /Proto Slavic [cb2]
vrana crow; vran (adj.) black, raven /Serbo-Croatian
vrana crow /Slovak
Balto-Slavic
varna /Lithuanian [cb2]
(2) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
bala a crow /Sanskrit [iits2]
veréb sparrow /Hungarian
Uralic
Finnish varpunen; Estonian varblane
Sumerian
buru 4,5mušen raven ?, crow ?; sparrow ?; locust, grasshopper (cf., bìr for animals in plural numbers, bir for destructive wreckers, and bur12, bu(3,6) + nominative for anything that harvests or destroys plants) [jh]
Altaic/Turkic (????)
balaban falcon /Cuman [pbg]
balaban bittern (Botaurus stellaris) /Turkish
Indo-European
Albanian
harabel sparrow
Slavic
Cheh vrabec; Slovak vrabec; Serbo-Croatian vrabac; Bulgar врабче (vrabche); Russian воробей
Polish wrobel; Latvian zvirbulis
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
balwarta a sparrow; a swallow; a butterfly; a bat. /Persian [fjs]
furfur name of a bird; a sparrow /Persian [fjs]
This one is a loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
Insects
bolha flea; poloska (bed) bug /Hungarian
pillangó butterfly; pille moth, butterfly /Hungarian
Uralic
pillancs moth; butterfly /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
also see Hungarian lepke "butterfly"
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 45 #4> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
fale (pl. fi'lat) flea /Kemant; filuta (pl. filut) flea /Bilin; felta (pl. filit) flea /Xamir; peliya flea /Qwara
Semitic
p, barg?'uut_ flea /Proto Semitic
Egyptian
py flea /Old Egyptian
Omotic, North
pilloo (p'illo) flea /Kafa
Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 66 #> [oi4]
Cushitic, Agaw
c#'@mb@r?`a butterfly /Bilin
Cushitic, East
billa?`-t- butterfly /Proto East Cushitic
billatte?'e butterfly /Burji; billaac#a /Oromo; pilla?`c#e -te /Dullay; baalac#i /Boni; s'imbilaalii?` /Saho
Altaic
*biure flea /Altaic [ss]
*bürče / *bürge flea /Turkic [ss]
*bürge 1 flea 2 louse /Mongol [ss]
*pjorok flea /Korean [ss]
*p`e:/ra bee /Altaic [ss]
*a:ry wasp, bee /Turkic [ss]
*herbekei butterfly /Mongol [ss]
*pere:- bumble-bee /Tungus [ss]
*p@:r- bee /Korean [ss]
*pa/ti/ bee /Japanese [ss]
Austric
kutu-porenga flea /Moriori [mor]
keha, kutu, mororohu, puruhi flea /Mäori [ng]
kutukutu, puruhi flea /Mäori [ua]
purehurehu butterfly /Moriori [mor]
pürerehua butterfly /Mäori [ua]
purehe spider /Moriori [mor]
Caucasian
*po>rV ( ~-l-) bee; butterfly /North Caucasian [ss]
*par-lu (~-o:-,-a:-) butterfly /Nakh [ss]
polla /Chechen [ss]
*pira bee /Andian [ss]
pera /Andi; hera /Akhvakh; pija~ /Chamalal; pera /Tindi; pera /Karata; pera /Botlikh; pera /Bagvalal; pera /Godoberi [ss]
*per B (~-y-,-@-) bee /Tsezian [ss]
par /Khvarshi; por /Inkhokvari [ss]
*pa>rVpa>l/V butterfly, moth /North Caucasian [ss]
*pVrVpV / *pVlVpV butterfly /Avaroandian [ss]
lapla/p /Avar; pirinpa /Andi [ss]
*papa-t.u butterfly /Tsezian [ss]
papat.u /Ginukh; papat.o /Bezhita; papat.u /Gunzib [ss]
*pa(r)pal- butterfly /Lezghian [ss]
pa"pa"la"k: /Udi [ss]
*par@pal@- moth /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-parpal@/k./ /Abkhaz [ss]
Dravidian
*pilpul- butterfly [ss]
pipili moth (Kui); pubuli, pu_bu_li butterfly (Kuwi); pa.pili id., moth (Kod.agu) [sk]
pa_r-r-a moth (Malayalam); puri worm, mite, moth (Tulu) [sk]
pur..u worm, maggot (Tamil); worm, maggot, moth, mite (Malayalam); pu. worm, maggot (Kota); puf worm, intestinal worm (Toda); pur..u, pur..a worm (Kannad.a); pul.u worm (Kod.agu); puri worm, mite, moth (Tulu); pur(u)gu, pur(u)vu, pruvvu worm (Telugu); purre worm (kol.Naikr.i); pur.ut worm (Parji); pud.ut insect (Gadba); pur.i_ (pl. pur.k) worm (Gondi); pliguli insect; pr.iyuli worm (Kuwi); pocgo_ worm, fleshy larva esp. of beetle (Kur.ux); pocru worm (Malt.o); pu_ worm, maggot, caterpillar (Bra_hui_); pul-mak(k)i tapeworm (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 4312) [sk]
pulu worm, insect in general /Kannad.a; pulu mite /Malayalam [bur]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstructed
*plou flea /PIE [js]
*plou-s(i)- flea /PIE [bd]
*bhlus-eh2 flea /PIE [rd]
Greek
phúlla flea [rd]
Italic
pulex flea /Latin
pulga flea /Spanish
Germanic
flo:h `flea' /Old High German [rd]
Armenian
low `flea' [bd,rd]
Slavic
Church Slavic: blúxa (RuCS) `flea'; Russian: bloxa/ `flea' [f a:], bloxu/ [Accs]; Ukrainian: bloxa/ `flea'; Czech: blecha `flea'; Slovak: blcha `flea'; Polish: pchl/a `flea'; Slovincian: px|la`~ `flea'; Upper Sorbian: bka `flea'; pcha `flea'; tk(h)a `flea'; Lower Sorbian: pcha `flea'; bcha (dial.) `flea'; Polabian: bla%xa> `flea'; Bulgarian: blúxa/ `flea', búlxa/ `flea'; Serbo-Croatian: bu\ha `flea'; Slovene: bo/lha `flea' [rd]
Baltic
Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: blu/s.-aH [rd]
blusa\ `flea' /Lithuanian
blusa `flea' /Latvian [rd]
Indo-Iranian
plu/s.i- `flea' /Sanskrit [bd,rd]
pulus.u flea /Khowar [sk]
(2) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
balush an idol; a louse; impure, nasty; adulterated camphor /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
(3) Indo-European
Indo-Iranian
pipIla ant /Sanskrit [iits1, iits2]
Altaic
*p`i:le ( ~ -i) to fly, soar, flap /Altaic [ss]
*hele- to soar /Mongolian [ss]
ele- /Written Mongolian; hilka":n 'smth. drooping' (IM) /Middle Mongolian; ele- /Khalkha; el- /Kalmuck [ss]
*pi:lu- to soar; to drop (of leaves) /Tungus [ss]
f/ele- /Manzhu; pi:luen- /Nanai [ss]
*pi\ru\(n)kap- to flap /Japanese [ss]
pi\ru\gapier- /Old Japanese [ss]
hirugaeru /Tokyo [ss]
hangya ant /Hungarian {/gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}
Uralic
*kun'c'e (Proto FU) [Chong]
kusilane (Estonian); kusiainen (Finnish) [Chong]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 27 #8> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
hinc#'ir-et ant (type of small red) /Gidole
hinjirr-eta anything red /Konso
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 197a #3> [oi4]
Cushitic, East
goonda ant /Oromo
gonda ant /Kambata
gonda ant (Tambaro = Qabena)
Semitic
gundan ant, spider? /Geez
Caucasian
*qa:mVc.V / *Ga:mVc.V ant; grasshopper /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|amc.a 1 grasshopper, locust 2 dragonfly /Andian [ss]
G|ac.a 1 /Andi; G|aĉ.a 1 /Akhvakh; G|anc.a 1 /Chamalal; G|arc.a 1 /Tindi; G|ac.a 1 /Karata; G|ac.a 2 /Godoberi [ss]
*x|:o|~c.@ A grasshopper /Tsezian [ss]
x|oc.i /Tsezi; x|oc.e /Ginukh; x|ac.o /Bezhita; x|o|~c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
qac. locust /Lak [ss]
*qamc.(a) / *q.amc.(a) 1 grasshopper 2 gadfly /Lezghian [ss]
uk.an q.Ianc: 1 /Tabasaran; q.ac.rak 2 (Bursh.) /Agul; apal-x|ac.i 1 /Archi [ss]
*q:am@z|a- 1 ant 2 ant-hill /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
q:a:mzagw| 1 /Adyghe; q:a:nz|agw| 2 /Circassian [ss]
Dravidian
kond.ke large black ant (Gadba); kand.a a big ant (Kolami); go_d.e, go_d.o id. (Gondi); godda a kind of black ant, the bite of which is painful; kor-ale a kind of ant (Kannad.a); gorre-cedalu, gor-r-e-cedalu soldier ants (Telugu) (DEDR 2096) [sk: 3376]
pijinu ant (Tulu); hijini id. (Belari) (DEDR 4137) [sk: 7816]
Sino-Tibetan
*kin (~-e-, -r, -l/) ant /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
kjan/. big ants. /Burmese [ss]
k@gjin1 ants, (H) ukjin, k@kjin. /Kachin [ss]
Quechua
añancu ant /Quechua [q1]
hernyó worm [that which chews grooves] /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, thought possibly to be related to hornyol- "groove", "notch". [Chong]
See Basque haran "valley" or Hungarian garan "valley", horony "groove" etc.
Altaic
*o:\re worm, snake /Altaic [ss]
*o"ren snake /Turkic [ss]
vereni (Bulg.) /Old Turkic; v@w|re(n) /Chuvash [ss]
*u:re 1 worm 2 snake /Tungus [ss]
uje 1 /Negidal; weren 2 /Ulcha; u:re 1 /Evenki [ss]
*b@\r@\ti\ big snake /Japanese [ss]
wo\ro\ti\, wo\ro\di\ /Old Japanese; o/rochi /Tokyo [ss]
Turkic
gurçuk worm /Turkmen [glnp]
Austric
iro maggot /Moriori [mor]
iro maggot; noke, toke worm /Mäori [ng]
Basque
har worm
Dravidian
*er- worm /Dravidian [ss]
*Ir-ai worm /South Dravidian [ss]
irai intestinal worm /Tamil; ira bait, worms /Malayalam; ere a worm that lives in orts, a worm in general, bait /Kannada; ere, ere pul.u worm (earthworm, tapeworm) /Kodagu; eru moth, worm /Tulu [ss]
*er- earthworm /Telugu [ss]
Basic form: era; Dialect forms (1): erra [ss]
*er- (*-r-) earthworm /Gondwan [ss]
*er.-/*er- earthworm /Gondi [ss]
er.e pur.uk "earthworms" /Koya; erad /Maria [ss]
(1) Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
eulê, hê, worm, maggot, the larva of the fly; of common worms
(2) Indo-European
Greek
helmins -minthos (which is cognate with helix ?)
Germanic
helminth a worm esp. a parasitic intestinal worm /English
Indo-Iranian
kŗ'mi worm /Sanskrit
Muskogean/Eastern (????)
oya maggot, screw worm, larva (Cochliomyia hominivorax) /Alabama [tm]
kukac worm, grub, maggot /Hungarian
Indo-European/Slavic
kukac insect, beetle, chafer, (malen) bug /Serbo-Croatian
Quechua
cuica worm [q1]
lep-ke butterfly /Hungarian << to flutter, fly
Uralic
One official source thinks Hungarian lepke is derived from a F-U root
lible, liblikas, librik (Estonian); liippo, liipukka (Finnish - -o, -ukka are suffixes); l¿wan't'i‹ (KnVah - -n't'i‹ is a suffix); libelyk: pej`vviè-libelyk (Lappish - pej`vviè "day"); l&pä`.x (Tavda Man's'i - -x is a suffix); l@.p@ (Kosmodemjansk Mari) [Chong]
Another source says Hungarian lepke is of debated origin and it is also possible lepke is related to lebeg-.[Chong]
also see Hungarian pillangó, pille "moth, butterfly"
Sino-Tibetan
*le:p butterfly /Sino-Tibetan [ss]
Chinese "butterfly"
die 2 Modern (Beijing) < diep Middle Chinese < l(h)e:p Old Chinese [ss]
phje-ma-lep butterfly. /Tibetan
lip-pra butterfly. /Burmese
p@lam4-la?3 a butterfly. /Kachin
phi:n|-phi-hlip a winged white-ant. /Lushei[ss]
Indo-European/Slavic
lepir, leptir butterfly /Serbo-Croatian
méh bee; méh-es, méh-kas apiary, beehive /Hungarian
méz honey; mézbór "mead" = méz "honey" + bór "wine" /Hungarian
Uralic
*mete honey /Proto FU [mw2]
mesi (Finnish); ma (Komi); med' (Mordvin); mu (Udmurt) [Chong]
[mw2] suggests that the PFU might be a loan from PIE *medhu-
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 377a #1> [oi4]
Cushitic
Agaw
miz mead /Lemant; maz mead /Bilin
Cushitic, East
mees mead /Afar; meez mead /Saho
Semitic
mes mead /Geez
Cognate Set <Bender (1988), #212> [oi4]
Omotic
Proto North Omotic b/ati, mets' bee
metsa mats'a bee /Chara; mets') /Gimira; boto /Janjero; mac#'- mats'- /Kafa; bati mati /Mao [oi4]
Proto North Ometo mats bee
Altaic
missō a honey-receptacle; a nectary; mitsu honey; nectar /Japanese
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding) mitsu (‚Ý‚Â,–¨). is a Chinese loan. [jl]
Caucasian
*mi>z|V sweet /North Caucasian [ss]
*mac.-ri-n sweet /Nakh [ss]
merza /Chechen; merza /Ingush; mac.ri /Batsbi [ss]
*mic.:a- sweet /Andian [ss]
mic.:a /Andi; mic.:a-da /Akhvakh; mis.a-b /Chamalal; mic:a-b /Tindi; mic.:a-b /Karata; mic.:a /Botlikh; mic.:a-b /Bagvalal; mic:a /Godoberi [ss]
*nucV A honey /Tsezian [ss]
nuci /Tsezi; nuce /Ginukh; nuca /Khvarshi; nucu /Inkhokvari; nuco /Bezhita; nucu /Gunzib [ss]
nac.u-s:a sweet /Lak [ss]
*muzi- sweet /Dargwa [ss]
muri-si /Akusha; mizi-ze /Chiragh [ss]
*?ic.:y- (/*mic.:y-) sweet /Lezghian [ss]
werc.i /Lezghi; ic:i /Tabasaran; it:e-f /Agul; id-dy /Rutul; ut:u-n /Tsakhur; ic. /Archi; muĉ:Ia /Udi [ss]
c.in sweet /Khinalug [ss]
Dravidian
mas phuki_ the smallest kind of bee; mas, mesi a kind of small bee; mes beehive; mes nayi honey /Gondi; miceri, miciri a species of bee /Kannad.a [sk]
Etruscan
math honey [lb]
(1) Indo-European
Reconstruction
*medhu- honey /PIE [cb, mw2]
Slavic
med honey; meden made with honey; sweet as honey /Serbo-Croatian
Tocharian
mit honey
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
macchia_ (Prakrit); me_cek bee (Pas'ai); machi fly, bee, dark spot (Ka_s'mi_ri_); makha, makhi fly, bee, swarm of bees (Sindhi_); ma_ks.ika pertaining to a bee (Ma_rkP.); honey (Sus'r.) [sk]
ma_chi_ bee; ma_khi_, makkhia, macchia honey (West Paha_r.i_); maci, macik sweet, good; maciana honey (Ashkun); maci, mac honey (Waigali_); maci_ (Kati); mat.ek (Pr.); machi_ (Shum.); ma_chi_ (Gawar-Bati); machi (Khowa_r); me~_ch (Bashkari_k); me_chi_ (Phalu_r.a); machi_ (Shina); ma_khi_ (S.L.); ma_chi_ (Hindi_); ma~_ch, dat. ma~_chas honey (Ka_s'mi_ri_); ma_ch (West Paha_r.i_); ma_s', mo_s. honey (Pas'ai) [sk]
(2) Indo-European
Germanic
mead wine flavoured with honey /English
Slavic
bermet wine flavoured with sugar, wormwood and spices /Serbo-Croatian
c.f. Hungarian mézbór "mead" = méz "honey" + bór "wine"
Quechua
mishqui sweet, tasty; mishquichuspi bee {"sweet" + " fly"} [q1]
Yuki
musen, músan, mú-šin anise, sweet [y84]
Reptiles; amphibians; fish
béka frog; ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian
Uralic
ebi-hal tadpole /Hungarian
The second part -hal means "fish", what is the first part ebi- ?
Hungarian béka is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
also see Hungarian teknõsbéka "tortoise"
Sumerian
ubi ku6 a marine and fluvial fish [jh]
ha; ku6, kua fish [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #3.4c05> [oi4]
Cushitic, South
tlembe?`u frog /Alagwa
tlambe?`u frog /Burunge
Altaic
*bek`u a kind of fish /Altaic [ss]
*bEkre /Turc
*bekir /Mongol
*beke /Tungus
*pok /Korean
*pu(n)ku /Japanese [ss]
*miák`o frog /Altaic [ss]
*b(i)aka /Turc
*mekelei, *melekei /Mongol
moko(lV)- /Tungus
*mòkùrí /Korean [ss]
Basque
apo toad; hoof
sapa (B,G) small black inedible saltwater fish
sapo (B,G) toad
zapo toad; (fig.) traitor; angler see itsasapo
sapo "toad" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]
Dravidian
pe_kam < bhe_ka frog; pe_kan- male of the frog; pe_ki female frog /Tamil(Tamil lex.) [sk]
kappa frog (Telugu, Kuwi); kappe id. (Kannad.a,Kod.agu,Tulu,Gondi); kepak frog, toad (Kota); kopin frog (Toda); kappe, keppe id. (Kannad.a); kappe toad (Kod.agu) [sk]
(1) Indo-European
Germanic
see Pugge, Pogge frog, toad [< ?Vasconic; see Basque puga toad] {from dictionary of postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages} [from mc1]
Note :- Gorka Aulestia's Basque-English dictionary does not list Basque puga toad, but has Basque apo, sapo, zapo "toad" ??
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
bak, Wild cucumber; a retreat, an asylum; (S. bheka) a frog; a forest; a wild uncultivated country; name of a city in Transoxania /Persian [fjs]
bakha a tortoise; -- bakha'i darya'i, A sea-tortoise or turtle; -- bakha'i barri, A land-tortoise. /Persian [fjs]
Indo-Aryan
bhe_ka frog /Sanskrit
kacchapa frog (Sanskrit lex.) [sk]
(2) Indo-European
Romance
sapo /Spanish
Slavic
žaba frog; toad; tree-frog; green-frog /Serbo-Croatian
žaba frog /Slovak (not likely the source !)
gyík lizard /Hungarian {/gy/ = palatised /d/}
Dravidian
*d.ok- lizard /Dravidian [ss]
*d.ok- lizard /Kolami-Gadba [ss]
d.okke /Kinwat Kolami; d.okka /Parji; d.okod.e "a kind of lizard" /Salur; d.okod.e "a kind of lizard" /Kondekor Gadba [ss]
*d.ok- lizard Gondwan [ss]
*d.ok-e lizard/Gondi [ss]
dokke: "a small lizard" /Betul-1; d.okke "sp. lizard" /Mandla; d.okke "sp. lizard" /Betul-2; d.okke "garden lizard" /Muria; d.okke "garden lizard" /Maria; d.oke /Maria; d.okke "sp. lizard" /Adilabad [ss]
Also Gondi_Tr pidri:-d.okke: the house-lizard; d.ogga:l chameleon [ss]
d.o:ki lizard /Konda [ss]
*d.ogd.-i chameleon, lizard /Kui-Kuwi [ss]
It seems that *d.og- meant 'lizard', while its derivative *d.og-d.- meant 'chameleon'; the latter is seen in Gondi_Tr d.oggal and PK [ss]
Indo-European/Classical Greek [lsj1] (?)
zignis, idos, hê, a kind of lizard
hal fish /Hungarian
Uralic
*kala (Proto FU, Proto Uralic) [Chong]
kala (Finnish); kul (Khanty, Man's'i); guolle (Lappish); kol (Mari); kal (Mordvin) [Chong]
kala n fish /Vaddja [fv]
Sumerian
ha; ku6, kua fish [jh]
Afro-Asiatic
kel fish /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Austric
ika fish; hi to fish /Moriori [mor]
Quechua
challhua fish [q1]
kigyó snake, serpent, viper /Hungarian {/gy/ palatised /d'/}
Uralic
*kije (PF-U) [Chong]
kyy adder (Finnish); k@šk@, kišk@ (Mar i- derivative); kuj, kijov (Mordvin); kyj (Udmurt) [Chong]
gaada snake /Vaddja; kijov snake /Erzya [fv]
Altaic
uji a worm, grub, maggot, larva /Japanese
Iberian
gaso "worm" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]
Indo-European
Slavic
guja venemous serpent, viper, adder, snake /Serbo-Croatian
gujavica earthworm [glista] /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian
ki_d., kid.a_ worm, maggot, insect; kid.e~ any small creature of the serpent kind (Mara_t.hi_) [sk]
kīţa worm; caterpillar /Sanskrit
sikló grass-snake; síkl- slither /Hungarian
Basque
sugo snake
teknős-béka tortoise /Hungarian
teknő a trough (something which the tortoise carries/props up!?) /Hungarian
Uralic
tekenyő trough /Székely Hungarian (Transylvania)
This form can be observed in Hungary proper also.
teknõ a trough /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian teknő is thought to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
also see Hungarian béka "frog"
Austro-Asiatic
tagar. a trough (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
tekne trough; hull /Turkish
py∫baga turtle /Turkmen [glnp]
Dravidian
d.e_ka to carry on the shoulder /Kui; d.ehka act of carrying /Kui; et.ukkal lifting /Tamil; d.e_k to carry on the shoulder /Mand.a; d.e_ to carry /Kuwi; dekali, de_ki'nai id. /Kuwi [sk]
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
digana a tortoise; a hedgehog /Persian [fjs]
Mammals
bárány lamb /Hungarian
Uralic
bárány lamb /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian bárány is supposed to be of Slavic origin [Chong]
Allegedly from Slovak, but it is not found in Southern Slavic.
barom ass, beast, brute, idiot; cattle, livestock /Hungarian
One expert sees Hungarian barom as of Turkic origin. [Chong]
barim estate, posessions, property; fortune, riches, wealth (Chagatai) / barïm estate, possessions, property; fortune, riches, wealth (Turkmen, Uighur)
Another expert thinks Hungarian barom derives from Turkic bar- "appear", "to be", "exist") [Chong]
Sumerian
barin domesticated animal [Chong]
Altaic/Turkic
beren ram /Tatar [Chong]
This is one is supposedly a Russian loanword [Chong]
(1) Indo-European
Slavic
East
баран (baran) ram /Russian
баран ram /Ukrainian
West
báránok lamb /Slovak
beranek ewe lamb /Czech
South
(Hard to find this word in Southern Slavic. Does it exist?)
Eastern
Bulgarian, Macedonian ?
Western
Romano-Serbian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian ?
Indo-Iranian
barre lamb /Persian (Farsi) [ils]
barra, bara a lamb; the sign Aries; a fawn; a pruning-hook (for vines); the exterior surface of a garment; infirm, weak /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
barrun (in Zand and Pazand), A ram leading the flock; a mountain goat. /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]
(2) Indo-European
Italic
agneau lamb /French
agnello lamb /Italian
Slavic
ягненок (jagnenok ) lamb /Russian
jagnje lamb /Serbian
jahňa lamb /Slovak
jagnje lamb /Slovene
ягня lamb /Ukrainian
агне (agne) lamb /Bulgarian
bika bull, ökör ox /Hungarian
Uralic
buka ox /Erzya [fv]
Hungarian bika is believed to be of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*p`ok`i ox, cow /Altaic [ss]
*öküŕ /Turc [ss]
*hüker /Mongol [ss]
*pukur, *pukun /Tungus [ss]
Turkic
okuz ox /Turkish
öküz bull /Turkmen [glnp]
Indo-European
Slavic
bik bull /Serbo-Croatian
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
baqar ox, bull; cow, cattle /Persian [fjs]
borjú calf, heifer /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Egyptian
pork calf /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
Semitic
puru calf /Akkad-Babilon
Altaic
*biáŕi calf /Altaic [ss]
*buŕagu /Turc [ss]
*biragu /Mongol [ss]
*biaru /Tungus [ss]
*pítú-nsí /Japanese [ss]
Dravidian
ho_ri a bull calf, an uncastrated young male of the ox kind, a young bull /Kannad.a; bo_ri /Tulu; ho_ri-gar-a a bull calf; ho_riyad.e cowdung /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.); po_ra a child; a little boy; a young and inexperienced person (Kannad.a, Telugu); ho_ri a little girl /Kannad.a(Kannad.a lex.) cf. po.ry young bullock (one or two and a half years)(Kota) cf. po_r-a_d.u child, boy, young man /Telugu [sk]
pa.l. buffalo calf between one and two years old (Kota); po.l. female buffalo calf between one and two years old (Toda); pa_rol.u a young she-buffalo (Tulu) (DEDR 4118) [sk]
borz badger /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian borz is officially thought to be of Turkic origin.
Another expert source thinks it is ultimately of Iranian origin. [Chong]
Altaic
*borso(k'V) badger /Altaic [ss]
*borsuk, *borsmuk badger /Turkic [ss]
borsmuq (MK), borsuq (MK - Ogh.) Karakhanid; porsuq (Sngl.) /Middle Turkic; porsuq /Turkish; porsuG /Azeri; porsux| /Salar; bursyq /Tatar; borso-l-doj 'young badger' /Kirghiz; borsyq /Kazakh; borsyk /Noghai; borsuq /Balkar; porsuq /Kumyk; porsyq /Karakalpak; borsiq /Uzbek; borsuq /Uighur; burhyq /Bashkir; porsyx, morsyx, (dial.) morŝyx /Khakassian; morzuk (Tuv.), borsuq (Tof.) /Tuva-Tofalar; morsyk /Altai; porsuq /Shor; porúŝ /Chuvash [ss]
*borki old badger /Mongol [ss]
borki /Written Mongolian; bor/x /Khalkha; bork@ /Kalmuck [ss]
*usirk badger /Korean [ss]
u\sy\rk /Middle Korean [ss]
*bosaki, *usaki hare /Japanese [ss]
Old Japanese: usakji (RJ u\sa/gi), OJ East. dial. Wosagji [ss]
Tokyo: u\sagi [ss]
Kyoto: u\sa\gi/ [ss]
Kagoshima: usagi/ [ss]
Caucasian
*bHa>rVnc/V badger /North Caucasian [ss]
*mamaĉ:V (~-o-) badger /Andian [ss]
parĉ:o /Avar; mamac:e /Akhvakh; mamaŝa /Chamalal; mamaĉa /Tindi [ss]
*beru~ŝ:V badger /Tsezian [ss]
biruŝo /Tsezi; biruŝo /Ginukh; beruse /Bezhita; miruŝ /Gunzib [ss]
x:u-wajs:a badger /Lak [ss]
*p:aIrĉ- (~*w-,-ŝ-) badger /Lezghian [ss]
baIrŝu /Archi [ss]
A rare trisyllabic root (expressive and with somewhat irregular reflexes), reconstructed for the PEC level [ss]
Indo-European
Celtic
broc a badger so Irish, Early Irish brocc, Welsh, Cornish, broch, Breton broc'h [mcb]
*brokko-s: *bork-ko-, "grey one"; root bherk, bhork, bright, Greek forkós, grey, Lithuanian berszti, English bright? Thurneysen cfs. the Latin broccus, having projecting teeth, whence French broche (from Latin *brocca, a spike, etc.), a spit, English broach, brooch; he thinks the badger was named broccos from his snout, and he instances the French brochet, pike, as parallet by derivation and analogy. If Greek brúkw, bite, is allied to Latin broccus, the underlying idea of broc may rather be the "biter", "gripper". Bezzenberger suggests Russ. barsúku@u, Turk. porsuk, Magyar borz; or *brokko-s, from *bhrod-ko-s, Sanskrit bradhná, dun. [from mcb]
Slavic
barsuk badger /Russian < Altaic ?
eb dog /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian eb is officially of FU origin.[see Chong]
*emp3 /Proto Ugric
Åmp (Demjanka Khanty, Obdorsk Khanty); ämp (KnVah); aamB (Sosva Man's'i); äämp (Tavda Man's'i)
Khoisan
*a/ba\ dog /Central Khoisan [ss: 4]
*a/ba\ dog /West Central Khoisan [ss: 6]
Hukwe (Kxoe) âpa (Bau.), ?a/pa` (V.); Buga ?a/pa\; |Ganda: ?a/pa\; Naro: aoo/ku\, auu/gu\ (Ba.); |Gui aba (Ta.); //Ganakwe ?a/ba\
*a/ba\ dog /East Central Khoisan [ss: 3]
|Xaise ?a/ba\; Deti ?a/ba/; Cara ?a/ba\; Tsixa ?a/ba/; Danisi ?a/ba/; Kua ?a/ba\; Tsua ?a/ba\; Hietshware aba (Do.); Sehura aba; Mohissa aba
Afro-Asiatic
Old Egyptian
absi wolf [Chong]
Semitic
z)b wolf, wolves /Hebrew (Old Testament - Strong No: 02061)
d)b N d)b) /Aramaic [cal]
1 Syr,Palestinian,CPA,Sam wolf
LS2 137
LS2 v: dE)bA)
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
zi'b, zib a wolf /Persian [fjs]
zi'ab (pl. of zi'b) wolves /Persian [fjs]
A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
ivoz wild hound Baluchi [mab]
egér mouse /Hungarian
ürge gopher, marmot /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian egér is from
*šinger (Proto Uralic) [Chong]
cˆejer', cˆever' (Erzya); hiir (Estonian); hiiri (Finnish) [Chong]
Officially, one source says Hungarian ürge is of Turkic origin. Another source says that ürge is of uncertain origin since related words can only be found in the Altai branch of Turkic (spoken in southern Siberia). If ürge is indeed of Turkic origin, the probable Old Turkic root would be *örgä [Chong]
(1) Altaic
Turkic
sicqan mouse /Cuman [pbg]
syçan mouse /Turkmen [glnp]
Tungus
singgeri rat /Manchu [as]
(2) Altaic
Turkic/Khakas [kl]
ürke dial cf örke ground squirrel
örke gopher, ground-squirrel, suslyk [ürkä RI:1836 Sagay, Koybal]; soyaŋ ürkäzĭ RI:1836 marmot; cf dial örge.
Dravidian
er.go_ a small mouse mostly found in fields /Kur.ux [sk]
er.ge a small field-rat /Malto [sk]
(1) Indo-European/Slavic
siniger titmouse /Bulgar
(2) Indo-European
argilos 'a mouse' /Thracian [cb2]
(3) Indo-European/Balto-Slavic
žurka; špiks rat /Latvian
žiurkė rat /Lithuanian
eneh cow /Old Hungarian [fh]
tehén cow (modern word) /Modern Hungarian
Uralic
Old Hungarian eneh is no longer in common usage. [fh]
Modern Hungarian tehén is apparently derived from Hungarian tej (milk) + eneh (cow) [fh]
Altaic/Turkic/Khakas [kl]
înek (~ nek) cow; saalçatxan înek milk cow, cow for milking; süttîg înek dairy cow; înek pizî udder; înek çïlï obsol year of the cow. [<CT *inek]
Hunnish (500-700AD)
inke cow [bl, csd]
farkas wolf /Hungarian
Uralic
*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]
[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s
Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.
The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."
Huh?
Sumerian
ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]
Altaic
böri one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]
Caucasian
*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]
*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]
borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]
*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]
bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]
*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]
boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]
barc. wolf /Lak [ss]
*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]
bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]
*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]
Indo-European
*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]
Germanic
varg "wolf" /Swedish
ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish
Indo-Iranian
*vŗka-s wolf /PIIR [mw2]
Iranian
vehrka wolf /Avestan
Indo-Aryan
vr.ka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit
fark, farok tail /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian fark "tail" << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol; böri one name for wolf! wolf totem. [fh]
also see Hungarian irha "hide,pelt"
Caucasian
*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]
*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]
mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]
*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]
buq-muj /Akusha [ss]
This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]
Also see Hungarian birka sheep - another source of wool, meat, leather etc.
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian
barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit
gulya herd; cattle; gulyás, herder of cattle (also the stew) /Hungarian
gyűl to assemble, to come together; gyűl-és meeting, assembly; gyülevész mob, rabble /Hungarian
Sumerian
kilim, gílim, gilili herd of (wild) animals [jh]
Hurrian
uel-i assembly; uel-idu- assemble /Hurrian-Urartian [ryan]
(LÚ)uel-isine assembled people, assembly, militia /Hurrian-Urartian [ryan]
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set <Leslau (1987) , p. 190b #3> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
galal assemble, gather (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
gal assemble, gather /Saho; gal assemble, gather /Afar
Semitic
glg, angallaga assemble, gather /Geez
Caucasian
*g|wa:r(V)tV> group, flock /North Caucasian [ss]
*G|a:ri band, gang /Nakh [ss]
G|e:ra Chechen; G|a"r Ingush; G|ajri> Batsbi [ss]
*gw|VrV crowd, medley /Andian [ss]
gu/ri Avar [ss]
hurt:u-s:a common, joint, collective /Lak [ss]
*G|a(r)t:V-r- herd of cattle /Lezghian [ss]
G|at:@ra Archi [ss]
*k:w|ar@ta flock of sheep /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]
a-gw|a/rta Abkhaz; gw|arta Abaza; kw|art Adyghe; gw|a:rta Circassian [ss]
Dravidian
gala herd of horses /Brahui
giji giji, gija gija state of being very crowded /Kannad.a; kucc(y)a bunch /Gondi [sk]
ku_l. (ku_l.v-, ku_n.t.-) to crowd together, assemble muster (Tamil); ku_l.i company, multitude, family (Tamil); gu_l.e, gu_l.evu, gu_lya, gul.e, gul.ya people leaving a place en masse from invasion or famine (Kannad.a); gu_l. id. (Tulu);. kur..u assembly, flock, herd, heap (Tamil); kur..umpu, kur..a_m herd, crowd; kur..umu (kur..umi-), kur..uvu (kur..uvi-) to collect in large numbers (men, animals), gather together; kur..umal, kur..uval, kur..u_u, kur..a_al assembling, crowding, crowd (Tamil) [sk]
ku_r. to join (Gondi); to assemble (Kuwi); gu_d.- to assemble; gu_r.na_ to swarm (Gondi); ku_r.a_- (ku_r.a a_-) to assemble (Pengo); to gather together (Kuwi); ku_r.- (-it-) to join, meet, assemble, come together; ku_r.p- to mix (cereals etc.), join or put together, collect; ku_r.a-a together (Kond.a); ku_r.- to assemble (Kuwi); ku_r.i ki- to collect; ku_d.i ki_nai to gather; ku_r.cinai to collect (Kuwi) [sk]
Indo-European
Classical Greek [lsj1]
agel-ê, hê, (agô) herd, of horses 2. in Crete and at Sparta, bands in which boys were trained; agelaios, a, on, (agelê) belonging to a herd; of the common herd; illas, ados, hê, (illô, eilô) rope, band; as Adj., close-packed, herding together; ageirô gather together; gather, assemble; of things, collect, gather etc
halia (A), Ion. -iê [a_l], hê, assembly of people II. generally, meeting, assembly
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
gala, galla flock, herd, bevy; a crowd, heap; a till /Persian [fjs]
This is from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]
g∂l∂[g] herd (of horses) /Baluchi [mab]
g∂l∂pan horse-herd, person who watches over a herd of horses /Baluchi [mab]
Indo-Aryan
goul.i, goul.ya_ shepherd; (fig.) spiritual guide (Kon:kan.i_ lex.) [sk]
guja bunch, bundle, cluster; kúla (1) herd or large number or swarm (of quadrupeds, birds, insects);(2) race, family /Sanskrit
köly-ök lad, brat, kid (child); puppy, young (animal) /Hungarian
Uralic
kölök puppy (provincial spelling) /Hungarian
Officially, Hungarian kölyök is possibly of Turkic origin. [Chong]
{Hungarian /ly/ sounds like English /y/ in /yes/}
Altaic
*k`ic`V small, young /Altaic [ss]
*kicük Turc
*kicig /Mongol [ss]
kö$@k a camel's offspring (Azeri); köšäk young camel (Chagatai, Kipchak); kö$ek a camel's offspring (Osman); kücˆük (Uzbek) [Chong] // gülige, gülüge (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
The Turkic from which the Hungarian derives might be better compared with the Caucasian.
Caucasian
*ki:c.y: puppy /North Caucasian [ss]
Indo-European
Celtic
gille lad, servant, Irish giolla, Early Irish gilla; cf. English child, Anglo-Saxon cild. Zimmer thinks it is borrowed from the Norse gildr, stout, brawny, of full worth, English guild, Anglo-Saxon gild, payment (see geall), gilda, fellow, used in the names of Norsemen converted to Christianity instead of maol, slave. gille-fo-luinn, sea-grass. [mcb]
giulla, giullan a lad, boy, Irish giolla, servant, footman. From the same source as gille [mcb]
Classical Greek [lsj1]
skulax young dog, puppy 2. of other young animals, whelp, cub
Indo-Iranian/Iranian
ghala a kid /Persian [fjs]
Yuki
k'il child2 (spoken of); k'ili child (addressed) [y84]
hal'-chă, hal-che-e children (4 to 12 years) [y84]
kutya dog {either sex} /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian kutya derives from the sound of the animal's call. [Chong]
Also in Ugrian, even though often not mentioned!
{Hungarian digraph /ty/ palatised /t'/}
Also see Hungarian eb 'dog'
Hunnish (500-700AD)
kutha dog [bl, csd]
Afro-Asiatic/East Cushitic
xu'ta dog /Mashile; kut-a /Afar; kut-a /Konso [oi4]
Caucasian [ss]
*ka>wĉ@: (~ -@-) bitch /North Caucasian
*kuĉV bitch /Andian
*kaĉa bitch /Tsezian
kaĉa /Tsezi; kaĉa /Ginukh; ka"ĉa" /Bezhita; kaĉa /Gunzib
kuĉa bitch /Lak
*kuĉ bitch /Dargwa
kuĉ /Chiragh
*kaĉ bitch /Lezghian
kaĉ /Lezghi; kaĉ /Tabasaran; kaĉ /Agul; kuĉ /Rutul; ka"ĉ /Kryz; k@ĉ /Budukh
kaĉ bitch /Khinalug
Dravidian [iits3]
kuTatti wolf /Tamil
Sino-Tibetan [ss]
*qhw|i:j ( / *qhw|i:n) dog /Sino-Tibetan
Meaning "dog"
quan 3 Modern (Beijing) < khwi/en Middle Chinese < khw|i:n? Old Chinese
khuyê`n Vietnamese
khji dog. /Tibetan
khwijh dog, LB *khujx. /Burmese
gui2 dog (cf. also ĉ@>khjon1 a fox, wolf or wild dog). /Kachin
ui dog, KC *g|ui\. /Lushei
Chukchee-Kamchatkan
*hąshą dog (собака) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN538]
*hą.thą.-n dog (собака) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN325]
?ą'tt?ą-n (I) /Chukchee; hąthą-n (III) /Koryak; hąthą-n /Palan; hąthą-n /Alutor [ss]
*qõsh /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN547]
qõsh, Poss. qsh'in dog (собака) /Sedank dialect; kosx, Dat. ksxonke. "canis" /West Itelmen; kosx, Pl. kosγut "canis" /SIT [ss]
Indo-European
Italic
canis dog /Latin
Slavic
kučak shark; dog; kučka, kuja bitch, female dog /Serbo-Croatian
kuche dog /Bulgarian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian
gadhwa bitch /Avestan
kwydz 'dog' /Ossetian; (’)kwt- etc. /Sogdian
< *kuti- according to [ak1]
kučik(k) dog /Southern Baluchi [ak1]
kučak(k) dog /Western Baluchi [ak1
The etymology might show secondary influence of the New Persian diminutive suffix -ak and/or New Persian kūčak "small" according to [ak1]
kwč∂kk dog /Baluchi [mab]
kûçik dog /Kurdish [ak1]
kučuk dog /Parachi [ak1]
Indo-Aryan
kutta male dog; kutya female dog /Urdu
ló horse; lovas rider, horseman, knight /Hungarian
Uralic [alinei]
Mansi low, luw; Khanti loγ, law 'horse'
Hungarian ló appears in names such as Lougedi (personal name, 1138); Loaz (placename, 1193); Lowaz (placename, 1236)
patkány rat /Hungarian
pocok rat /Hungarian (dialect?)
Uralic
patkány rat /Hungarian
Hungarian patkány is claimed to be of Slavic origin.
It certainly is similar to the Czech-Slovak potkan. Though not very consistently across the other Slavic languages?
pocok rat /Hungarian
In Szeged Hungary close to the Serbian border there is also a word known as pocok for 'rat' which is very similar to the Ukranian patsyuk
Dravidian
put.ki a kind of rat (Pengo); t.epra put.ki id. (Mand.a); pot.'i orli a kind of rodent (Kuwi)(DEDR 4257). [sk]
Indo-European/Slavic
potkan rat /Czech; potkan /Slovak
krysa rat /Russian; krysa /Czech; krysa /Slovak
patsyuk; schur rat /Ukranian
pacov rat; buck /Serbo-Croat
плъх (plyh) rat /Bulgar
žurka; špiks rat /Latvian
žiurkė rat /Lithuanian
ravasz cunning /Hungarian
Uralic
Hungarian ravasz is officially of FU origin. [Chong]
ruc' fox; hypocrite (Komi); r@w@zˆ, rõwõzˆ fox (Mari); rives' fox (Mordvin); dzˆicˆy, etc. fox (Udmurt)
Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian
ruvahs (Ossetian - Dorosmai); raupah fox (OPersian - Dorosmai) [Chong]
riwiz fraud, treachery, machination, imposture; sorrel /Persian [fjs]
rubah a fox. /Persian [fjs]
roba fox /Baluchi [mab]
rophask s. a fox (uncommon). P. rúbáh /N. Baluchi [mld]
róka fox; róka-lelkü artful, crafty /Hungarian
Uralic
Official source says this is derived from a FU root. [Chong]
Another official source says this is derived from an earlier ró which is related to ravasz "cunning"
r@w@zˆ, rõwõzˆ fox (Mari); rives' fox (Mordvin); dzˆicˆy, etc. fox (Udmurt) [Chong]
Altaic
Tungus
luka blue fox /Manchu [as]
Japanese
rōkai craftiness; astuteness; rōkaina crafty; astute; foxy
Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)
*ši[pq]u-ke polar fox (песец) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN476]
*šiquke polar fox (песец) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1153]
riquk(έ) /Chukchee; jiquk(e) /Koryak; tiquk(e) /Palan; tiquk(a) /Alutor [ss]
*śipuq /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN484]
sipuq polar fox (песец) /Sedank dialect; šipuk canis lagopus /West Itelmen; sipuk canis lagopus /SIT [ss]
ürü sheep; wether /Hungarian
Uralic
Officially, Hungarian ürü is of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Altaic
irik young ram (Altai); örük young castrated ram (Kipchak); irik 3 year old castrated ram (Kyrgyz); irk young castrated ram (Turkish - dialectal); irk four-year old lamb (Turkish - Kashgari); ürü (Turkmen); irt young castrated ram (Tuvan) [Chong]
irge castrated ram (Classical Mongol) [Chong]
Dravidian
kuri sheep (Tulu); kur-y sheep (Toda); kor-i sheep (mil); kur-i sheep, ram (Kannad.a); kor-r-i ewe, female cat, bandicoot (Malayalam) [sk]
Indo-European
Proto Form
*urh1-n- sheep, lamb [bd]
Greek
arên sheep [lsj]
Italic
vervex ewe /Latin [sk]
Germanic
waru ewe /Anglo-Saxon = ware (originally, sheepskin) /English = /German [sk]
Albanian
berr small cattle, ram, tup [bd]
[A compound with be `imitation of a sheep's sound'] from [bd]
Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan
urabhra ware ewe; vra_n.a sheep /Sanskrit [sk]
Others
csiga shell, snail /Hungarian
kagyló (snail) shell; outer human ear /Hungarian
Afro-Asiatic
Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #607> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
sekuur(R) tortoise (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, South
*tsak- shell (hard) of animal /Proto South Cushitic
Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #632> [oi4]
Cushitic
Bedawiye, Beja
t'at'u` (A) geknetet werden im Bade (Bedawiye, Beja)
Cushitic, East
c#o?'- shell, hull /Hadiyya
Austro-Asiatic
cokak, coklak shell (Santali.lex.) [sk]
Altaic
kagyū snail /Japanese
It was kindly pointed out to me by the editor of "The Jurchen language and Script Website" [jl] that (contains Japanese coding)
Kagyuu(‚©‚¬‚イ ,å—‹) is a Chinese loan word in Japanese..Ka is the Sino-Japanese reading of å— and gyuu is the Sino-Japnese reading for ‹. It's a compound word in Chinese and used in Chinese as well, it is not an Altaic original word. [jl]
*k`ū`jlu (~-o) ear, to hear /Altaic [ss]
Indo-European
Greek
kochlos, ho, shell-fish with a spiral shell, used for dyeing purple; land snail /Classical Greek [lsj1]
Italic
coclĕa (cochlĕa) a snail or snail-shell /Latin
Tocharian
kaklyus.u - on hearing (verbal adverb) /Tocharian [cb]
Additions by Fred Hámori in red.
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Last updated 11 June 2008