Sanskrit Hungarian

Word List 8

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
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Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]

ud , und (unátti; unná, uttá; -údya) spring, boil; flow; wet, bathe /Sanskrit
uda, udaká water < ud /Sanskrit

Uralic

õj (n) brook /Vaddja [fv]

ügy river, stream /Székely Hungarian

Although this word is now apparently archaic/obsolete in Hungary proper, it is still used by the Hungarian Székely nation in Transylvania once a part of the kingdom of Hungary.

[fh] thinks that the archaic/obsolete Hungarian word ügy may be related to Hungarian üde "fresh, blooming"

{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}

One official thinks ügy is of debated origin but could be related to Hungarian víz water. [Chong]

ügy is used mainly as an element in place names but might also be considered as an obscure base in some derivatives. [Chong]

{Hungarian /gy/ sounds like palatised /d'/}

Etelköz (Atelcuzu, Atelköz) was the name of the Magyar/Hungarian homeland circa 887-895 A.D. located directly in the foreground of the Carpathians, along the Dnieper, the Dniester, and the Sereth.

Accordingly, Etel-köz consists of etel "great waters" (archaic) + suffix -köz "between" that is, "the area between rivers".

Sumerian

ída, íd, i7 river; main canal; watercourse [jh]
šìta channel, small canal [jh]
sed(4,5,6), šed7,10,11,12, še4,5,17,18,23 (n.) cold water; coolness [jh]

dùg, du10 (adj.) sweet, good; beautiful; favorable; pleasing; fresh (water) [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Austro-Asiatic

*-da' , *-da'k `water' /Munda [mw1]

gad.a , gar.a `pit, trench, grave, water course, stream, river' /Munda [mw1]
gad.a `hollow, pit, excavation, trench, river'; etc. /Santal [mw1]

Basque

iz- prefix which means "water, sea" used in a few words

The ancient Basque word for water is ur and is well-attested in place names and surnames. The great Basque linguist Azkue tried to make a case for a lost word *iz- meaning `water', but his case is rejected today as unsubstantiated. [lt]

iturri (C) spring, fountain

Dravidian

u_d- (-it-) to become wet, be soaked; u_t- (-t-) to wet, soak (Kond.a); u_d- (u_tt-) to become wet; caus. u_di ki-; u_t- (-t-) to urinate (Pengo); u_d- to get wet (Mand.a); u_d- id. (Kui); u_dali to become wet; u_thali to moisten; u_th'nai to wet; u_d- (-it-) to become wet, damp; u_t- (-h-) to make wet, damp (Kuwi) (DEDR 743).[sk]

Indo-European

Albanian

ujë water

Paleo-Balkan

Utus (Plin.) - the Vit river; Utos (Prok.) - fortress on its mouth. /Thracian [id]

The name is explained from the IE *ūdo-s from the IE stem *ŏd-, ųed-: *ųod- ‘water’ in the Old-Ind. ud-án- ‘water’, the Greek hydos ‘water’, etc. The IE d was converted into the Thracian t. The initial Utus led to the New Bulg. Vit. according to [id]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

ud , und (unátti; unná, uttá; -údya) spring, boil; flow; wet, bathe /Sanskrit
uda, udaká water < ud /Sanskrit

uDunAtha, uDupati moon /Sanskrit

Uralic

kuNke moon, month /Uralic

idő time; weather; idő-s aged; idő-tlen ageless /Hungarian
ódon old, ancient, archaic; ütem time, rythm, beat /Hungarian

Hungarian idő is officially of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

ud, u4 sun; light; day; time; weather; storm (demon) [jh]
dutu the sun as a god [jh]
itud, itid, itu, iti, id8; it4, id4 moon; month; moonlight [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

itn sun; sun's disc /Egyptian [cgj]

Central Semitic: wcd to fix a time; *cid(at)- fixed time, appointment, meeting (*-at- feminine suffix). [ahd]

^t time /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

*odi day, time /Altaic [ss]

*öd /Turkic
*üde, *üdür /Mongol [ss]

Tungus

ucuri time, season /Manchu [as]

Japanese

itoma time

Austric

Meaning: Sun

ad- (Gedaged, Bilbil, Takia); aad- /Biliau; ake-ake- /Kuanua; adaw- /Kadai; adraw- /Indonesia; aldo- (Kapampangan, Ifugao); adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illonggo) [pkm]

Meaning: noon

udtroadlaw- /Aklanon; udto- (Bikol, Cebuano); ugto- /Illongo [pkm]

Meaning: morning

aga- (Illonggo, Bikol); agahon- /Aklanon [pkm]

Meaning: day

ange- /Loda ; ari- /Bacan; adaw- /Kadai; andaw- /Manobo; adraw- /Indonesia; adlaw- (Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Illongo); aldo- /Kapampangan; andro- /Malagasy [pkm]

ad- /Papuan (Austronesian) [pkm]

Basque

adin (C) age

Dravidian

ed.a place, spot; ed.amu place, space, room, opportunity, time, occasion (Telugu); it.am place, room, spot; it.ai place, space, suitable time; it.aviya wide, extensive, spacious (Tamil); it.a, et.a, it.am, et.am, e_t.am place, spot, house, time (Malayalam); er.m place (Kota); ir.n. place (Toda); id.e, ed.e, ed.a place, spot, ground (Kannad.a); ed.e the company or proximity of a person (Kod.agu); id.e place, room, space, abode (Tulu)(DEDR 434) [sk]

it.ai middle in space or time, interval, gap, unfilled space, waist (Tamil); it., et.a interval, place between, interval of time, middle, waist (Malayalam.); er. place or time between, interval (Kota); ir. kwa.y intermediate kwa.y vessel (Toda); ed.a, ed.e place or time between, interval, distance, middle, waist (Kannad.a); id.e interval, space between, interval of time (TU.); ed.avat.t.u middling, indifferent (Tulu); ed.a space, interval, distance, difference; ed.amu intervening space, distance (Telugu)(DEDR 448) [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstructed

*uetos year /PIE [bd]

Greek

étos `year' [bd]

Celtic

oed [-au, m.] age, period of time; oedran [-nau, m.] full age; oes [-oedd, -au, f.] (n.) age /Welsh [md]

Italic

edad age /Spanish; idade age; idoso aged /Portuguese

Albanian

*uet- year /Proto Albanian; vit year /Albanian [bd]

vjet `last year' < uet-es-i or uetes [bd]

urabhra ware ewe; vra_n.a sheep /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

ürü sheep; wether /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian ürü is of Turkic origin. [Chong]

Altaic

irik young ram (Altai); örük young castrated ram (Kipchak); irik 3 year old castrated ram (Kyrgyz); irk young castrated ram (Turkish - dialectal); irk four-year old lamb (Turkish - Kashgari); ürü (Turkmen); irt young castrated ram (Tuvan) [Chong]

irge castrated ram (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

Dravidian

kuri sheep (Tulu); kur-y sheep (Toda); kor-i sheep (mil); kur-i sheep, ram (Kannad.a); kor-r-i ewe, female cat, bandicoot (Malayalam) [sk]

Indo-European

Proto Form

*urh1-n- sheep, lamb [bd]

Greek

arên sheep [lsj]

Italic

vervex ewe /Latin [sk]

Germanic

waru ewe /Anglo-Saxon = ware (originally, sheepskin) /English = /German [sk]

Albanian

berr small cattle, ram, tup [bd]

[A compound with be `imitation of a sheep's sound'] from [bd]

Strength; huge, extensive, wide, great;
grand, distinguished; lord, lead male

u_rjas vigour, strength /Sanskrit

erő- force, power, strength; erő-s strong; erő-szak-os aggressive /Hungarian
erős-ít fortify, steel, to strengthen; erő-feszítés a push /Hungarian
eről-köd to make an effort; to exert; eről-tet to force /Hungarian

Uralic

nyer to win; gain; profit, get /Hungarian

Sumerian

uru16 (-n) valiant; strong, mighty; clever [jh]

Altaic

*n|o:\r/a to surpass, win, contest /Altaic [ss]

*or/- to surpass, win /Turkic [ss]

oz- /Old Turkic; oz- /Turkmen [ss]

*uri-ldu- to contest /Mongolian [ss]

uralda- /Khalkha; ur@ld- /Kalmuck [ss]

*n|o:r-ĉa- to contest, to wrestle /Tungus [ss]

mo:jĉan- /Negidal; wa:ĉa- /Nanai; wa:ĉa- /Ulcha; wo:to- / n|o:to- /Orok; n|o:rĉa- /Evenki [ss]

*a\ra\suap- to contest /Japanese [ss]

a\ra\swop- /Old Japanese; araso/u /Tokyo [ss]

arasu to devastate, raze, ravage, ruin; arasou dispute, argue /Japanese

Japanese

erai strong, hard, violent; great, grand, famous; erasō important-looking; masterful

Basque

era- "to cause, make someone do something"
eraso to attack, rush on; eraso-kor aggressive

Dravidian

ārru (ārri-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, sufficient; ārral strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; ārra greatly, exceedingly, entirely /Tamil //// ārruka to grow richly, thrive; ārram much / Malayalam //// ār (ārt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able; āru power, daring, self-will /Kannad.a [bur]

a_r-r-u (a_r-r-i-) to become strong, powerful, be possible, be sufficient, accumulate (as wealth), sustain, carry; a_r-r-al strength, power, prowess, ability, abundance, endurance, courage; a_r-r-a greatly, exceedingly, entirely; a_n-r-a excellent, grand, splendid; a_n-r-al greatness, dignity, abundance, copiousness; a_n-r-avar, a_n-r-a_r, a_n-r-o_r erudite, wise persons; a_n-r-o_l. lady of exalted character (Tamil); a_r-r-uka to grow richly, thrive; a_r-r-am much; a_r-r-al growing; healthy, magnificent growth; a_nr-a wide, excellent (Malayalam); a.r- (only in negative, following S -ul.) not to be willing to do so-and-so; (only in negative, following S -l) cannot do so-and-so (Kota); o.xar-e- you will not be (Toda); a_r- (a_rt-) to be or become strong, be powerful, able, or competent, be possible, can, may, be adequate, be able for, be able to endure; a_r-u power, daring, self-will; a_rpu might, force, daring, valour; a_ke power, valour; a_pa being strong, being able, being possible (Kannad.a); a.t- (a.ti-) (body) attains maturity (at about 21 years), (fruit, grain) becomes mature but not yet ripe; a.ti full-grown but not yet ripe (guava, jack, coconut)(Kod.agu); a_t.u, a~_t.u to be adequate, sufficient, be capable of, endure (Telugu)(DEDR 407). [sk]

urat.u, urat.a, urut.a, ur(u)t.u, ut.t.u, orat.u, ort.u coarseness (of cloth, thread, hari), thickness, stoutness; orpu strength, firmness, durableness, coarseness (of cloth); urku, ukku power, valour (Kannad.a); ura (-pp-, -tt-) to become firm, hard (as the soil), become thick, coarse (as paper); urappu hardness (as of rice that is not well boiled), coarseness or roughness (as of paper or cloth), resoluteness, strength; uram strength, hardness, compactness, resolution, heart of a tree, manure (as strengthening the soil); uran- strength of will, support; uran-ar persons of strong will; uravu (uravi-) to become vigorous, get strong; uravam strength, force; uravan-, uraviyan-, uravo_n- strong man; uravu strength, firmness, strength of mind, increasing (Tamil); urakka to be strong; urattan strong man; uram strength, firmness (Malayalam); orp- (orpy-) to excel (Kota); u.n. pith; ut-ir, utin-ir, us'tin-ir best buffalo in herd; ut-ox best woman (Toda.)(DEDR 649) [sk]

Etruscan

arus ame to encourage; arusia exhortation, push [az96]
arvasa having pushed, driven, raised [az96]

Indo-European

Celtic

urrainn power, is urrainn, can /Gaelic; Irish urra, power, urrain, stay [mcb]
urrail forward, bold, urranta /Gaelic, Irish urránta, bold, confident in one's might [mcb]

earail an exhortation /Gaelic; Old Irish eráil, iráil, *air-áil; from àill desire. Hence earal provision, caution. [mcb]

furail incitement, command /Gaelic; Irish furáil, Early Irish uráil, furáil, Old Irish iráil; the same as earail above, q.v. [mcb]

Armenian

ahros powerful, strong (16th cent. Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Slavic

oružan armed in arms; oružana armory, arsenal; oružar armourer; oružati to arm /Serbo-Croatian
oružnik gendarme (-nik suffix of trades) /Serbo-Croatian << Hungarian

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

u_rjas vigour, strength /Sanskrit

úr lord, gentleman (title of respect); male, lead-male (archaic meaning) /Hungarian
úr-i, úr-i-as grand, noble, distinguished /Hungarian
ural-kod to reign; to rule, govern; to master, subdue; to control /Hungarian

Uralic

uras lead male, buck /Uralic; *ur-us leader of the herd (the head/strong male) /FinnUgor

yrko man /Finnish
férfi man < férj "husband" + fi "boy" /Hungarian [see Chong]

Hungarian férj "husband" is of FU origin [see Chong]

ér to be of value; ér-dem to deserve; ér-t-ék value /Hungarian

Hurrian-Urartian

iuri, erwi lord

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 201 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

ara *P husband /Awngi

Cushitic, East

are male /Bayso; are wife /Darasa; ar male /Dasenech; aretee wife; aro'o husband /Hadiyya; or male; he-camel; bull /Rendille; aree wife; aroo husband /Sidamo; oori wife /Somali

Omotic

aroo husband /Anifllo

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 203 #2> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

wuhir ox /Bilin

Cushitic, East

wa`r wa'r "you fellow" /Somali

Semitic

weher leader ox /Tigre

Chadic

ura male /Mandara

Omotic

uuroo male man /Kafa; woro male /Mocha; uraa man male /Wolamo; uraa man male /Zala

Altaic

*ö're man /Altaic [ss]

*er, er-kek /Turc
*ere /Mongol
*ur /Tungus
*òràpì /Korean [ss]

er man /Turkish

Basque

ar; -ar male; remorse, regret

Dravidian

*er- lord, master /Dravidian [ss]

er-e master or husband/Kannad.a; ere anyone who is great/ Kannad.a; er-eya a master, a king; a husband /Tamil; ir-ai anyone who is great /Tamil; ir-a_n, er-e master or husband /Kannad.a; ere anyone who is great/ Kannad.a; er-eya a master, a king; husband /Tamil /Malayalam; /Kannad.a ; sire, princes /Malayalam; er-e state of being a master or a husband; er-eya master, king, husband /Kannad.a; er-a lord (Telugu 7th-8th cent. inscr.) [sk]

e_lu to rule, govern, control, manage; (inscr.) e_l.u to rule; e_lika ruler, king, lord, master; e_liki government; e_lubad.i, e_lbad.i rule, government; (inscr.); a_d.avan.d.u ruler, master (Telugu); a_l. (a_l.v-, a_n.t.-) to rule, reign over, control or manage (as a household), cherish, maintain, keep or maintain in use (Tamil); (inscr.) ya_l. to rule; a_l.an-, a_l.i one who rules; a_l.ukai rule, dominion, control; a_l.va_r the Deity, as supreme ruler; a_t.ci lordship, ownership, government, rule, reign, use, possession; a_t.cai weekday; a_t.al ruling, reigning; a_n.t.a_r owner, master, lord; gods; a_n.t.avan-, a_n.t.ai master, lord; a_n.mai controlling power, possession (Tamil); a_l.uka to rule, possess, have; a_r..ca day of the week, week (Malayalam); a.n.- (a.d.-) to possess, rule, keep, own (Kota); o.l.- (o.d.-) to own (buffaloes), rule (Toda); a_l. (a_l.d-) to get, have, possess, govern, rule, manage; a_l.ike, a_l.ke obtaining, ruling, reign, government; a_l.isu to cause to obtain or get, cause to rule; a_l.utana, a_l.tana ruling, rule, sovereignty; a_l.ma, a_n.ma, a_n.ba ruler, lord, master; a_n.d.a_ri rulers, masters (Kannad.a); a.l.- (a.l.i-) to rule; a.ce week, day of the week (Kod.agu); a_l.uni to rule, govern, reign; a_l.ik, a_l.uvike, a_l.vike reign; a_d.al.ite, a_d.al.te administration, management, government (Tulu)(DEDR 5157). [sk]

e_r-u bull; Nandi, the chief of Siva's hosts; pouncing upon, as an eagle; male of certain animals (pig, deer (pul-va_y antelope), tiger, yak (kavari), bull or buffalo (per-r-am [Tol. Po. 594; 400, Urai]), buffalo (erumai), Indian elk, sambur, bison (marai : Tol. Po. 571), goat, lion; male shark; male conch (Tamil); e_r-r-ai male of any animal remarkable for physical strength (Tol. Po. 604)(Tamil lex.); e_t.t.ai id. (Tamil); e_ran bull (Malayalam); e_r-u bullock (Ma.); e.r- bull (Toda) [sk]

Etruscan

er; erce to honour; "honour, respect" [az96]
eris name "Honour, Respect" [az96]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

IE *wiro- "a man" [cb]

Celtic

airidh worthy /Gaelic; airigh (Ulster), airigh, nobleman / Irish; aire(ch), primas, lard / Old Irish; árya, good, a lord; ârya, Aryan, âryaka, honourable man /Sanskrit [mcb]

urradh, urrainn authority, guarantee, author /Gaelic, Irish urra(dh), surety, author, defendant, urrain, stay, prop, Middle Irish errudus, responsibility; from ràth, ràthan, surety. Urradha were a chief's "gentlemen" paying rent or service [mcb]

urram honour, respect /Gaelic, Irish urram, urraim, honour, deference, submission, Middle Irish urraim, homage: *air-réim? [mcb]

firionn male /Gaelic, so Irish; firend /Early Irish; from fear a man /Gaelic; c.f. Latin vir; Anglo-Saxon wer, Norse verr, English werwolf; Lithuanian wy/ras; Sanskrit vîra [see mcb]

ari-os nobleman /Gaulish [cg1]
uiro- a man, a husband /Gaulish [cb]

Italic

ěrus -i master, owner, lord /Latin
vīr a man; a male person /Latin

Germanic

see Herr man, gentleman, lord /German {see Postulated non-IE substrate vocabulary in the Germanic languages [see mc1]}

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

arsha male; brave, valiant /Avestan
iri (in Zand and Pazand) a man; manliness, bravery /Persian [fjs]

urú extensive, wide, great /Sanskrit

Uralic

*erä big, many /Uralic [ryan]

óri-ás, óri-ás-i giant, huge /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

ouhr great, how great, many, much? /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

iru greatness, spacious, vast /Dravidian

Indo-European

Celtic

ueramos supreme, the highest /Gaulish [cb]

Anatolian

ura- big /Luwian [cb]
uraí large /Hittite [cb]

Slavic

orijaš giant, colossus /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

urú extensive, wide, great /Sanskrit

Quechua

aran upper; top; superior [q2]

Around, spin, roll, revolve, circular; wander circularly, return

val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]

bál-a bale (rolled up and round) /Hungarian
boly-ong to wander circularly; boly-g-ó wandering; planet, satellite /Hungarian

Uralic

vaalia (v) to roll /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian boly- and ballag are thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]

Sumerian

bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi

Cushitic, East

ollaas-uy- roll /Harso

Cushitic, South

wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic

Tungus

foro- turn /Manchu [Chong]

forobumbi to turn something toward; forombi to spin, to turn, to turn around; to face, to turn toward; foron hair whorl (of the head), cowlick; top (of head), top, tuft, forelock; curl of hair; swirl, whirl; the testing of the rotation of an arrow between the fingers /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

pol.e to roll, roll about, to move about, to move to and fro, to wallow, to welter, to move in a circle (Kannad.a) [sk]

valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]

*val.-ai- to turn, to surround [ss]

val.ai to surround; circle, surrounding region, bangle, bracelet; val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard (Tamil); val.aiyam bracelet (Malayalam); ring, circle, bracelet (Tamil); val.aiyal bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam.); val. bangle (Kota); pal. ring at head of churning stick (Toda); circle, bangle (Toda); bal.e ring, armlet, bracelet (Kannad.a); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); balayu to surround, besiege (Telugu) [sk]

vallai circuit, circle; fort, fortress; valattal to encircle, surround (Pur-ana_. 52)(Ta.lex.) val.aical, val.aippu enclosure, courtyard, compound (Tamil); val.appu enclosure of a house, compound (Malayalam); val.ai to surround; n. circle, surrounding region, bangle (Tamil); val.a ring, bracelet (Malayalam); val.aiyam bracelet (Tamil, Malayalam); val. bangle (Kota); bal.e bracelet, armlet, ring (Kannad.a); bangle, ring (Kod.agu); bracelet, hoop (Tulu); val.aivu circle, circumference; house-premises val.aiyam ring, circle; val.a_kam enclosing, surrounding; balepuni to enclose, surround, besiege (Tulu); balayu to surround (Telugu); valayu to turn around (Telugu); van.an:ku to surround, encompass (Tamil); val.ayuka to surround; val.accal enclosing; val.ekka to enclose; val.ayal surrounding; val. ca.rymk all around (Kota); bal.asu act of surrounding or encompassing, one round or turn (as of a rope, etc.)(Kannad.a) [sk]

Etruscan

pala roundness, rotundity [mp68: 55, 371]

Indo-European

Slavic

bala bale, package, pack; roll /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]

Yuki

pa?alič circle2 [y84]
p'a·lič, pal', paletc round1, circle [y84]

pály-a course, profession, track, rink, racetrack /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian pálya expresses "circularity" not just the idea of a flat plain or field/meadow.

Nevertheless, the word pálya is seen as a loan from Slavic? It may not even be of IE origin if you look at the Altaic, Dravidian and the Afro-Asiatic possibilities.

{The Hungarian word for a "field" is mező which is supposed to be from FU}

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1983) , p. 51 #> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

*bal- field, plain /Proto East Cushitic

bala'w-a zebra /Burji

Altaic

*p`a:\la field, level ground /Altaic [ss: 1723]

*ala-n / *ala-n| level ground, plain /Turkic [ss: 352]

alan| Old Turkic; alan Turkish; alan|, a:la Turkmen; olúx Chuvash; ala:s, aly: Yakut

*pa:la-n 1 meadow, open ground 2 floor /Tungus [ss: 383]

palan 2 ( < South.) /Negidal; fala(n) 2 /Manchu; pala~ 2 /Nanai; pala(n) 2 /Ulcha; pa:lla(n) 2 /Orok; ha:linrú. 1 /Even

*p@/r(h)- fields, meadows /Korean [ss: 202]

ph@/ri/ Middle Korean
p@l, ph@l Modern Korean

*pa\ra\ level ground, plain /Japanese [ss: 270]

pa\ra\ Old Japanese; ha/ra Tokyo

Tungus

hali meadow /Manchu [as]

In Altaic the correspondence of leading /p/ <> /h/ occurs, and this phenomenon may also be observed in unrelated language families such as Dravidian.

Caucasian

veli ‘field’ /Georgian [pjh]

From Russian?

Dravidian

*pal.- plain, valley /Dravidian [ss: 1168] [DED: 4016]

*pal.- pit; low land /South Dravidian [ss: 3367]

pal.l.am lowness, low land, valley, ditch, dimple /Tamil; pal.l.am pit, hole, low ground, low shore /Malayalam; pal.l.a depth, pit, low ground, stream Kannada; pal.l.a, palla, palla: shallow stream, pond, ditch, hollow, low spot, hole, pit Tulu

*pal.-a" valley, plains /Nilgiri [ss: 618]

pal. im "buffalo from the plains" /Kota; pal/. "valley" /Toda

*pall- pit, low ground, dale, (B also) wet land, wet crop /Telugu [ss: 1969]

Basic form: pallamu

*paL- east, low /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 924]

palla:m "(Haig) east" /Kolami; palam "downslope" /(Kondekor Gadba)

*po\l- field, rice-field /Dravidian [ss: 1312] [DED: 4303]

*pUl-am field, land /South Dravidian [ss: 3607]

pulam arable land, rice field; place, region, quarter /Tamil; pulam cornfield; place /Malayalam; pola a plough-field; place, direction /Kannada; pula pasturage /Tulu

*polam- field, place of cultivated land /Telugu [ss: 2112]

Basic form: polamu; Inscriptions: pulambu, pulombu "field"; Derivatives: Also polamari cultivator

*polam field, village /Kolami-Gadba [ss: 1040]

polam "(Br.) field" /Kolami; polub (pl. polbul) "village" /Parji; polub "village" /Ollari; pollu:b "village" /Salur

Iberian

páramo "empty plain, valley" is part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [cb5]

Indo-European

Raeto-Romance (?)

pala meadow /Ladin [jr: 58]

Slavic

polje field, plain, campus /Serbo-Croatian
pole field /Slovak
pole field /Bulgar; pole /Russian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

pal a field with a raised border;convalescence /Persian [fjs]

Khoisan (?)

*//hara field, garden /Central Khoisan [ss: 432]

*//ha/ra\ field, garden /West Central Khoisan [ss: 443]

Naro //ha/da\ ; |Gui //ha/da\ ; //Ganakwe //ha/da\ ; #Haba //ha/da\

*//ha\ra/ field, garden /East Central Khoisan [ss: 409]

|Xaise //ha\da/ ; Deti //ha\da/ ; Cara //a\da/ ; Tsixa //ha\da/ ; Danisi //ha\da/

for-og to turn, twist, spin /Hungarian
forgó-szél, fergeteg whirlwind, hurricane /Hungarian
forgó joint (anat.); eddy (current); turning, revolving; whirpool /Hungarian
forgalmas busy; forgalmaz to put into circulation; forgalom traffic /Hungarian
per-eg to spin/whirl round, twirl; per-get to roll /Hungarian
perdít start turning an axle quickly /Hungarian

Uralic

Vogul poBrit, Votjak porjal to revolve, Mordvin puvrams wind, Samojed puroldam unwind

fel-borít to capsize /Hungarian {see the Basque}

{fel "up,above" + bor-ít "to cover (over); cast/spread over; overturn, throw (into)}

Hungarian perdít- is claimed to be onomatopoeic. [Chong]

Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to

puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]

Sumerian

bala('), bal to revolve; to revolt; to transgress; to change; to transfer, deliver (to someone: dative); to cross over; to pass through; to pour (as a libation; with -ta-); to turn around, go back [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Sasse (1979) , p. 42 #5> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

wareer- be giddy /Somali; waar- circulate /Yaaku

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #576> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

wul@s- stir up /Xamir; wol neighbourhood /Awngi

Cushitic, East

ollaas-uy- roll /Harso

Cushitic, South

wal-, wel- go round, revolve /Proto South Cushitic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #583> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

wareeg- wander about /Somali

Cushitic, South

wirik-+ turn about /Proto South Cushitic

Sino-Tibetan

*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]

{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]

a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]

phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]

*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]

pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]

burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]

siunu /Nepali [ss]

Altaic

*p`ö'ru to spin, plait /Altaic [ss]

*ar- /Turc
*horiga-, *horči- /Mongol
*por- /Tungus
*pòròkí /Korean [ss]

*bo/ru (~ -a,-o) dust; smoke, whirlwind /Altaic [ss]

*bur(u:) 1 dust 2 smoke /Turkic [ss]

buruo /Yakut [ss]

*bur-gi- / *bu"r-gi- to rise (of dust, smoke) /Mongolian [ss]

burqalix 'whirlwind' (SH) /Middle Mongolian; burgi- /Khalkha; bu"rgn-, bu"rg@n/- /Kalmuck; puz|/ira:- /Monguor [ss]

*bure-ki 1 dust 2 fresh snow /Tungus [ss]

buraki 1 /Manzhu; burexi~ 1 /Nanai; burexi 1 /Ulcha; /pu-le-k'i/ 1 /Zhurzhen; bu.rqu. 2 /Even; burki 2 /Evenki [ss]

*pa>\ra>\m wind /Korean [ss]

param /Modern Korean; pa>\ra>\m /Middle Korean [ss]

see Hungarian por "dust etc."

Turkic

burgac, girdap whirlpool, vortex /Turkish
pyrla-mak 1. to twist, twirl 2. to roll up; pyrlan-mak to twist oneself /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

forko well pulley; forgošombi to transfer; to turn, to rotate; foršombi to transfer, to change; forgon season; forhon season; forohon season /Manchu [as]

Austric

balik- "to return," /Philippines [pkm]

Meaning: to turn

perik- /Shark Bay I [pkm]

vila- /Kiriwina; vi-viri- /Anuki; vira- /Proto-Milne Bay; baling- /Philippines; fariu- /Makatea; -bilih- /Vinmavis; -bil- (Bonga., Tonga., Makura); -bilo- /Lameno; firiu- (Fila, Mele); poria- (Morouas, Penatsiro); fuli- /Proto-Polynesian; baliq- , pulih- /Proto-Austronesian [pkm]

Basque

bir- (C) prefix which indicates repetition or duplication
bira (B,G,U) quick maneuver, quick turn
bira-tu to turn, revolve, rotate; tirabiratu (B,G,U) to capsize

Caucasian [ss]

*p.Vrk.V / *p.Vrk.VCV whirligig, humming-top /North Caucasian

*marq.V- /Nakh
*birk.u /Avaroandian
*p.Vz(:)Vk.-/k.Vp.Vz(:)- /Tsezian
*c.iripan /Dargwa
*p.Vk.VrCV- /*k.Vp.VrCV- /Lezghian

All the listed variants seem to share a vague resemblance to the sound type *PVRKV / *PVRKVCV- (sometimes with metatheses), but of course it is impossible to make a precise reconstruction for an expressive "nursery word" like this. [ss]

[c.f Hungarian perget to spin which is not a nursery word]

Dravidian

*pir- to twist, turn /Dravidian [ss]

puri, huri twisting; that is twisted: twist, twine, string, pack-thread (of cotton thread or fibres) (Kannad.a, Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam.); piri, puri to twist (Malayalam)(Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

felequ "turned (on the lathe)" [am91]

(0) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*wer- turn, bend /Proto Indo-European [cg2]

Paleo-Balkan

vair-as (-us) ‘spinning’ /Thracian [cb2]

{cf Lith. vairus, vairas ‘spinning’, Swed. vírr ‘a spiral’} [cb2]

Celtic

piorradh a squall, blast /Gaelic; from L.Middle English pirry, whirlwind, blast, Scottish pirr, gentle breeze, Norse byrr, root bir, pir, of onomatopoetic [mcb]

Slavic

vir eddy, whirlpool, vortex, whirl /Serbo-Croatian
priasť, vírenie spin /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

val to turn, turn around /Sanskrit [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

ber∂g to turn (something) back toward; to bring together under one's control, get control of, take possession of /Baluchi [mab]
peR∂g to wind around /Baluchi [mab]

var (n.) time, occasion, turn /Baluchi [mab]
vari (n.) turn, time /Baluchi [mab]

Muskogean/Eastern

bolokta to be circular, ringlike, round; to double (e.g. a recipe);
boloktachi to circle, make a circle around, surround; to make round, make in a circle /Alabama [tm]

Ulwa

puruka, wirika whirlpool [ud]

vri_ to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]

ball-ag to stroll /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian ballag is thought to be probably descriptive. [see Chong]

Altaic

*p`el/o walk /Altaic [ss]

*e.l/- to walk, trot /Turkic [ss]

eŝ- /Old Turkic; eŝ- /Turkish; is- /Yakut [ss]

*hu"lde- to chase /Mongolian [ss]

xulde- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u"lde- / o"ldo"- /Khalkha

see Hungarian üldöz "to pursue, chase, prosecute, to hound"

*puli- / *peli- walk /Tungus [ss]

xul- /Negidal; fel'e- /Manzhu; ful'i- /Nanai; pulikte- /Ulcha; puli- /Orok; ful-ĉwi /Zhurzhen; ho"l- /Even; helde- /Evenki [ss]

*pa:>rb- to tread, trample /Korean [ss]

pa:>rb- /Middle Korean [ss]

Basque

ibili to walk

Dravidian

po_li, po_lu (contraction of po_kali) going, strolling; stray (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

valayuka to wander about (Malayalam); wali_ta_na_ to roam, wander; caus. wali_sta_na_; veliya_na_ to roam; vali_ta_na_ to wander; vali_- to go round, roam; caus. valih-; vel- to wander, roam; veli- to wander (Gondi)(DEDR 5286). alai to roam, wander; alaiccal, alaical wandering; alaiyal wandering (Tamil); ale to wander (Kannad.a)(DEDR 240) [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vri_ to go, move; vli_ to go, move (Sanskrit.lex.) [sk]

Mayan

Meaning "walk/go" :-
belal /Huas; s#im-bal /Laca; s#i>imbal /Yuca; bel /Itza; be-el /Tzel; bel /Jaca; bel /Mam [jd]

vRt to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskrit

fordít to turn around, over; to translate (language) /Hungarian
fordul to turn around, revolve /Hungarian

Uralic

veerettea to roll /Vaddja [fv]

Hungarian fordít- turn (transitive); fordul- revolve, turn (intransitive.); forog- turn (intransitive) are related to

puvõr'a- , puvr'a- turn, wind (Mordvin); poger- roll, trundle (Man's'i); porjal- turn round (Udmurt) [Chong]

Austric

porotiti disk; porotititanga roundness /Mäori [ng]
porotiti, tähurihuri, täwhirowhiro spin; porotiti circle, spin, wheel /Mäori [ua]

Dravidian

bo_rala, bo_ralu, bo_rla a turning over, a roll; upside down, topsyturvy (Kannad.a); bo_rle (Telugu)(Kannad.a.lex.) pural. (pural.v-, puran.t.-), piral. (piral.v-, piran.t.-) to roll over, tumble over, be upset, slip off, roll (as waves), overflow, be deranged or changed (as times, customs or laws), be overturned (as a state), go back on one's word, be refuted, die; pural.i, piral.i lying, deceit, insurrection; purat.t.u (purat.t.i-) to turn a thing over, roll, turn up (as the soil in ploughing), fry (as vegetable curry), nauseate, deceive, pervert, smear, fould with dirt; n. turning over, overturn, prevarication, deceit, treachery, nausea, colic; purat.t.an-, pirat.t.an- deceiver, liar; purat.ci upsetting, disorder, anarchy; pirat.t.u deceit (Tamil); pural.uka to roll; purat.t.uka to turn about; pural.ikka to revolve in the mind; piral.uka to wallow, roll, turn, be smeared, overflow; pirat.t.uka to roll about, distort words, deceive, rub as ointment, soil; pirat.t.u deceit, lewdness; pirat.t.an fraudulent; pirat.t.i confusion, consternation; piral.ca turning about, wallowing (Malayalam); porn.- (pord.-), po.n.-(po.n.d.-) to roll backwards and forwards; port.- (port.y-), po.t.- (po.yt.-) id. (Kota); pord., porn.l. act of rolling backwards and forwards; pern.- (perd.-) to turn upside down, (person) does opposite of what was promised; pert.- (pert.y-) to turn upside down (Kota); pi.l.- (pi.d.-) to tumble over or down; pi.t.- (pi.t.y-) to push over or down (Toda); poral., purul. to roll, welter, wallow; hod.d.u to roll about (Kannad.a); pureluni, pureyuni, poreluni, pored.uni to roll, turn; purepuni, porepuni, porelpuni to roll, turn over, recant, impute, attribute; porelu reeling; porn:kuni to roll, run over; pered.uni to roll, move, wallow (Tulu); por(a)lu to roll, roll on the grond, overflow; n. rolling, overflowing; poral(u)cu, por(a)lincu to roll or roll over; por(a)lika rolling, overflow; porupu to roll, as in a powder, mix up (Telugu.)(DEDR 4285). [sk]

Etruscan

velathri round, turning [az96]
velethia, veletha, velithana, velisina express, rotation, roundness [az96]

Indo-European

Italic

verto (vorto) vertĕre verti versum to turn, turn round, turn up /Latin [Cassell]

Slavic

pohrvatiti to translate into Croatian; vrtjeti to turn around, spin round, rotate, revolve, twirl; vrtnja rotation, gyration, revolving, spinning round, revolution /Serbo-Croatian

vrtenie spin /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

vRt to turn or roll or move as a wheel; etc /Sanskrit

Ulwa

purunaka vt. (puruti) move in circular motion; scrape inside walls of cavity in circular motion [ud]

ferde bent, crooked; slanting, oblique /Hungarian

Uralic

Expert source thinks Hungarian ferde is possibly derived from fordít- [Chong]

Indo-European/Celtic

fiar crooked /Gaelic; fiar /Irish; fíar /Ealy Irish; gwyr /Welsh; goar, gwar /Greek [from mcb]

vár, vāri water /Sanskrit
sarít stream /Sanskrit
sáras lake, pool; orig. 'water' {The root of the last two is sr. (run)} /Sanskrit
sru (flow, stream) /Sanskrit

Uralic

*c'ore drip,running water; *ŝere river, watercourse; *ŝäre- originate, source /Uralic

*ŝare flood /Ugor; aro river delta /Karelian

csor-og (s>cs / -og verbal suffix) drip, leak ooze, flow /Hungarian

{Hungarian /cs/ similar to English /ch/}

er-ed spring (stream); er-ed-et source, origin /Hungarian
er-ed-et-i original, genuine /Hungarian
ér brooklet, rill; vein, artery; rib; seam; erez-és veins; grain (in wood) /Hungarian
_ár tide, flood; ár-ad to flow, flood /Hungarian

Niger-Congo (?)

coroti (v.) to drip /Mandinka [pc1]
tuur (v.) to pour, spill /Wollof [pc2]

Sumerian

šur, sur to rain; to produce a liquid; to flow, drip [jh]
ur (2,3,4) to surround; to flood etc. [jh]
uru 2,5,18 n., devastating flood; thunderstorm [jh]

ra (-g/h) n., inundation; (v.) to strike, stab, slay; to stir; to impress, stamp, or roll (a seal into clay); to branch out (from the side of a canal); to flood, overflow; to measure; to pack, haul, or throw away (with -ta-) [jh]

ùr root; trunk of a tree; etc. [jh]

Sino-Tibetan

*s/or flow, pour /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ãc/hor (p. s/or) escape; flow out; run over; come out; go over. /Tibetan
swan to pour out, spill, shed. /Burmese
ŝon1 to flow, as tears, sweat. /Kachin
ĉho/r the pouring of water /Lepcha
*z|ho\r ( / ?c-) leak, ooze, drop /Kiranti [ss]

*z|/hV:r rain /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ĉhar rain. Tibetan
fu:r the rainy season. Lushei [ss]

(1) Altaic

Turkic

syrykmak to flow, leak, stream /Turkmen [glnp]
∫ire juice /Turkmen [glnp]

Tungus

šeri spring, well /Manchu [as]

Japanese

ōryū (-suru) overflow the bank
urumu be wet, moist; uruoi moisture, damp; uryo rain

(2) Altaic

*orusi river, to flow /Altaic [ss]

*o"rs, *o"rsen 1 river, river bed 2 to flow /Turkic [ss]

o"z- 2 Azeri; o"zen 1 Turkmen; vazan 1 Chuvash; o"ru"s 1 Yakut [ss]

*urus- to flow /Mongolian [ss]

ursa- /Khalkha; orsu-, orso- /Dagur; uros@ /Monguor [ss]

*sarkV to drip, splatter /Altaic [ss]

*sark- to overflow, drip /Turkic [ss]

sarq- (MK) Old Turkic; sarq- Tatar; s@rx-@n- Chuvash [ss]

*sark- to sprinkle, drip /Mongolian [ss]

sarkira-, sarkaji- /Written Mongolian [ss]
sarkr-, sarkl- /Kalmuck [ss]

*sargi- to splatter (of water, rain) /Tungus [ss]

sarGi.- (Nkh) /Nanai; sargi- /Evenki [ss]

iur/i to flow, drip /Altaic [ss]

*su"r/- 1 to strain, filter 2 to swim, float /Turkic [ss]

u"z- 1 /Old Turkic; so"z- 2 dial. /Tatar; su"z- 1 /Turkmen; s@w|r- 1 /Chuvash; uhun- 2 /Yakut [ss]

*su"r- to rain in small drops, sprinkle /Mongolian [ss]

su"rĉi- /Written Mongolian; ŝu"rŝi-, su"rŝi- /Khalkha [ss]

*ĉurgi:- ( ~ ŝ-) to flow, drip /Tungus [ss]

ĉorz^|u.- /Ulcha; ĉu.rgú.- /Even; ĉurgi:- /Evenki [ss]

*hy\ry\- to flow /Korean [ss]

hy\ry\- Middle Korean [ss]

*si\ta\-t- to drop, leak /Japanese [ss]

si\ta\-t- Old Japanese [ss]

Austric

turu drip, leak /Moriori [mor]
tuturu, turuturu leaky; turuturu drip /Mäori [ng]

Basque

eredu (B,L,U) n. model, ideal, example
erreka (C) creek, stream, brook
erro (C) root; stem; cause; origin; tentacle
ur water; ur-aldi (C) flood, inundation

jario (B,G,U) (n.) spill, secretion, drip, emanation; (v.i.) to spill, drip, ooze, flow
isuri (C) (v.t.) to flow, spill; to inspire; (n.) flowing, spilling (G); (n.) slope (G,L,Z)

Caucasian

*ŝVrV lake, river /North Caucasian [ss]

*ŝVrV ( ~ s-) river, stream /Andian [ss]

ŝuru Akhvakh [ss]

*ŝara lake /Dargwa [ss]

ŝara /Akusha; ŝara /Chiragh [ss]

Dravidian

*cor- to flow; *z^|o:r- to leak /Dravidian [ss]

*ūr- to leak, ooze [ss] /Dravidian

er-e to pour any liquids; to pour; to overflow; ircilu fine drops of rain; ; or..ku to flow; n. torrent or strong current of a stream /Kannad.a; or..ukal leaking, dripping, leak; or..ukku (or..ukki-) to cause to drop, drip; or..ukkal pouring (as into the mouth); or..uku (or..uki-) to flow, leak, trickle down; u_r-u (u_r-i-) to spring, flow; ya_r-u, a_r-u river, brook/Tamil; ir-uka to drip, drop; or..ukkuka to flow, run down or off (of blood, water); o_r..uka to flow; u_r-uka to spring, ooze, ur-akka to spring, ooze out /Malayalam; ir to ooze /Gondi; u.r.- (u.r.y-) to spring forth /Kolami; u_r- to leak, drip /Naikr.i; u_r-e_r to ooze /Gadba; urpa (urt-) to ooze, spring up, sweat /Kui; war.f- (war.t-)(po.x blood) flows /Toda [sk]

ve_r root, anything rootlike, foundation /Tamil; root, origin, cause /Malayalam; ve.r root (Kota); p.r id. /Toda; be_r(u) root; be_ruga a man who deals in or sells roots /Kannad.a; be.ri root (Kod.agu); be_ru root; origin, cause /Tulu; ve_ru root /Telugu [sk]

si_r., s'i_r, hi_r, i_r root (Gondi); ci_ra id. (Pengo); si_ru pl. roots; si_rka id. (Kui); hi_ru, hi_ru_ id. (Kuwi)(DEDR 2626). [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

sruth [sru] stream, flow, current /Irish //// Old Irish "srúaim" comes from Common Celtic *srô-men, from Indo-European *sru-men-s, from the root *sreu- (to flow). English "stream" is a cognate. [dk]

fearthuinn rain /Gaelic, fearthuinn /Irish, ferthain, inf. to feraim, I pour, give/Early Irish, *veraô, rain [from mcb]

uar waterfall, heavy shower, confluence (Sutherland Dial.) /Gaelic, úarán, fresh spring /Irish, Early Irish; also uaran, fresh water [see mcb]

Romance

a curge (vi) to flow, (vi/vt) to drip /Rumanian

Germanic

úr a drizzle /Norse, wär sea /Anglo-Saxon [mcb]

Paleo-Balkan

sara current, stream /Thracian [cb]

Albanian

rrjedh to flow, stream /Albanian [bd] < *sr-ed(h)- to whirl, bubble, stream /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

ghzhârayatbyô [ghzhar] to flow; to milk /Avestan (????)
irith- to flow; ooze out/Avestan
vâra rain /Zend. [mcb]

'urud arising, springing up, growing (plants or teeth). /Persian [fjs]

[fjs] lists 'urud as a loan from Semitic/Arabic.

[h]ar (n.) flood /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

sarít stream; sáras lake, pool; orig. 'water' {The root of the last two is sr. (run)}; sru flow, stream /Sanskrit

vár, vāri water /Sanskrit

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

ch'uhr (from ch'ur) 'anything protruded, drop of a liquid; numeral classifier'
in ch'uhr ha' 'a (one) drop of water'
ch'uhr ik'ar (ikar : wind, aigre) '"drops" of aigre (said to enter the body and cause sickness)'
inch'uhr ik'ar 'a (one) drop of aigre (gota de aigre)'
ch'uhr ch'ah 'drop or fall in drops, trickle, seep, dripping' (cl.3)
ch'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'dripping water'
ach'uhr ch'ah e ha' 'the water drips'
war ach'uhr ch'ah 'it is dripping'
ch'uhrch'es 'drip water, allow to seep thru' (cl.2a)

Quechua

suruy to pour; to pour out; to drip [q2]

vas to cut /Sanskrit
vAsi a carpenter's adze; vAzI also written {vAsI} ; accord. to some connected with {vrazc} a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel /Sanskrit [iits1]

vé-s to cut, engrave; vés-ő chisel; vés-és engraving /Hungarian
ács carpenter; ács-ol to cut /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian vés is officially of FU origin

*wän'gc'e- cut, slash (Proto FU) [Chong]

Two sources suggest a Turkic origin for Hungarian ács.

from the Turkic agacˆ "branch etc." [Chong]

Dravidian

*vas- sharp /Dravidian [ss]

va_cci, va_ycci, va_t.ci adze (Tamil); va_cci adze, scraper (Malayalam); po.d.c adze (Toda); ba_ci id. (Kannad.a); ba_ci, ba_ji (Tulu) (DEDR 5339).[sk]

acc- to split, saw; acca_na_ to cut off (hand, foot, etc.)(Gondi); asye to chisel (Malt.o); haccu, heccu to cut in pieces; hacci to divide (vegetables and fruits)(DEDR 46). [sk]

u_c- to scrape, plane; us- to pare; oochana a carpenter's plane (Gondi) [sk]

Etruscan

vuisi- "sharp" [az96]

Indo-European

Italic

vōmis, *vos-mis, vōmer plow-share, colter /Latin

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

vîs- to pierce /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

vas to cut /Sanskrit
vAsi a carpenter's adze; vAzI also written {vAsI} ; accord. to some connected with {vrazc} a sharp or pointed knife or a kind of axe , adze , chisel /Sanskrit [iits1]

vá-j hew /Hungarian

Dravidian

vij- (-it-) to break into small pieces (Kuwi)(DEDR 5411).[sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

vajar sculptor, engraver; vajati to sculpt, engrave; cut, emboss /Serbo-Croatian

Sunday = market day?

vasar dawn in: vasar-han (RV.); va_sra day; vas shine /Sanskrit [sk]
vâsará, early shining, morning /Sanskrit [mcb]

vasár-nap Sun-day /Hungarian

Uralic

vasár-nap Sun-day /Hungarian

Etymology?

Dravidian

va_sara a day (Kannad.a); va_sara-pati the sun; va_sara-man.i the sun (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vasar dawn in: vasar-han (RV.); va_sra day; vas shine /Sanskrit [sk]

vâsará, early shining, morning /Sanskrit [mcb]

vásár market /Hungarian

Uralic

vásár fair; market /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian vásár is from Iranian [Chong]

bazár "miscellaneous goods shop, bazaar" /Hungarian

Another loan. A bit of duplication, it seems.

Altaic/Tungus

puseli shop, store /Manchu [as]

Austro-Asiatic (?)

basut property; tij basut, cij basut goods and chattels (Santali.lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Armenian

vahĉahr; vahĉahrel- give away (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Slavic

vašar fair, market /Serbo-Croatian

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

bazar a market; a market-day; a bargain; usage, currency; beauty, splendour /Persian [fjs]

waazaar (Pehlevi) [Chong]

va:sa/yati `to dress, clothe' /Sanskrit [bd]
va_sana covering dress /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

vis-el to wear (clothes); to bear, carry; undertake /Hungarian

In ancient times one used various articles hung on one's person as adornments or embellishments made of fur, cloth, metal, shells, feathers and so on.

But, of course, Hungarian visel has to be a loan.

Altaic

*p`a>/si to hang /Altaic [ss]

*as- to hang /Turkic [ss]

as- (OUigh.) /Old Turkic; as- (MK) /Karakhanid; as- (Sangl., Houts.) /Middle Turkic; as- /Turkish; as- /Azeri; as- /Gagauz; as- /Turkmen; has- /Khaladzh; as- /Sary-Yughur; as- /Tatar; as- /Kirghiz; as- /Kazakh; as- /Balkar; as- /Kumyk; as- /Karakalpak; o|s- /Uzbek; as- /Uighur; at|- /Bashkir; a's- /Tuva-Tofalar; us-, os- /Chuvash [ss]

*(h)asa- to climb up; to stick, cling to /Mongol [ss]

asa- /Written Mongolian; asa- /Khalkha; aha /Buriat; as- /Kalmuck [ss]

The Mongol parallel is somewhat dubious semantically. [ss]

*pasi- to hang /Tungus [ss]

pasi.- /Nanai; pasi.- /Orok; xasi- /Oroch [ss]

*pi/sa\(n)ka- to hold in hands /Japanese [ss]

p(j)i/sa\(n)ka- (Old Japanese); hisage- (Tokyo) [ss]

Dravidian

hucc- to put on cloth (Kui); hu_cali to put on clothes; hucinai to dress; hoc-, oc- (-it-) to put on, wear (loincloth)(Kuwi) [sk]

c.f Hungarian huz 'to pull, draw'; huz-at 'a cover one pulls on' etc.

pacca (Tadbhava of pracchada or prasa_dhana) dressing; dress; embellishing, adorning; an ornament; pacca-ga_r-a a man whose occupation is embellishing or adorning, a dresser, a master of the robes; paccad.a, accad.a, haccad.a, paccavad.a (Tadbhava of pracchada) a large wrapper; a stout cotton cloth, generally twenty-four cubits long and two cubits broad; to make it broader, it is cut crosswise, and the two haves are sewn together; it is used as a wrapper or cover at night (Kannad.a); pacca (Telugu); paccavat.am (Tamil,Malayalam); paccad.isu, haccad.isu to dress, to adorn; paccavad.ati a woman whose occupation is dressing or adorning, a mistress of the robes; pacca_yla, paccayila, pacca_yila, pasa_yita a master of the robes (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*ues- to dress /PIE [bd]

Germanic

wasjan `to dress' /Gothic [bd]

Albanian

*uas/ei- /Proto Albanian [bd]

vesh to dress, wear /Albanian [bd]

Anatolian

waŝŝ(a)- wear /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan

va:sa/yati `to dress, clothe' /Sanskrit [bd]
va_sana covering dress /Sanskrit [sk]

Iranian

pošaen∂g to cause to wear, cause to put on /Baluchi [mab]
pošak (n.) garments, dress /Baluchi [mab]
poš∂g to put on, wear /Baluchi [mab]

vat.hara dull, stupid; vat.ara wicked, unsteady; bas.t.a fool /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

buta stupid, silly /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian buta is of unknown origin. [Chong]

bolond fool, lunatic, idiot, stupid, silly /Hungarian

Etymology?

Niger-Congo (?)

fuuta (adj.) aimless, foolish /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

bwd A /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr stammering, stupid

LS2 59 LS2 v: buwd

Altaic

balama reckless, mad, crazy /Manchu [as]
beli silly; beliyen shiftless, stupid /Manchu [as]

budala silly, imbecile (Turkish) {Chong]
bidagu (Classical Mongol) [Chong]

Dravidian

pe_t.i fear, cowardice (Malayalm); he_d.i, he_d.e, e_d.i coward, timid (Tulu)(DEDR 4434). [sk]

bad.d.u bluntness, dullness (Kannad.a); blunt, edgeless; dull, stupid, obtuse (Tulu)(DEDR 3883) [sk]

be_l., be_l.uve bewilderment, infatuation, madness (Kannad.a); bi_t.ana state of being bewildered etc. (Kannad.a); be_la simpleton; simple, ignorant (Telugu)(DEDR 4445). [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

baoth foolish, so Irish, Old Irish báith, baeth; root bai, fear, as in baoghal; Cornish bad, Breton bad stupidity, are not allied, nor is Goth. bauths, dumb, as some suggest. Hence baothair fool [mcb]

Slavic

bedak blockhead, simpleton, idiot; bedast foolish, silly, stupid, simple /Serbo-Croatian
bluna blockhead, dullard, idiot, noodle /Serbo-Croatian

Armenian

but, buth dull, stupid (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

bet∂var silent, speechless, mute, voiceless /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

vat.hara dull, stupid; vat.ara wicked, unsteady; bas.t.a fool (Sanskrit) [sk]

Spin

veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]

fonal thread, yarn (l is a deverbial suffix) /Hungarian
fon to spin (thread, yarn, wool), plait, braid /Hungarian

Uralic

*puna spin, twist /Finno-Ugrian [Chong]

puno- /Finnish; pyn- braid, twist /Komi; bâdne- spin, twist /Lapp; pun- twist /Man's'i; põne-, pune- braid, spin, twine, twist /Mari; pun- /Udmurt; pün'o- twine, twist /Kamas; fonu- to braid /Nganasan [Chong]

väntüä (v) to wind; to braid /Vaddja [fv]

Niger-Congo (?)

woñ (n.) thread /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Egyptian

pwwne turn, change /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Semitic

pny (v.) /Aramaic [cal]

011 passim to turn 012 Syr to be turned 013 Syr to return 014 JLAGal to release 015 Syr %lwAt nap$eh% to recover one's senses 016 Syr %xzA)% to see again 017 JBA to ease oneself 041 Syr to turn 042 Syr %(al% to care for 021 Syr to give back 022 Syr to pay back 023 Syr %petgAmA)% to reply 024 Syr to hear 025 Syr to satisfy 026 Syr to turn s.t. 027 JLAGal,JLATg,JBA to remove 028 JLAGal,JLATg to empty out 029 JLAGal to dismiss (from school) 0210 JLAGal to complete 051 Syr to be made to return 052 Syr to be returned 053 Syr to be repaid 054 Syr to be replied 055 JLAGal to be removed 056 JLAGal to be at leisure 057 JLAGal to be released 058 JLAGal to be dismissed (from school) 059 JLAGal to be completed 0510 JBA to relieve oneself 0511 JBA to be completed 031 Syr to turn s.t. 032 Syr to avert 033 Syr to convert 034 Syr to give back 035 Syr to lead back 036 JLAGal,JBA to free for interpretation

LS2 578

Austric

miro(a), whenu(a) to spin /Mäori [ng]

Sino-Tibetan

*[ph]a>n|H twist, spin, spindle /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "twist, spin"

fang 3 /Modern (Beijing) < phwa/n| /Middle Chinese < phan|? /Old Chinese

Tibetan phan| spindle. [ss]

Kachin g@ban|3 a hand-spindle. [ss]

*phuan cloth, garment /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning "long garment"

fen 1 /Modern (Beijing) < phu"n /Middle Chinese < ph@n /Old Chinese [ss]

Kachin: phun3 put on and wear, as a coat. [ss]

Lushei: puan, pon cloth, a garment, KC *puan. [ss]

Kiranti: *bha"\n wear [ss]

ban-, bha(t)- wear, put on (as ornament) /Thulung [ss]

*ber plait, knit, fasten /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

Chinese meaning " to plait; arrange, compile, record"
bian 1 /Modern (Beijing) < pien /Middle Chinese < pe:n /Old Chinese [ss]
bie^n /Vietnamese [ss]

{Also read *pen, MC pjen id.} [ss]

a~bjar, a~bjor to stick to, adhere to, sbjor (p., f. sbjar) to affix, to attach, fasten. /Tibetan [ss]

phiar to knit, plait, crochet. /Lushei [ss]

*phe\r (/*?p-) sew /Kiranti [ss]

pher-ca /Sunwar; phir- /Thulung; pher-na" (pheru) /Kaling [ss]

burma vt-1 [1: bur-] sew, stitch /Kulung [ss]

siunu /Nepali [ss]

Dravidian

*pin.-/*pi:nd.- to entwine, twist /Dravidian [ss]
*p_en. -: *pen. -V- `to twine, twist' /Dravidian [mw1: DEDR 4160a]

pe~_d.u, pe_d.u to twist, twine; pe_nu to twist, entwine; twist tow or three single threads into a thick thread (Telugu); pe_nd. to twist, twine (rope)(Naikri); pen.e to intertwine, twist, plait, braid (Toda); pin.ai to entwine; being knit together (Tamil); pin.i fastening, plait; pin.akku twisting, interlacing (Tamil); pin.a tying (Malayalam); pi.n. to become entangled (of ropes)(Kota); pena a twist of ropes; pena_cu to twist, twist together; pinning to be twisted (Brahui) (DEDR 4160). [sk]

ban.d.e, ban.d.a wool; ad.i-ban.d.a the wool at the belly of a sheep (Kannad.a)(Kannad.a.lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

vanth "demoness or fury associated with Xarun" [am91, glb, EM]
"Parca" [az96]; "one who turns" > "spin" [az96]
venzile "servile, client" [az96] root of vanth [az96]

Altaic

*p`u/n/e hair; feather /Altaic [ss]

*hu"-su" hair /Mongol [ss]

*pun/e- hair /Tungus [ss]

fenix@ 'hair, fur', funig|e /Modern Manchu; fun-ir-xie /Zhurzhen [ss]

*pa/na/i feather /Japanese [ss]

pa/ne/ (Old Japanese); ha\ne (Tokyo); ha/ne\ (Kyoto); ha/ne (Kagoshima) [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

veNi weaving , braiding L. ; braided hair or a braid of hair , hair twisted into a single unornamented braid and allowed to fall on the back (so worn by widows and women who mourn for absent husbands etc.; veNI a braid of hair &c.; a stream , current /Sanskrit [iits1]

(2) Indo-European

Reconstruction

*pan fabric /PIE [js]

Greek

see wánax [am91]

Slavic

vuna wool /Serbo-Croatian [p>v] (meaning totally different to Hungarian!!!)

vlna wool /Slovak

Muskogean/Eastern

paanałi to put in with, mix (one object) in /Alabama [tm]

paanałka 1. to intermingle with, mix with (of one or one group) 2. to be mixed together (of different kinds of things); to be racially integrated /Alabama [tm]

panayka to have a sprained or turned ankle; to warp (as new lumber left out in the weather); to be curled up (as a cat or dog) {/panay-ka1} /Alabama [tm]

panayli to wind, twist, turn, make (one object) crooked {/panay-li} /Alabama [tm]

pànkachi to be twisted, turned, coiled, crooked, gnarled, curved, warped, spiraled, wrung, serpentine {/pan(ay)-ka1-chi2} /Alabama [tm]

pànnichi to keep twisting, coil {/pan(ay)-li-chi2} Var: pannichi /Alabama [tm]

bonyo- complicate, confuse /Hungarian

Uralic

puna distorted, twisted, warped state; kink, tangle /Finnish; poˆn'- roll up, wrap up; poˆn't' a kind of tress used by men /Khanty; bodnje twist (also in rope); bending; cross-grain in wood of tree; warp; bodnjâ screw, turn, twist; change direction, change course for; tangle, disarrange, make a mess of; etc. /Lapp; [? põn'em plait, tress /Mari; bin'- roll up; wind up, wind /Udmurt] [Chong]

Hungarian bonyo- is a descriptive word according to one source. [see Chong]

also see Hungarian varr "to sew,knit"
see Hungarian for-, per- "spin"
see Hungarian forr- "to heal,join,knit"

vi_j, vyaj fan; vi_jana fanning /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

fúj to blow /Hungarian << Uralic *puwe blow
vihar storm; vitorla sail /Hungarian

Altaic

*pul-gi to blow

fūha wind and waves; storm, tempest /Japanese
fūi direction of the wind /Japanese

firtina gale, storm /Turkish

Austric

puhi blow /Moriori [mor]

Indo-European

Slavic

vjetar wind; breeze; storm, gale /Serbo-Croatian
vietor wind /Slovak

vihar, vihor, vijor hurricane gale, whirlwind, storm /Serbo-Croatian
vihar /Slovene
víchrica hurricane /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

vi_j, vyaj fan; vi_jana fanning (Sanskrit) [sk]

Assure, trust, lead; secret, mystery, wiseman, witch

viz, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskrit
vis'va_sayati causes to trust, encourages /Sanskrit
bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]

bíz to trust, assure, have confidence in /Hungarian
bizomány commission, consignment /Hungarian
bizt-os, bizony-os assured; bizt-os-ít to assure /Hungarian
vez-ér chief, commander; vez-et to lead, guide /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bíz is possibly of FU origin.

? baz- (Komi, Udmurt) [Chong]

Hungarian vezet is officially derived from

*wetä- /Proto FU [Chong]

Sumerian

buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic

pyzmh N /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLAGal trust, security

Dravidian

besa command, order (Kannad.a); viyam id. (Tol. Col. 67); viyan:ko_l. command; viyan:kol.l.utal to obey orders, to submit (Cilap. 9,78); viyavan- commander, person in authority; headman (S.I.I. ii,352); strong, bold man; servant; besadavan (Kannad.a) (Tamil.lex.) [sk]

besana (Tadbhava of vidha_na) order, command; besanam pe_r.. = besani_; besanam sa_r to get an order; besana he_r..isi kol. to obtain permission; besani_, besani_-i_ to give an order; besambad.e, besavad.e to get an order, to obtain permission; besave_r.. to give an order, to command (Kannad.a lex.) [sk]

Etruscan

fes to make accounts, assure [az96]

Indo-European

Albanian

bese' faithfulness, faith; besoj to believe /Albanian < *bh(e)idhi- persuasion, oath /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

vaz to guide; to fly /Avestan

bózem take, lead away (somebody) /Pashto [tr]

Indo-Aryan

viz, vizati, -te entrust; lead /Sanskrit
vis'va_sayati causes to trust, encourages /Sanskrit

boszor-kány witch, sorceress /Hungarian

Uralic

busturgan /Udmurt {Chuvash loanword} [Chong]

Hungarian boszorkány is believed to be of Turkic origin.
[A second official source says the Turkic might derive from bas- "to press, step (on)"] [Chong]

Sumerian

buzur(2,4,5), puzur(2,4,5) safety, security; secret, mystery; a merchandise tax [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

bs introduce (K5); (be) initiated... ...{r into; (det.) mystery /Old Egyptian [cgj]

basar [ba'sar] to augur /Maltese [gf]

Altaic

basõr¥an goblin, kobold, sprite; nightmare (Uzbek) [Chong]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

bwzwrg pious person, saint; pious, saintly /Baluchi [mab]

buzurg great, large, immense; powerful, grand, magnificent; adult, elder; a saint; name of a note in music; -- buzurg shudan, To grow up; -- buzurg dashtan, To honour, to revere, magnify./Persian [fjs]

buzurgan (pl. of buzurg) grandees, nobles; doctors, wise men, philosophers /Persian [fjs]

bizeŝk `healer, doctor' /Middle Persian [al]
bzyŝk `healer, doctor' /Parthian [al]
biziŝk `healer, doctor' /New Persian [al]

%biŝ- `healing, remedy' /Old Avestan [al]
%biŝ- `healing, remedy'; biŝaziia- `to cure, to heal'; bae:ŝaza- `healing, medicinal'; bae:ŝaziia- `medicinal, curative' /Late Avestan [al]

Indo-Aryan

bhis.a/j- healer, physician /Sanskrit [al]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

pos (pos) 'black magic, sorcery'
posi (posi) 'work magic against, bewitch' (cl.1)
posmah 'practice sorcery' (cl.3)
posmaar 'practice of sorcery'
poson 'act of magic or sorcery'

vyadh or vidh hit with a weapon /Sanskrit
vadh strike, harm /Sanskrit
vyādha hunter /Sanskrit

vad wild, savage, uncultivated, uninhabited /Hungarian
vad-ász hunter /Hungarian
viad-al fight; combat; viad-or gladiator /Hungarian

Uralic

*wanta wild /Ugor

Hungarian vad is officially thought to be of FU origin

wont forest, wilderness (Khanty); unt forest, wilderness (Southern Khanty); vuow'de forest, wood (of big trees) (Lappish) [Chong]

Altaic

Turkic

? vah$i brutal; savage, wild (Turkish) [Chong]

Tungus

butaha hunt /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

*ve:nt.- hunting /Dravidian [ss]

*ve:nt.-/*ve:d.- hunt /South Dravidian [ss]

ve:t.t.am, ve:t.t.ai hunting, chase, murder /Tamil; ve:t.t.a hunting, chase /Malayalam; be:t.e, be:n.t.e hunting, the chase, animals pursued by sportsmen; be:t.ey a:d.u to hunt; be:d.a huntsman; be:d.u multitude of huntsmen; be:n.t.iga hunter /Kannada; bo:t.e hunting, hunt /Kodagu; be:n.t.e\, bo:n.t.e\, be:t.i hunting, chase /Tulu [ss]

*ve:t.-a", *ve:d.- /Nilgiri protoform [ss]

*ve:nt.- hunting, the chase /Telugu [ss]

Basic form: ve:~t.a
Dialect forms (1): ven.t.a
Derivatives: Also [1] ve:~t.aka:~d.u, [2] ve:~t.agiri, [3] ve:~t.ari hunter, fowler; ve:~t.-a:d.u to hunt [ss]

*ve:t.- to hunt /Kolami-Gadba [ss]

ve:t. a:d.- /Kolami; ve:t.a "hunting" /Naikri [ss]

*ve:t.- hunting /Gondwan [ss]

*ve:t.-a: /Gondi protoform
ve:t.a /Konda form
*be:t. /Pengo-Manda protoform
*be:t.-a /Kui-Kuwi protoform [ss]

bad bad, evil /Brahui

Dogmatists love to use this word to show that, although it is similar to English 'bad' it does not necessarily follow that the two are even remotely related.

vatai < vadha murder (Te_va_. 965,8); affliction, torment (Tiv. Na_yc. 8,9); vatittal, vataittal to kill, murder; to torment; vatai-tal id.; vanti compulsion (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3, Arum.); vanti-par-r-u to obtain by force (Tiv. Na_yc. 9,3) (Tamil lex.);

vadha, vadhe striking, killing; slaughter, murder; vadhisu to strike, to kill, to slay, to murder /Kannad.a; vadhya to be killed (Skt.Ka.)(Kannad.a lex.)

ve_t.t.a-k-kat.a_ ram trained for hunting (Tamil lex.); cf. xar. ram (Br.) ve_t.an- hunter, fowler /Tamil; man of the pa_lai tract (Tamil lex.); ve_t.t.uvan- fowler, hunter /Tamil(Kur-al., 274); man of the kurici tract (Tol. Po. 21)(Tamil lex.); ve_t.an id. /Malayalam; be_d.a huntsman /Toda; be_d.ave fowler /Tulu; ve_t.a hunting (Nk.Go.Kond.a.); ve~_t.a, ven.t.a id. /Telugu; be_t.a id. /Kuwi; be_t. (Pe.Mand..); ve_t. /Or.iya_ ve_t.t.am hunting, chase /Tamil; ve_t.t.a id. /Malayalam; be_t.e, be_n.t.e id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.u hunting, hunter /Tamil; ve.r.n. id. (Ko.); be_d.a id. /Kannad.a; ve_t.ari id. /Telugu; ve.t. hunting (Ko.); be_t.a id. /Kuwi ve_t.t.u the occupation of hunting (Tol. Po. 21, Urai.); ve_t.t.am hunting, chase (Akana_. 182); ve_t.a (Ka.Te.); ve_t.t.ai hunt, game killed in hunting (Tiruva_lava_. 44,38); ve_t.uvan- hunter (Te_va_. 485,4); ve_t.u hunting (Akana_. 318); be_d.a /Kannad.a; ve_t.u the caste of hunters (Tiv. Iyar-. Na_n-mu. 47)(Tamil lex.) [sk]

Indo-European

Celtic

fiat, fiata wild /Gaelic; [mcb] lists this as a participial formation from fiadh a deer /Gaelic; veiðr, hunting /Norse [mcb]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

b∂d (adj.) bad, evil /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

vadh strike, harm; vyadh or vidh hit with a weapon /Sanskrit
vyādha hunter /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern

owwatta to hunt (owwattatiska, owwattatilka, owwattataska) /Alabama [tm]

véd to protect, defend /Hungarian
vitéz soldier, hero, knight; brave, gallant /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian véd is officially of FU origin.

*wänte- protect (Proto FU)[Chong]

wÅn'tÅ catch sight of, notice; see (KnO) [Chong]

Hunnish (500-700AD) [csd]

viti(I) battle, war
vitesi(I) warrior, battler, soldier

Altaic/Turkic

vit- to cover /Chuvash [ss]

Indo-European

Anatolian

faTa- defense /Lydian (IE) [cb]

Slavic

vitez knight; (fig.) chivalrous (gallant) person /Serbo-Croatian

vRka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit

[fh] has looked at several languages and he believes that the word for "skin, fur, hide, leather etc." is often related to the name for "wolf" in the respective language.

bőr skin, hide, leather /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian bőr is possibly of FU origin.

? p@r reddish membrane inside the outer birch bark (Eastern Khanty); šašpoår birch bark (Man's'i - šoåš birch bark. This may be identical to -poår bit, piece.) [Chong]

varga "shoemaker" /Hungarian {/b/ > /v/}

Etymology?

Some terms from the Leather Trade. (site1, site2)

barka-réteg 'the upper layer of the skin or hide which becomes visible after separation of the fur from the hide after processing' /Hungarian

barka-hasíték 'skiver' /Hungarian

Has two meanings :- (a) a paring-tool for leather; (b) a thin leather split from a sheepskin, used for book-binding.

barka-sajtolás 'embossing'; préselt barka 'embossed grain (on leather)' /Hungarian

(Thanks to those two kind Magyar souls who brought them to my attention.)

Sumerian

bar n., (out)side; soul, innards; fleece [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

*par- skin, fur, husk, etc. /Semitic Protoform [ss]

pa:ru, parru, ba:ru skin /Akkadian [ss]
parta: {pl. parre:} /Syriac [ss]

Egyptian

{dh.r (be) bitter; hide, leather /Egyptian [cgj]}

Altaic

{deri skin /Turkish}

Caucasian

*qa:rp.V / *p.a:rqV outerwear, fur-coat /North Caucasian [ss]

*q:aba- fur-coat /Andian [ss]

q:aba/rĉa /Avar; q:apa, q:apaĉa /Andi; q:a:ĉa /Akhvakh; q:abaĉa /Chamalal; q:abaĉa /Tindi [ss]

see Hungarian kabát, guba "cloak etc."
see *kápa bark, skin /Altaic; *kápuk/o/ bark, skin; kepe-neg fleece coat /Turkic [ss]

barq.ut fur-coat /Lak [ss]

*p.arq. fur-coat /Dargwa [ss]

p.arq. /Akusha [ss]

*q.ap:a(r)ĉaj fur-coat /Lezghian [ss]

q.abaĉej /Tabasaran; q:abaĉaj /Rutul [ss]

Basque

abarka (C) leather (or rubber) shoe famous in the Basque Country

cf. similar Hungarian varga "shoemaker" {/b/ > /v/}?

Iberian

abarca - leather shoes (also Gascon abarque) part of the Iberian substratum defined by linguists [from cb5]

Dravidian

puran.i skin; flesh; pura_n.i, pur-an.i outer bark of a tree; skin, rind, peel, coat; flesh; hilly, pastoral tract (Tamil lex.) pur-an.i outer bark, skin, anything that is outside /Tamil; pir-i, pir-u flesh /Kannad.a; perasu id. /Telugu [sk]

{turutti < dr.ti skin, leather; bellows (Akana_. 224); id. (Malayalam) [sk]}

farkas wolf /Hungarian

Uralic

*'warkas(e) "wolf" /Proto FU [mw2]

[mw2] says that PFU *'warkas(e) "wolf" is a loan from Proto Indo-Iranian *vŗka-s < Proto Indo-European *wļkwo-s

Some even argue that, Hungarian farkas "wolf" derives from fark "tail" with suffix /-(a)s/ which forms adjectives from nouns, but in this case another noun.

The spiel goes as follows "The similarity between farkas and the IE is believed to be due to chance resemblance, because /p/ becomes /f/ in Hungarian not /v/. On the other hand, Mordvin v@rgas "wolf" is known to derive from IE Avestan vehrka."

Huh?

Sumerian

ur-bar-ra wolf [jh]

Altaic

böri one name for wolf! wolf totem /Turkish [fh]

Caucasian

*bhe>rc.i> (~ -e>) wolf; jackal /North Caucasian [ss]

*bh|orc. wolf /Nakh [ss]

borz /Chechen; borz /Ingush; b?|orc. /Batsbi [ss]

*boc.o wolf /Andian [ss]

bac. /Avar; boc.o /Andi; baĉ.a /Akhvakh; bac.a /Chamalal; bac.a /Tindi; bac.a /Karata; bac.a /Botlikh; bac.a /Bagvalal; bac.a /Godoberi [ss]

*bo|c.@ A wolf /Tsezian [ss]

boc.i /Tsezi; boc.e /Ginukh; boc.a /Khvarshi; boc.o /Inkhokvari; bac.o /Bezhita; bo|c.@ /Gunzib [ss]

barc. wolf /Lak [ss]

*bec. wolf /Dargwa [ss]

bec. /Akusha; bec. /Chiragh [ss]

*(bVgV)-bVz|/V jackal, hyena /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-bg@/z| /Abkhaz; bagaz|a /Abaza [ss]

Indo-European

*wl.-kw-, *wl.-p- wolf /PIE [cb1]
*wļkwo-s wolf /[mw2]

Germanic

varg "wolf" /Swedish

ulv "wolf" /Swedish; "grey wolf" /Danish

Indo-Iranian

*vŗka-s wolf /PIIR [mw2]

Iranian

vehrka wolf /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

vRka the tearer, i.e. wolf /Sanskrit

fark, farok tail /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian fark "tail" << "cover, hide" /Turkic-Mongol; böri one name for wolf! wolf totem. [fh]

also see Hungarian irha "hide,pelt"

Caucasian

*w@rqV( ~ b-) sheep's tail /North Caucasian [ss]

*bi(r)qV-miG|a 1 sheep's tail 2 hump /Andian [ss]
{A compound with *miG|a or *miG|-ul 'tail' in the second part.} [ss]

mo/x|mox| 1,2 /Avar; bex|u-muG|ul 1 /Andi [ss]

*buq-mu[G|] sheep's tail /Dargwa [ss]

buq-muj /Akusha [ss]

This Caucasian root only occurs within the old compound with *me:G|V> 'tail' [ss]

c.f. Hungarian birka "sheep" - another source of wool, meat, leather etc.

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

barha tail-feather < br.h "pluck" /Sanskrit

Blossom, bloom, flower

vRdh (1) elevate, make to grow, make greater, strengthen; (2) elevate inwardly, cheer; (3) to grow, thrive; vRddhá (ppl.) grown, become great; increased (of wealth); (adj.) grown up; old, aged /Sanskrit

Uralic

vir-ág flower, a bloom /Hungarian

vir-it to bloom, blossom /Hungarian

Perhaps also c.f. virr-ad to dawn, shine /Hungarian

Niger-Congo (?)

firi to flower; firoo (n.) flower /Mandinka [pc1]

falu to be elected, germinate /Wollof [pc2]
firi to spread, undo, flower /Wollof [pc2]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Diakonoff () , #23> [oi4]

Cushitic

faar(R) blossom/flower/bud (Bedawiye, Beja)

Semitic

pry, pr?' fruit /Proto Semitic

Egyptian

pr.t fruit etc. /Old Egyptian

Austric (??)

pua flower; pu-rakau blossom /Moriori [mor]
pua, blossom; pua, putiputi flower /Mäori [ua]

Sino-Tibetan

*pha:r flower /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

ãbar to open, begin to bloom. /Tibetan [ss]
panh flower. /Burmese [ss]
pan1- a flower, cf. also (Mat.) ban1 plant, as in a nursery. /Kachin
pa:r a blossom, a flower, par? to open (as a flower). /Lushei [ss]

*ba>rH to open /Sino-Tibetan [ss]

phran? spread (wings), pran? spread (a carpet). /Burmese
phjan2 to spread the wings, to open, as the fist ( < Burm.?). /Kachin
phar? to open (the hand, flower, etc.); be wide open. /Lushei [ss]

Dravidian

*vĭr- to grow, overflow; proud, arrogant /Dravidian [ss]

vir.p to spread out/Gondi; viri to expand, spread out/Tamil; virikka to expand/ Malayalam; biri to expand, open, blossom/ Kannad.a; viri-ttal to cause to expand; to open, unfold /Tamil (Tamil lex.); berrna_ to overflow, as leaven when fermenting (Kur.ux); virra_na_ to grow, increase /Gondi; vir-r-avi~_gu to be proud, or haughty; swell, be puffed up /Telugu; vle_nda, vle_nd.a to rise, expand, swell, distend; vle_pka (< vle_k-p-; vle_kt-) to cause to exapnd, stretch, widen out (Kond.a); velng to spread (Parji); velkip to spread, expand (Parji); vir.p to spread out (Gondi); viriyal blossoming (Tamil); virikka to expand (Malayalam); vringa to be loosened (Kui); viriccal hatching (Malayalam) [sk]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

wariq becoming leafy; green, flourishing, verdant /Persian [fjs]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

belaq a flower; a garden; a cool grotto /Persian [fjs]

Leading /b/ can become /v/ in Hungarian

(2) Indo-European

*werdh to grow /Proto IE
*uerdh-, *uredh- to grow; high /PIE [pok: 1167]
*bhreu-, *bhreu-d- to swell, sprout /PIE [pok: 169]
*perth- pole; sprout /PIE [pok: 823]

Italic

vĭrĕo -ĕre, to be green, vigorous, healthy, fresh /Latin [Cassell]
vĭrĭdans -antis, green; vĭrĭdis -e, green (fresh, young) /Latin [Cassell]

The unattested PIE root is seen as *weis "sprout"?

see *ueis-1 to sprout, grow /PIE [pok: 1133]

Indo-Iranian

vRdh /Sanskrit

(a) elevate, make to grow, make greater, strengthen
(b) elevate inwardly, cheer
(c) to grow, thrive

vRddhá /Sanskrit

(ppl.) grown, become great; increased (of wealth);
(adj.) grown up; old, aged

yugá yoke /Sanskrit

iga yoke /Hungarian

Etruscan

uxumsna one who yokes, binds

Indo-European

ok yoke /Old Norse [ep: 322]

see *yug- to bind, to harness /PIE [cb1] whose cognates include

Greek dzugon 'yoke' //// Latin jungere 'to bind', jugum 'yoke' //// Common Celtic *con-yungi- 'to bind', *yougo- 'yoke' > Irish & Scottish cuing 'yoke', Welsh iau 'yoke', Old Welsh iou, Old Cornish ieu, Breton geo, ieo, Gaulish Ver-iugo-dumnus (a personal name) ////Sanskrit yugam 'yoke', yuñjati 'binds' //// Avestan yaoj-, yuj- 'to harness', Persian juHittite iukan 'yoke' //// Armenian luc 'yoke' //// Common Germanic *jaukiz 'yoke' > Gothic juk 'yoke', Old English géoc, Old Icelandic eykr, Old Saxon uk, Old High German juh //// Lithuanian jungti 'to harness', jungas 'yoke' //// Common Slavic *jïgo 'yoke' > Russian & Bulgarian & Polish & Slovene igo, Kashubian jigoe, Polabian jeigü [cb1]

Since most domesticated plants are not common in distant Indo-European languages, it is unlikely that they practiced agriculture before their separation and resettlement. However the yoke may simply imply a crude hitch to an oxen without any connotation of agricultural usage. Gimbutas arguments about the Anatolian origin of Indo-Europeans is very unlikely and full of flaws. The most central and best supported origin is from near the northern shores of the Black Sea. North and East of them were Uralic and Altaic peoples. Even northern Europe had Uralic people before the arrival of Indo-Europeans. [fh]

good, fine, nice, fit, proper /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

yз fine, fair /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

iyi good, well; the good /Turkish
yoi good; fine; nice /Japanese

Indo-European

Indo-Iranian

jo proper time for ploughing or sowing /Bengali, Or.iya_; yo_gya fit for yoking /Pa_n..; draught animal (AV.); yogga fit /Pali; yo_je_ti yokes, ties /Pali; jo_e_i yokes, joins /Prakrit; joenda_ to yoke, harness /Lahnda_; jon.a_ to yoke /Punja_bi_ [sk]

zak to help, aid, assist others/Sanskrit
sa_khiya, sa_khy friendship; sa_khilya friendship /Sanskrit [sk]

Uralic

seg-ély help; aid; relief; seg-ít to help, assist, aid /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian segély is derived from a FU origin. [Chong]

? cˆanggode-, šanggõd@- (Mordvin) [Chong]

Sumerian

suh support, foundation; to lift, support [jh]

Altaic

suke help; aid; assistence; sukui rescue; relief; help /Japanese

Indo-European

Italic

see Latin succurrěre to come to aid, succour, help, assist

zAkhA branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]

Uralic

szak age, era, period; branch, profession, subject; division, part, section; stanza, strophe, verse /Hungarian [Chong]

Officially, Hungarian szak- is of FU origin.

(?) *s'ukk3 (Proto FU); *s'akk3 (Proto Ugric) [Chong]

szak-ma trade; profession; szak-ács cook /Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian szakma is from szakmány "contract" which is possibly related to szakad- "rip". which is considered a derivative of szak "age", "era", etc. [Chong]

Altaic

shoku an office; a post; duties; service; employment; work; a job; profession; a trade /Japanese
shokugyō an occupation, a calling; a profession; a trade /Japanese
suku to make, manufacture /Japanese

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian

shakh a branch, bough, shoot, sucker, twig; a horn, antler; the arm, from the tip of the finger to the shoulder; the leg, from the groin to the foot; a small cut from a main stream; the spur of a cock; a rib; a bit, piece; a gusset, gore; the forehead; the main beam in the roof of a house; etc. /Persian [fjs]

shákh branch. P. /N. Baluchi [mld]

Indo-Aryan

zAkhA branch (lit. & fig.); limb, arm, leg, finger; ramification, subdivision, species, sort, branch of a Veda, i.e. Vedic school. /Sanskrit [iits2]

Region around the Black Sea

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