sanskrit1

Sanskrit Hungarian

Word List 1

These lists contain 'SIMILARITIES' not alleged Sanskrit-Hungarian cognates!
Do you understand?, Verstehen Sie?, Comprenez-vous?, ¿Entiende?, Capisce?

Even though Hungarian belongs to the Uralic languages, Hungarian shares more than the Indo-European languages with ancient Iranic tongues of which (Indo-Aryan) Sanskrit is but one derivative. These are from the oldest strata of the language indicating that it was learned while the Iranians' ancestors had not yet left eastern Europe for Asia. Even the oldest gathas of the Zend Avesta contain words understandable in Hungarian, while the later gathas become more and more foreign and strange. Some of the shared words however are not really Iranian in origin as claimed today but are loan words into Iranian from the ancient languages of Iran like Elamite and early Dravidian which again share many words with early Uralic languages especially with Hungarian. [fh]

abhí to, unto; against /Sanskrit
ápi unto, on, to, thereto /Sanskrit

abba {a(z) = that + ba = into} into that, there /Hungarian
ebbe {e(z) = this + be = into} in/into this /Hungarian

Dravidian

abe/ba_n (obl. aben.-/ba_n.-) there; aben.i/ba_n.i of that place, belonging to that place; abekan man belonging there (Kond.a)(DEDR 1). [sk]

Afro-Asiatic

b "in, from, among" /Phœnician [cgj]

Indo-European

IE Root

epi, opi near, at, against [ahd]

Greek

epi on, over, at [ahd]

Italic

ob, ob- before, to, against /Latin [ahd]

Slavic

ob on /Old Church Slavonic [ahd]

abból {a(z) = that + ból = from} from/of that, therefrom /Hungarian
ebből {e(z) = this + ből = from}from/of this, out of this /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

ebol out, forth /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

To eat, drink

aç (açnáti; áça; etc.) to eat, partake; āc,a food /Sanskrit
ad food /Sanskrit

esz(ik) to eat (eats) /Hungarian
ét-el food, meat, course (of food), dish /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian esz(ik) is of FU origin [Chong]

Uralic *sewe

sävï-, sëve- (Erzya); syö- (Finnish); te-, tew- (Southern Khanty) [Chong]

Sumerian

ešša satiated [jh]

Altaic/Turkic

a∫ food; azyk food /Turkmen [glnp]

as food /Khakas [kl]

Indo-European

Germanic

æ¯s food, prey, carrion /Old English [sc1]
ess-en eat. {t>s} /German

Italic

esca, *ed-ca /Latin

Anatolian

Luwian [cb]

at-, az- to eat

Hittite [ho]

az-zi-ik-kan-du verb;

iterative 3rd person plural imperative of mi-conjugation <ēd-> eat

Indo-Iranian

*Hac/H- (?) eat /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]

Iranian

a:ŝ `food, soup' /New Persian [al]
bas / basae `soup' /Ossetic [al]

Indo-Aryan

aç (açnáti; áça; etc.) to eat, partake; āc,a food /Sanskrit

etet to feed; etet-és feeding /Hungarian

Altaic

Turkic/Khakassian

ottat= to pasture, to let graze, to feed (Sagay, Koybal, Kacha) [kl]

isz- to drink /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian isz- (and inni, iv-) are thought to be of FU origin.

[? juo- (Finnish); jän't'- (Khanty); jan's'- (Northern Khanty); jæn't'- (Southern Khanty); ju- (Komi, Udmurt); jukkâ- (Lappish); äj-, etc. (Man's'i); d'üa-, jüä- (Mari)] [Chong]

Altaic

*p`ič`i drink, pour /Altaic [ss]

*ič- /Turkic
*(h)ečüg-le- /Mongol
*piče- /Tungus [ss]

? iç- (Azeri, Turkish); es- (Chuvash); ecˆu (Tatar); ic- (Uigur) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic/Semitic (?)

$qy N $qy) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,Syr watering trough 2 JLATg,Syr pool, canal 3 Syr drink 4 Syr irrigation

LS2 798, SED

LS2 v: $eqyA)

Caucasian

*=Vc.V to drink; to gulp, to eat /North Caucasian [ss]

*c.:a- drink /Andian [ss]

c.:a-d- /Andi; c.:a-r- /Akhvakh; c:a- /Tindi; c.:a-r- /Karata; c.:e- /Bagvalal [ss]

*=ac.- to eat /Tsezian [ss]

=ac.- /Tsezi; =ac.- /Ginukh; =ac.- /Khvarshi; =ac.- /Inkhokvari [ss]

*?Vc.V (~-c.:-) drink /Lezghian [ss]

c.a-bus /Archi [ss]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

uch', uch 'drink, drinking'
uch' e ha', uch e ha' 'drink of water'
inte' uch' e chicha' 'drink of chicha'
uch'er 'a drink, drinks'
uch'i 'drink, suck, take a remedy' (cl.2)
ha' tua' uyuch'i 'drinking water ("water to drink")'
uch'in 'drink'

ital (n.) drink; itat to give sb. a drink; to water an animal /Hungarian

Uralic

Old Magyar it, itó 'watering hole, to drink, refreshment' and Magyar iszik connected to Finn-Ugric *juγe *juke 'to drink' [alinei]

Afro-Asiatic

itrw river; the Nile /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Basque

edal- (used in compound words) derived from edari drink
edan (C) v.t. to drink; (n.) a drink; edari (C) beverage, a drink
iturri (C) spring, fountain

Etruscan

Etruscan iθal 'drink'; itθa 'drink, drinking vessel' > Magyar ital and Old Magyar it 'watering hole, to drink, refreshment' [alinei]

Indo-European

Celtic

ìotadh thirst /Gaelic, íota /Irish, Old Irish ítu, g. ítad: *isottât, root is, desire, seek; Greek i@'ótcs, wish, i@`/meros, desire; Church Slavonic iskati, seek; Sanskrit ish, seek, Zend. ish, wish. [from mcb]

c.f. the Gaelic root is "desire, seek" with

üz to work hard at a trade; to chase after a woman /Hungarian
âšik lover; loving; âšikî love, amour /Brahui
izi , iz-zi fire [jh] /Sumerian; issi heat /Turkic
зs fire /Phœnician [cgj]
asik fever? malady /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]
?a,sol' hot; ?a,sul' fever /Yuki [y84]
*aZ- ardor [az96]; ausaz eager, desirous [az96] /Etruscan
az to burn, to sear? [az96]; usil sun /Etruscan
asar roast /Spanish; assar bake /Portuguese

ánna food /Sanskrit

enni to eat, enni-való food {-ni is the infinitive suffix) /Hungarian

Uralic

Officially, Hungarian enni is of FU origin [Chong]

Uralic *sewe

sävï-, sëve- (Erzya); syö- (Finnish); te-, tew- (Southern Khanty) [Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

'nhw victuals /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Basque

ano portion, food supply; wine; animal feed

Said to derive from Latin annōna "yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living".

Dravidian

a_nu to eat, drink (Telugu); anna eaten; food; boiled rice; un.ike taking a meal; un.n.i taking a meal, a meal (Kannad.a); un.t.i food, boiled rice, food of birds and beasts; un.a food; un.avu, un.a_ food, boiled rice, foodstuffs; (Tamil); u_n. food, boiled rice, meal (Malayalam); u.n. food, food eaten after dry funeral (Kota) [sk]

Indo-European

Latin (??)

annōna "yearly produce, crop especially of grain; the price of provisions (esp. corn), the cost of living"

Albanian

*un- hunger /Proto Albanian < *uenH- to love, desire, request /PIE [bd]

uri; ũ(n) hunger /Albanian [bd]

Indo-Iranian/Indo-Aryan

ánna food /Sanskrit

Muskogean/Eastern (?)

anooli 1. to finish, finish off, get through with, use up; to devour, eat up (of one) 2. to finish doing, do completely, do thoroughly, be totally /Alabama [tm]

inni to drink /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian inni (and isz(ik), iv-) are thought to be of FU origin.

Austric

inu drink /Moriori [mor]
inu, unu drink; inu(mia), unu(mia) to drink /Mäori [ng]

Dravidian

āc,a's wish, hope [supposedly derived from c,an.s "say in a loud and solemn way" + ā] /Sanskrit
āc,ā' hope [younger form of āc,a's] /Sanskrit

Uralic

oottõa to wait /Vaddja [fv]

ácsor-og to loiter, to stand about; to wait /Hungarian
őgyel-eg to loaf, lounge, loiter /Hungarian

Officially, the origin of Hungarian őgyeleg is unknown. [Chong]

{Hungarian /cs/ same as Basque /tx/ or the English /ch/}
{Hungarian /gy/ similar to palatised /d'/}

Niger-Congo (?)

edoo (n.) waiting period /Mandinka [pc1]

Afro-Asiatic

axerat stand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

*ič`V to hope [ss]

*(h)iča- /Mongol [ss]
*iče- /Tungus [ss]

Turkic

idediji watchful; ideg 1. tending, care 2. surveillance; ideg-sorag 1. search 2. investigative, watchful; idemek 1. to search for 2. to inform about /Turkmen [glnp]

gara∫-mak to wait /Turkmen [glnp]

Dravidian

ta_r-u, ta_ru to lurk, lie in wait (Telugu); tar-uku to linger, loiter (Tamil); ta_ri to wait (Koraga)(DEDR 3193). [sk]

Basque

itxaron (B,G,U), itxoin (B,G) to wait; to hope, to trust

igurika (L,LN,,Z) adv. waiting, expecting
igurikarazi (L,LN,Z) v.t. to cause to wait, to make someone wait
igurikatu (L,LN) v.t. to wat for, to watch for
iguriki (L,U) v.t. to wait for, to watch for

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

Iranian [Cheung]

*uat- to hope for /Proto Iranian

Prefixed form: *a:-uat-

Sogdian: CSogd. 'wt- `to hope for', (nomin.) SSogd. ''wth `faith' (v. MHC: 32.8), CSogd. 'wt (m.) , (obl.) CSogd. 'wty `hope'

Sogdian paradigm: Pres.: IMPV. 2sg. CSogd. 'wt

New East Iranian: (nomin.) ? Oss. I. ud, D. od `ghost, soul, spirit'

Indo-Aryan

āc,a's wish, hope [supposedly derived from c,an.s "say in a loud and solemn way" + ā] /Sanskrit

āc,ā' hope [younger form of āc,a's] /Sanskrit

Whip, to urge, strike, hit; drive, chase

açtara whip /Sanskrit

os-t-or whip {[t>s] -t =deriv.suffix} /Hungarian

Uralic

oc'-te-re whip /Ugrian

Sumerian

ùs-an, ^kušá-si whip [jh]

Basque

usta (B,U) whip, scourge, lash

Indo-European

Slavic

istući to beat (bruise, lick, thrash); pommel, thump; pound; pestle /Serbo-Croatian
oštar sharp, cuting, edged, keen; peaked, pointed; biting, severe, harsh /Serbo-Croatian
ostrý sharp /Slovak

Indo-Iranian

ac'-tra whip /Avestan
açtara whip /Sanskrit

üs strike, hit /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

aas blow with hand /Coptic Egyptian [cgj]

Dravidian

is- (-t-) to strike /Kond.a [sk]

Indo-European/Slavic

ošinut struck, whipped, rapped, whacked /Serbo-Croatian
ošinuti to strike, hit, whip, scourge /Serbo-Croatian

iş (işáyati; íşyati; iyéşa, īşús; işitá; íşayitum) send; set in swift motion; impel /Sanskrit
īş hasten from; flee before /Sanskrit

űz to drive, chase, pursue /Hungarian

Sumerian

ús, úz [UŠ] v., to follow; to drive etc. [jh]

Caucasian

*=Vc.V to drive, urge /North Caucasian [ss]

*=ac.- ( ~ -oc.-) 1 to drive, urge; to swarm (bees) 2 to reach /Andian [ss]

=ac.- 1 /Avar; =ac.- 1 /Chamalal; =ac.- 1 /Tindi [ss]

see also Chamalal =uc.- 'to run away' (*'be driven'). [ss]

*=oc.- B to drive, urge /Tsezian [ss]

=oc.- /Tsezi; =ec.- /Khvarshi; =oc.- /Bezhita; =oc.- /Gunzib [ss]

*?Vc.V to drive, urge; to pour, strew /Lezghian [ss]

q:a=c.- /Budukh [ss]

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

ish [-] (inchoative verb) urge /Avestan
iş (işáyati; íşyati; iyéşa, īşús; işitá; íşayitum) send; set in swift motion; impel /Sanskrit
īş hasten from; flee before /Sanskrit

adás (pron.) yon, yonder, that, that there /Sanskrit
idám (adv.) now; here /Sanskrit
íti in this way, thus, so /Sanskrit
itthā' (Vedic only) and, itthám (adv.) in this way; so /Sanskrit

ide, itt(en) here; in this place /Hungarian
oda there; ott(an) there, in that place /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]

a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)

Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]

[? *e this (Proto FU); et that (conjunction), egä, iga every (Estonian); e- in että that (conjunction) (Finnish); âttì that (conjunction) (Lappish)] / [? it now, in just now; this (Khanty); e-: sy this, that, eta this, edz'i so (Komi); e-: emb& if, when, ese that one, esë there (inessive), estë from there (elative), es't'a so, es't'amo such, ete this; i-: is't'a so, is't'amo such (Mordvin)]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

Hurrian-Urartian [ryan]

edia there

Ainu [sm]

otta in, at {postposition}

Burushaski [dg]

to - there; it - over there
tóla - thither; íta - to over there
tólum - from there; ítum - from over there

Dravidian [sk]

a_da that place, there (Telugu); atan there; adar.in therefrom (Naikri); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that over there (Kui); atala yonder (Kuwi); a- that most remote; asan, hasan there, thither; ayya_, hayya_ there, in that place (Kur.ux) (DEDR 1)

Indo-European

Celtic

Gaelic ud yon, yonder, Irish úd, Early Irish út; for sud (sút), q.v. For loss of s, cf. the article [mcb]

Armenian

ahd, ahyd, aht that, there (Old Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Anatolian

[-tta] "locatival" particle /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Functionally = Hittite -kan. = Lycian -te and Palaic -tta. [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

idha here, now /Avestan

dda (adv.) there /Baluchi [mab]
oda (adv.) over there /Baluchi [mab]
yda (adv.) here /Baluchi [mab]
e-dem this way, hither /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

adás (pron.) yon, yonder, that, that there /Sanskrit
idám (adv.) now; here /Sanskrit

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

ta '(locative and instrumental particle)'

Ulwa

âduh (interj.) here! [ud]
iduh (interj.) there! [ud]

így in this way; like this /Hungarian {/gy/ like palatised /d'/}
úgy so, like that /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian így is seen as being related to Hungarian ez "this", itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", ilyen "such as this" and officially deriving from FU [Chong]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

One expert source sees Hungarian úgy as derived from a FU root. [Chong]
Another expert source sees úgy as related to Hungarian az "that" (see below)

Altaic

Turkic

îdi thus, in such a way /Khakas [kl]

(idä RI:1506 Sagay, edäy RI:848, edii RI:854 Sagay, Koybal, Kacha); îdi dee, îdök tee so, as it is; îdi tee çaxsï it is good as it is; ediibä, pidiibä, qaydiiba? RI:854 like this, like that or otherwise?; edäy keräk, çaqsï RI:849 that's right, good!. [kl]

Tungus

uttu thus, in this manner /Manchu [as]

Dravidian

at.t.e_ in that manner; at.u, at.ula, at.ulu, at.t.ulu, at.lu thus (Telugu); dahun, daun, duhun in this manner (Bra_hui_)(DEDR 1) [sk]

Indo-European

Italic

íta (adv. used with adjs. and advs.) so, thus /Latin

Indo-Iranian

íti in this way, thus, so /Sanskrit
itthā' (Vedic only) and, itthám (adv.) in this way; so /Sanskrit

az "that" (demonstrative pronoun) /Hungarian
ez "this" (dem. pronoun) /Hungarian

Uralic

Hungarian az and related ott "that, there"; onnan "from that" officially derive from FU. [Chong]

a-, ata (Komi, Udmurt); u- (Mari); o (Mordvin)

Hungarian ez and related itt "here", ide "hither", innen "from here", így "so", ilyen "such as this" officially derive from FU [Chong]

[? eke, eko this, this here, eo' hither (En'ec'); iid@ that one there (Kamas)]

kase (dem. prn) this here, that there /Vaddja [fv]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #347> [oi4]

Semitic

d- this /Aramaic; z- this /Hebrew; d_u (demonst.) /Arabic

Egyptian

s (s', z) man

Berber

i_d ayd ad (demonst.) /Berber

Altaic

[? incˆä so (Old Turkish); ene this (Buryat); edüge now (Clasical Mongol) // ädu here (Ewenk)] [Chong]

∫u this, that /Turkmen [glnp]

Caucasian

es this; eg, is that /Georgian [pjh]

Etruscan

ita, itu, ta this [lb]

(0) Indo-European

*s- (demonstrative pronoun) /PIE [cb2]

Armenian

es, isah, os this (Armenian - Dorosmai) [Chong]

Anatolian

es- this /Lydian [cb2]
asa-, asi- that /Hittite [cb2]

(1) Indo-European

Indo-Iranian/Iranian

e this, these; he, she, it, they. /Baluchi [mab]

Fire, sun; to burn etc.

agní fire, god of fire, Agni /Sanskrit
kha sun /Sanskrit [iits1]

Uralic

ég (n.) sky; (v.i.) to burn; ég-et (v.t.) to burn, scorch; ég-ő burning, glowing/Hungarian

Officially, Hungarian ég is possibly from FU.

? *äng8 /Proto FU [Chong]

[fh] says Hungarian ég is from Uralic *säNe , N = nk (nasal velar)
Hungarian N>n,ñ,gy ; Sumerian N>n, g~ becomes _an sky, high
In Turkic it becomes "teng"

kohó foundry /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Cohen (1947) , #142> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

oog- blow into a flame /Somali

Semitic

h%tw lit up /Geez

Egyptian

h%.t fire /Old Egyptian

Berber

@g* burn; uku light up /Berber

Cognate Set <Greenberg (1963), #30> [oi4]

Chadic

Central Chadic

koho fire /Hina; uhu fire /Higi

Chadic

ako(da) fire /Kulong (= Marba)

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973), p. 262 #4> [oi4]

Cushitic

Agaw

wag* pl wag*at light of fire /Bilin

Cushitic, East

iyeeta fire /Dasenech; hec#e /Dullay; xete /Gawwada; heec#e /Gobaze; ka-te /Tsamay; iku /Yaaku; oog- blow into a flame /Somali

Cushitic, South

oh- *P burn /Iraw

Chadic

aka fire /Barein; ohue fire /Baza; ahu fire /Klesem; ako fire /Sokoro

Cognate Set <Black (1974), #296.08> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

eek fire /Elmolo; elen fire /Bayso; Gi'@t@ fire /Dasenech; xete fire /Gawwada

Cognate Set <Newman (1977) , #48> [oi4]

Chadic

aku akwa fire /Proto Chadic

ako fire /Sokoro; ako fire /Dangla; waa-ta fire /Gaanda; aku-da fire /Masa (Banana); akwa fire /Matakam; aka fire /Ngizim; k@wei fire /Warji

Cognate Set <Ehret (1980) , #1.09b085. [oi4]

Cushitic, South

?'ogh- burn (v.i.) /Proto South Cushitic

oh- *P burn /Iraqw; ohis- burn (v.i.) /Alagwa; ?'omumus- bake /Asa(x); ow- burn (v.i.) /Burunge

Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #106> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

eku fire /Yaakau

Cushitic, South

?'eekw-, yeekw- fire /Proto South Cushitic

Cognate Set < Ehret (1987) , #564> [oi4]

Cushitic, East

oo?'-, hoo?'- warm /Oromo

Cushitic, South

?'oh- burn (v.i.) /Proto Rift

Egyptian

'h brazier; fire (for cooking) /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Austric

ahi fire. He tutu i te ahi To light a fire. /Rapanui [anon]

ahi, ehi fire; wahi, kohia firewood /Moriori [mor]

pupuhi, ahi, käpura fire /Mäori [ua]
ahi, kapura, mapura, pahunu fire; ki fire /Mäori [ng]

Altaic/Turkic

_kün sun /Turkish
gün 1. sun 2. day /Turkmen [glnp]
kn day /Cuman [pbg]

Basque

egun day, eguzki sun; eki (LN,Z,U) sun

Basque eguzki `Sun'. derives from egun `day' plus the noun-forming suffix -zki, and it has variants iguzki and iduzki; there is also an eastern variant eki also derives from egun plus the different suffix -ki. Some anthropologists suspect that the sun might have played an important part in the old Basque religion, but we have no evidence. [lt]

Caucasian

*=o:gwV to burn /North Caucasian [ss]

*=ik:w|- burn Dargwa [ss]

=ig- /Akusha; =ik:w|- /Chiragh [ss]

*?ok:w|y- burn /Lezghian [ss]

k:u-z /Lezghi; u-g-ub /Tabasaran; ugw|a-s /Agul; ug-az^| /Kryz; s-ug-u /Budukh; ok:a-s /Archi; bok:-sun /Udi [ss]

=ek:-kwi, k:-i burn /Khinalug [ss]

{=ek:- is transitive (=ek:-kw|i), k:- (term. k:-i, dur. k:-izi) - intransitive.} [ss]

*=i:k.wV to burn, set on fire /North Caucasian [ss]

*=a:k.- to burn /Nakh [ss]

=a:g- /Chechen; =o|g- /Ingush; ak.-dar /Batsbi [ss]

*-ik.w|Vn- / *k.w|Vn- 1 to burn (intr.), to catch fire 2 to set on fire /Andian [ss]

re/k.n- 1 /Avar; k.on- 2 /Akhvakh; k./an-ax|:-i 1 /Godoberi [ss]

*=ek.w|- B to burn /Tsezian [ss]

=ik.w|- /Tsezi; =ek.w|- /Ginukh; =ak.w|- /Khvarshi; =ok.w|- /Inkhokvari; =ek.- /Bezhita; =ek.ek.- /Gunzib [ss]

k.i=a-n to catch fire /Lak [ss]

*=ik.w|- to set on fire /Dargwa [ss]

=ik.w|- / =irk.w|- /Chiragh [ss]

*?ik.w|a- set fire, burn /Lezghian [ss]

k-u"k.-u"n- /Lezghi; l-ik.w|a-s /Rutul; q-ok.a-s /Tsakhur; ?|unk.u /Budukh; k.w|a-s /Archi [ss]

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*'ą~ką~ke- parching (палящий), hot (горячий) /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN618]

*ąkąke- (~ a) hot (горячий) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss: PN1556]

ąkąká- /Alutor [ss]

*xka- /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN631]

xka-lah fervent, fervid, hot (горячий), parching (палящий) /Sedank dialect; xiką-lex(in), xka-lax/γ ardens, fervidus; kakal'an flammans, flammeus /West Itelmen; kika tepide /SIT [ss]

(1) Indo-European

Italic

ignis (fire) /Latin

Anatolian

agniš fire /Hittite

Slavic

oganj fire, bonfire; fever; flame /Serbo-Croatian
ognjen fiery, ardent, blazing; aglow /Serbo-Croatian
ogorjeti to burn all around; be charred all round (or on the surface) /Serbo-Croatian
ogrev firewood, fuelwood /Serbo-Croatian
ogrijati to warm, heat /Serbo-Croatian
ogyn (n.) fire /Bulgar; ogon' be on fire /Russian
oheň fire /Slovak (archaic Uralic and IE term is its source, but not a loan)

(2) Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

kagh fire; that which ruminant /Persian (Farsi) [fjs]

Mayan

Chorti

from [cw]

e k'in 'the sun, the day'

where e is the (definite article; copula)

from [jd]

a'q fire [1907 O]
q'aq fire [1907 H,J]
q'aqe fire [1907 Q]
q'aq fire [1897]
c'ac' fire [1834]

khá (1) hole; hollow; (2) opening; (3) hole in the hub of a wheel; (4) the sky /Sanskrit

Uralic

ég sky /Hungarian

also see Hungarian ég "to burn"

Elamite

kik sky, heaven [oi2]

Altaic

gok sky, heavens /Turkish

Indo-European/Indo-Iranian

khá (1) hole; hollow; (2) opening; (3) hole in the hub of a wheel; (4) the sky /Sanskrit

Expresses "the hole in the sky" etc.

aj- to drive, to sling /Sanskrit [al]

Uralic

Ugrian *kuje to drive, possibly derived from haj-l bend?

ajaa to drive /Vaddja [fv]
ajõttaa v to chase away (trans.) /Vaddja [fv]
ajõvaa v to chase (intr.) /Vaddja [fv]

haj-du cattle drover./Hungarian
haj-hász to hunt after to pursue sthn. /Hungarian
haj-sz-a hunt, chase, pursuit; haj-sz-ol to hunt, chase, pursue /Hungarian
haj-t to chase, drive, urge on, to press, push; to bow; to purge /Hungarian

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Ehret (1987) , #153> [oi4]

Cushitic, Agaw

k'a"y hunt/chase after(someone) /Bilin

Cushitic, East

qai- *P kill /Yaaku

Cushitic, South

k'a't- go and see /Proto South Cushitic

Altaic

Turkic

haÿda-mak to do quickly, to rush; haÿdat-mak to drive, urge, hurry up /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

oitate chase; driving away

Chukchee-Kamchatkan

*'ajta- to drive (cattle); pursue; hurry /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss]

Chukchee-Koryak

*ajtat- to drive (cattle); pursue; hurry /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss]

ag|ta/t- Chukchee; ajtat- Koryak; ajtat- Palan [ss]

Itelmen

*'ajtat- /Proto Itelmen [ss]

'ajtat- SO to drive (cattle); pursue; hurry /Sedank dialect [ss]
'ajtaty/@z; 'ajtataz 1 eegisse, agitare; exigere /West Itelmen [ss]

Dravidian

y- (s-) to chase (Toda); oy (-v-, -nt-) to drag along (as a flood), launch (as a boat), send forth, give; oyyal forwarding, giving; uy (-pp-, -tt-) to carry, take away, lead, guide, send, discharge (as arrow), give (Tamil) [sk]

Indo-European

Slavic

hajka hunt with pack; hunt, chase; pack of hounds /Serbo-Croatian
hajkati to pursue, chase, hunt, startle game; ferret /Serbo-Croatian

(1) Indo-Iranian

*Haj/- /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]

Iranian

azaiti [3sipa] `to drive (away)'; azaite [3sipm] `to drive (away)' /Late Avestan [al]
hays- `to drive' /Khotanese [al]

Indo-Aryan

aj- to drive, to sling /Sanskrit [al]

(2) Indo-Iranian

Iranian

haid (v.n.) moving, disturbing, driving off; frightening, oppressing the spirits; amending, correcting, restoring; turning, diverting; checking, chiding; propelling; disturbed /Persian [fjs]

Yuki

hąy- look for, hunt [y84]

ápas- work, action, sacrificial act /Sanskrit [al]

Uralic

ép healthy, sound; intact, unbroken, unharmed, whole /Hungarian
ép-ít, ép-ül to build, make, construct, erect; ép-ül-et building /Hungarian

The root of the Hungarian is ép, and is of unknown origin, while -ít and -ül are deverbial suffixes. -et is a denominal suffix. [see Chong]

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic

epēśu do, make, build /Akkadian [oi3]
`bd servant of a god, slave /Phœnician [cgj]

cbd to serve, work /Central Semitic Root [ahd]

cōbad alternate form of ^cebed servant, slave /Hebrew [ahd]

(bd V /Aramaic [cal]

011 passim to make 012 passim to do 013 Syr to write 014 Syr to create 015 Syr to prepare 016 Syr to repair 017 Palestinian,Syr to put in charge 018 Syr to ordain 019 Syr to force 0110 Syr %)ap:e)% to give authority 0111 Syr %parcowpeh% to act in someone's place 0112 Syr %)eblA)% to mourn 0113 Syr to suffer 0114 Syr %xuwb.A)% to make friends 0115 Syr %xewArA)% to grow gray 0116 Syr %baktAbA)% to commit to writing 0117 Syr %meltA)% to speak 0118 Syr %nap$eh% to simulate 0119 Syr %(uwhdAnA)% to commemorate 0120 Syr %txeyt )iydA)% to subjugate 0121 Syr to worship 0122 Syr to celebrate 0123 JLAGal,Syr to pass (time) 0124 Syr to be suitable 0125 Syr grammatical term to rule 0126 Palestinian to have made 0127 Palestinian to produce 0128 Palestinian to act 0129 JLAGal to provide 0130 JLAGal to fulfill 0131 JLAGal to do magical practice 0132 JLAGal to determine the law 0133 JLAGal to fare, to prosper 0134 Palestinian to be, to become 0135 JLAGal to amount to, to be equal to 0136 Palestinian %grm% to pretend 0137 Palestinian %xwbh% to commit a sin 0138 Palestinian %prnsh% to make a collection 0139 Palestinian %$wbh% to make the Sabbath 041 Palestinian,Syr,JBA to be done 042 Syr to be prepared 043 JLAGal,CPA,Sam to become 044 JLAGal to occur, to happen 031 Syr to do 032 Syr to operate 033 Syr to stir up 061 Syr to be made 062 Syr to be stirred 063 Syr to be constrained 064 Syr to be formed

LS2 504

(bd#2 N (bd) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Palestinian,Syr labor 2 Palestinian,Syr work 3 Syr operation 4 Palestinian,Syr fiction 5 Syr edification 6 Syr administration 7 Syr thing 8 Syr reality 9 Syr creature 10 Syr wealth 11 Syr baggage 12 Syr burden 13 Syr grammatical term predicate of verbal sentence 14 JLAGal,JBA case 15 JLAGal legal decision 16 JBA act

LS2 504

LS2 V: (bAdA) abs. voc: (bAd

(bdh N (bdt) /Aramaic [cal]

1 JLATg,CPA work

(bdn N (bdn) /Aramaic [cal]

1 Syr work

LS2 505

LS2 V: (bAdAnA)

Cognate Set < Ehret (1980) , #1.09b102> [oi4]

Cushitic, South

aab-, baab- "carry child on back" /Proto South Cushitic

bab- "carry child on back" /Alagwa; b/aab*- /Dahalo; awaw- /Iraqw; babu- "baby sling" /Kwa'dza

Altaic

*ebe to carry on the back /Altaic [ss]

(????) *eg|u"re- to carry on the back /Mongolian [ss]

u'ur- (SH) /Middle Mongolian; u":re- /Khalkha; u":r- /Kalmuck; urgu- /Monguor [ss]

*ebe- carry (on oneself) /Tungus [ss]

i.wari.- 'to unload' /Nanai; ewe- /Evenki [ss]

*@\p- to carry on the back /Korean [ss]

@p- Modern Korean; @\p- Middle Korean [ss]

*@\p- to carry on the back /Japanese [ss]

o\p- Old Japanese; o\- Tokyo [ss]

Turkic

ep, ev house, building /Turkic

Basque

abe (C) column, pillar, support; (fig.) supporter of the family; stanchion; (fig.) cross
habe (L,LN,Z,U) beam; column, pillar; cross

Etruscan

ep to do; epl work, labor; eple, epule worker [az96]
"Opes, god of resources, strength, power" [az96]
< *ep strength, work, labor [az96]

Indo-European

*h₃ep-os- work /PIE [al]; {also see IE *op- work [cg2]}

Italic

opus 'work,action' /Latin [al]

Germanic

efnen `to perform' /Old English [al]
uoben `to start to work, to practice, to worship' /Old High German [al]

Indo-Iranian

*Hapas- 'work' /Proto Indo-Iranian [al]

Iranian

Avestan

huua:pah- `doing good work, masterly' /Avestan; hauuapan|ha- [n] `creativity' /Old Avestan [al]

Old Persian

hwp /xu:b/ `good' /Middle Persian; xu:b `good' /New Persian [al]

Mayan Languages

yib strong /Chuj; ai-yip "has strength"; ip' strength /Jaca; ayi!p /Kanj; 'ip force, power /Moto [jd]

Muskogean/Eastern (????)

saapoka burden carried on the back, backpack Usage: Older word. {/saapo-ka¹ (?)} /Alabama [tm]
saapola burden, pack, backpack {/saapol-a} /Alabama [tm]

saapoli /Alabama [tm]

1. to carry on the back

Usage: For some speakers this can be used only as a variant for the noun saapola.

2. burden, pack, backpack

Quechua

apaq (adj.) carrier; apay to carry [q2]
apu (adj.) mighty; powerful; rich; wealthy [q2]

Yuki

?ąp- carry on the back₂ [y84]

ar- to reach, to come towards, to meet with /Sanskrit [al]

Uralic

ér to arrive, ripen; ér-et ripe, ready /Hungarian

One official source says this one is 'possibly' of Turkic origin. [Chong]
Another source says it is of uncertain origin. [Chong]

Sumerian

urum, uru₆, ur₇ spawn, fry [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

ir achieving /Old Egyptian [cgj]

Altaic

er ripen, ready, mature /Altaic
er? ripen /Turkic

Basque

erdu(tu) (archaic) to come, to arrive
iritsi (G,U) to reach, arrive

Dravidian

uru (-pp-, -tt-) to become ripe, mature (Tamil); urve unripe (Tulu); uriyu to become ripe; hair to become grey (Telugu)(DEDR 658).[sk]

er- (e-, a-; edd-) to become happen, (story) is finished (Kolami); er- to become (Naikri); er-/en- (ed-/edd-) to be (Naikri); er- (e-) to become, happen, be (Parji); er- (ed-, en-) to be, become, happen, be born; e_r- (edd-, enn-) to become (Gadba); ar-e_- emphatic present; stem of anning to be (Bra_hui_) (DEDR 823) [sk]

Indo-European

Anatolian

a-ri verb; 3rd person singular present of hi-conjugation <ar-> arrive /Hittite [ho]

Celtic

erru arrived /Breton [gp]

ùr fresh, new /Gaelic, úr /Irish, Early Irish, húrde vividarium /Old Irish, ir, fresh, green /Welsh: *ûro-s, *pûro-s; Latin pûros, English pure. Usually referred to *ugro-s, Greek u@`grós, wet, Latin uvidus, moist, root ve@g. [from mcb]

Indo-Iranian

*Har- /Proto Indo-Iranian [al] < *h₁er- to go /PIE [al]

Iranian

r&sa- `to come'; <arsm> [1siimpfa] `I came' /Old Persian [al]
rasi:dan `to arrive' /Middle Persian [al]
rasi:dan `to arrive' /New Persian [al]

Indo-Aryan

ar- to reach, to come towards, to meet with /Sanskrit [al]

Muskogean/Eastern

oła to come, arrive (at a place), visit a place /Alabama [tm]

{Irr: 1Dl=onła; 2Dl=ołhachi; 3Dl=ołachi; 1Pl=ołaabíhilka; 2Pl=ołaabíhaska; 3Pl=ołaabíika} [tm]

arghá worth, price; arha deserving; worthy; fit /Sanskrit
arh, arhati deserve, merit, have a right or be worthy to /Sanskrit [iits2]

Uralic

*arwa worth, price .PFU [mw2, Chong]

[mw2] suggests that the PFU is probably a loan from PIE *org^wha-

ár, ér price, value/worth; ár-u wares, goods, merchandise /Hungarian
árul sell; offer for sale; árulás betrayal, treachery /Hungarian
érdem merit, deserve /Hungarian

Hungarian ár is officially seen as of FU origin [Chong]

Sumerian

? er-in balance scale; ? er-im treasury

ára, ár[UB] n., praise, glory; v., to praise, glorify [jh, Chong]

Altaic

*ur/i debt /Altaic [ss]

*u"r/- 1 to pay debts 2 thrifty /Turkic [ss]

u"z- 1 /Old Turkic; u"z- 1 /Turkmen

*o"ri debt /Mongolian [ss]

o"r /Khalkha; ur /Dagur; ur@ /Monguor [ss]

*u/r- to sell /Japanese [ss]

u/r- /Old Japanese; u\r- /Tokyo [ss]

ure sale; demand; ureru to sell; uri sale; selling; uri-aruku to peddle, hawk, sell; deal in goods; uru to betray; deceive /Japanese

*a/ru ( ~ e/-) to change, sell /Altaic [ss]

*Ar- gift /Turkic [ss]

armag|an /Turkish; armag|an /Azeri [ss]

*aralz^|i- 1 to change, exchange, barter 2 exchange, change /Mongolian [ss]

Turkic

ar-dim merit /Turkish [also see artim-paz merit /Scythian]

Basque

erosi to buy

Indo-European

Reconstruction

*org^wha- /PIE [mw2]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

arejô value, price /Avestan

Indo-Aryan

*arh deserve, have a right to/Sanskrit
arghá worth, price; arha deserving; worthy; fit /Sanskrit
arh, arhati deserve, merit, have a right or be worthy to /Sanskrit [iits2]

aru sun /Sanskrit
ara/- (RV+) spoke of a wheel /Sanskrit [al]
arati/- `ring of spokes, total of spokes' [An epithet of Agni, said of his flames.] (RV) [al]

Uralic

*hunke moon

ár-ad shine, flow, blaze /Hungarian
hold moon; hónap month /Hungarian

Sumerian

íla, íli, íl to shine [jh]
ara ₄, ar to shine, blaze [jh]

Afro-Asiatic

ku moon /Akkadian

yrh. moon, month /Phœnician [cgj]

Altaic

*ilV evident, visible /Altaic [ss]

*ori dawn /Altaic [ss]

*u"ru"n| (*o"ru"n|) 1 white 2 dawn /Turkic [ss]

u"ru"n| 1 /Old Turkic; u"ru"n| 1 /Yakut [ss]

*o"r dawn /Mongolian [ss]

u":r (?) /Khalkha; o"r /Kalmuck; ur /Dagur; o:r /Monguor [ss]

*(x)oru- to flame up /Tungus [ss]

orumna- /Evenki [ss]

Turkic

är morning /Turkic

Austric

ra sun /Moriori [mor]
ra sun /Mäori [ng]

Basque

erre to burn; ortzi heavens, sky, firmament; ancient name of sky god
*iLe or *iLa, ilargi, hilargi moon; hil month

Dravidian

ol.i light, brightness, splendour, sun, moon, star, fire, sunshine, lamp, beauty; ol.iyavan-, ol.iyo_n- sun; ol.ir (-v-, -nt-), ol.ir-u (ol.ir-i-) to shine; ol.irvu, ol.ir-u brightness; ol.imai brilliance, brightness, beauty (Tamil); ol.i splendid, bright; the light; ol.ima, ol.ivu brightness; on.ma splendour, beauty; ul.ayuka, ul.iyuka to shine, glitter (Malayalam); ol.a, ol.apu shine, blaze; ul.ku to shine, blaze, appear; ul.ku, ul.uku a shining substance, a meteor (Kannad.a); ol.i light, splendour (Tulu); or.ini(ka) white, bright (Kond.a)(DEDR 1016). [sk]

ilaku (ilaki-) to shine, glisten, glitter /Tamil; ole, pol.e to appear, to come to light (Kannad.a.lex) [sk]

uru to burn; uruppam, uruppu heat, anger /Tamil; uripu, urisu to cause to burn, inflame /Kannad.a [sk]

Etruscan

erus "sun" < "burning" [az96]

Indo-European

Albanian

*(h)u:l- star /Proto Albanian; yll star [bd]

*hand-na: moon /Proto Albanian; he'ne' / hãne' moon /Albanian [bd]

Armenian

arev sun /Armenian < *h₂reu- to get light, brighten /PIE [bd]

Indo-Iranian

Indo-Aryan

aru sun /Sanskrit
ara/- (RV+) spoke of a wheel /Sanskrit [al]
arati/- `ring of spokes, total of spokes' [An epithet of Agni, said of his flames.] (RV) [al]

Mayan

Chorti [cw]

war, warar 'light, brilliance, radiance'
uwarar e k'in 'sunlight'
uwarar e kat tu' 'moonlight'
ut e warar 'ray of light, beam'
waran 'light, shiny, radiant'
warih 'light up, cast light (as the sun or a torch)' (cl.3)

Quechua

quilla moon, month [q1]
illa, illapu lightning; illariy dawn [q2]

Arta fallen into (mischief); afflicted, distressed, pained, troubled by (---), suffering, sick, sore, unhappy /Sanskrit [iits1, iits2]

Uralic

árt-almas harmful, pernicious /Hungarian
árt-ani to harm, hurt /Hungarian

Etruscan

arna "to afflict, affliction" [az96] < *ghren [az96]

ásu vital spirit; vigorous life /Sanskrit

ész mind, reason; esz-es rational; esz-mélet consciousness /Hungarian
ás-ít to yawn, expel air {-ít is a verbal suffix} /Hungarian
szisz-eg to be hissing (over and over) [fh16] /Hungarian

Uralic

es, oz intelligence, cleverness /Ugrian

oˆš ability, memory, understanding (Northern Khanty); vezˆer reason, understanding (Komi); uus intellectual ability, memory, understanding (Man's'i); vazˆov sensible, wise (Mordvin - derivative) [Chong]

Sumerian

zi (n.) breathing; breath (of life); throat; soul [jh]

zu, sú: (n.) wisdom, knowledge; (v.) to know; to understand; to inform, teach (in marû reduplicated form); to learn from someone (with -da-); to recognize someone (with -da-); to be experienced, qualified. [jh]

uš₄ intelligence; gaššu intelligent [jh]
gašam craftsman, artisan; skilled person; job, work; office holder; wisdom [jh]

(1) Altaic

*uč`e reason /Altaic [ss]

*üč-ün /Turc
*učir /Mongol
*uč- /Tungus
*áčh /Korean [ss]

Turkic

as mind, intelligence; us-ta intelligence /Turkic
as mind /Chuvash; is /Bašqort, Tatar; äs /Chagatai , Kamas , Karagas , Uigur [Chong]
hu∫ memory; ü∫ük sharpness, quick wittedness /Turkmen [glnp]

Mongol

z^üji sake, reason /Mongolic

Japanese

ishiki consciousness; osu infer; deduce; conclude; judge; evaluate; guess; surmise /Japanese; zu brains; clever, intelligent

(2) Altaic/Khakas

ezät= to make yawn, to bore {I:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]

ize= to yawn {ezä= RI:889 Sagay, Koybal dialects} [kl]

cf CT esne= [kl]

Basque

ezagu-tu to know

Dravidian

us, u_s, hus, ho_s sound used in sighing when tired (Kannad.a); usu, ussane a deep sigh (Tulu); us interj. expresses tiredness, pain, dejection, etc. (Telugu) [sk]

Caucasian

*?a>msa (~ -@,-y) sky, cloud; soul, breath; god /North Caucasian [ss]

*?as-ar inspiration /Nakh [ss]

asar /Chechen [ss]

*?as:V (~-o-) 1 breath 2 prestige, dignity /Andian [ss]

as: 2 /Avar; as:i 1 /Akhvakh [ss]

*has: sky, cloud, fog /Tsezian [ss]

as /Tsezi; as /Ginukh; as /Khvarshi; as /Inkhokvari; has /Bezhita; has /Gunzib [ss]

as nobility, conscience; a heathen deity /Lak [ss]

*?ams: 1 raincloud 2 cloud /Lezghian [ss]

ams 1 /Tabasaran; ams-ar 2 /Agul; asyj 2 /Rutul; haso 2 /Udi [ss]

*p@sA soul, spirit /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

a-ps@/ Abkhaz; ps@ Abaza; psa Adyghe; psa Circassian; psa Ubykh [ss]

*=i:ĉ.wE:l to count; to understand /North Caucasian [ss]

*=e:ŝ- 1 to read 2 to learn, study 3 to obey, be obedient /Nakh [ss]

=e: ŝ - 1,2 /Chechen; =e ŝ - 1 /Ingush; =e ŝ - 3 /Batsbi [ss]

*=ic.:Vn- / *=iĉ.:Vn- 1 to understand 2 to count /Andian [ss]

=iĉ.:- 1 /Avar; =iĉ.:Vn- 1 /Andi; =as.V~- 2 /Chamalal; =ic:i~- 2 /Tindi; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Karata; =ic.:Vn- 2 /Botlikh; =ic:Vn- 2 /Godoberi [ss]

=u=ĉ.i-n to understand /Lak [ss]

*=ilĉ.Vn / =uĉ.- to read /Dargwa [ss]

=uĉ.-es /Akusha [ss]

*p-ĉ/:w|@ to count /Abkhaz-Adyghe [ss]

pĉ@-n /Adyghe; bz^@-n /Circassian [ss]

Etruscan

ase breath, wind, soul [az96]; asi inspiration, spirit, wind [az96]

Indo-European

Classical Greek [lsj1]

azô 1. cry a, groan, sigh 2. breathe hard

Celtic

àis wisdom /Gaelic [mcb]

Tocharian B

ais/aumye (a) `wise one'; (b) `wise' < aik- `know, recognize' [tob]

Slavic

zasopiti se to breathe heavily, pant; gasp for breath, be winded; be out of breath /Serbo-Croatian

Anatolian

haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]

Indo-Iranian

Iranian

ushi understanding, mind, intelligence /Avestan

hus intellect, mind /Persian [fjs]

[h]oš consciousness, senses /Baluchi [mab]

Indo-Aryan

ásu vital spirit; vigorous life /Sanskrit

esz-me idea, conception (-me is an old deverbial suffix) /Hungarian

Basque

asma-tu to invent

Dravidian

âzmâefing to test, to examine; âzmûda tested /Brahui
âzmûdagâr experienced /Brahui

Indo-European

Germanic

asmeagan imagine /Old English

Slavic

izmisliti to invent, devise, contrive, think (out); izum invention, discovery; izumiti to invent, discover, find out /Serbo-Croatian

? úmysel idea /Slovak

Indo-Iranian/Iranian (?)

`azmat design, determination, resolution; necessary, obligatory; firm, fixed, stable; a claim, right, due; the decree of God /Persian [fjs]

A loan from Semitic/Arabic according to [fjs]

azmaen∂g V-I-II to test, examine /Baluchi [mab]
azman∂kk story, tale (fictional); azman∂kk j∂n∂g to tell a story /Baluchi [mab]

Ázmáinagh to examine. P. /N. Baluchu [mld]
Ázmútá examination /N. Baluchi [mld]

hes! quiet, listen! {/s/ similar to English /sh/}/Hungarian

Sumerian

ğeštug _(2,3), ğeštu _(2,3) n., ear(s); hearing; understanding, intelligence v., to hear; to understand [jh]

Hurrian-Urartian

haš-ia- give ear to [ryan]
haš-u- hear, obey, listen [ryan]

*x|as- "hear" /Proto Hurrian-Urartian [ss]

x|az^- /Hurrian [ss]
x|as^- /Urartian [ss]

Afro-Asiatic

Cognate Set <Dolgopol'skij (1973) , p. 85 #1> [oi4]

Cushitic

East

us- silent /Oromo; asaa?`- silent, keep secret /Saho; us silence! /Somali

South

xatl- a xatliit *P silent /Iraqw

Semitic

h%s'y h!s'y silent /Proto Semitic

h%s#?`, ?' sit still, silent /Geez

Altaic/Khakas

is= to listen, to hear [es= RI:871 Sagay, Koybal, eš= RI:872, RI:905 Kacha]; estĭp RI:702 Sagay conv hearing; eš-šar RI:872 s/he hears; kontsert isterge čon čıılğan the people gathered to listen to the concert; kĭzĭdeŋ min ispeem, pozım körgem I did not hear it from someone, I saw it myself; sös ispes disobedient; essäŋ-dää espäĵik poł RI:872 Kacha [sic] even if you heard, pretend not to. {<CT *ešid=} [kl]

Basque

isi! (C) (int.) be quiet!
isil (C) (adj.) quiet, calm, reserved; modest, humble

Caucasian

*x|V>c.V ( ~ x-) to hear /North Caucasian [ss]

*x|ac.- hear /Nakh [ss]

x|aza /Chechen; x|aza /Ingush; x|ac.ar /Batsbi [ss]

*=a(m)sV to be silent, listen ( > to talk) /North Caucasian [ss]

*sVs(Vn)- to be quiet, silent /Andian [ss]

sasn- /Avar [ss]

*=urs- (/ =us-) to say, tell /Dargwa [ss]

=ur-es /Akusha; b-urs- /Chiragh [ss]

*?asV 1 to be silent 2 to listen /Lezghian [ss]

k-is- 1 /Lezghi; k:it:-isi- 1 /Agul; q-a=sa- 2 /Rutul [ss]

Etruscan

uśi, uśie "to hear" > "to understand, obey" [az96]
uśiśa "understood, obeyed, heard" [az96]

(1) Indo-European [from various sources]

Reconstruction

*Heus- ear /Proto Indo-European [cg2]

Anatolian

haz(z)iz(z)it- `wisdom; ear (as symbol in metal or dough)' /Cuneiform Luvian lexicon [hcm1]

Apparently, borrowed from Semitic Akkadian hasksu where /-it-/ is a suffix. [hcm1]

Italic

heus! hallo!, ho, there!, hark! /Latin

Classical Greek [lsj1]

hêsu^ch-ia, Ion. -iê, Dor. has-(?), hê,

I. rest, quiet 2. silence, stillness
II. solitude, a sequestered place

hêsu^ch-azô

I. a. keep quiet, be at rest, b. ho -azôn, with or without logos, a fallacy
II. trans., bring to rest b. abs., impose silence 2. leave unspoken
III. Pass. in impers. sense, hêsuchazetai epi tês gês there is quiet

hizô

I. causal, make to sit, seat, place
II. intr., sit, sit down 2. sit still, be quiet 3. metaph., sink

hizanô, (hizô):

I. causal, make to sit
II. intr., sit 2. of soil, settle down, subside

(2) Indo-European [from Cheung]

Indo-European reconstruction:

? *g^(w)heus- `to hear (sound)'

Iranian

*gauŝ- to hear, listen to /Proto Iranian

Avestan: gu:ŝ- `to hear, listen to' ; Middle Persian: (nomin.) MMP gwŝ `ear' ; Parthian: (nomin.) gwŝ `ear' ; Khotanese: (+ *pati-) OKhot. pyu:s.- (pyu:>'-) `to hear' ; Sogdian: (+ *pati-) SSogd. ptg|wŝ, BSogd. ptg|'wŝ, CSogd. ptg|wŝ, MSogd. ptg|wŝ `to hear', (nomin.) BSogd. ptg|'ws, CSogd. ptg|ws^'mnty (m.) `hearing' ; Chorasmian: -g|wsy- (+ hrd-, s.v. *har-) `to warn', (+ *apa-) bg|ws- `to be quiet' ; New West Iranian: NP go: ŝi:dan/go:ŝ- `to hear, listen', (nomin.) NP go:ŝ, Bal. go:ŝ, Kurd. (Kurm.) gu(h) (m.), (Sor.) gwe:, Zaz. go:ŝ `ear' ; New East Iranian: (nomin.) Oss. I. qus, D. g^os, Pash. g|waz^., Sh. g|u%g|^, (Bajui) g|u%w, Rosh. g|o:w, Bart. g|u:(w), Sariq. g|e|wl, Yazgh. g|@von `ear', Rosh. g|awo:j^ (f.) `ear, handle of a vessel'

Indo-Aryan

Sanskrit cognates: ghos.- `to sound' (RV+)

Yuki

k'i^c be quiet₃; k'i^c-a be quiet! [y84]

agy brain /Hungarian
ügy-es clever, smart, intelligent < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian

Uralic

(A) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Hungarian agy is thought to derive from a FU source. [see Chong]

? *ajnge brain, cerebrum; skull /PF-U

aivot /Finnish; vuoi'gngâsâk /Lapp; uj /Mordvin
ebee /En'ec', Baylkha; ae /En'ec', Hatanga; d'ia /Nganasan; küw /Šölqup [Chong]

{Hungarian digraph /gy/ like palatised /d'/}

(B) >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

ügy-es < ügy affair, matter, business, transaction, deal /Hungarian

One expert source thinks Hungarian ügy is of FU origin. [Chong]

[? zil' clever, conscientious, enthusiastic, quick, spirited, zealous, etc. (Izˆma Komi, Lusa Komi, Sysola Komi, Udora Komi, Vichegda Komi)] [Chong]

Another expert says the etymology is uncertain. [Chong]

Hungarian suffix /-es/ forms the adjective in ügyes.
While Hungarian digraph /gy/ sounds like a palatal /d'/

Niger-Congo (?)

haaji (n.) business, affair; haajoo (n.) business, take care, affair /Mandinka [pc1]

Altaic

Turkic

i∫ matter, affair, work /Turkmen [glnp]

Japanese

ujō sentience; an animate thing; a sentient being
ujō-no living; animate; sentient

Chukchee-Kamchatkan (?)

*'ajvă the brain {мозг (головн.)} /Proto Chukchee-Kamchatkan [ss: PN556]

*ajwa # brain (головной мозг) /Proto Chukchee-Koryak [ss:PN40]

ájo, ájwa- /Chukchee; awi, awja- (III) /Koryak; ewa /Alutor [ss]

*jajsu " /Proto Itelmen [ss: PN566]

? 'ajuw'aj мозг (головы) /Sedank dialect; jajsu-jajsu "encephalum cerebrum" /West Itelmen [ss]

Indo-European

Italic

cătus -a -um "sharp, cunning, clever" /Latin
cătĕ (adv.) /Latin

Slavic

učen learned, erudite, scholarly, scientific, academic; učenje study, learning, reading, teaching, instruction; učenjak scholar, man of learning /Serbo-Croatian

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Last updated 25 June 2008